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Study of Charmonium States in Vacuum and High Density Medium Juan Alberto Garcia, The University of Texas at El Paso Advisor: Dr. Ralf Rapp Cyclotron REU 2009

Study of Charmonia States in Vacuum and High Density Medium presentations/juan_garci… · If condition for a solution is met then keep eigen energy and quit. 4. If the function has

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Page 1: Study of Charmonia States in Vacuum and High Density Medium presentations/juan_garci… · If condition for a solution is met then keep eigen energy and quit. 4. If the function has

Study of Charmonium States in  Vacuum and High Density Medium 

Juan Alberto Garcia, 

The University of Texas at El Paso

Advisor: Dr. Ralf Rapp

Cyclotron REU 2009

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Overview

• Some words about Quarks • The Quark Gluon Plasma• The Charmonium System• The Schrödinger Equation• The Hydrogen Atom• Cornell Potential• Color Screening Potentials • Lattice QCD Potential

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Quarks

• Nucleons and other hadrons  are made up of quarks.Proton

Quarks

Gluons• Quarks interact with one another 

via the Strong Force; described by  Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).

• The Force is mediated by Gluons.

• Each quark and gluon carry a color charge,  which is conserved in Strong interactions.

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• Quarks are confined to one  another, by a phenomenon  called “quark confinement”.

• This happens because the  force between becomes 

constant with distance.

• Quarks also undergo the Annihilation‐Creation  process in which a quark‐antiquark pair is 

either converted or created from or into a  gluon.

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The Quark Gluon Plasma

• QCD predicts a new phase of  quark matter above 

temperatures of about 170  MeV (2*1012

K), the Quark 

Gluon Plasma (QGP).• In this state quarks are deconfined from the 

hadrons that contain them and form a hot and  dense plasma.

• The picture shows a Au‐Au collision at RHIC in  which a QGP is believed to have been created, but 

for this to happed a probe its needed!!

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• Hadrons containing heavy quarks(charm and  bottom) have been identified as possible probes 

for the QGP.• This is believed because if the QGP is created, 

charmonium should be suppressed which is one  of the signals of formation of the QGP.

• Charmonium consists of a charm quark and an  anticharm antiquark pair in a bound state. 

• Since the charm has a large mass a non  relativistic approach is valid for its study.

Charmonium

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The Schrödinger Equation

• Describes the time 

evolution of the physical 

state of a quantum system.• In its time independent 

form, it becomes an eigen 

value equation.• If a central potential is used 

then the PDE is separable 

and can be set in the form 

Ψ(r, θ, φ)=R(r)*Θ(θ)*Φ(φ),  where R(r) is the equation 

for the radial part of the 

solution.

Page 8: Study of Charmonia States in Vacuum and High Density Medium presentations/juan_garci… · If condition for a solution is met then keep eigen energy and quit. 4. If the function has

The Hydrogen Atom (Test)

• A proton and electron  pair form a bound state 

called Hydrogen‐1  (Hydrogen atom).

Proton

Electron

Not to scale.

• Schrödinger’s equation can  be solved for the hydrogen  system analytically.

• The electromagnetic  potential is used in this 

scenario to solve the  Schrödinger radial equation.

Photon

+

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Methods• In order to solve 

Schrödinger’s equation, for 

the given potential; it was 

rewritten in finite 

difference form (FDF). • FDF consists in 

approximating the 

derivatives using finite 

difference relations.• With these approximations, 

one is able to evolve the 

system from a given initial 

condition. 

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• A solution to the problem must 

satisfy boundary conditions 

which are: R(0)=C and R(∞)=0.• The solution can not be obtained 

by a simple evolution of our 

initial condition because the 

boundary conditions can only be 

satisfied with a discrete number 

of Energies.• The algorithm is based on the 

Shooting method:

Shooting

R(0)=C

E4

E1

E2

E31.

Choose initial condition and initial energy.2.

Solve Equation for given energy3.

If condition for a solution is met then keep eigen energy and quit.4.

If  the function has the different sign as the previous one, decrease the 

energy the previous amount and decrease energy steps by a factor

of 2.5.

Increase energy by a small amount.6.

Go back to step 2.

