STUDY OF FEASIBLE FUEL ADDITIVE ON REDUCING IC ENGINE ... of feasible fuel additive on reducing IC engine... · diesel enjin satu silinder, suntikan minyak secara langsung dan sistem

STUDY OF FEASIBLE FUEL ADDITIVE ON REDUCING IC ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSION AND IMPROVING ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Chan Chung Kiet

Bachelor of EngineeriDg with Honours TP (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 343 2015 C454 2015

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1111111111111111111111111 1000268850

VAK

Grade: ___

Please tick <" ) Final Year Project Report 0 ~asters c:::J PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

r'~__ ~ This declaration is made on the ~ day of~, 2015.

Student's Declaration:

I (Chan Chung Kiet. 29813, Faculty of Engineering) hereby declare that the work entit1t:d

STUDY OF FEASIBLE FUEL ADDITIVE ON REDUCING IC ENGINE EXHAUST

EMISSION AND IMPROVING ENGINE PERFORIvIANCE. I have not copied from any other

students' work or from any other sources except where due reference or acknowledgement is

made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person.

(Date of submission)

Supervisor's Declaration:

I, Mohd Fareez Edzuan Abdullah hereby certifies that the work entitled STUDY OF

FEASIBLE FUEL ADDITIVE ON REDUCING IC ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSION AND

I~PROVING ENGINE PERFORMANCE was prepared by the above named student, and

was submitted to the "FACULTY" as a full fulfilment for the conferment of BEng (Hons)

Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, and the aforementioned work, to the best of my

knowledge, is the said student's work.

Received for examination by: Date: _______ (Name of the supervisor)

I declare that ProjectfI'hesis is classified as (Please tick (..J»:

D CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*

DRESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)*

~PENACCESS

Validation of ProjectIThesis

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shall be placed officially in the Centre for Academic Information Services with the abiding

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APPROVAL SHEET

Final Year Project attached here:

Title : Study of Feasible Fuel Additive on Reducing IC Engine Exhaust Emission

and hnproving Engine Perfonnance

Name : Chan Chung Kiet

Matric No : 29813

Has been read and approved by:

Mohd Fareez Edzuan Abdullah Date

(Supervisor)

P sat Khidmal MaklumatAkaden ~ " ~RSm MALAYSIA SARAWAh.

STUDY OF FEASmLE FUEL ADDITIVE ON REDUCING IC ENGINE

EXHAUST EMISSION AND IMPROVING ENGINE PERFORMANCE

CHAN CHUNG KIET

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment

Of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering

University Malaysia Sarawak

2014

11

To my belovedfamily, friends and UN/MAS

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to the God for the good health and wellbeing through this fmal year project.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Faculty of

Engineering UNIMAS, for providing me with all the necessary facilities for the research.

I place on record, my sincere thank you to my final year project supervisor Mr. Mohd

Fareez Edzuan Abudllah, for the continuous encouragement, sharing expertise, and

sincere and valuable guidance to me along this fmal year project.

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department of Mechanical

Engineering UNIMAS members for their help and support especially the lab technician

for the briefing and troubleshooting during experiments. I also thank my family for all the

encouragement, support and attention.

I also express my warm thanks to my friends and course mates who directly or indirectly,

have let their hand, encouragement and attention through this fmal year project.

IV

cal

ABSTRACT

Effects of fuel oxygenate on the diesel engine performance and exhaust emission were

investigated by running the compression ignition engine with methanol diesel fuel blend.

Investigation has been done on the effects of the increase of oxygen content in diesel fuel

to engine performance and exhaust emission. In this fmal year project, four blends of

methanol diesel fuel blend are prepared with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% oxygen content

respectively. Engine performance experiment has been conducted by using single

cylinder, direct injection and water cooled diesel engine. While the exhaust emission test

is done by using the flue gas analyser. The results of using methanol diesel fuel blend

show that there were increases of brake specific fuel consumption for about 5.74% to

18.75%. Effectiveness of methanol diesel fuel blend in the Carbon Monoxide, CO

emissions reduction where the CO emissions are reduced in the range of3.96% to 15.82%.

