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8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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L
.
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8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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THE
STUDY
OF
SOCIOLOGY
BY
HERBERT
SPENCER
AUTHOR
OF
A
SYSTEM OF
PHILOSOPHY,
DESCRIPTIVE
SOCIOLOGY,
ETC.
NEW
YORK
D.
APPLETON
AND
COMPANY
1806
8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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COPYRIGHT,
1873,
BY
D.
APPLETON
AND
COMPANY.
8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
9/435
PKEFACE
TO
THE
AMERICAN
EDITION.
IT
is
desirable
that
the
present
volume,
the
origin
of
which is
explained
in the
author s
preface,
should
be
accom
panied
by
a
brief
statement
in
relation to
Mr.
Spencer
s
other works
upon
sociological
science. The
"
Principles
of
Sociology
"
was
projected
by
Mr.
Spencer
as a
part
of his
philosophical
system,
the
publication
of
which
was
com
menced
in
1860.
Five volumes
of
that
system
have
ap
peared,
viz.
:
"
First
Principles,"
in
one
volume
;
the
"
Principles
of
Biology,"
in
two
volumes
;
and
the
"
Prin
ciples
of
Psychology,"
in two volumes.
"
First
Principles
"
develops
the
general
method
of the
philosophy
to
be
carried
out
in
the
subsequent
works.
In
the
two
succeeding
parts
that method is
applied
to the
interpretation
of the
phenom
ena
of Life and
Mind,
the whole
course of
exposition
being
preparatory
to
the
"
Principles
of
Sociology,"
in
three
vol
umes,
which
are
next in
order.
Upon
this
work
Mr.
Spen
cer
has now
entered,
and
it
will
be
published
in
quarterly
parts,
by
subscription,
in the
same
form
that was
adopted
with
the
previous
divisions of
the
work.
Several
years
since
Mr.
Spencer
foresaw a
difficulty
that
would arise
in
working
out
the
principles
of social
science
from
a lack
of
the
data
or
facts
necessary
as
a
basis
of
rea
soning
upon
the
subject
;
and
he
saw
that,
before the
philos
ophy
could
be
elaborated,
these facts
must
be
systematically
and
exhaustively
collected.
How
early
and
how
clearly
Mr.
Spencer perceived
the
nature,
diversity,
and
extent
of the
8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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IV
TEE
STUDY
OF
SOCIOLOGY.
facts
upon
which
a
true
social
science
must rest is
well,
shown
in
the
following passage
from a
review
article
pub
lished
in
1859,
1
before
he
had
commenced
his
great
under
taking
:
"
That
which
constitutes
history, properly
so
called,
is in
great
part
omitted
from
works on this
subject.
Only
of
late
years
have historians
commenced
giving
us,
in
any
considerable
quantity,
the
truly
valuable
information.
As
in
past
ages
the
king
was
every thing
and
the
people
nothing,
so,
in
past
histories,
the
doings
of the
king
fill the
entire
pict
ure,
to
which
the national
life
forms
but
an
obscure
background.
While
only
now,
when
the
welfare
of
nations
rather than of rulers is
becoming
the
dominant
idea,
are
historians
beginning
to
occupy
them
selves with
the
phenomena
of social
progress.
The
thing
it
really
con
cerns
us
to know
is,
the
natural
history
of
society.
We
want all
facts
which
help
us
to understand
how a nation has
grown
and
organized
itself.
Among
these,
let us
of
course
have an
account
of
its
govern
ment
;
with
as little as
may
be
of
gossip
about
the
men
who
officered
it,
and
as
much as
possible
about
the
structure, principles,
methods,
prejudices,
corruptions,
etc.,
which
it exhibited
;
and
let
this
account
include
not
only
the nature
and
actions
of
the
central
government,
but
also
those
of local
governments,
down
to
their
minutest
ramifications.
Let us of
course
also
have a
parallel
description
of
the
ecclesiastical
government
its
organization,
its
conduct,
its
power,
its
relations
to the
state
;
and,
accompanying
this,
the
ceremonial,
creed,
and
religious
ideas
not
only
those
nominally
believed,
but
those
really
believed
and acted
upon.
Let
us at
the same
time
be informed
of
the control
exercised
by
class over
class,
as
displayed
in social
observances
in
titles,
saluta
tions,
and
forms
of
address.
Let
us
know,
too,
what were
all the other
customs which
regulated
the
popular
life
out-of-doors
and
in-doors>
including
those
concerning
the
relations
of
the
sexes,
and
the
relations
of
parents
to
children.
The
superstitions,
also,
from
the
more
impor
tant
myths
down
to
the
charms in common
use,
should
be
indicated.
