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Bangkok, Thailand 12 – 30 November 2012
STUDY MATERIALS PART IV
Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs
Copyright © United Nations, 2012
Acknowledgments
The Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations expresses its gratitude to
Thomson Reuters, Koninklijke Brill NV, Hague Academy of International Law, Carnegie Council for Ethics
in International Affairs, University of Chicago Press, New York University Journal of International Law &
Politics, ÉditionsBruylant and ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law for granting permission
for the reproduction of the following materials for the United Nations Regional Course in International Law
held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 12 to 30 November 2012:
- Buergenthal, Thomas, International Human Rights In A Nutshell, St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing
Co., 1994, pp.17-23
- Henkin, Louis, International Law: Politics & Values, MartinusNijhoff, 1995, p. 168-173
- Onuma, Yasuaki, A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law, coll. Pocketbooks of the
Hague Academy of International Law, Leiden-Boston, MartinusNijhoff Publishers, 2010, 370-462,
excerpts (432-445, 458-462)
- Sen, Amartya, Human Rights and Asian Values, Sixteenth Morgenthau Memorial Lecture on Ethics
and Foreign Policy, excerpts (p. 24, 28-31)
- Engle Merry, Sally, Human Rights and Gender Violence - Translating International Law into Local
Justice, The University of Chicago Press, 2006, excerpts (p. 89-92, 98-102)
- Sullivan, Donna, “Gender Equality And Religious Freedom: Toward A Framework For Conflict
resolution”, 24 New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 1992, 795
- Pinto, Mónica, “Dealing with the Past – Democracies and Victims’ Struggle to Deal with Past
Human Rights Violations”, in La protection internationale des droits de l’homme et le droit des
victimes/International protection of Human Rights and Victims’ Rights, J.-F. Flauss (éd),
Publications de l’Institut International des droits de l’hommeInstitut René Cassin de Strasbourg,
Bruxelles, Editions Bruylant, 2009, p.111-127
- Schlunk, Angelika, “Truth and Reconciliation Commissions”, 4 ILSA Journal of International and
Comparative Law, 415 at 419-422
These documents cannot be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise,
without the express written authorization of the copyright holder, expect as otherwise permitted by law.
Bangkok, Thailand 19 – 20 November 2012
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW PROFESSOR MÓNICA PINTO
Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs
Copyright © United Nations, 2012
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW PROFESSOR MÓNICA PINTO
Outline 9
Legal instruments
1. Charter of the United Nations, 1945For text, see Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice
2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006, p. 9
3. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006, p. 73
4. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women, 1999For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006, p. 89
5. Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment orPunishment, 1984For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006,p. 143
6. Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006, p. 97
7. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children,child prostitution and child pornography, 2000For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006,p. 123
8. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement ofchildren in armed conflict, 2000For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006,p. 135
9. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers andMembers of Their Families, 1990For text, see The Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2006,p. 175
10. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006For text, see The New Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2007, p. 3
11. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from EnforcedDisappearance, 2006For text, see The New Core International Human Rights Treaties, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2007, p. 43
Course materials
Class 1 (Documents not reproduced in electronic version) 12. Jim Yardley, “Export Powerhouse Feels Pangs of Labor Strife”, The New York Times,
August 23, 2012 Not reproduced here – please visit www.nytimes.com
13. Thomas Buergenthal, International Human Rights In A Nutshell, St. Paul, Minn.,West Publishing Co., 1994, pp. 23-33
14. Louis Henkin, International Law: Politics & Values, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995,pp. 168-173
15. Yasuaki Onuma, A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law, Pocketbooksof the Hague Academy of International Law, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff (2010), pp. 432-444 and 458-462
16. Amartya Sen, Human Rights and Asian Values, Sixteenth Morgenthau MemorialLecture on Ethics and Foreign Policy, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 1997, pp. 24 and 28-31
Class 2 17. Communication 18/2008, Karen Tayag Vertido v. The Philippines, Views under
article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 16 July 2010
13
18. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, GeneralRecommendation 19, Violence Against Women, 1992
25
19. Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., ICTY, 16 November 1998 (Čelebići case),paras. 475-499
29
20. Velásquez Rodríguez v. Honduras, Merits, Judgment of July 29, 1988,Inter-American Court of Human Rights, paras. 160-177
35
21. Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence – Translating InternationalLaw into Local Justice, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 89-92 and 98-102 (Documents not reproduced in electronic version)
22. Donna Sullivan, “Gender Equality And Religious Freedom: Toward A FrameworkFor Conflict resolution”, New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, Vol. 24 (1992), pp. 795-856 (excerpts) (Documents not reproduced in electronic version)
Class 3 23. Human Rights Council, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of
15 March 2006 39
24. Institution Building of the United Nations Human Rights Council, United NationsHuman Rights Council Resolution 5/1 of 18 June 2007
43
25. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar,A/66/365, 16 September 2011 (excerpts)
57
26. Interim report of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights in Iran,A/HRC/16/75, 14 March 2011 (excerpts)
63
27. Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, United Nations HumanRights Council Resolution 16/9, 24 March 2011
67
28. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumpingof toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights, Okechukwu Ibeanu, Addendum, Mission to India, A/HRC/15/22/Add.3, 2 September 2010
69
Class 4 (Documents not reproduced in electronic version) 29. Mónica Pinto, “Dealing with the Past – Democracies and Victims’ Struggle to Deal
with Past Human Rights Violations”, in La protection internationale des droits de l’homme et le droit des victimes/International protection of Human Rights and Victims’ Rights, J.-F. Flauss (éd), Publications de l’Institut International des droits de l’homme Institut René Cassin de Strasbourg, Bruxelles, Editions Bruylant, 2009, p.111-127
30. Angelika Schlunk, “Truth and Reconciliation Commissions”, ILSA Journal ofInternational and Comparative Law, Vol. 4, 1998, pp. 415-422
REGIONAL COURSE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
Bangkok, Thailand, 19-20 November 2012
Professor Mónica Pinto (University of Buenos Aires – Argentina)
1. Human Rights: A new concept? Human Rights Law: its sources. A normativesystem of human rights: individual rights and State’s duties.
2. Protecting Human Rights: The treaty bodies and the monitoring mechanisms: thePeriodical Reporting System; the Petition System; Preventive Mechanisms.
3. Protecting Human Rights: International organizations and human rights. UNCharter-based bodies. The Human Rights Council: the Universal Periodical Review and the Special Sessions.
4. Dealing with systematic human rights violations. Inquiry commissions. Judicialproceedings: national, international, mixed tribunals.
9
Class 1 - Human Rights: A new concept? Human Rights Law: its sources. A normative system of human rights: individual rights and State’s duties.
Bangladesh, once poor and irrelevant to the global economy, is now an export powerhouse, second only to China in global apparel exports. Garments are critical to Bangladesh’s economy, accounting for 80 percent of manufacturing exports and more than three million jobs. However, wages have not been raised and as workers have seen their meager earnings eroded by double-digit inflation, protests and violent clashes with the police have become increasingly common. Why are human rights invoked in this case? Is this a new notion? Are these rights the same all over the world and across different cultures or can their contents vary?
Readings: - Yardley, Jim, “Export Powerhouse Feels Pangs of Labor Strife”, The New York Times, August 23, 2012 - Buergenthal, Thomas, International Human Rights In A Nutshell, St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing Co., 1994, pp.17-23 - Henkin, Louis, International Law: Politics & Values, 1995, 168-173 - Onuma, Yasuaki, A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law, coll. Pocketbooks of the Hague Academy of International Law, Leiden-Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010, 370-462, excerpts - Sen, Amartya, Human Rights and Asian Values, Sixteenth Morgenthau Memorial Lecture on Ethics and Foreign Policy, excerpts
Class 2 - Protecting Human Rights: The treaty bodies and the monitoring mechanisms: the Periodical Reporting System; the Petition System; Preventive Mechanisms.
Karen Vertido is a Filipino woman who was raped by a 60 year old man. When the rape took place, March 1996, she was serving as Executive Director of the Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Davao City, the Philippines, and her aggressor was a former President of that Chamber. Her case was brought to local tribunals and also to the Committee for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), a special human rights body established by a UN human rights treaty which adopts guidelines relating to violence against women.
Karen’s case will introduce us to the UN mechanisms for international protection of human rights. At the same time, we will discuss international standards and cultural approaches to women’s rights.
10
Readings: - CEDAW/46/D/18/2008, Communication 18/2008, Karen Tayag Vertido vs The Philippines. - CEDAW, General Recommendation 19, 1992, Violence Against Women. - Rape as a War crime, ICTY, Prosecutor v. Mucić et al. "Čelebići Camp", 16 Nov. 1998, # 475-497 - I/A Court HR, Velasquez Rodríguez vs Honduras, Judgment July 29, 1988, # 160-177 - Engle Merry, Sally, Human Rights and Gender Violence - Translating International Law into Local Justice, The University of Chicago Press, 2006, excerpts - Sullivan, Donna, “Gender Equality And Religious Freedom: Toward A Framework For Conflict resolution”, 24 New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 1992, 795
Class 3 - Protecting Human Rights: International organizations and human rights. UN Charter-based bodies. The Human Rights Council: the Universal Periodical Review and the Special Sessions.
