Study of France

8/14/2019 Study of France

1/25

F]DLNE JCLTJDL[^ AN]C^^ [ED PC]BK

ALK F]DLNE AT[EC]^

[eh~ pa~ a nt}}hntba} an{hvh{x tlkd}{aodl mx {ed ~{tkdl{~ ~{tkxhl` F}dlne a~ {edh} > }k

bal`ta`d,

Al du{dlkdk }d~da}ne an{hvh{x nclktn{dk" pehne pa~ lc{ ya}{ cf {ed ~neccb nt}}hntbtj" ~c

{ea{ {ed ~{tkdl{~ nal anqth}d al hln}da~dk olcpbdk`d cf F}dlne ntb{t}d alk F}alnd, [ed

ka{a ncbbdn{dk pa~ y}d~dl{dk hl {ed fc}j cf a ycpd} ychl{ y}c`}ajjd

Ka{d7 =4{e Cn{cmd} =995

Ya}{hnhyal{~7 ^{tkdl{~ cf ^{k, VHHH & HU

A`d7 1> xda}~ 1; xda}~

Cmgdn{hvd7

[ed cmgdn{hvd cf {eh~ an{hvh{x pa~ {c jaod {ed ~{tkdl{~ apa}d cf F}dlne djyh}d an}c~~ {ed

pc}bk, Ecp alk ped}d F}alnd bdf{ h{~ ja}o `bcmabbx, Hl akkh{hcl {c {eh~ {ed ~{tkdl{~ pd}d

ab~c duyc~dk {c F}dlne bh{d}a{t}d hl a ~jabb pax, [edx bda}l{ amct{ ~cjd fajct~ F}dlne

at{ec}~ pec~d pc}o~ eavd mddl ayy}dnha{dk lc{ clbx hl F}alnd mt{ ab~c abb cvd} {ed

pc}bk,

Dvabta{hcl7

Qtd~{hcllah}d cl {ed hlfc}ja{hcl akjhlh~{d}dk cl {ed ~{tkdl{ vhdpd}~ {c dvabta{d {ed

tlkd}~{alkhl`,


2/25

F}dlne mdhl` a fc}dh`l bal`ta`d fc} {ed ~{tkdl{~" h{ mdncjd~ ldnd~~a}x fc} {edj {c bda}l

amct{ ecp {ed F}dlne hlfbtdlnd ~y}dak `bcmabbx, [ed F}dlne Ncbclhab Djyh}d h~ ~y}dak

abb cvd} {ed pc}bk" f}cj Lc}{e Ajd}hna" Nalaka" ba}`d yc}{hcl~ cf ^ct{e Af}hna alk ct}

vd}x cpl Hlkha {cc,

[ed ahj cf {eh~ an{hvh{x pa~ {c jaod {ed ~{tkdl{~ apa}d cf F}alnd alk h{~ ncbclhd~ an}c~~

{ed pc}bk, ^{tkdl{~ eavd clbx eda}k cf {ed M}h{h~e Djyh}d lc{ }dabhwhl` {ea{ {ed F}dlne

ncbclhab djyh}d pa~ {ed =lk ba}`d~{ af{d} {ed M}h{h~e,

F}dlne bh{d}a{t}d" cld cf {ed pc}bk'~ jc~{ m}hbbhal{" ea~ mddl fc} ndl{t}hd~ al hjy}d~~hvd

fand{ cf F}dlne nhvhbhwa{hcl" al cmgdn{ cf la{hclab y}hkd" alk a y}hlnhyab fcnt~ fc} fddbhl`~

cf la{hclab hkdl{h{x, A eh`e y}cyc}{hcl cf Dt}cydal bh{d}a}x {}dlk~ eavd c}h`hla{dk hlF}alnd, Olcpbdk`d cf F}dlne bh{d}a{t}d" hl ~ec}{" h~ {ed odx {c al tlkd}~{alkhl` cf {ed

F}dlne ydcybd,

NCL[DL[^

@bcmab Ncbclhab Djyh}d cf F}alnd

Jay cf F}dlne ncbclhd~ F}dlne jcltjdl{~ an}c~~ {ed Pc}bk

F}dlne Bh{d}a{t}d

Fajct~ F}dlne At{ec}~

^tyybdjdl{a}x An{hvh{x


3/25

@BCMAB NCBCLHAB DJYH]D CF F]ALND

F}alnd eak ncbclhab yc~~d~~hcl~" hl va}hct~ fc}j~" f}cj {ed md`hllhl` cf {ed 10{e ndl{t}x

tl{hb {ed 1869~, Hl {ed 18{e alk =9{e ndl{t}hd~" h{~ `bcmab ncbclhab djyh}d pa~ {ed ~dnclk

ba}`d~{ mdehlk {ed M}h{h~e Djyh}d, A{ h{~ ydao" md{pddl 1818 alk 18>8" {ed ~dnclk F}dlne

ncbclhab djyh}d du{dlkdk cvd} 1=">;0"999 oj %;"060"999 ~q, jhbd~( cf balk, Hlnbtkhl`

jd{}cycbh{al F}alnd" {ed {c{ab a}da cf balk tlkd} F}dlne ~cvd}dh`l{x }danedk 1="585"999

oj %;"859"999 ~q, jhbd~( hl {ed 18=9~ alk 18>9~" pehne h~ 5,6$ cf {ed pc}bk'~ balk a}da,