Next
should
come
a
delineation of the
industrial
system
:
showing
to
what
extent
the division of
labor
was carried
;
how
trades
were
regu
lated,
whether
by
caste,
guilds,
or
otherwise;
what
was the connection
between
employers
and
employed
;
what were the
agencies
for
dis
tributing
commodities
;
what
were
the
means of
communication
;
what
was
the
circulating
medium.
Accompanying
all
which
should be
given
an account
of the industrial
arts
technically
considered
:
stating
the
1
"
What
Knowledge
is
of
most Worth
?
"
(
Westminster
Iteview).
8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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PREFACE
TO
THE
AMERICAN
EDITION.
v
processes
in
use,
and
the
quality
of
the
products.
Further,
the intel
lectual
condition of the nation
in its
various
grades
should
be
de
picted
;
not
only
with
respect
to the
kind
and amount
of
education,
but with
respect
to
the
progress
made
in
science,
and the
prevailing
manner
of
thinking.
The
degree
of aesthetic
culture,
as
displayed
in
architecture,
sculpture,
painting,
dress, music,
poetry,
and
fiction,
should be
described.
Nor
should
there
be
omitted
a
sketch
of
the
daily
lives of
the
people
their
food,
their
homes,
and
their
amuse
ments.
And,
lastly,
to
connect
the
whole,
should
be
exhibited
the
morals,
theoretical and
practical,
of
all
classes,
as
indicated in
their
laws,
habits,
proverbs,
deeds.
These
facts,
given
with
as
much
brevity
as
consists
with clearness and
accuracy,
should be so
grouped
and
ar
ranged
that
they may
be
comprehended
in
their
ensemble,
and
con
templated
as
mutually-dependent
parts
of
one
great
whole. The
aim
should
be so to
present
them
that
men
may
readily
trace the
consensus
subsisting
among
them,
with
the view
of
learning
what
social
phenom
ena
coexist with
what
others. And
then the
corresponding
delinea
tions
of
succeeding ages
should
be
so
managed
as
to
show how
each
be
lief,
institution,
custom,
and
arrangement,
was
modified,
and how
the
consensus
of
preceding
structures
and functions
was
developed
into
the
consensus
of
succeeding
ones. Such alone is the
kind
of
informa
tion,
respecting
past
times,
which
can
be of
service
to
the
citizen
for
the
regulation
of
his
conduct.
The
only
history
that is
of
practical
value
is,
what
may
be called
Descriptive
Sociology.
And
the
highest
office
which the
historian
can
discharge
is
that
of so
narrating
the
lives
of
nations
as to
furnish
materials
for
a
Comparative
Sociology,
and
for the
subsequent
determination
of
the
ultimate
laws to
which
social
phenomena
conform."
Such
were
the character
and
scope
of
the
facts which re
quired
to be
collected
concerning
all
forms
and
grades
of
human
societies
before
any
thing
like
a valid social
science
could
be
constructed.
A
descriptive
Sociology,
furnishing
comprehensive
data,
must
precede
the establishment
of
prin
ciples,
and
so
Mr.
Spencer
began
the
collection
of
his
mate
rials
five
years
ago.
He
first
devised a
system
of
tables
suited
to
present
all orders of social facts
displayed by
any
community
facts of
structure,
function,
and
development,
in such a manner
that
they
can be
compared
with
each
other
at
a
glance
each
table
being
a
kind
of
chart
of
the
social
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vi
THE
STUDY
OF
SOCIOLOGY.
condition
of
the
community
to which
it
is devoted.
His
ob
ject
was at
first
solely
to
facilitate
his
own
work,
but it soon
appeared
that
the
results
would
be
of
great general
impor
tance,
and
Mr.
Spencer
decided
to execute the
undertaking
with
a view
to
publication.
The communities
of
mankind
were
divided into three
great
groups
: 1.
Uncivilized Socie
ties
;
2.
Civilized
Societies,
Extinct or
Decayed
;
3.
Civilized
Societies,
Eecent
or
still
Flourishing. Having
arranged
his
plan,
Mr.
Spencer
engaged
three
educated
gentlemen
to de
vote
themselves
to
the
systematic
collection
of
the various
orders of facts
pertaining
to
these three
groups
of
societies.
In
each
case,
the
tables are
filled
in
with
the facts
under
their
appropriate
heads,
while extracts are
separately
given
from
the authorities consulted. The
description
of the
Un
civilized
Societies,
by
Prof. David
Duncan,
embracing
sev
enty
tables,
is
substantially
completed.
Of
the second divi
sion,
in
charge
of Dr.
Richard
Scheppig,
the
first
installment,
including
the
four
ancient American
civilizations,
is
nearly
finished. The
third
division,
dealing
with civilized
socie
ties,
under
charge
of Mr.
James
Collier,
of
St.