In Myanmar, stoning continues to be a punishment notwithstanding the numerous calls of the international community for the abolition of this practice. Does it amount to torture? In India, e-waste produces adverse effects on the enjoyment of human rights. Is India internationally responsible for the way in which this waste is stored? The situation of human rights worsened in the Islamic Republic of Iran. At the UN, a report by the Secretary-general is discussed.
All three situations have in common their consideration by a UN human rights body, the Human Rights Council. Established in 2006 to replace the old – and questioned Commission on Human Rights – the HRC started a new period.
Readings: - A/60/251 – Human Rights Council - A/HRC/RES/5.1 – Institution Building of the United Nations Human Rights Council - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myannmar, A/66/365 (2011), excerpts - Interim report of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights in Iran, A/HRC/16/75 (2011), excerpts - Human Rights Council Resolution 16/9, Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights, Okechukwu Ibeanu, Mission to India, A/HRC/15/22/Add.3 (2010), excerpts
11
Class 4 - Dealing with systematic human rights violations. Inquiry commissions. Judicial proceedings: national, international, mixed tribunals.
After gross and systematic human rights violations, public order has to be restored and steps taken to maintain it. At the same time, those who have been oppressed call for justice. How should States deal with violations from the past? How far should governments go in search of justice? Can other States or international bodies impose standards?
- Pinto, Mónica, “Dealing with the Past – Democracies and Victims’ Struggle to Deal with Past Human Rights Violations”, in La protection internationale des droits de l’homme et le droit des victimes/International protection of Human Rights and Victims’ Rights, J.-F. Flauss (éd), Publications de l’Institut International des droits de l’homme Institut René Cassin de Strasbourg, Bruxelles, Editions Bruylant, 2009, p.111-127 - Schlunk, Angelika, “Truth and Reconciliation Commissions”, 4 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 415 at 419-422
12
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
Communication No. 18/2008 Karen Tayag Vertido v. The Philippines
Views under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol
16 July 2010
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s C
ED
AW
/C/4
6/D
/18
/20
08
Con
ven
tion
on
th
e E
lim
inati
on
of
All
Form
s of
Dis
crim
inati
on
again
st W
om
en
Dis
tr.:
Rest
ricte
d
1 S
ep
tem
ber
20
10
Ori
gin
al:
En
gli
sh
10-4
493
1 (
E)
1
5071
0
*1
04
49
31
*
__
___
___
___
___
__
__
Co
mm
itte
e o
n t
he E
lim
ina
tio
n o
f D
iscrim
ina
tio
n
ag
ain
st W
om
en
F
orty
-six
th s
ess
ion
12
-30
Ju
ly 2
01
0
Vie
ws
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n N
o.
18
/20
08
1
Su
bm
itte
d b
y:
Kare
n T
ay
ag
Vert
ido
All
eg
ed
vic
tim
: T
he a
uth
or
Sta
te p
art
y:
Th
e P
hil
ipp
ines
Date
of
the c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
: 2
9 N
ov
em
ber
20
07
(in
itia
l su
bm
issi
on
)
Refe
ren
ces:
T
ran
smit
ted
to
th
e S
tate
part
y o
n
5 F
eb
ruary
20
08
(n
ot
issu
ed
in
do
cu
men
t fo
rm)
Date
of
ad
op
tio
n o
f d
ecis
ion
: 1
6 J
uly
20
10
Th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
on
th
e
Eli
min
ati
on
o
f D
iscri
min
ati
on
a
ga
inst
W
om
en
,
est
ab
lish
ed
un
der
art
icle
17
of
the C
on
ven
tio
n o
n t
he E
lim
inati
on
of
All
Fo
rms
of
Dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st W
om
en
,
Meeti
ng
on
16
Ju
ly 2
01
0,
Ad
op
ts t
he f
oll
ow
ing
:
Vie
ws
un
der a
rti
cle
7,
pa
ra
gra
ph
3,
of
the O
pti
on
al
Pro
toco
l
1
Ms.
Nic
ole
Am
eli
ne,
Ms.
Ferd
ou
s A
ra B
eg
um
, M
s. M
ag
aly
s A
roch
a D
om
ing
uez,
Ms.
Vio
let
Tsi
sig
a A
wo
ri,
Ms.
Barb
ara
Ev
ely
n B
ail
ey,
Ms.
Meri
em
Belm
iho
ub
-Zerd
an
i, M
r. N
ikla
s B
ruu
n,
Ms.
Sais
ure
e C
hu
tik
ul,
Ms.
Do
rcas
Co
ker-
Ap
pia
h,
Mr.
Co
rneli
s F
lin
term
an
, M
s. N
aela
Mo
ham
med
Gab
r, M
s. R
uth
Halp
eri
n-K
ad
dari
, M
s. Y
ok
o H
ay
ash
i, M
s. I
nd
ira J
ais
ing
, M
s.
So
led
ad
Mu
rill
o d
e l
a V
eg
a,
Ms.
Vio
leta
Neu
bau
er,
Ms.
Pra
mil
a P
att
en
, M
s. S
ilv
ia P
imen
tel,
Ms.
Vic
tori
a P
op
esc
u,
Ms.
Zo
hra
Rase
kh
, M
s. D
ub
rav
ka S
imo
no
vic
, M
s. Z
ou
Xia
oq
iao
.
Th
e t
ex
t o
f o
ne i
nd
ivid
ual
op
inio
n
(co
ncu
rrin
g),
sig
ned
by
Yo
ko
Hay
ash
i, i
s in
clu
ded
in
th
e p
rese
nt
do
cu
men
t.
CE
DA
W/C
/46/D
/18/2
008
1.
Th
e a
uth
or
of
the c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
, d
ate
d 2
9 N
ov
em
ber
20
07
, is
Kare
n T
ay
ag
Vert
ido
, a F
ilip
ino
n
ati
on
al
wh
o cla
ims
to b
e a v
icti
m o
f d
iscri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st
wo
men
w
ith
in th
e m
ean
ing
o
f art
icle
1
o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n in
re
lati
on
to
g
en
era
l
reco
mm
en
dati
on
N
o.
19
o
f th
e C
om
mit
tee o
n th
e E
lim
inati
on
o
f D
iscri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st W
om
en
. S
he a
lso
cla
ims
that
her
rig
hts
un
der
art
icle
s 2
(c),
(d
), (
f) a
nd
5 (
a)
of
the
Co
nv
en
tio
n
on
th
e
Eli
min
ati
on
o
f A
ll
Fo
rms
of
Dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st
Wo
men
hav
e b
een
vio
late
d b
y t
he S
tate
part
y.
Th
e a
uth
or
is r
ep
rese
nte
d b
y c
ou
nse
l,
Ev
aly
n G
. U
rsu
a.
Th
e C
on
ven
tio
n a
nd
its
Op
tio
nal
Pro
toco
l en
tere
d i
nto
fo
rce i
n t
he
Ph
ilip
pin
es
on
4 S
ep
tem
ber
19
81
an
d 1
2 F
eb
ruary
20
04
, re
specti
vely
.
Fa
cts
as
prese
nte
d b
y t
he a
uth
or
2.1
T
he
au
tho
r is
a
Fil
ipin
o
wo
man
w
ho
is
n
ow
u
nem
plo
yed
. S
he
serv
ed
as
Ex
ecu
tiv
e D
irecto
r o
f th
e D
av
ao
C
ity
C
ham
ber
of
Co
mm
erc
e an
d In
du
stry
(“
the
Ch
am
ber”
) in
Dav
ao
Cit
y,
the P
hil
ipp
ines,
wh
en
J.
B.
C.
(“th
e a
ccu
sed
”),
at
that
tim
e a
fo
rmer
60
-year-
old
Pre
sid
en
t o
f th
e C
ham
ber,
rap
ed
her.
Th
e r
ap
e t
oo
k p
lace
on
29
Marc
h 1
99
6.
2.2
T
he a
ccu
sed
off
ere
d t
o t
ak
e t
he a
uth
or
ho
me,
tog
eth
er
wit
h o
ne o
f h
is f
rien
ds,
aft
er
a m
eeti
ng
of
the C
ham
ber
on
th
e n
igh
t o
f 2
9 M
arc
h 1
99
6.
Wh
en
th
e a
uth
or
reali
zed
th
at
Mr.
C.
inte
nd
ed
to
dro
p o
ff h
is f
rien
d f
irst
, sh
e t
old
him
th
at
she w
ou
ld
rath
er
tak
e a
tax
i b
ecau
se s
he w
as
in a
hu
rry
to
get
ho
me.
Mr.
C.,
ho
wev
er,
did
no
t
all
ow
her
to t
ak
e a
tax
i an
d s
ped
aw
ay.
Sh
ort
ly a
fter
the a
ccu
sed
dro
pp
ed
off
his
frie
nd
, h
e s
ud
den
ly g
rab
bed
th
e a
uth
or’
s b
reast
. T
his
acti
on
cau
sed
her
to l
ose
her
bala
nce.