Oxides of nitrogen, NOx increase with the increasing amount of oxygen in the methanol

diesel fuel blend. The NOx formation has increased by 8.33% - 23.37% when using

methanol diesel fuel blend with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% oxygen content. For the Fourier

Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR) analysis shows the addition of methanol into diesel fuel

only adds the O-H bonds into the diesel fuel. The addition of methanol will not cause any

chemical reaction and produce other products. It was concluded that, methanol is an

effective fuel oxygenates for diesel fuel for improving engine performance and exhaust

emission.

v

ABSTRAK

Penyiasatan kesan minyak diesel yang mengandungi kandungan oksigen telah dijalankan

dengan eksperimen menggunakan minyak campuran diesel dengan metanol. Eksperimen

dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan-kesan ke atas peningkatan kandungan oksigen terhadap

prestasi enjin dan kandungan asap enjin. Dalam projek tahun akhir ini, empat campuran

metanol bahan api diesel campuran disediakan dengan masing-masing 2%, 4%,6%, dan

kandungan oksigen 8%. Eksperimen prestasi enjin telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan

diesel enjin satu silinder, suntikan minyak secara langsung dan sistem penyejukan enjin

menggunakan air. Ujian kandungan asap enjin diesel dijalan dengan menggunakan flue

gas analyser. Keputusan menggunakan metanol diesel bahan api campuran menunjukkan

bahawa terdapat peningkatan penggunaan bahan api tentu brek selama kira-kira 5.74%

kepada 18.75%. Campuran metanol dalam minyak diesel amat berkesan dalam Karbon

Monoksida, pengurangan pelepasan karbon monosida di mana pelepasan karbon

monosida dikurangkan dalam lingkungan 3.96% kepada 15.82% berbanding dengan

minyak diesel biasa. NOx meningkat dengan penambahan jumlah oksigen dalam

campuran metanol minyak diesel. Peelepasan NOx telah meningkat sebanyak 8.33%

23,37% apabila menggunakan metanol diesd bahan api campuran dengan 2%, 4%, 6%

dan kandungan oksigen 8%. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan bahawa penambahan metanol

ke dalam minyak diesel hanya menambah ikatan OH ke dalam minyak diesel.

Penambahan metanol tidak akan menyebabkan apa-apa tindak balas kimia dan

menghasilkan produk lain. Kesimpulannya, metanol adalah yang berkesan untuk

menghasilkan campuran minyak diesel untuk meningkatkan prestasi enjin dan pelepasan

asap enjin diesel.

VI

Pusat Khidmat MakJumat Akadcmi UNlVERSln MALAYSIA S \ . .