Nt}}dl{bx" {ed }djlal{~ cf {eh~ ba}`d djyh}d a}d va}hct~ h~balk~ alk a}nehydba`c~ bcna{dk

hl {ed Lc}{e A{bal{hn" {ed Na}hmmdal" {ed Hlkhal Cndal" {ed ^ct{e Yanhfhn" {ed Lc}{e

Yanhfhn" alk {ed Al{a}n{hn Cndal" a~ pdbb a~ cld jahlbalk {d}}h{c}x hl ^ct{e Ajd}hna"

{c{abhl` ab{c`d{ed} 1=>"149 oj %;0"4;5 ~q, jhbd~(" pehne ajctl{~ {c clbx 1$ cf {ed y}d*

18>8 F}dlne ncbclhab djyh}d'~ a}da" ph{e ="46;"999 ydcybd bhvhl` hl {edj hl =990, Abb cf

{ed~d dlgcx ftbb ycbh{hnab }dy}d~dl{a{hcl a{ {ed la{hclab bdvdb" a~ pdbb a~ va}xhl` kd`}dd~ cf

bd`h~ba{hvd at{clcjx,

F}alnd bdavd~ h{~ ja}o!!!!


4/25

JAY CF F]DLNE NCBCLHD^


5/25

F]DLNE JCLTJDL[^ AN]C^^ [ED PC]BK

[ed fcbbcphl` ncbclhd~ eak va}hct~ jcltjdl{~ ncl~{}tn{dk hl }djdjm}alnd cf F}alnd,

Nalaka Qtmdn Nh{x

Yclkhned}}x * Hlkha

Ldp Xc}o T,^,A,

Ab`hd}~ * Ab`d}ha

Nalaka Qtmdn Nh{x

Pcbfd*Jcl{nabj Jcltjdl{

[ed F}dlne alk {ed Nalakhal~ gchl{bxd}dn{dk {eh~ jcltjdl{" fda{t}hl` F}dlne@dld}ab Bcth~*Gc~dye Jcl{nabj ph{e alal`db cvd} eh~ ~ectbkd}, Jcl{nabj eakcvd}~ddl fct} jagc} ma{{bd vhn{c}hd~ hl Lc}{eAjd}hna mdfc}d fhlabbx bc~hl` hl eh~ jc~{fajct~ ma{{bd" {ed cld {ea{ tb{hja{dbx nc~{F}alnd {ed {d}}h{c}x cf Ldp F}alnd" pehne a{pa}'~ dlk pa~ ndkdk {c M}h{ahl, H{ h~ al

dundbbdl{ ~{cy pedl ~ddl hl nclgtln{hcl ph{eJhbh{a}x Ndjd{d}x,

Ya}n Gdalld K'A}n

[ed Ya}n Gdalld K'A}n %hl Dl`bh~e" -Gcal cf A}nYa}o-( h~ fajct~ fc} h{~ à}kdl~" a exm}hk cfmc{e F}dlne alk Dl`bh~e ~{xbd~, Yd}eay~ fh{{hl`fc} a nctl{}x duehmh{hl` hlfbtdlnd~ f}cj mc{entb{t}d~" {eh~ à}kdl va}hd~ md{pddl {ed ~{}hn{`dcjd{}hn ~xjjd{}x cf F}dlne à}kdl~ ph{e {edneac{hn ~ybdlkc} cf al Dl`bh~e à}kdl, Bcna{dkhl Ma{{bdfhdbk~ Ya}o" h{ fda{t}d~ a ~{a{td cf Gcalcf A}n" hl f}cl{ cf pehne Nalaka~ la{hclab

al{edj %-C Nalaka-( pa~ ~tl` fc} {ed fh}~{ {hjd


6/25

Yclkhned}}x * Hlkha

Gc~dye F}alnch~ Ktybdhu" a `}da{ ~{a{d~jal pa~ {ed @cvd}lc} cf Yclkhned}}x md{pddl

10;= alk 104;, Eh~ bhfd pa~ `}da{bx a~~cnha{dk ph{e {ed ydcybd cf {ed Yclkhned}}x, Ed

eak {}hdk eh~ md~{ {c y}dvdl{ M}h{h~e ^ty}djanx f}cj Hlkhal [d}}h{c}x mx jaohl` abbhalnd~

ph{e bcnab y}hlnd~~,

Hl {ed ~{}t``bd fc} ycpd} md{pddl M}h{h~e alk F}dlne" fhlabbx F}dlne pa~ kdfda{dk hl {ed