Wh
ile
try
ing
to
re
gain
h
er
bala
nce,
the
au
tho
r fe
lt
som
eth
ing
in
th
e
accu
sed
’s l
eft
-han
d p
ock
et
that
she t
ho
ug
ht
was
a g
un
. S
he t
ried
to
sto
p h
im f
rom
dri
vin
g h
er
an
yw
here
oth
er
than
to
her
ho
me,
bu
t h
e v
ery
qu
ick
ly d
rov
e t
he v
eh
icle
into
a m
ote
l g
ara
ge.
Th
e a
uth
or
refu
sed
to
leav
e t
he c
ar
bu
t th
e a
ccu
sed
dra
gg
ed
her
tow
ard
s a r
oo
m,
at
wh
ich
po
int
he l
et
her
go
in
ord
er
to u
nlo
ck
th
e d
oo
r (t
he c
ar
was
on
ly t
hre
e t
o f
ou
r m
etr
es
aw
ay
fro
m t
he m
ote
l ro
om
). T
he a
uth
or
ran
in
sid
e t
o l
oo
k
for
an
oth
er
ex
it,
bu
t fo
un
d o
nly
a b
ath
roo
m.
Sh
e l
ock
ed
hers
elf
in
th
e b
ath
roo
m f
or
a w
hil
e in
o
rder
to re
gain
h
er
co
mp
osu
re an
d,
as
she co
uld
h
ear
no
so
un
ds
or
mo
vem
en
ts o
uts
ide,
she w
en
t o
ut
to l
oo
k f
or
a t
ele
ph
on
e o
r an
oth
er
ex
it.
Sh
e w
en
t
back
to
ward
s th
e r
oo
m,
ho
pin
g t
hat
the a
ccu
sed
had
left
, b
ut
then
saw
him
sta
nd
ing
in
the
do
orw
ay,
alm
ost
n
ak
ed
, w
ith
h
is
back
to
h
er
an
d
ap
pare
ntl
y
talk
ing
to
som
eo
ne.
Th
e a
ccu
sed
felt
her
pre
sen
ce b
eh
ind
him
, so
he s
ud
den
ly s
hu
t th
e d
oo
r
an
d t
urn
ed
to
ward
s h
er.
Th
e a
uth
or
becam
e a
fraid
th
at
the a
ccu
sed
was
reach
ing
fo
r
his
gu
n.
Th
e a
ccu
sed
pu
shed
her
on
to t
he b
ed
an
d f
orc
ibly
pin
ned
her
do
wn
usi
ng
his
weig
ht.
Th
e a
uth
or
co
uld
hard
ly b
reath
e a
nd
ple
ad
ed
wit
h t
he a
ccu
sed
to
let
her
go
. W
hil
e
pin
ned
d
ow
n,
the
au
tho
r lo
st
co
nsc
iou
sness
. W
hen
sh
e
reg
ain
ed
co
nsc
iou
sness
, th
e a
ccu
sed
was
rap
ing
her.
Sh
e t
ried
to
pu
sh h
im a
way
by
usi
ng
her
nail
s, w
hil
e c
on
tin
uin
g t
o b
eg
him
to
sto
p.
Bu
t th
e a
ccu
sed
pers
iste
d,
tell
ing
her
that
he w
ou
ld t
ak
e c
are
of
her,
th
at
he k
new
man
y p
eo
ple
wh
o c
ou
ld h
elp
her
ad
van
ce i
n
her
care
er.
Sh
e f
inall
y s
ucceed
ed
in
pu
shin
g h
im a
way
an
d f
reein
g h
ers
elf
by
pu
llin
g
his
h
air
. A
fter
wash
ing
an
d d
ress
ing
, th
e au
tho
r to
ok
ad
van
tag
e o
f th
e accu
sed
’s
state
of
un
dre
ss t
o r
un
ou
t o
f th
e r
oo
m t
ow
ard
s th
e c
ar,
bu
t co
uld
no
t m
an
ag
e t
o
op
en
it.
Th
e a
ccu
sed
ran
aft
er
her
an
d t
old
her
that
he w
ou
ld b
rin
g h
er
ho
me.
He
als
o t
old
her
to c
alm
do
wn
.
2.3
O
n 3
0 M
arc
h 1
99
6,
wit
hin
24
ho
urs
of
bein
g r
ap
ed
, th
e a
uth
or
un
derw
en
t a
med
ical
an
d
leg
al
ex
am
inati
on
at
the
Dav
ao
C
ity
M
ed
ical
Cen
tre.
A
med
ical
10
-44
93
12
42
CE
DA
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008
cert
ific
ate
men
tio
ns
the “
all
eg
ed
rap
e”,
the t
ime,
date
an
d p
lace i
t w
as
said
to
hav
e
occu
rred
, as
well
as
the n
am
e o
f th
e a
lleg
ed
perp
etr
ato
r.
2.4
W
ith
in 4
8 h
ou
rs o
f b
ein
g r
ap
ed
, th
e a
uth
or
rep
ort
ed
th
e i
ncid
en
t to
th
e p
oli
ce.
On
1 A
pri
l 1
99
6,
she f
iled
a c
om
pla
int
in w
hic
h s
he a
ccu
sed
J.
B.
C.
of
rap
ing
her.
2.5
T
he case
w
as
init
iall
y d
ism
isse
d fo
r la
ck
o
f p
rob
ab
le cau
se b
y a p
an
el
of
pu
bli
c p
rose
cu
tors
, w
hic
h c
on
du
cte
d a
pre
lim
inary
in
vest
igati
on
. T
he a
uth
or
file
d a
n
ap
peal
reg
ard
ing
th
e
dis
mis
sal
of
her
co
mp
lain
t w
ith
th
e
Secre
tary
o
f th
e
Dep
art
men
t o
f Ju
stic
e,
wh
ich
re
vers
ed
th
e
dis
mis
sal
an
d,
on
2
4
Octo
ber
19
96
,
ord
ere
d t
hat
the a
ccu
sed
be c
harg
ed
wit
h r
ap
e.
J. B
. C
. su
bse
qu
en
tly
fil
ed
a m
oti
on
for
reco
nsi
dera
tio
n,
wh
ich
was
den
ied
by
th
e S
ecre
tary
of
Just
ice.
2.6
T
he i
nfo
rmati
on
was
file
d i
n c
ou
rt o
n 7
No
vem
ber
19
96
an
d t
he C
ou
rt i
ssu
ed
an
arr
est
w
arr
an
t fo
r J.
B
. C
. th
at
sam
e
day.
He
was
arr
est
ed
m
ore
th
an
80
day
s la
ter,
aft
er
the c
hie
f o
f th
e P
hil
ipp
ine N
ati
on
al
Po
lice i
ssu
ed
an
ord
er
on
nati
on
al
tele
vis
ion
dir
ecti
ng
th
e p
oli
ce t
o m
ak
e t
he a
rrest
wit
hin
72
ho
urs
.
2.7
T
he c
ase
rem
ain
ed
at
the t
rial
co
urt
lev
el
fro
m 1
99
7 t
o 2
00
5.T
he r
easo
ns
for
the p
rolo
ng
ed
tri
al
inclu
ded
th
e f
act
that
the t
rial
co
urt
ju
dg
e w
as
ch
an
ged
sev
era
l
tim
es
an
d
the
accu
sed
fi
led
se
vera
l m
oti
on
s b
efo
re
the
ap
pell
ate
co
urt
s.
Th
ree
jud
ges
recu
sed
th
em
selv
es
fro
m t
he c
ase
. T
he c
ase
was
refe
rred
to
Ju
dg
e V
irg
inia
Ho
file
ña-E
uro
pa i
n S
ep
tem
ber
20
02
.
2.8
A
t th
e tr
ial,
an
ex
pert
in
v
icti
mo
log
y an
d ra
pe tr
au
ma,
Dr.
Ju
ne P
ag
ad
uan
Lo
pez,
test
ifie
d
that
hav
ing
co
un
sell
ed
th
e
au
tho
r fo
r 1
8
mo
nth
s p
rio
r to
h
er
test
ify
ing
in
co
urt
, sh
e
had
n
o
do
ub
t th
at
the
au
tho
r w
as
suff
eri
ng
fr
om
po
st-t
rau
mati
c s
tress
dis
ord
er
as
a r
esu
lt o
f a r
ap
e.
Sh
e a
lso
test
ifie
d t
hat
she w
as
sure
th
at
the au
tho
r h
ad
n
ot
fab
ricate
d h
er
cla
im.
Sh
e ex
pla
ined
th
at
the la
ck
o
f
ph
ysi
cal
inju
ry in
th
e au
tho
r’s
case
w
as
du
e to
th
e fa
ct
that
the in
cid
en
t w
as
an
“acq
uain
tan
ce o
r co
nfi
den
ce r
ap
e” a
nd
becau
se t
he c
om
mo
n c
op
ing
mech
an
ism
was
dis
socia
tio
n.