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENT Vll

LIST OF TABLES Xl

LIST OF FIGURES Xlll

ABSTRACT V

ABSTRAK VI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIV

LIST OF SYMBOLS XVI

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General Background 1

1.2 Fuel Additives 2

1.3 Problem Statements 3

1.4 Objectives 4

1.5 Organization of thesis 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Compression Ignition Engine 5

2.2 Diesel Fuel 6

2.3 Types of Fuel Additives 7

2.4 Fuel Oxygenates 8

2.4.1 Butyrate Glycerine 8

2.4.2 Butylal 8

2.4.3 Alcohol as Fuel Oxygenates 9

2.4.4 Methanol 10

vii

2.5 Engine Perfonnance 10

2.5.1 Brake Power 11

2.5.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 11

2.5.3 Brake Mean Effective Pressure 11

2.5.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature 12

2.6 Exhaust Emission 12

2.7 FTIR Analysis 13

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 15

3.1 Experimental Planning 15

3.1.1 Project Experiment Flow Chart 15

3.1.2 Experimental Testing 16

3.2 List of Material and Apparatus 16

3.2.1 Fuel Blending 16

3.2.2 Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Test 17

3.2.3 FfIR Analysis 17

3.3 Fuel Mixing Calculation 17

3.3.1 Butyrate Glycerine Fuel Blend Calculation 18

3.3.2 Butylal Fuel Blend Calculation 21

3.3.3 Methanol Fuel Blend Calculation 24

3.4 Fuel Preparation Method 29

3.4.1 Fuel Blending Procedure 30

3.5 Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Test 31

3.5.1 'Diesel Engine and Flue Gas Analyser Specification 32

3.5.2 Flue Gas Analyser Specification 33

3.5.3 Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Test Procedure 34

3.6 FTIR Analysis 34

Vlll

1

o 3.6.1 FTIR Analysis Procedure 35

3.7 Preliminary Test 35

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36

4.1 Engine Performance Results and Discussion 36

4.1.1 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 36

4.1.2 Exhaust Gas Temperature 38

4.2 Exhaust Emission Results and Discussion 39

4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide, CO Emission 40

4.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides, NOx Emission 42

4.3 FTIR Test Results and Discussion 43

4.3.1 Pure Diesel FTIR Spectra 43

4.3.2 M02 FTIR Spectra 44




4.3 .6 Discussion of FTIR Spectroscopy for Pure Diesel and Methanol Diesel Fuel

Blend 48

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 50

5.1 Conclusion 50

5.2 Limitations 51

5.3 Recommendation 51

5.3.1 Recommendation for the materials problem 51

5.3.2 Recommendation for the instruments 51

5.3.3 Recommendation for a better methodology 52

IX

References 53

Appendix A 56

x

56

,....

~3

I

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 3.1 Table of Butyrate Glycerine and Diesel Fuel Chemical Specification ...... ... ... 18

Table 3.2 Summary Table of Detail Amount of Butyrate Glycerine and Diesel for Fuel

Blending Process ................ .. ........... ... .... ... .. .... ........... ... .... ... ................. ... ... ..... ....... ........ 21

Table 3.3 Table of Butylal and Diesel Fuel Chemical Specification .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ... ........... 21

Table 3.4 Summary Table of Detail Amount of Butylal And Diesel For Fuel Blend

Process .................. ...... ...... ...... .. ............ ...... ....... .... ...... ........... .... ....... ... ........ ................... 24

Table 3.5 Table of Methanol and Diesel Fuel Chemical Specification .... ....................... 24

Table 3.6 Summary Table of Detail Amount of Methanol and Diesel for Fuel Blend

Process .. .............. ....... .. ...... ... ... ............. ..... ... ..... ..... .... ................... .................................. 29

Table 3.7 Sample Fuel Labelling ............. ......... ........ .. ...... ............................................... 31

Table 3.8 Diesel Engine Specification .... .... ........ .... ..... ....... ............................................ 32

Table 3.9 Flue Gas Analyser Specification .. ..... ... ... .. .... ....... ... ................. ..... .................. 33

Table 4.1 Results of Engine Performance for Pure Diesel Fuel .... ..... ................ ... .. ........ 56

Table 4.2 Results of Engine Performance for 2% Oxygen Contain Methanol-Diesel Fuel

Blend ............................................................ .. ....... .. .... .. ... ................ ... .... .. ...... ..... ..... .... ... 56


Blend.......................................................................... ............ ....... ....... .. ... ...... ... .............. 57


Blend.................................................................... .. .. ... .......... .. ... .... .... ... .. .. ... .. ....... ........... 57


Blend....................................................................... .. ... .......... ................ ...... .... ... ........... .. 58

Table 4.6 Table for Summary ofBSFC ..... .... .. ..... ..... .. ........ ....... .. ..... ........ ... ... .... ... ... .. .... 37

Table 4.7 Table of Results for Exhaust Gas Temperature .... ... ... ..... .... ... ....... ..... ..... ... ... .. 58

Table 4.8 Tabulation of Results for CO Emission ...... .......... ... ....... ..... ........ .............. .. .... 59

Table 4.9 Table of Deceasing Percentage ofCO Emission of Methanol Diesel Fuel ..... 59

Table 4.10 Tabulation of Results for NOx Emission ........................ ....... .. ..................... 60

Table 4.11 Table of Percentage of increase ofNOx emission of methanol diesel fuel .... 60

Table 4.12 Table of Infrared Radiation Summary for Functional Group in Pure Diesel 44

Xl

Table 4.13 Table of Infrared Radiation Summary for Functional Group in M02 Methanol

Diesel Fuel Blend ............................ ................................................................................ 45




Diesel Fuel Blend ........................... ......... ........ .. ...... .. ......................................................46

Diesel Fuel Blend ............................................................................................................47

Diesel Fuel Blend .. ............. ... .............. ........................ ... ............ ... ........... ...... ....... .......... 48

Xll

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 2.1: FTIR Analysis .. .. .... ...... .... .. ........ ... ... ......... .. ..... ............ ....... .. ........ .. .. .. ....... ... 14