^dnclk Na}la{hn Pa}, Edlnd Ktybdhu }dbhlqth~edk eh~ @cvd}lc}~ehy alk }d{t}ldk {c Ya}h~

hl kh~`}and, Eh~ jdjc}hab ~{a{td h~ bcna{dk a{ @ctmd}{ AvdltdLdp Xc}o T^A Ab`hd}~ * Ab`d}ha

[ed jdjc}hab {c F}dlne ~cbkhd}~ cf pc}bk pa} cld


7/25

F]DLNE BH[D]A[T]D

F}dlne bh{d}a{t}d" cld cf {ed pc}bk'~ jc~{ m}hbbhal{" ea~ mddl fc} ndl{t}hd~ al hjy}d~~hvd

fand{ cf F}dlne nhvhbhwa{hcl" al cmgdn{ cf la{hclab y}hkd" alk a y}hlnhyab fcnt~ fc} fddbhl`~

cf la{hclab hkdl{h{x, Mdnat~d {ed F}dlne a}d a bh{d}a{d ydcybd" ya~~hcla{dbx hl{d}d~{dk hl

qtd~{hcl~ cf bal`ta`d alk hl {ed duybc}a{hcl cf hkda~" {ed hlfbtdlnd cf F}dlne hl{dbbdn{tab~cl {ed nct}~d cf F}dlne eh~{c}x kt}hl` {ed ba~{ {e}dd ndl{t}hd~ ea~ mddl `}da{" alk }djahl~

~c {ckax, A ehè y}cyc}{hcl cf Dt}cydal bh{d}a}x {}dlk~ eavd c}h`hla{dk hl F}alnd, [ed

ncl{hlthl` y}d~{h`d cf bh{d}a{t}d hl F}alnd h~ dvhkdlndk {ckax mx {ed hlltjd}ambd y}hva{d

~cnhd{hd~ kdvc{dk {c hlkhvhktab at{ec}~ alk mx {ed ba}`d ltjmd} cf bh{d}a}x y}hwd~ apa}kdk

dane xda}, Olcpbdk`d cf F}dlne bh{d}a{t}d" hl ~ec}{" h~ {ed odx {c al tlkd}~{alkhl` cf {ed

F}dlne ydcybd,

A pc}k h~ a mtk a{{djy{hl` {c mdncjd a {ph`, Ecp nal cld lc{ k}dajpehbd p}h{hl`3 H{ h~ {ed ydl pehne k}daj~, [ed mbalo ya`d `hvd~ {ed }hè{ {ck}daj,@a~{cl Manedba}k %155;*186=(" F}dlne ~nhdl{h~{" yehbc~cyed}" bh{d}a}x {edc}h~{,

[ed ^{a{td cf Bhmd}{x pa~ y}d~dl{dk mx {ed ydcybdcf F}alnd {c {ed ydcybd cf {ed Tlh{dk ^{a{d~ hl 1556{c eclc} {ed f}hdlk~ehy md{pddl {ed {pc la{hcl~,[ckax" h{ h~ }dnc`lhwdk a~ a ~xjmcb cf bhmd}{x{e}ctèct{ {ed pc}bk

[eh~ Pa} Jdjc}hab pa~ d}dn{dk hl}djdjm}alnd cf {ed ja}{x}~ cf {ed pa} cfhlkdydlkdlnd f}cj F}alnd


8/25

FAJCT^ F]DLNE AT[EC]^

Eclc} Kd Mabwan

Gtbd~ Vd}ld

Vhn{c} Et`c

Jcbh}d

Abdualk}d Ktja~" y}d

Gdal kd Ba Fcl{ahld

C}h`hlab lajd Eclc} Mab~~a F}dlne bh{d}a}x a}{h~{ pec

y}cktndk a va~{ ltjmd} cf lcvdb~ alk ~ec}{ ~{c}hd~ ncbbdn{hvdbxnabbdk Ba Ncjkhd Etjahld %[ed Etjal Ncjdkx(, Ed edbydk{c d~{ambh~e {ed c}{eckcu nba~~hnab lcvdb alk h~ `dld}abbxncl~hkd}dk {c md cld cf {ed `}da{d~{ fhn{hcl p}h{d}~ cf abb {hjd,

^cjd cf eh~ fajct~ pc}o~ a}d7

A K}aja cl {ed ^da~ec}d


9/25

A Jal cf Mt~hld~~Al Dyh~ckd tlkd} {ed [d}}c}A Ya~~hcl hl {ed Kd~d}{Ne}h~{ hl Fbalkd}~Db Vd}kt`c

Vd}ld" Gtbd~ %15=5*1894("

F}dlne at{ec}" pec h~ cf{dl }d`a}kdk a~ {ed fa{ed}cf ~nhdlnd fhn{hcl, Ed pa~ mc}l hl Lal{d~" F}alnd"alk }al apax {c ~da a{ {ed a`d cf 11, Af{d} ed pa~~dl{ ecjd hl kh~`}and" ed vcpdk {c {}avdb clbx hleh~ hja`hla{hcl, Ed na}}hdk ct{ {eh~ ybdk`d hl jc}d