Ask
ed
b
y
the
accu
sed
’s
defe
nce
co
un
sel
if
fan
tasi
es
of
rap
e
were
co
mm
on
am
on
g w
om
en
, sh
e r
ep
lied
un
eq
uiv
ocall
y t
hat
this
was
no
t tr
ue.
An
oth
er
psy
ch
iatr
ist,
D
r. P
ure
za T
. O
ñate
, als
o fo
un
d th
at
the au
tho
r w
as
suff
eri
ng
fr
om
po
st-t
rau
mati
c s
tress
dis
ord
er.
A w
itn
ess
fo
r th
e d
efe
nce,
a r
oo
m b
oy
fro
m t
he m
ote
l
wh
ere
th
e r
ap
e t
oo
k p
lace,
test
ifie
d t
hat
he h
ad
no
t h
eard
an
y s
ho
uts
or
co
mm
oti
on
fro
m t
he r
oo
m.
A m
ote
l se
cu
rity
off
icer
test
ifie
d h
e h
ad
no
t re
ceiv
ed
an
y r
ep
ort
s o
f
an
in
cid
en
t o
n t
he n
igh
t o
f 2
9 M
arc
h 1
99
6.
Th
e a
ccu
sed
als
o t
est
ifie
d,
cla
imin
g t
hat
the s
ex
ual
inte
rco
urs
e w
as
co
nse
nsu
al
an
d t
hat
he a
nd
th
e a
uth
or
had
been
fli
rtin
g
for
a lo
ng
ti
me b
efo
re th
e all
eg
ed
ra
pe to
ok
p
lace.
Th
e case
w
as
sub
mit
ted
fo
r
reso
luti
on
in
Ju
ne 2
00
4.
Bo
th p
art
ies
sub
mit
ted
th
eir
resp
ecti
ve m
em
ora
nd
um
s.
2.9
O
n
26
A
pri
l 2
00
5,
the
Reg
ion
al
Co
urt
o
f D
av
ao
C
ity,
pre
sid
ed
b
y
Jud
ge
Vir
gin
ia H
ofi
leñ
a-E
uro
pa,
issu
ed
a v
erd
ict
acq
uit
tin
g J
. B
. C
.. I
n h
er
decis
ion
, Ju
dg
e
Ho
file
ña-E
uro
pa
was
gu
ided
b
y
the
foll
ow
ing
th
ree
pri
ncip
les,
d
eri
ved
fr
om
pre
vio
us
case
law
of
the S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt:
(a)
it i
s easy
to
mak
e a
n a
ccu
sati
on
of
rap
e;
it i
s d
iffi
cu
lt t
o p
rov
e b
ut
mo
re d
iffi
cu
lt f
or
the p
ers
on
accu
sed
, th
ou
gh
in
no
cen
t, t
o
dis
pro
ve;
(b)
in v
iew
of
the i
ntr
insi
c n
atu
re o
f th
e c
rim
e o
f ra
pe,
in w
hic
h o
nly
tw
o
pers
on
s are
usu
all
y i
nv
olv
ed
, th
e t
est
imo
ny
of
the c
om
pla
inan
t m
ust
be s
cru
tin
ized
wit
h e
xtr
em
e c
au
tio
n;
an
d (
c)
the e
vid
en
ce f
or
the p
rose
cu
tio
n m
ust
sta
nd
or
fall
on
its
ow
n m
eri
ts a
nd
can
no
t b
e a
llo
wed
to
dra
w s
tren
gth
fro
m t
he w
eak
ness
of
the
ev
iden
ce
of
the
defe
nce.
Th
e
Co
urt
ch
all
en
ged
th
e
cre
dib
ilit
y
of
the
au
tho
r’s
test
imo
ny.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he C
ou
rt a
lleg
ed
ly t
oo
k i
nto
acco
un
t a S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt r
uli
ng
31
0-4
49
31
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DA
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acco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h “
the f
ail
ure
of
the v
icti
m t
o t
ry t
o e
scap
e d
oes
no
t n
eg
ate
th
e
ex
iste
nce o
f ra
pe”,
it c
on
clu
ded
th
at
that
ruli
ng
co
uld
no
t ap
ply
in
th
is c
ase
, as
the
Co
urt
d
id
no
t u
nd
ers
tan
d
wh
y
the
au
tho
r h
ad
n
ot
esc
ap
ed
w
hen
sh
e
all
eg
ed
ly
ap
peare
d
to
hav
e
had
so
m
an
y
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
to
do
so
. T
he
Co
urt
fo
un
d
the
all
eg
ati
on
s o
f th
e c
om
pla
inan
t as
to t
he s
ex
ual
act
itse
lf t
o b
e i
mp
lau
sib
le.
Gu
ided
by
a S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt r
uli
ng
, th
e C
ou
rt c
on
clu
ded
th
at
sho
uld
th
e a
uth
or
reall
y h
av
e
fou
gh
t o
ff th
e accu
sed
w
hen
sh
e h
ad
re
gain
ed
co
nsc
iou
sness
an
d w
hen
h
e
was
rap
ing
h
er,
th
e
accu
sed
w
ou
ld
hav
e
been
u
nab
le
to
pro
ceed
to
th
e
po
int
of
eja
cu
lati
on
, in
part
icu
lar
beari
ng
in
min
d t
hat
he w
as
alr
ead
y i
n h
is s
ixti
es.
It
als
o
co
nclu
ded
th
at
the te
stim
on
y o
f th
e accu
sed
w
as
co
rro
bo
rate
d o
n so
me m
ate
rial
po
ints
b
y th
e te
stim
on
y o
f o
ther
wit
ness
es
(nam
ely
th
e m
ote
l ro
om
b
oy
an
d th
e
frie
nd
of
the a
ccu
sed
). T
he C
ou
rt t
here
fore
co
nclu
ded
th
at
the e
vid
en
ce p
rese
nte
d b
y
the p
rose
cu
tio
n,
in p
art
icu
lar
the t
est
imo
ny
of
the c
om
pla
inan
t h
ers
elf
, le
ft t
oo
man
y
do
ub
ts i
n t
he m
ind
of
the C
ou
rt t
o a
ch
iev
e t
he m
ora
l cert
ain
ty n
ecess
ary
to
meri
t a
co
nv
icti
on
. A
gain
ap
ply
ing
th
e g
uid
ing
pri
ncip
les
deri
ved
fro
m o
ther
case
law
in
decid
ing
ra
pe
case
s,
the
Co
urt
th
ere
fore
d
ecla
red
it
self
u
nco
nv
inced
th
at
there
ex
iste
d s
uff
icie
nt
ev
iden
ce t
o e
rase
all
reaso
nab
le d
ou
bts
th
at
the a
ccu
sed
co
mm
itte
d
the o
ffen
ce w
ith
wh
ich
he w
as
ch
arg
ed
an
d a
cq
uit
ted
him
.
Co
mp
lain
t
3.1
T
he a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
she s
uff
ere
d r
ev
icti
miz
ati
on
by
th
e S
tate
part
y a
fter
she
was
rap
ed
. S
he
refe
rs
to
art
icle
1
o
f th
e
Co
nv
en
tio
n
in
rela
tio
n
to
gen
era
l
reco
mm
en
dati
on
N
o.
19
o
f th
e C
om
mit
tee o
n th
e E
lim
inati
on
o
f D
iscri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st
Wo
men
. S
he
cla
ims
that
by
acq
uit
tin
g
the
perp
etr
ato
r,
the
Sta
te
part
y
vio
late
d h
er
rig
ht
to n
on
-dis
cri
min
ati
on
an
d f
ail
ed
in
its
leg
al
ob
lig
ati
on
to
resp
ect,
pro
tect,
pro
mo
te a
nd
fu
lfil
th
at
rig
ht.
Sh
e f
urt
her
cla
ims
that
the S
tate
part
y f
ail
ed
in
its
ob
lig
ati
on
to
en
sure
th
at
wo
men
are
pro
tecte
d a
gain
st d
iscri
min
ati
on
by
pu
bli
c
au
tho
riti
es,
in
clu
din
g th
e ju
dic
iary
. S
he su
bm
its
that
this
sh
ow
s th
e S
tate
p
art
y’s
fail
ure
to
co
mp
ly w
ith
its
ob
lig
ati
on
to
ad
dre
ss g
en
der-
base
d s
tere
oty
pes
that
aff
ect
wo
men
, in
part
icu
lar
tho
se w
ork
ing
in
th
e l
eg
al
syst
em
an
d i
n l
eg
al
inst
itu
tio
ns.
Sh
e
furt
her
sub
mit
s th
at
the a
cq
uit
tal
is a
lso
ev
iden
ce o
f th
e f
ail
ure
of
the S
tate
part
y t
o
ex
erc
ise d
ue d
ilig
en
ce i
n p
un
ish
ing
acts
of
vio
len
ce a
gain
st w
om
en
, in
part
icu
lar,
rap
e.