Figure 2.2: Basic Components of FTIR Spectrometer ... ....... ....... ...... ... ....... ..... ....... ... .... 14

Figure 3.1: Project Experimental Flow Chart .... ..... ... .. .......... .......... ... .... .... .. ... ... ....... ...... 15

Figure 3.2: Experimental Setup Diagram for Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

Test ... ..... .. ....... .. .. .... .... ..... ... .... ... ..... ........ .. ........ ............................................. ........ ... ....... 31

Figure 4.1: Graph of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption versus Engine Speed ...... .. ....... 37

Figure 4.2: Graph of Exhaust Gas Temperature versus Engine Speed ..................... .. .. .. 38

Figure 4.3: Graph of CO Emission versus Engine Speed ............................................... .40

Figure 4.4: Graph of NO x Emission versus Engine Speed ..................... ....... .. .... .. ... ..... .42

Figure 4.5: Pure Diesel FTIR Spectra ... .. ...... ... ........ ... .................... ............. ... ........ .... ... .43

Figure 4.6: M02 FTIR Spectra ................. ... ........ .... .. ... .............. .. .... .. .. .... ..... .. ... .... ... .... . .44

Figure 4.7: M04 FTIR Spectra ..... ...... ....... .............. .... ... ....... .. .... .. .. ... ...... .... .... ...... ..... .. . .45

Figure 4.8: M06 FTIR Spectra .. ...... ....... ............ .... ...... ..... .... ........ ... ... ........... ... ...... .... ... .46

Figure 4.9: M08 FTIR Spectra ... .. ... .............. .............. .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. ... ......................... .. . .47

Xlll

CI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PD Pure diesel

Bu Butylal

B02 Butylal diesel fuel blend with 2% oxygen content

B04 Butylal diesel blend with 4% oxygen content

BG Butyrate Glycerine

BG02 - Butyrate Glycerine diesel fuel blend with 2% oxygen content

BG04 - Butyrate Glycerine diesel fuel blend with 4% oxygen content

M02 Methanol diesel fuel blend with 2% oxygen content




BP Brake Power

Compression Ignition

CN Cetane Number

CO Carbon Monoxide

DI Direct Injection

EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation

ITIR - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

FYP Final Year Project

IC Internal Combustion

IR Infrared

NOx Oxides ofNitrogen

PM Particulate Matter

UHC - Unburned hydrocarbon

XlV

,...

SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction

BSFC - Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

N Shaft Speed in rev/s

't = Torque of shaft in N m

mp Fuel Flow Rate

initial weight of fuel (g) mi

= [mal weight of fuel (g) mf

t specific time interval (s)

A Area of Piston

b bore (m)

Vd = Displacement Volume

VI Maximum volume at bottom dead center (m3)

Vc Clearance volume (m3)

s = Stroke (m)

n Number of Cylinder

xvi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

Envirorunental issues have been rises few decades recently, the envirorunent condition

on Earth are getting more and more serious. Envirorunental issue such as air pollution, global

warming and greenhouse effect arises due to emission ofgreenhouse gaseous and particulate

matter from human and industrial daily activities. Most of the vehicles number statistics in

the whole world shows that the number ofvehicles on road are increases every year. Exhaust

emission ofthe vehicles are one of the major cause ofthe air pollution, acid rain, ozone layer

depletion, global warming, and greenhouse effect. Long term exposure to the polluted air

will causes respiratory diseases, and allergic reaction.

Apart than envirorunent issue, the world energy demand also increases as the world

human population increases nowadays. Since fossil fuel is non-renewable energy, there may

be a possibility fossil fuel will be depleted while the renewable energy and alternative energy

haven't discovered or developed. So it is important to develop new ways and solution for

more efficient engine and fuel blend fommla for lower fuel consumption yet having same or

higher performance. Improvement on diesel engine nowadays emphasizing on more

complete combustion yet improve the engine performance. Development of diesel engine,

reduce the diesel fuel consumption and having lower carbon dioxide emission however

produce much more nitrogen oxides, NOx emission.

Diesel engine is one of the internal combustion engine which also known as compression

ignition engine. The main concept of compression ignition is the combustion in the diesel

engine cylinder is started by the increase of temperature during the high pressure

compression by piston causing the ignition to bum the air fuel mixture in the engine cylinder.