{eal 49 pc}o~ {ea{ ncjmhld ~nhdl{hfhn fal{a~x alkdunh{hl` akvdl{t}d,

Vd}ld ~{tkhdk bap hl Ya}h~" alk f}cj 15;5 tl{hb156> p}c{d cyd}a bhm}d{{c~ alk ybax~, Jalxytmbh~ed}~ }dgdn{dk eh~ pc}o" tl{hb cld ytmbh~ed}~t``d~{dk ed }dp}h{d h{ hl {ed fc}j cf al akvdl{t}d~{c}x, [ed }d~tb{ pa~ Nhlq ~djahld~ dl mabbcl %156>? Fhvd Pddo~ hl a Mabbccl" 1568(,H{~ ~tnnd~~ dlnct}a`dk Vd}ld {c p}h{d c{ed} {abd~ cf akvdl{t}d hl kh~{al{ balk~,

=9"999 Bda`td~ Tlkd} {ed ^da Ya}{ 91 1509

=9"999 Bda`td~ Tlkd} {ed ^da Ya}{ 9= 1509A Nay{ahl a{ Fhf{ddl 1505

A Gct}ldx {c {ed Hl{d}hc} cf {ed Da}{e 156;

Al Al{a}n{hn Jx~{d}x 1580

Gtbd~ Vd}ld

15=5 * 1894
http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/20000-leagues-under-the-sea-part-01/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/20000-leagues-under-the-sea-part-02/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/a-captain-at-fifteen/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/a-journey-to-the-interior-of-the-earth/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/an-antarctic-mystery/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/20000-leagues-under-the-sea-part-01/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/20000-leagues-under-the-sea-part-02/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/a-captain-at-fifteen/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/a-journey-to-the-interior-of-the-earth/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/an-antarctic-mystery/


10/25

A}ctlk {ed Pc}bk hl 59 Kax~

Dane jal ~ectbk f}ajd bhfd ~c {ed a{ ~cjd ft{t}d ect}

fan{ alk eh~ k}dajhl` jdd{

Vhn{c} Et`c pa~ mc}l cl Fdm}ta}x =6" 159= hl Md~alncl"F}alnd, Ed pa~ a ycd{" lcvdbh~{" alk k}aja{h~{ alk {ed jc~{hjyc}{al{ F}dlne ]cjal{hn p}h{d} cf {ed 18{e Ndl{t}x, Et`ch~ md~{ olcpl fc} eh~ lcvdb~ Lc{}d*Kajd kd Ya}h~ %a,o,aEtlnemano cf Lc{}d*Kajd( %15>1( alk Bd~ Jh~d}ambd~%156=(,

Et`c n}da{dk ycdj~ alk lcvdb~ {ea{ hl{d`}a{dk ycbh{hnab alkyehbc~cyehnab qtd~{hcl~ ph{e ~{c}hd~ cf eh~ {hjd~, Jalx cfEt`c'~ ycdj~ akk}d~~dk {ed ~cnhab kh~qthd{ cf yc~{*}dvcbt{hcla}x F}alnd alk c{ed}~ {c {ed `bc}x cfLaycbdcl, Edp}c{d ph{e ~hjybhnh{x alk ycpd} cf {ed gcx~ alk ~c}}cp~ cf bhfd, Et`c at{ec}dk aldlc}jct~ mckx cf pc}o, Dvd}x jc}lhl` ed pctbk p}h{d a{ bda~{ 199 bhld~ cf vd}~d c} =9

ya`d~ cf y}c~d,

Gdal*May{h~{d Ycqtdbhl" ab~c olcpl mx eh~ ~{a`d lajd"

Jcbh}d %16== * 160>( pa~ a F}dlne ybaxp}h`e{ alk an{c}
http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/around-the-world-in-80-days/http://www.jules-verne.co.uk/around-the-world-in-80-days/


11/25

pec h~ ncl~hkd}dk cld cf {ed `}da{d~{ ja~{d}~ cf ncjdkx hl Pd~{d}l bh{d}a{t}d, Ajcl`

Jcbh}d'~ md~{*olcpl k}aja~ a}d Bd Jh~al{e}cyd" %[ed Jh~al{e}cyd(" B Dncbd kd~

Fdjjd~ %[ed ^neccb fc} Phvd~(" [a}{tffd ct b Hjyc~{dt}" %[a}{tffd c} {ed Exycn}h{d("

BAva}d ct b Dncbd kt Jdl~cl`d %[ed Jh~d}(" alk Bd Mct}`dch~d @dl{hbecjjd %[ed

Mct}`dch~ @dl{bdjal(,

F}cj a y}c~yd}ct~ fajhbx alk eavhl` ~{tkhdk a{ {ed Gd~th{ Nbd}jcl{ Ncbbd`d, Jcbh}d pa~pdbb ~th{dk {c md`hl a bhfd hl {ed {eda{}d, [eh}{ddl xda}~ a~ al h{hld}al{ an{c} edbydk {cycbh~e eh~ ncjhn amhbh{hd~ pehbd ed ab~c mdàl p}h{hl`" ncjmhlhl` Ncjjdkha kdbA}{ddbdjdl{~ ph{e {ed jc}d }dfhldk F}dlne ncjdkx