3.2
T
he a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
the d
efe
nd
an
t’s
acq
uit
tal
is a
vio
lati
on
of
the p
osi
tiv
e
ob
lig
ati
on
s o
f th
e S
tate
part
y u
nd
er
the f
oll
ow
ing
art
icle
s o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n:
art
icle
2 (
c),
“to
est
ab
lish
leg
al
pro
tecti
on
of
the r
igh
ts o
f w
om
en
on
an
eq
ual
basi
s w
ith
men
an
d t
o e
nsu
re t
hro
ug
h c
om
pete
nt
nati
on
al
trib
un
als
an
d o
ther
pu
bli
c i
nst
itu
tio
ns
the e
ffecti
ve p
rote
cti
on
of
wo
men
ag
ain
st a
ny
act
of
dis
cri
min
ati
on
”;
art
icle
2 (
d),
“to
refr
ain
fro
m e
ng
ag
ing
in
an
y a
ct
or
pra
cti
ce o
f d
iscri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st w
om
en
an
d t
o e
nsu
re t
hat
pu
bli
c a
uth
ori
ties
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
ns
shall
act
in c
on
form
ity
wit
h t
his
ob
lig
ati
on
”;
an
d art
icle
2
(f
), “to
ta
ke all
ap
pro
pri
ate
m
easu
res
… to
m
od
ify
o
r
ab
oli
sh …
cu
sto
ms
an
d p
racti
ces
wh
ich
co
nst
itu
te d
iscri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st w
om
en
”.
3.3
T
he a
uth
or
sub
mit
s th
at
the d
ecis
ion
of
acq
uit
tal
is d
iscri
min
ato
ry w
ith
in t
he
mean
ing
of
art
icle
1 o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n i
n r
ela
tio
n t
o g
en
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
No
. 1
9,
in t
hat
the d
ecis
ion
was
gro
un
ded
in
gen
der-
base
d m
yth
s an
d m
isco
ncep
tio
ns
ab
ou
t
rap
e a
nd
rap
e v
icti
ms,
an
d t
hat
it w
as
ren
dere
d i
n b
ad
fait
h,
wit
ho
ut
basi
s in
law
or
in f
act.
10
-44
93
14
43
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/46/D
/18/2
008
3.4
T
he a
uth
or
all
eg
es
that
the d
ecis
ion
was
gro
un
ded
in
gen
der-
base
d m
yth
s an
d
mis
co
ncep
tio
ns
ab
ou
t ra
pe
an
d
rap
e
vic
tim
s in
v
iola
tio
n
of
art
icle
5
(a
) o
f th
e
Co
nv
en
tio
n,
wh
ich
req
uir
es
Sta
tes
part
ies
“to
mo
dif
y t
he s
ocia
l an
d c
ult
ura
l p
att
ern
s
of
co
nd
uct
of
men
an
d
wo
men
, w
ith
a
vie
w
to
ach
iev
ing
th
e
eli
min
ati
on
o
f
pre
jud
ices
an
d c
ust
om
ary
an
d a
ll o
ther
pra
cti
ces
wh
ich
are
base
d o
n t
he i
dea o
f th
e
infe
rio
rity
or
the s
up
eri
ori
ty o
f eit
her
of
the s
ex
es
or
on
ste
reo
typ
ed
ro
les
for
men
an
d w
om
en
”.
Sh
e a
lso
refe
rs t
o t
he s
pecif
ic c
om
men
ts i
n g
en
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
No
. 1
9 o
n a
rtic
les
2 (
f),
5 a
nd
10
(c).
3.5
T
he au
tho
r fu
rth
er
all
eg
es
that
in h
er
case
, th
e C
ou
rt re
lied
o
n th
e g
en
der-
base
d m
yth
s an
d st
ere
oty
pes
desc
rib
ed
b
elo
w,
wit
ho
ut
wh
ich
th
e accu
sed
w
ou
ld
hav
e b
een
co
nv
icte
d.
3.5
.1 T
he f
irst
my
th a
nd
ste
reo
typ
e i
s th
at
a r
ap
e v
icti
m m
ust
try
to
esc
ap
e a
t ev
ery
op
po
rtu
nit
y.
Th
e a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
the e
vid
en
ce o
f h
er
try
ing
to
esc
ap
e h
as
been
dis
tort
ed
in
th
e
decis
ion
an
d
all
eg
es
that
Jud
ge
Ho
file
ña-E
uro
pa
dis
cri
min
ate
d
ag
ain
st h
er
becau
se s
he i
nsi
sted
on
wh
at
she c
on
sid
ere
d t
o b
e t
he r
ati
on
al
an
d i
deal
resp
on
se
of
a
wo
man
in
a
rap
e
situ
ati
on
, th
at
is,
to
tak
e
ad
van
tag
e
of
ev
ery
op
po
rtu
nit
y
to
esc
ap
e.
Sh
e
sub
mit
s th
at
such
a
dem
an
d
req
uir
es
the
wo
man
to
actu
all
y s
ucceed
in
defe
nd
ing
hers
elf
, th
ere
by
eli
min
ati
ng
ev
en
th
e p
oss
ibil
ity
of
the
rap
e,
an
d n
ote
s th
at
acco
rdin
g t
o t
he S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt,
the f
ail
ure
of
the v
icti
m t
o t
ry
to e
scap
e d
oes
no
t n
eg
ate
th
e e
xis
ten
ce o
f ra
pe.
Sh
e c
laim
s th
at
Jud
ge H
ofi
leñ
a-
Eu
rop
a d
id n
ot
co
nsi
der
the e
xp
ert
test
imo
nie
s o
f D
r. L
op
ez o
r D
r. O
ñate
, in
wh
ich
they
ex
pla
ined
th
at
vic
tim
s ex
hib
it a w
ide ra
ng
e o
f b
eh
av
iou
ral
resp
on
ses
wh
en
thre
ate
ned
wit
h r
ap
e,
as
well
as
du
rin
g a
nd
aft
er
the r
ap
e.
3.5
.2 T
o b
e ra
ped
b
y m
ean
s o
f in
tim
idati
on
, th
e v
icti
m m
ust
b
e ti
mid
o
r easi
ly
co
wed
is
the s
eco
nd
my
th a
nd
ste
reo
typ
e c
hall
en
ged
by
th
e a
uth
or.
Sh
e a
rgu
es
that
the C
ou
rt p
erp
etu
ate
d t
he s
tere
oty
pe o
f a r
ap
e v
icti
m,
acco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h w
om
en
wh
o a
re n
ot
tim
id o
r n
ot
easi
ly c
ow
ed
are
less
vu
lnera
ble
to
sex
ual
att
ack
s. S
he
furt
her
sub
mit
s th
at
she f
ou
nd
it
dif
ficu
lt t
o u
nd
ers
tan
d t
he C
ou
rt’s
att
en
tio
n t
o h
er
ch
ara
cte
r, w
hic
h i
s n
ot
an
ele
men
t o
f th
e c
rim
e o
f ra
pe.
3.5
.3 A
th
ird
my
th a
nd
ste
reo
typ
e c
hall
en
ged
by
th
e a
uth
or
is t
hat
to c
on
clu
de t
hat
a
rap
e o
ccu
rred
by
mean
s o
f th
reat,
th
ere
mu
st b
e c
lear
ev
iden
ce o
f a d
irect
thre
at.
Th
e
au
tho
r su
bm
its
that,
in
stead
o
f em
plo
yin
g
a
co
nte
xt-
sen
siti
ve
ass
ess
men
t o
f th
e
ev
iden
ce a
nd
lo
ok
ing
at
the c
ircu
mst
an
ces
as
a w
ho
le,
the C
ou
rt f
ocu
sed
on
th
e l
ack
of
the o
bje
cti
ve e
xis
ten
ce o
f a g
un
. T
he a
uth
or
als
o s
ub
mit
s th
at
acco
rdin
g t
o c
ase
law
an
d l
eg
al
theo
ry,
it i
s th
e l
ack
of
co
nse
nt,
no
t th
e e
lem
en
t o
f fo
rce,
that
is s
een
as
the co
nst
itu
en
t ele
men
t o
f th
e o
ffen
ce o
f ra
pe.
Sh
e fu
rth
er
co
nte
nd
s th
at
the
ele
men
t o
f fo
rce o
r in
tim
idati
on
in
Ph
ilip
pin
e r
ap
e l
aw
sh
ou
ld b
e c
on
stru
ed
bro
ad
ly
so
as
to
inclu
de
oth
er
co
erc
ive
cir
cu
mst
an
ces
in
a
man
ner
co
nsi
sten
t w
ith
th
e
co
mm
en
tary
to
th
e
An
ti-R
ap
e
Law
o
f 1
99
7
(Rep
ub
lic
Act
No
. 8
35
3).
M
ore
gen
era
lly,
the a
uth
or
all
eg
es
that
req
uir
ing
pro
of
of
ph
ysi
cal
forc
e o
r th
e t
hre
at
of
ph
ysi
cal
forc
e i
n a
ll c
ircu
mst
an
ces
risk
s le
av
ing
cert
ain
ty
pes
of
rap
e u
np
un
ish
ed
an
d j
eo
pard
izes
eff
ort
s to
eff
ecti
vely
pro
tect
wo
men
fro
m s
ex
ual
vio
len
ce.