Andrew s and
Edinburgh
Universities,
is
well
advanced,
and the
first
part,
treating
of
the
English
civilization,
or
the
Sociological
His
tory
of
England,
is
now
published.
It
covers seven
con
secutive
tables,
and
the
verifying
extracts
occupy
seventy
pages
folio.
This
series
of
works,
which
will
be
published
as
they
are
completed,
will
form
a
regular
Cyclopaedia
of
Descriptive
Sociology,
and,
as
the
facts
are
given
independently
of
the
ory,
they
will
have
value
for
all
students
of
social
phenom
ena.
Of
the
execution
and
influence
of
this
work,
the
Brit
ish
Quarterly
Review well
observes
:
"
No
words
are
needed
to
indicate
the
immense
labor
here
bestowed,
or
the
great
sociological
benefit
which
such
a
mass
of
tabulated
matter
done under
such
competent
direction
will
confer.
The
work
will
constitute an
epoch
in
the
science of
comparative
sociology."
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PREFACE
TO
THE
AMERICAN
EDITION.
v
ii
It will be understood
that
these works
do
not
form
a
part
of
Mr.
Spencer
s
Philosophical System,
but
a
separate
preparation
for
the
third
division
of
it.
Mr. Spencer
will
use his extensive
materials
in
establishing
the
inductions
of
the science
which will
be
presented
in
the successive
parts
of
the
"
Principles
of
Sociology."
E. L.
Y.
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8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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PREFACE.
THIS
little
work
has
been
written
at
the
instigation
of
my
American
friend,
Professor
Youmans.
When,
some
two
years
ago,
he
was
in
England making
arrangements
for
that
International
Scientific
Series
which
he
origi
nated and succeeded
in
organizing,
he
urged
me
to
contribute
to it a
volume on the
Study
of
Sociology.
Feeling
that
the
general undertaking
in
which
I
am
engaged,
is
extensive
enough
to
demand
all
my
energies,
I
continued
for
a
long
time to
resist
;
and
I
finally
yielded
only
to
the
modified
proposal
that
I
should
furnish
the
ideas and
materials,
and
leave the embodiment
of
them to
some
fit collaborates.
As
might
have been
expected,
it
was
difficult
to
find
one
in
all
respects
suitable; and,
eventually,
I undertook
the
task
myself.
After thus
committing
myself,
it
occurred
to me as de
sirable
that,
instead
of
writing
the volume
simply
for
the
International
Scientific
Series,
I should
prepare
it
for
pre
vious issue
in
a
serial
form,
both
here
and in
the United
States. In
pursuance
of
this
idea,
arrangements
were
made
with
the
Contemporary
Review to
publish
the suc
cessive
chapters
;
and
in
America
they
have
been
simul
taneously published
in the
Popular
Science
Monthly.
Beginning
in
May,
1872,
this
publication
by
instalments
8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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x
THE
STUDY
OF SOCIOLOGY.
has,
with
two
brief
intervals,
since
continued,
and
will
be
completed
on
the
1st
October
next
:
the
issue of
this
volume
being
delayed
until
after
that
date.
Since
commencing
the
work,
I
have
not
regretted
that
I
was
led
to
undertake
it.
Various
considerations
which
seemed
needful
by way
of introduction
to
the
Principles
of
Sociology,
presently
to be
written,
and
which
yet
could
not be
conveniently
included
in
it,
have
found,
in
this
preliminary
volume,
a
fit
place.
Much
illustrative
mate
rial
also,
partly
accumulated
during past years
and
lying
unused,
I
have
thus
gained
an
occasion
for
turning
to
account.
Further,
the
opportunity
has
been
afforded
me
of
commenting
on
special
topics
which the
Principles
of
Sociology
could not
properly
recognize
;
and of
comment
ing
on
them
in
a
style
inadmissible
in
a
purely-philo
sophical
treatise
a
style
adapted,
however,
as
I
hope,
to
create
such
interest
in
the
subject
as
may
excite
to
serious
pursuit
of
it.
In
preparing
the
successive
chapters
for
final
publica
tion,
I
have,
besides carefully revising
them,
here
and
there enforced
the
argument by
a
further
illustration.
Not
much,
however,
has
been
done in
this
way
:
the
only
additions
of
moment
being
contained
in the
Appen
dix.
One of
these,
pursuing
in
another
direction
the
argument
concerning
academic
discipline,
will
be found
among
the
notes
to
Chapter
IX.
;
and
another,
illus
trative
of
the
irrelation
between
intellectual
culture
and moral
feeling,
will
be found in
the
notes
to
Chap
ter
XV.
LONDON,
July,
1873.
8/12/2019 Study of Sociology - Herbert Spencer
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
PAGE
I.
OUR
NEED OF
IT
1
II.
Is
THERE
A SOCIAL
SCIENCE?
22