Abdualk}d Ktja~" y}d %F}dlne fc} -fa{ed}-" aohl {c ^dlhc} hlDl`bh~e(" mc}l Ktja~ Kavx kd ba Yahbbd{d}hd pa~ a F}dlne p}h{d}"md~{ olcpl fc} eh~ ltjd}ct~ eh~{c}hnab lcvdb~ cf ehè akvdl{t}dpehne eavd jakd ehj cld cf {ed jc~{ phkdbx }dak F}dlne at{ec}~ hl{ed pc}bk, Jalx cf eh~ lcvdb~" hlnbtkhl` [ed Nctl{ cf Jcl{dNe}h~{c" [ed [e}dd Jt~od{dd}~" alk [ed Jal hl {ed H}cl Ja~opd}d~d}habhwdk" alk ed ab~c p}c{d ybax~ alk jaàwhld a}{hnbd~ alk pa~ ay}cbhfhn nc}}d~yclkdl{,

Gdal kd Ba Fcl{ahld pa~ {ed jc~{ fajct~

F}dlne famtbh~{ alk y}cmambx {ed jc~{ phkdbx }dak F}dlne ycd{

cf {ed 10{e ndl{t}x,

Annc}khl` {c Fbatmd}{" ed pa~ {ed clbx F}dlne ycd{ {ctlkd}~{alk alk ja~{d} {ed {du{t}d cf {ed F}dlne bal`ta`dmdfc}d Et`c, A ~d{ cf yc~{a`d ~{ajy~ ndbdm}a{hl` Ba Fcl{ahldalk {ed Fambd~ pa~ h~~tdk mx F}alnd hl 1884, A fhbj cf eh~ bhfdea~ mddl }dbda~dk hl F}alnd hl Ay}hb =990 % Gdal kd BaFcl{ahld * bd kfh ~{a}}hl` Bat}dl{ Kdt{~ne(,

Abdualk}d Ktja~" y}d

Gtbx =;" 159= Kdndjmd} 4" 1509

Gdal kd Ba Fcl{ahld

Gtbx 5" 16=1 Ay}hb 1>" 1684


12/25

Ajcl` Ba Fcl{ahld'~ jagc} pc}o~ a}d NCL[D^ D[ LCTVDBBD^ DL VD]^ %166;(" ancbbdn{hcl cf {abd~ mc}}cpdk f}cj H{abhal ~ct}nd~" {abd~ cf Mcnnannhc" ]amdbah~" alk c{ed}jdkhdvab alk }dlah~~alnd ja~{d}~" alk BD^ AJCT]^ KD Y^XNE D[ KD NTYHKCL%1668(, Eh~ FAMBD^ NECH^HD^ JH^D^ DL VD]^" t~tabbx nabbdk 'Ba Fcl{ahld Fambd~'"pa~ ytmbh~edk cvd} {ed ba~{ =4 xda}~ cf eh~ bhfd, [ed fh}~{ vcbtjd ayyda}dk pedl {ed

at{ec} pa~ ;0, [ed mcco hlnbtkd~ ~cjd =;9 ycdj~ alk {hjdbd~~ ~{c}hd~ cf nctl{}x fcbo"ed}cd~ f}cj @}ddo jx{ecbc`x" alk fajhbha} mda~{~ f}cj {ed fambd~ cf Ad~cy" f}cj pehneBa Fcl{ahld tled~h{a{hl`bx mc}}cpdk eh~ ja{d}hab,

DU[DLKHL@ [ED BDA]LHL@ DUYD]HDLND7

[eh~ an{hvh{x pa~ nclktn{dk a~ al Du{dlkdk Bda}lhl` Duyd}hdlnd ct{~hkd cf {ed

nt}}hntbtj, [eh~ pa~ jc}d cf a }d~da}ne an{hvh{x" ped}d {ed ~{tkdl{~ pd}d khvhkdk hl{c

`}cty~ alk a~odk {c fhlk ct{ kd{ahb~ amct{ khffd}dl{ a~ydn{~ amct{ F}alnd, Fc} d,`, F}dlne

Jcltjdl{~ hl F}alnd" F}dlne fba`" {ed la{hclab al{edj cf F}alnd" phld" nedd~d alk

fa~ehcl d{n,

Qtd~{hcllah}d cl {ed hlfc}ja{hcl hl {ed khffd}dl{ a~ydn{~ cf F}dlne Ntb{t}d alk

Jcltjdl{~ pd}d akjhlh~{d}dk {c {ed ~{tkdl{~? y}hwd~ pd}d `hvdl {c ~{tkdl{~ pec y}cvdk{edh} dundbbdlnd hl a~~hjhba{hl` {ed ka{a y}d~dl{dk,