Page 11: Study of Charmonia States in Vacuum and High Density Medium presentations/juan_garci… · If condition for a solution is met then keep eigen energy and quit. 4. If the function has

Back to Hydogen• Hydrogen was solved 

to test the numerical  accuracy of our 

program because it  had an analytic 

solution it can be  compared to.

n=1, l=0

n=1, l=0 • As can be seen on  the left solution 

does diverge but  only after large 

distances where  effects can be 

neglected

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Plots for n=1,  l=0; n=2, l=0;  n=2, l=1.

n=1, l=0

n=2, l=1n=2, l=0

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The Cornell Potential• A potential to simulate non 

relativistic quark interactions in 

Vacuum

• Two terms: “coulomb”

which 

accounts for one‐gluon exchange; 

and linear which accounts for 

quark confinement.

• As the quarks are separated, the system stops being 

energetically favored and the quarks go to a lower state of 

energy by forming bound states with lighter quarks. This is 

referred as “String Breaking”.

• The potential does not contain 

“String Breaking”.

Page 14: Study of Charmonia States in Vacuum and High Density Medium presentations/juan_garci… · If condition for a solution is met then keep eigen energy and quit. 4. If the function has

• J/ψ

‐‐‐‐>  3.0969

• ψ’

‐‐‐‐>  3.659

• χc

‐‐‐‐>  3.4513

• n=3, l=2‐‐‐‐> 3.6985

α=.212σ=.422

GeV2

o A charm bare mass of 

1.2351 GeV was used in 

order to match the total 

mass of the J/ψ

to 3.096 which is about its real mass.o The total mass is given by 

2 times the bare mass plus 

the Eigen Energy of the 

State.

Vacuum Potential 

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fm

fm

fm

fm

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Color Screening

• Interacting matter of sufficient  temperature and pressure is 

predicted to undergo a transition  to a state of deconfined quarks and 

gluons (the QGP). • We say deconfinement occurs 

when color charge screening  becomes strong enough that it 

shields the quark binding potential  with any other quark or anti quark.

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Cornell potential with screening mass

r      radiusμ(T) temperature dependent “Screening mass”σ

0.192 GeV2

α

0.471

• The Screening mass  is defined as μ(T)= 

1/rD

; where rD

is  the color screening 

length.• The screening 

length is the  distance at which 

the color force  becomes 

suppresed

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• From the graph we can  see that as expected 

the radius increases  with the screening 

mass, and data tells us  that the system is 

completely dissolved  with a screening mass  higher than about 

600MeV. • This is expected 

because μ(T) increases  as the temperature 

increases

fm

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Lattice QCD Potential

• Computed by 

numerical 

simulations of QCD 

at finite 

temperatures• Vacuum limit 

potential is used to 

match bare mass.• Bare mass is set so 

that J/ψ

mass matches 3.035 GeV

mass =   1.249 ‐‐‐‐>  3.0349E 1 =  0.5369   l= 0

r1

=.317 fm

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Medium Potential

V(r, T)

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• By comparing the energies with the  screening threshold, we can calculate 

the Kinetic and Binding Energies for  Each state.

• As can be seen in the table both BE and  KE decrease as T increases.

• All other states have been dissolved.

T (Tc) Mass (GeV) BE (GeV) KE (GeV)

1.2 3.3506 .2031 .4263

1.8 3.0999 .0576 .3009

2.4 3.0073 .0466 .2546

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Acknowledgements

• Advisor: Dr Ralf Rapp• Dr. Riek Felix• Xingbo Zhao• Dr. Sherry Yennello

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References

• R. Rapp and H. van Hees. 2008. Heavy Quark  Diffusion as a probe for the Quark‐Gluon Plasma. 

arXiv:0803.0901v2.• Stephen Gasiorowicz. 2003. “Quantum Physics”. • E. Eichten, K. Gottfried, T. Kinoshita, K. D. Lane, T. 

M. Yan. 1980. Charmonium: Comparison with  Experiment. Physical Review D. 

• F. Karsch, M.T. Mehr, H. Sartz. 1988. Color  Screening and deconfinement

for bound States of 

Heavy quarks.  Zeitschnft fur Physik C.