Diesel engine or compression ignition engine emission are one of the major contributor to

the air pollution. However, due to the advantages of diesel engine compared with similar

size gasoline engine, diesel engine are use abundantly all over the world. Diesel engine

having higher power output which is suitable for heavy duty, and it is more fuel efficiency.

A number of study shown that, diesel engine are 30% to 35% more fuel economy than

gasoline engine due to the fuel efficiency. Apart from that, diesel engine having higher

energy-conversion efficiency or thermal efficiency which are more than 50% compared to

gasoline engine which only having thermal efficiency around 25% (Takaishi, Numata,

Nakano, & Sakaguchi, 2008).

Exhaust emission of diesel engine vehicles consists of particulate matter (PM), smoke,

oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon. High NOx, particulate

matter and smoke emission of diesel engine are cons of diesel engine.

Diesel fuel is made up of mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons which derived from petroleum.

Diesel fuel development now introducing sulphur free diesel fuel. Sulphur element has been

removed from diesel fuel through hydrotreating process. High Sulphur content in diesel fuel

will cause corrosive wear of engine causing shorter engine life span. Corrosive wear on the

piston ring and cylinder wall happens when the fuel combust, sulphur in diesel fuel will I '

reacts with the oxygen and water content in the air to produce sulphuric acids. Hydrotreating .. , . process remove sulphur from fuel will increase the cetane number and hydrogen to carbon

ratio of diesel fuel at the same time reduce the aromatic contents of diesel fuel. H '

" 1; ,

, . , ;

I: ; 1.2 Fuel Additives

There are many type fuel additives in the market nowadays with different function. Fuel

additives are divided into few categories which are engine performance improver, exhaust

emission control, lubrication, and combustion catalyst. Most of the fuel additives in the

market are for deposit controller, cetane improver, injector cleaning, flow improver, lubricity

improver, antioxidants, antistatic, corrosion inhibitor, dehazer, diesel stabilizer, metal

deactivator, dyes, lead antiknock, anti-valve seat recession and fuel oxygenates (Srivastava

& Hancsok, 2014).

One of the solution for reducing vehicle exhaust emission is fuel additive. Nowadays,

numerous studies have been done on reducing the exhaust emission through modification of

diesel engine design and introducing fuel additive into diesel fuel for cleaner burning diesel

fuel. Usage of fuel additives such as fuel oxygenates and antioxidants are specialized for

exhaust emission of combustion of fuel. Fuel oxygenates function as increasing oxygen

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content for more efficient engine combustion while antioxidants functions as anti-oxidation

agents for the exhaust gaseous to oxidise with moisture in air and prevents further acid

formation.

A stoichiometric combustion of diesel engine reduce PM and smoke emission while

increasing NOx emission. It is quite difficult to reduce PM and NOx simultaneously since

they having a trade-off relationship (Ribeiro et aI., 2007). Ribeiro et aI., (2007) also states

that diesel engine that having incomplete combustion tend to have increases of PM in

exhaust emission, while the having more complete combustion the exhaust emission of

diesel engine tends to have increases of NOx emission. The main concern of this study is to

reduce the exhaust emission through fuel oxygenates as the fuel additives.

Fuel oxygenates is the fuel additive that contain oxygenate compound in their chemical

functional group. Existence of oxygen element in the chemical composition of fuel definitely

will improve the combustion quality since oxygen is one of the main factor for complete

combustion. Oxygenate compound enable the reduce exhaust emission in terms of reducing

carbon monoxide and particulate matter emission from the engine combustion. However this

depends on the molecular structure of fuel additives, oxygen content in fuel additive and

ratio of fuel blend with the fuel additive will affects the fmal results exhaust emission and

engine performance.

1.3 Problem Statements

Exhaust emission of diesel engine vehicles consists of particulate matter (PM), smoke,

oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon. Due to the negative

impact of exhaust emission on Earth's environment such as global warming, greenhouse

effect and air pollution, it is important to carry out study on reducing engine exhaust emission

while maintain or improve the engine performance. In this study of fuel additive on

improving engine performance and reducing exhaust emission of compress ignition engine,

fuel oxygenates Butyrate Glycerine and Butylal is selected as the subject for investigation.