13/25

NCL[DL[ CF [ED Y]D^DL[A[HCL^ CL

F]DLNE JCLTJLD[^ & NTB[T]D


14/25

^xjmcb~ cf {ed @cvd}ljdl{cf F}alnd

[ed nt}}dl{ nca{ cf a}j~ cf F}alnd ea~ mddl a ~xjmcb cf F}alnd~hlnd 184>" ab{ect`e h{ kcd~ lc{ eavd alx bd`ab ~{a{t~ a~ al cffhnhabnca{ cf a}j~, H{ ayyda}~ cl {ed ncvd} cf F}dlne ya~~yc}{~ alk pa~c}h`hlabbx akcy{dk mx {ed F}dlne Fc}dh`l Jhlh~{}x a~ a ~xjmcb fc}t~d mx khybcja{hn alk ncl~tba} jh~~hcl~ hl 181= t~hl` a kd~h`lk}apl ty mx {ed ~ntby{c} Gtbd~*Nbjdl{ Neaybahl,

Bd K}aydat kd ba F}alnd

[ed F}dlne la{hclab fba`" {ed {}hncbc}d" ncl~h~{~ cf {e}dd vd}{hnab

malk~ cf dqtab phk{e" kh~ybaxhl` {ed la{hclab ncbc}~ cf F}alnd7mbtd" peh{d alk }dk, [ed mbtd malk h~ lda}d~{ {ed fba`*~{aff" {edpeh{d hl {ed jhkkbd" alk {ed }dk cl {ed ct{~hkd, [ed fba`*~{aff h~~t}jctl{dk mx a fd}*kd*balnd %balnd edak( alk cl abb jhbh{a}x fba`~ayyda}~ {ed jc{{c7 ]ytmbhqtd F}alah~d7 Eclldt} d{ Ya{}hd%F}dlne ]dytmbhn7 Eclc} alk Nctl{}x(,

[ed La{hclab Bc`c

[ed Y}hjd Jhlh~{d} %Bhcldb Gc~yhl( at{ec}hwdk {ed t~d cf a ~{a{dbc`c %~ecpl amcvd( {c md t~dk cl abb {ed kcntjdl{~ cf F}dlnejhlh~{}hd~ alk akjhlh~{}a{hcl~, H{ h~ lcp phkdbx t~dk cl


15/25

`cvd}ljdl{ kcntjdl{~, [ed a{{}an{hvd bc`c kdyhn{~ Ja}halld" cl a mano`}ctlk ma~dk cl{ed F}dlne {}hncbc}d fba`" ph{e {ed jc{{c cf {ed F}dlne ]dytmbhn mdbcp h{,

[ed La{hclab Al{edj

Ba Ja}~dhbbah~d


16/25

Cl =4{e Ay}hb 108=" Nbatkd*Gc~dye ]ct`d{ kd Bh~bd" a Nay{ahl cf {ed Dl`hldd}~ hl {ed]ehld A}jx" ncjyc~dk a ja}nehl` {tld fc} {ed F}dlne a}jx a{ {ed }dqtd~{ cf {ed Jaxc}cf ^{}a~mct}`,[ed ~cl` pa~ c}h`hlabbx dl{h{bdk Neal{ kd `td}}d kd b'a}jd kt ]ehl %Pa} ^cl` cf {edA}jx cf {ed ]ehld(, H{ pa~ fh}~{ ybaxdk a{ a ya{}hc{hn malqtd{ ped}d h{ nay{t}dk dvd}xcld'~

a{{dl{hcl ph{e h{~ ~{h}}hl` jdbckx,H{ mdnajd ~c ycytba} ph{e vcbtl{dd} a}jx tlh{~ f}cj Ja}~dhbbd~ {ea{ h{ pa~ }dlajdk af{d}

{ec~d tlh{~" ncjhl` {c md nabbdk Ba Ja}~dhbbah~d,


17/25

Ba [ct} Dhffdb

[ed Dhffdb [cpd} h~ {ed {abbd~{ h}cl ~{}tn{t}d" ncl~{}tn{dkmx @t~{avd Dhffdbhl 1558,[ed {cpd} ea~ mdncjd a `bcmab hncl cf F}alnd alk h~ cldcf {ed jc~{ }dnc`lhwambd ~{}tn{t}d~ hl {ed pc}bk,

Ne{dat kdVd}~ahbbd~


18/25

[ed Ne{dat kd Vd}~ahbbd~" c} ~hjybx Vd}~ahbbd~" h~ a }cxab ne{dat hl Vd}~ahbbd~" F}alnd,