3.5
.4 T
he
fact
that
the
accu
sed
an
d
the
vic
tim
are
“m
ore
th
an
n
od
din
g
acq
uain
tan
ces”
mak
es
the s
ex
co
nse
nsu
al
co
nst
itu
tes
a f
ou
rth
my
th a
nd
ste
reo
typ
e.
Th
e a
uth
or
sub
mit
s th
at
it i
s a g
rav
e m
isco
ncep
tio
n t
hat
an
y r
ela
tio
nsh
ip b
etw
een
th
e
accu
sed
an
d t
he v
icti
m i
s v
ali
d p
roo
f o
f th
e v
icti
m’s
co
nse
nt
to t
he s
ex
ual
act.
51
0-4
49
31
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DA
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/18/2
008
3.5
.5 A
fif
th m
yth
an
d s
tere
oty
pe i
den
tifi
ed
by
th
e a
uth
or
is t
hat
wh
en
a r
ap
e v
icti
m
reacts
to
th
e ass
au
lt b
y re
sist
ing
th
e att
ack
an
d als
o b
y co
weri
ng
in
su
bm
issi
on
becau
se o
f fe
ar,
it
is p
rob
lem
ati
c.
Th
e a
uth
or
sub
mit
s th
at,
co
ntr
ary
to
th
e r
uli
ng
issu
ed
by
Ju
dg
e H
ofi
leñ
a-E
uro
pa,
there
is
no
test
imo
ny
in
dic
ati
ng
th
at
she a
ctu
all
y
co
were
d i
n s
ub
mis
sio
n.
Sh
e a
lleg
es
that,
on
th
e c
on
trary
, sh
e r
esi
sted
as
mu
ch
as
she
co
uld
an
d th
at
alt
ho
ug
h th
ere
w
ere
m
om
en
ts w
hen
sh
e d
isso
cia
ted
, th
is d
id n
ot
neg
ate
her
man
y v
erb
al
an
d p
hy
sical
ex
pre
ssio
ns
of
lack
of
co
nse
nt.
Sh
e s
ub
mit
s
that
she w
as
perc
eiv
ed
by
th
e C
ou
rt a
s n
ot
bein
g “
a t
imid
wo
man
wh
o c
ou
ld b
e
easi
ly c
ow
ed
”.
Sh
e w
as
deem
ed
to
hav
e c
on
sen
ted
to
th
e i
nte
rco
urs
e b
ecau
se s
he d
id
no
t re
sist
th
e a
dv
an
ces
of
the a
ccu
sed
an
d “
she d
id n
ot
esc
ap
e w
hen
sh
e a
pp
eare
d t
o
hav
e h
ad
so
man
y o
pp
ort
un
itie
s to
do
so
”.
Sh
e a
lso
su
bm
its
that
the C
ou
rt u
nju
stly
imp
ose
s a
stan
dard
o
f “n
orm
al”
o
r “n
atu
ral”
b
eh
av
iou
r o
n
rap
e
vic
tim
s an
d
dis
cri
min
ate
s ag
ain
st t
ho
se w
ho
do
no
t co
nfo
rm t
o t
hese
sta
nd
ard
s.
3.5
.6 T
he r
ap
e v
icti
m c
ou
ld n
ot
hav
e r
esi
sted
th
e s
ex
ual
att
ack
if
the a
ccu
sed
were
ab
le t
o p
roceed
to
eja
cu
lati
on
is
a s
ixth
my
th a
nd
ste
reo
typ
e.
Th
e a
uth
or
cla
ims
that
wh
eth
er
or
no
t th
e a
ccu
sed
eja
cu
late
d i
s co
mp
lete
ly i
mm
ate
rial
to a
pro
secu
tio
n f
or
rap
e,
as
it i
s n
ot
an
ele
men
t o
f th
e c
rim
e,
do
es
no
t p
rov
e t
hat
the i
nte
rco
urs
e w
as
co
nse
nsu
al
an
d d
oes
no
t n
eg
ate
th
e r
esi
stan
ce o
f th
e v
icti
m.
Sh
e f
urt
her
cla
ims
that
the s
tate
men
t o
f th
e C
ou
rt p
erp
etu
ate
s th
e f
als
e n
oti
on
th
at
rap
e i
s a c
rim
e o
f lu
st o
r
pass
ion
ass
ocia
ted
wit
h l
ov
e a
nd
desi
re.
3.5
.7 T
he C
ou
rt r
eli
ed
on
a s
ev
en
th m
yth
an
d s
tere
oty
pe,
acco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h i
t is
un
beli
ev
ab
le t
hat
a m
an
in
his
six
ties
wo
uld
be c
ap
ab
le o
f ra
pe.
Th
e a
uth
or
cla
ims
that,
as
a r
ap
e v
icti
m,
she d
oes
no
t h
av
e t
he b
urd
en
of
pro
vin
g t
he s
ex
ual
pro
wess
of
the accu
sed
, w
hic
h is
n
ot
an
ele
men
t o
f th
e
cri
me o
f ra
pe b
ut
a m
att
er
of
the
defe
nce.
Sh
e f
urt
her
cla
ims
that
sho
uld
su
ch
a m
yth
be a
pp
lied
to
all
accu
sed
men
in
their
six
ties,
ev
ery
case
wh
ere
a p
ers
on
wo
uld
cla
im t
o h
av
e b
een
rap
ed
by
an
old
man
wo
uld
in
vari
ab
ly r
esu
lt i
n t
he a
cq
uit
tal
of
the a
ccu
sed
.
3.5
.8 W
ith
reg
ard
to
th
e m
yth
s em
bo
die
d i
n t
he “
gu
idin
g p
rin
cip
les
in d
ecid
ing
rap
e
case
s” w
hic
h w
ere
fo
llo
wed
by
th
e j
ud
ge i
n d
ecid
ing
her
case
(se
e p
ara
. 2
.9 a
bo
ve),
the a
uth
or
cla
ims
that
an
accu
sati
on
of
rap
e i
s n
ot
easy
to
mak
e a
nd
th
at
to s
ay
th
at
a
rap
e c
harg
e i
s m
ore
dif
ficu
lt f
or
the a
ccu
sed
to
dis
pro
ve i
s u
nw
arr
an
ted
. S
he f
urt
her
cla
ims
that
this
p
resu
mp
tio
n
un
just
ifia
bly
an
d
imm
ed
iate
ly
pla
ces
rap
e
vic
tim
s
un
der
susp
icio
n.
3.6
T
he a
uth
or
all
eg
es
that
the d
ecis
ion
was
ren
dere
d i
n b
ad
fait
h,
wit
ho
ut
basi
s in
law
or
in f
act.
Sh
e a
lleg
es
that
dis
tort
ion
s o
f ev
iden
ce,
as
well
as
inco
nsi
sten
cie
s
betw
een
th
e f
ind
ing
s an
d c
on
clu
sio
ns
of
Jud
ge H
ofi
leñ
a-E
uro
pa,
led
to
th
e a
cq
uit
tal
of
the a
ccu
sed
. S
he f
urt
her
all
eg
es
that
Jud
ge H
ofi
leñ
a-E
uro
pa,
wh
ile c
itin
g a
ll t
he
Su
pre
me C
ou
rt d
octr
ine t
hat
fav
ou
rs t
he r
ap
e v
icti
m,
rule
d w
ith
ou
t an
ev
iden
tiary
basi
s th
at
they
were
no
t ap
pli
cab
le t
o t
he a
uth
or’
s case
. S
he s
ub
mit
s th
at
this
leg
al
man
oeu
vri
ng
un
der
the p
rete
nce o
f fa
ir r
easo
nin
g a
mo
un
ts t
o b
ad
fait
h a
nd
a g
ross
dis
reg
ard
of
the a
uth
or’
s ri
gh
ts.
Sh
e r
efe
rs t
o a
rtic
le 2
(c)
of
the C
on
ven
tio
n,
by
wh
ich
a
“co
mp
ete
nt
trib
un
al”
is
re
qu
ired
to
en
sure
th
e
eff
ecti
ve
pro
tecti
on
o
f
wo
men
ag
ain
st a
ny
act
of
dis
cri
min
ati
on
. S
he a
lso
su
bm
its
that
a d
ecis
ion
gro
un
ded
in g
en
der-
base
d m
yth
s an
d m
isco
ncep
tio
ns
or
on
e r
en
dere
d i
n b
ad
fait
h c
an
hard
ly
be c
on
sid
ere
d a
s o
ne r
en
dere
d b
y a
fair
, im
part
ial
an
d c
om
pete
nt
trib
un
al.