Only small amount of study on Butyrate Glycerine and Butylal as fuel additive for diesel

fuel. Methanol is selected for the preliminary test for this fmal year project to investigate the

methodology used in experiment and understanding the procedures for getting a better

results. The detail study on optimum amount offuel blend, the engine performance and effect

on exhaust emission are required. Since different amount of fuel additive, oxygen content

and chemical composition will affects the engine performance and exhaust emission.

3

, :1 '

1.4 Objectives

- To study engine perfonnance of diesel engine test on the diesel fuel blend created

- To study exhaust emission characteristic of diesel engine on the diesel fuel blend created

by using fuel gas analyser

- To study the chemical content using Fourier Transfonn Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Analysis

1.5 Organization of thesis

In this Final Year Project report, there are five chapter included which are chapter 1

introduction, chapter 2 literature review, chapter 3 methodology, chapter 4 results and

discussion and chapter 5 conclusion, limitations and recommendation.

Chapter 1 gives the general introduction and understanding about the project title. The

objective of this project title is to study the feasible fuel additive on reducing exhaust

emission and improving engine perfonnance.

Chapter 2 is more on literature review on similar study done by others researcher to have

better understanding and description on the how the study is done and theories behind it. The

review is made through journal, books, conference paper, web page and online sources.

Literature review are done on the engine perfonnance, fuel additives, fuel oxygenates

exhaust emission and experimentation on the fuel additives.

Chapter 3 is the methodology of experiment that will be carried out for the investigation

and analysis on the exhaust emission and engine perfonnance dUling the fuel additives and

diesel fuel blend is combust in the diesel engine. The expeliments done are engine

perfonnance test, exhaust emission test and FTlR analysis.

Chapter 4 is the results and discussion of the engine perfonnance test, exhaust emission

test 'and FTIR analysis for the pure diesel and methanol diesel fuel blend.

Chapter 5 is the conclusions, and recommendations on this final year project title the

study the feasible fuel additive on reducing exhaust emission and improving engine

perfonnance. This chapter conclude the results and findings in the study done in this FYP

and includes some limitations and recommendations for future studies.

4

FYP

Pusat Kbidmat MakJumat Akademi' UNlVERsm MALAYSIA SARAWAJ\

CHAPTER 2

Literature review

2.1 Compression Ignition Engine

Compression ignition engine also known as diesel engine. Diesel engine is first built on 1897

by Rudolf Diesel (Atkins, 2009). Atkins, (2009) also states that development ofdiesel engine

is started since then when some of the decisive advance design on the diesel engine which

makes diesel engine having low fuel consumption while increasing the engine performance.

Development ofdiesel engine especially in diesel fuel injection in diesel engine such as high

pressure injection, common rail injection, and piezo injector (Bennett, 2014). Other than

diesel fuel injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of diesel engine is one of the strategy

of minimizing exhaust emission (Fareez et aI., 2014).

The main concept of compression ignition is the combustion in the diesel engine cylinder

is started by the increase of temperature during the high pressure compression by piston

causing the ignition to bum the air fuel mixture in the engine cylinder (Bennett, 2014). After

the fuel is combust, the piston is move downwards which will transfer the motion to

crankshaft and provides motion to gears from crankshaft. Advantages of diesel engine

compared with similar size gasoline engine, diesel engine are use abundantly all over the

world. Diesel engine having higher power output which is suitable for heavy duty, and it is

more fuel efficiency (Challen & Baranescu, 1999): A number of study shown that, diesel

engine are 30% to 35% more fuel economy than gasoline engine due to the fuel efficiency.

Apart from that, diesel engine having higher energy-conversion efficiency or thermal

efficiency which are more than 50% compared to gasoline engine which only having thermal

efficiency around 25% (Takaishi et aI., 2008).

There are some disadvantages on diesel engine which is diesel engine heavier compared

to gasoline engine. The weight per horsepower value of diesel engine is 1.5 to 3 times more

compared to gasoline engine (Atkins, 2009). According to Challen and Baranescu, (1999)

5

Documents

STUDY OF FEASIBLE FUEL ADDITIVE ON REDUCING IC ENGINE ... of feasible fuel additive on reducing IC engine... · diesel enjin satu silinder, suntikan minyak secara langsung dan sistem