F}cj 165=" pedl Ohl` Bcth~ UHV jcvdk f}cj Ya}h~" tl{hb {ed }cxab fajhbx pa~ fc}ndk {c}d{t}l {c {ed nayh{ab hl 1058" {ed Nct}{ cf Vd}~ahbbd~ pa~ {ed ndl{}d cf ycpd} hl F}alnd,Vd}~ahbbd~ h~ {ed}dfc}d fajct~ lc{ clbx a~ a mthbkhl`" mt{ a~ a ~xjmcb cf {ed ~x~{dj cf

am~cbt{d jcla}nex pehne Bcth~ UHV d~yct~dk,

Lc{}d Kajd kd Ya}h~

Lc{}d Kajd kd Ya}h~" olcpl ~hjybx a~ Lc{}d Kajd hlDl`bh~e" h~ a @c{ehn na{edk}ab cl {ed da~{d}l eabf cf {edbd kd ba Nh{ hl Ya}h~" F}alnd, H{ h~ ~{hbb t~dk a~ a ]cjalNa{ecbhn na{edk}ab alk h~ {ed ~da{ cf {ed A}nemh~ecy cfYa}h~, H{ h~ phkdbx ncl~hkd}dk cld cf {ed fhld~{ duajybd~cf F}dlne @c{ehn a}neh{dn{t}d, H{ pa~ }d~{c}dk alk ~avdkf}cj kd~{}tn{hcl mx Vhcbbd{*bd*Ktn" cld cf F}alnd'~jc~{ fajct~ a}neh{dn{~, Lc{}d Kajd {}al~ba{d~ a~ -Ct}Bakx- f}cj F}dlne,

B A}n kd [}hcjyed

[ed A}n kd [}hcjyed h~ a jcltjdl{ hl Ya}h~ {ea{ ~{alk~ hl{ed ndl{}d cf {ed Yband Nea}bd~ kd @atbbd, [ed a}ne eclc}~{ec~d pec fct`e{ fc} F}alnd" ya}{hntba}bx kt}hl` {edLaycbdclhn Pa}~" alk {ckax ab~c hlnbtkd~ {ed {cjm cf {edtlolcpl ~cbkhd},


19/25

[ed jcltjdl{ pa~ kd~h`ldk mx Gdal Neab`}hl hl 1596" alk ~d{ {ed {cld fc} ytmbhnjcltjdl{~" ph{e {}htjyeal{ la{hclabh~{hn jd~~a`d~" tl{hb Pc}bk Pa} H,

Ma~hbhqtd kt ân}*Nt}

[ed ân}*Nt} Ma~hbhna %F}dlne7 Ma~hbhqtd kt ân}*Nt}" -Ma~hbhna cf {ed ân}dk Eda}{-( h~ a ]cjalNa{ecbhn ma~hbhna alk ycytba} balkja}o hl Ya}h~" F}alnd"kdkhna{dk {c {ed ân}dk Eda}{ cf Gd~t~ Ne}h~{,

Bd Jt~d kt Bctv}d

[ed Bctv}d %F}dlne7 Jt~d kt Bctv}d( hl Ya}h~"F}alnd" h~ {ed jc~{ vh~h{dk alk cld cf {ed cbkd~{"ba}`d~{" alk jc~{ fajct~ a}{ àbbd}hd~ alkjt~dtj~ hl {ed pc}bk,


20/25

[ed Bctv}d ea~ a bcl` eh~{c}x cf a}{h~{hn alk eh~{c}hn ncl~d}va{hcl, [ed mthbkhl` pa~y}dvhct~bx a }cxab yaband alk ecbk~ ~cjd cf {ed pc}bk'~ jc~{ fajct~ pc}o~ cf a}{" ~tnea~ Bdcla}kc ka Vhlnh'~ Jcla Bh~a" [ed Vh}`hl alk Nehbk ph{e ^{, Alld" Jakclla cf {ed]cno~" Ganqtd~ Bcth~ Kavhk'~ Ca{e cf {ed Ec}a{hh" Kdban}chu'~ Bhmd}{x Bdakhl` {ed Ydcybdalk Abdualk}c~ cf Al{hcne'~ Vdlt~ kd Jhbc, Bcna{dk hl {ed ndl{}d cf {ed nh{x cf Ya}h~"

md{pddl {ed ]hvd K}ch{d cf {ed ^dhld alk {ed }td kd ]hvcbh hl {ed Hd} a}}clkh~~djdl{" h{ h~annd~~dk mx {ed Yabah~ ]cxab Jt~d kt Bctv}d Jd{}c ~{a{hcl,

Ph{e 5,> jhbbhcl vh~h{c}~ hl =996" {ed Bctv}d h~ {ed jc~{ vh~h{dk a}{ jt~dtj hl {ed pc}bk,

Bd F}cja`d F }alah~%F}dlne Nedd~d(

@dl, Nea}bd~ kd @atbbd" }dja}ohl` cl {edkhffhntb{x cf tlh{hl` {ed F}dlne cl a ~hl`bd h~~tdaf{d} PPHH" fajct~bx `}tjmbdk7 Xct nallc{da~hbx m}hl` {c`d{ed} a nctl{}x {ea{ ea~ =64 ohlk~cf nedd~d,- [ed~d kax~" F}alnd~ nedd~d nctl{ h~typa}k~ cf 499 {xyd~,

Bd F}cja`d F }alah~%F}dlne Nedd~d(

[ed F}dlne ncl~tjd bc{~ cf nedd~d" Najdjmd}{ h~ {edtlkh~yt{dk favc}h{d, F}dlne nedd~d h~ jakd f}cj ncp"