3.7
T
he a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
she h
ad
to
en
du
re e
igh
t y
ears
of
liti
gati
on
an
d t
hat
she
an
d h
er
fam
ily
su
ffere
d i
mm
easu
rab
ly f
rom
th
e p
ub
lic c
ov
era
ge o
f th
e c
ase
. S
he w
as
als
o f
orc
ed
to
resi
gn
fro
m h
er
job
as
Ex
ecu
tiv
e D
irecto
r o
f th
e D
av
ao
Cit
y C
ham
ber
10
-44
93
16
44
CE
DA
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/18/2
008
sho
rtly
aft
er
the r
ap
e a
nd
was
told
by
her
form
er
em
plo
yer
that
they
had
hir
ed
a m
an
(pay
ing
him
do
ub
le h
er
sala
ry)
to a
vo
id a
rep
eti
tio
n o
f h
er
case
. S
he a
lso
all
eg
es
that
she a
nd
her
fam
ily
had
to
mo
ve t
o e
scap
e t
he c
om
mu
nit
y,
wh
ich
becam
e h
ost
ile t
o
her
becau
se
she
dare
d
to
pro
secu
te
a
wealt
hy
an
d
infl
uen
tial
man
. S
he
furt
her
all
eg
es
that
all
of
these
facto
rs a
gg
rav
ate
d t
he p
ost
-tra
um
ati
c s
tress
dis
ord
er
fro
m
wh
ich
sh
e h
ad
been
su
fferi
ng
as
a d
irect
resu
lt o
f th
e r
ap
e a
nd
th
at
the S
tate
did
no
t
pro
tect
her
an
d h
er
fam
ily.
Sh
e a
lso
main
tain
s th
at
her
ph
ysi
cal
an
d m
en
tal
inte
gri
ty
were
aff
ecte
d,
an
d p
rev
en
ted
her
fro
m r
eb
uil
din
g h
er
life
. S
he w
as
un
ab
le t
o f
ind
a
job
aft
er
her
dis
mis
sal.
Fin
all
y,
she a
lleg
es
that
the d
iscri
min
ato
ry d
ecis
ion
of
Jud
ge
Ho
file
ña-E
uro
pa r
ev
icti
miz
ed
her
all
ov
er
ag
ain
, th
at
she s
uff
ere
d f
rom
a l
en
gth
y
bo
ut
of
dep
ress
ion
aft
er
the d
ecis
ion
an
d t
hat
she n
eed
ed
qu
ite s
om
e t
ime t
o f
ind
th
e
wil
l an
d e
nerg
y t
o e
ven
co
nsi
der
fili
ng
her
co
mm
un
icati
on
.
3.8
T
he a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
her
case
is
no
t an
iso
late
d o
ne a
nd
th
at
it i
s o
ne a
mo
ng
man
y
tria
l co
urt
d
ecis
ion
s in
ra
pe
case
s th
at
dis
cri
min
ate
ag
ain
st
wo
men
an
d
perp
etu
ate
dis
cri
min
ato
ry b
eli
efs
ab
ou
t ra
pe v
icti
ms.
Sh
e f
urt
her
arg
ues
that
tho
se
insi
dio
us
jud
gem
en
ts v
iola
te t
he r
igh
ts a
nd
fre
ed
om
s o
f w
om
en
, d
en
y t
hem
eq
ual
pro
tecti
on
un
der
the l
aw
, d
ep
riv
e t
hem
of
a j
ust
an
d e
ffecti
ve r
em
ed
y f
or
the h
arm
they
su
ffere
d a
nd
co
nti
nu
e t
o f
orc
e t
hem
in
to a
po
siti
on
su
bo
rdin
ate
to
men
. T
he
au
tho
r p
rese
nts
as
ex
am
ple
s se
ven
d
ecis
ion
s o
f tr
ial
co
urt
s fr
om
1
99
9
to
20
07
illu
stra
tin
g th
e sy
stem
ati
c d
iscri
min
ati
on
th
at
rap
e v
icti
ms
ex
peri
en
ce w
hen
th
ey
seek
red
ress
. F
rom
th
ose
sev
en
case
s, s
he d
rew
th
e f
oll
ow
ing
sim
ilari
ties
wit
h h
er
case
: (a
) T
he “
sweeth
eart
defe
nce” o
r a v
ari
ati
on
th
ere
of,
by
wh
ich
it
is a
ssert
ed
that
the s
ex
ual
act
is c
on
sen
sual
becau
se i
nti
mate
or
sex
ual
rela
tio
ns
ex
iste
d o
r ex
ist
betw
een
th
e c
om
pla
inan
t an
d t
he a
ccu
sed
;
(b)
Th
e C
ou
rt’s
ap
pre
cia
tio
n o
f th
e c
om
pla
inan
t’s
co
nd
uct
befo
re,
du
rin
g a
nd
aft
er
the a
lleg
ed
rap
e,
wit
h t
he m
ain
lin
e o
f re
aso
nin
g b
ein
g t
hat
the c
om
pla
inan
t d
id
no
t ex
hib
it t
he “
natu
ral”
reacti
on
of
a w
om
an
wh
o c
laim
s to
hav
e b
een
vio
late
d;
(c)
Th
e
ab
sen
ce
of
inju
ry,
on
th
e
part
o
f b
oth
th
e
accu
sed
an
d
the
co
mp
lain
an
t;
(d)
Th
e n
atu
re,
am
ou
nt
or
sev
eri
ty,
an
d t
he p
erc
eiv
ed
eff
ects
of
the f
orc
e,
thre
at
or
inti
mid
ati
on
as
ap
pli
ed
to
th
e c
om
pla
inan
t;
(e)
Th
e u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f th
e c
on
cep
t o
f co
nse
nt
an
d h
ow
it
is m
an
ifest
ed
or
co
mm
un
icate
d.
3.9
T
he a
uth
or
sub
mit
s th
at
Ph
ilip
pin
e r
ap
e l
aw
an
d t
he w
ay
it
has
been
in
terp
rete
d
by
th
e S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt is
a co
llecti
on
o
f co
ntr
ad
icti
on
s. S
he fu
rth
er
sub
mit
s th
at
mo
re
than
2
5
years
aft
er
the
Ph
ilip
pin
es
rati
fied
th
e
Co
nv
en
tio
n,
my
ths,
mis
co
ncep
tio
ns
an
d d
iscri
min
ato
ry a
ssu
mp
tio
ns
in j
uri
spru
den
ce c
on
tin
ue t
o p
lace
rap
e
vic
tim
s at
a
leg
al
dis
ad
van
tag
e
an
d
sig
nif
ican
tly
re
du
ce
their
ch
an
ces
of
ob
tain
ing
red
ress
fo
r th
e v
iola
tio
n t
hey
su
ffere
d.
Sh
e e
xp
lain
s th
at
the r
easo
ns
for
the t
rem
en
do
usl
y u
nd
err
ep
ort
ed
nu
mb
er
of
rap
e c
ase
s in
clu
de t
he f
act
that
vic
tim
s
are
afr
aid
o
f th
e
stig
ma
that
wil
l m
ost
li
kely
re
sult
fr
om
se
ek
ing
ju
stic
e,
lack
co
nfi
den
ce i
n t
he l
eg
al
pro
cess
an
d o
ften
fail
to
ob
tain
ap
pro
pri
ate
red
ress
.
3.1
0 T
he au
tho
r fu
rth
er
all
eg
es
that
becau
se r
ap
e case
s are
su
bje
ct
to a r
igo
rou
s
scre
en
ing
pro
cess
by
law
en
forc
em
en
t ag
en
cie
s an
d p
rose
cu
tori
al
off
ices
pri
or
to
reach
ing
th
e j
ud
icia
l sy
stem
, th
e d
ism
issa
l b
y a
co
urt
of
a r
ap
e c
ase
gro
un
ded
in
71
0-4
49
31
CE
DA
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/18/2
008
gen
der-
base
d
my
ths
an
d
mis
co
ncep
tio
ns
is
the
ult
imate
re
vic
tim
izati
on
o
f th
e
vic
tim
.
3.1
1
Th
e a
uth
or
cla
ims
that
Jud
ge H
ofi
leñ
a-E
uro
pa a
nd
all
ju
dg
es
resp
on
sib
le f
or
decid
ing
rap
e c
ase
s la
ck
ad
eq
uate
tra
inin
g a
nd
th
ere
fore
su
ffic
ien
t u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f
the d
yn
am
ics
of
sex
ual
ab
use
. S
he f
urt
her
cla
ims
that
the l
eg
isla
tiv
e r
efo
rms,
su
ch
as
the p
en
al
co
de a
men
dm
en
ts o
n r
ap
e,
as
well
as
the p
rote
cti
ve m
easu
res
pu
t in
pla
ce b
y R
ep
ub
lic A
ct
No
. 8
50
5,
beco
me in
sig
nif
ican
t, as
the la
w st
ill
wil
l n
ot
pro
vid
e a
deq
uate
an
d e
ffecti
ve l
eg
al
rem
ed
ies
for
vic
tim
s. W
hil
e a
ck
no
wle
dg
ing
an
d
giv
ing
a v
ery
d
eta
iled
acco
un
t o
f all
tr
ain
ing
u
nd
ert
ak
en
b
y b
oth
th
e P
hil
ipp
ine
Jud
icia
l A
cad
em
y a
nd
th
e S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt C
om
mit
tee o
n G
en
der
Resp
on
siv
en
ess
in
the J
ud
icia
ry,
the a
uth
or
state
s th
at
mu
ch
sti
ll n
eed
s to
be d
on
e,
giv
en
th
e e
xte
nt
of
the p
reju
dic
e a
gain
st t
he f
em
ale
vic
tim
s o
f ra
pe a
nd
oth
er
form
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce.