21/25

`ca{ c} ~eddy jhbo, [ed jhbo nal md ya~{dt}hwdk c} }ap {ed F}dlne y}dfd} nedd~d jakdf}cj tlya~{dt}hwdk jhbo,

Bd Vhl F }alah~

F}alnd h~ cld cf {ed cbkd~{ phld*y}cktnhl` }d`hcl~ cfDt}cyd, [ed y}cktn{hcl cf phld hl F}alnd ea~ h{~c}h`hl~ hl {ed 6{e ndl{t}x MN" ph{e {ed ncbclhwa{hcl cf^ct{ed}l @atb mx @}ddo ~d{{bd}~, Kt}hl` {ed JhkkbdA`d~" jclo~ jahl{ahldk vhldxa}k~ alk" jc}dhjyc}{al{bx" phld jaohl` olcpbdk`d alk ~ohbb~kt}hl`{ea{ yd}hck,

F}alnd lcp y}cktnd~ {ed jc~{ phld mx vabtd hl {edpc}bk,

[ed Mc}kdatu" {ed Mct}`c`ld alk Neajya`ld a}dhjyc}{al{ a`}hntb{t}ab y}cktn{~,


22/25

AMCT[ F]DLNEAMCT[ F]DLNEFAÊHCLFAÊHCL

Cld cf {ed jc~{ fa~nhla{hl` a~ydn{~ cf F}dlne Fa~ehcl h~ {ed pax h{h~ djmdkkdk hl F}dlne ~cnhd{x, Ya}h~ ncl{hltd~ {c md {ed Fa~ehclNayh{ab cf {ed pc}bk alk h{ h~ lc ~t}y}h~d {c ~dd pex, Ncl~hkd}hl`{ea{ Ya}h~ h~ ecjd {c a `hàl{hn fam}hn hlkt~{}x {ea{ pc}o~ ph{enct{t}d ect~d~, F}dlne Fa~ehcl phbb abpax~ y}cktnd khffd}dl{~{xbd~ {ea{ phbb yt~e {ed dlvdbcyd alk hlfbtdlnd ft{t}d `dld}a{hcl~cf fa~ehcl,

YA]H^*[ed Fa~ehclYA]H^*[ed Fa~ehclNayh{abNayh{ab


23/25

Ya}h~" F}alnd" abcl` ph{e [coxc" Bclkcl" Jhbal" alk Ldp Xc}o Nh{x" h~ cld cf {edpc}bk'~ fa~ehcl nayh{ab~, [ed nh{x ea~ mddl al hl{d}la{hclab fa~ehcl ndl{d} fc} etlk}dk~ cfxda}~" alk h~ ecjd {c ~dvd}ab y}djhd} fa~ehcl ect~d~, Eat{d nct{t}d c}h`hla{dk hl Ya}h~alk h~ {e}hvhl` {c {eh~ kax, Jalx cf {ed pc}bk'~ {cy kd~h`ld}~ pd}d F}dlne" hlnbtkhl`Nealdb" Ne}h~{hal Khc}"Bcth~ Vth{{cl" Balvhl" Necbd"Ed}jd~" Abaha" Xvd~ ^ahl{ Bat}dl{

alk Ne}h~{hal Bctmct{hl,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%2C_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Diorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuittonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Louboutinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%2C_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Diorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuittonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Louboutin


24/25


25/25

[DANED]^ VHDP7

[eh~ an{hvh{x pehne pa~ nclktn{dk hl~hkd {ed F}dlne nba~~ }ccj~ pd}d vd}x pdbb }dndhvdk

mx {ed ~{tkdl{~, [edx `a{ed}dk jc~{ cf {ed hlfc}ja{hcl cl ~ydnhfhn {cyhn~ hkdl{hfhdk mx

jd alk edbydk jd {c ncjyhbd {ed ycpd}ychl{ y}d~dl{a{hcl, H{ pa~ a vd}x }dpa}khl`

duyd}hdlnd fc} mc{e {ed {daned} alk {ed bda}ld}, Pd nctbk tlkd}~{alk {ed du{dlk alk~y}dak cf F}dlne ntb{t}d alk hl~{h{t{hcl~ an}c~~ {ed pc}bk, Ct{ cf {ed 1> ~{tkdl{~ cl

pecj {ed qtd~{hcllah}d pa~ akjhlh~{d}dk" 4 nctbk `d{ abb nc}}dn{*=9 ct{ cf =9" ; nctbk

a{{ahl 16 ct{ cf =9" > ~{tkdl{~ 11 ct{ cf =9 alk 1 ~{tkdl{ 8 ct{ cf =9, Pd kdnhkdk {c

djma}o tycl ~tne {xyd cf bda}lhl` akvdl{t}d~ cl neay{d}~ pehne a}d ya}{ cf {ed ~xbbamt~,

J}~, ]anela Mao~eh

F}dlne [daned}" ^{k, VHHH

Documents

Study of France