Th
is
req
uir
es
that
train
ing
fo
r th
e
jud
icia
ry
be
specif
icall
y
focu
sed
o
n
sex
ual
vio
len
ce a
nd
rap
e.
Sh
e a
lleg
es
that
no
pro
gra
mm
es
are
in
pla
ce f
or
train
ing
ju
dg
es
to
hear
case
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce o
r ra
pe i
nv
olv
ing
ad
ult
s.
3.1
2 A
s to
th
e
ex
hau
stio
n
of
do
mest
ic
rem
ed
ies,
th
e
au
tho
r m
ain
tain
s th
at
an
acq
uit
tal
pu
ts a
n e
nd
to
th
e p
rocess
fo
r th
e v
icti
m.
Sh
e f
urt
her
sub
mit
s th
at
un
der
Ph
ilip
pin
e l
aw
, sh
e w
ou
ld b
e b
arr
ed
fro
m f
ilin
g a
ny
ap
peal
ag
ain
st a
ju
dg
em
en
t o
f
acq
uit
tal
becau
se o
f th
e co
nst
itu
tio
nal
rig
ht
of
do
ub
le je
op
ard
y,
wh
ich
fo
rbid
s a
defe
nd
an
t fr
om
bein
g t
ried
tw
ice f
or
the s
am
e c
rim
e.
Reg
ard
ing
th
e e
xis
ten
ce o
f an
ex
trao
rdin
ary
re
med
y o
f cert
iora
ri u
nd
er
rule
6
5 o
f th
e R
ev
ised
R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt,
wh
ich
co
uld
be u
sed
in
case
s o
f acq
uit
tal
un
der
cert
ain
cir
cu
mst
an
ces,
th
e a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
the r
eq
uir
em
en
ts h
av
e n
ot
been
met
in t
he p
rese
nt
case
. F
irst
ly,
on
e m
ust
pro
ve t
hat
the d
ecis
ion
of
the C
ou
rt i
s n
ull
an
d v
oid
becau
se a
n e
rro
r in
ju
risd
icti
on
or
on
e a
mo
un
tin
g t
o a
lack
of
juri
sdic
tio
n h
as
occu
rred
. S
eco
nd
ly,
the r
em
ed
y i
s
av
ail
ab
le o
nly
to
th
e p
eo
ple
o
f th
e P
hil
ipp
ines
rep
rese
nte
d b
y th
e O
ffic
e o
f th
e
So
licit
or
Gen
era
l, b
ut
no
t to
th
e v
icti
m h
ers
elf
. T
hir
dly
, th
e S
oli
cit
or
Gen
era
l sh
ou
ld
hav
e u
sed
th
e r
em
ed
y w
ith
in 6
0 d
ay
s o
f th
e d
ate
of
the a
cq
uit
tal.
3.1
3 T
he a
uth
or
main
tain
s th
at
the m
att
er
has
no
t b
een
an
d i
s cu
rren
tly
no
t b
ein
g
ex
am
ined
un
der
an
y o
ther
inte
rnati
on
al
inv
est
igati
on
or
sett
lem
en
t p
roced
ure
.
3.1
4 T
he
au
tho
r ask
s th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
to
fin
d
that
she
has
been
a
vic
tim
o
f
dis
cri
min
ati
on
an
d
that
the
Sta
te
part
y
has
fail
ed
to
fu
lfil
it
s o
bli
gati
on
s u
nd
er
art
icle
2
(c),
(d
) an
d
(f)
of
the
Co
nv
en
tio
n.
Sh
e
als
o
ask
s th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
to
reco
mm
en
d
that
the
Sta
te
part
y
pro
vid
e
her
wit
h
fin
an
cia
l co
mp
en
sati
on
in
an
am
ou
nt
pro
po
rtio
nate
to
th
e p
hy
sical,
men
tal
an
d s
ocia
l h
arm
cau
sed
to
her
an
d t
o
the se
rio
usn
ess
o
f th
e v
iola
tio
n o
f h
er
rig
hts
, an
d to
en
ab
le h
er
to co
nti
nu
e h
er
thera
py
an
d o
ther
treatm
en
t.
3.1
5 S
he
furt
her
ask
s th
at
it
be
reco
mm
en
ded
to
th
e
Sta
te
part
y’s
ju
dic
iary
to
inv
est
igate
Ju
dg
e
Ho
file
ña-E
uro
pa
to
dete
rmin
e
the
reg
ula
rity
o
f h
er
acti
on
s in
ren
deri
ng
th
e j
ud
gem
en
t o
f acq
uit
tal,
to
in
clu
de i
n t
hat
inv
est
igati
on
a r
ev
iew
of
her
oth
er
jud
icia
l d
ecis
ion
s an
d a
dm
inis
trati
ve a
cti
on
s as
a f
orm
er
ex
ecu
tiv
e j
ud
ge,
an
d
to d
ev
elo
p a sp
ecif
ic se
xu
al
vio
len
ce ed
ucati
on
an
d tr
ain
ing
p
rog
ram
me fo
r tr
ial
co
urt
ju
dg
es
an
d p
ub
lic p
rose
cu
tors
d
esi
gn
ed
to
m
ak
e th
em
u
nd
ers
tan
d se
xu
ali
ty
issu
es
an
d t
he p
sych
oso
cia
l eff
ects
of
sex
ual
vio
len
ce,
pro
perl
y a
pp
recia
te m
ed
ical
an
d
oth
er
ev
iden
ce,
ad
op
t an
in
terd
iscip
lin
ary
ap
pro
ach
in
in
vest
igati
ng
an
d
decid
ing
case
s, a
nd
rid
th
em
of
my
ths
an
d m
isco
ncep
tio
ns
ab
ou
t se
xu
al
vio
len
ce a
nd
its
vic
tim
s. S
uch
a p
rog
ram
me s
ho
uld
in
clu
de a
sy
stem
to
mo
nit
or
an
d e
valu
ate
th
e
eff
ecti
ven
ess
o
f su
ch
ed
ucati
on
an
d
train
ing
o
n
the
jud
ges
an
d
pro
secu
tors
10
-44
93
18
45
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008
co
ncern
ed
; u
nd
ert
ak
e a
seri
ou
s re
vie
w o
f ju
risp
rud
en
tial
do
ctr
ines
on
rap
e a
nd
oth
er
form
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce w
ith
a v
iew
to
ab
an
do
nin
g t
ho
se t
hat
are
dis
cri
min
ato
ry o
r
that
vio
late
th
e
rig
hts
g
uara
nte
ed
b
y
the
Co
nv
en
tio
n
an
d
oth
er
hu
man
ri
gh
ts
co
nv
en
tio
ns;
est
ab
lish
mo
nit
ori
ng
of
tria
l co
urt
decis
ion
s in
case
s o
f ra
pe a
nd
oth
er
sex
ual
off
en
ces
to en
sure
th
eir
co
mp
lian
ce w
ith
th
e p
rop
er
stan
dard
s in
decid
ing
case
s an
d t
heir
co
nsi
sten
cy
wit
h t
he p
rov
isio
ns
of
the C
on
ven
tio
n a
nd
oth
er
hu
man
rig
hts
co
nv
en
tio
ns;
co
mp
ile a
nd
an
aly
se d
ata
on
th
e n
um
ber
of
sex
ual
vio
len
ce c
ase
s
file
d i
n t
he p
rose
cu
tio
n o
ffic
es
an
d i
n t
he c
ou
rts,
th
e n
um
ber
of
dis
mis
sals
an
d t
he
reaso
ns
for
such
d
ism
issa
ls;
an
d p
rov
ide fo
r th
e ri
gh
t to
ap
peal
for
rap
e v
icti
ms
wh
en
th
e p
erp
etr
ato
r h
as
been
acq
uit
ted
ow
ing
to
dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st t
he v
icti
m
on
gro
un
ds
of
her
sex
.
3.1
6 T
he a
uth
or
als
o a
sks
the C
om
mit
tee t
o r
eco
mm
en
d t
hat
the C
on
gre
ss o
f th
e
Sta
te
part
y
rev
iew
th
e
law
s ag
ain
st
rap
e
an
d
oth
er
form
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce,
inclu
din
g
their
en
forc
em
en
t an
d
imp
lem
en
tati
on
b
y
law
en
forc
em
en
t an
d
pro
secu
tori
al
ag
en
cie
s an
d t
he c
ou
rts
in o
rder
to r
em
ov
e o
r am
en
d t
he p
rov
isio
ns
of
law
s th
at
lead
to
dis
cri
min
ato
ry p
racti
ces
an
d d
octr
ines;
cla
rify
th
at
rap
e i
s ab
ou
t th
e
lack
of
co
nse
nt
of
the v
icti
ms;
an
d p
rov
ide a
deq
uate
fu
nd
s fo
r th
e i
mp
lem
en
tati
on
of
the R
ap
e V
icti
m A
ssis
tan
ce a
nd
Pro
tecti
on
Act
of
19
98
(R
ep
ub
lic A
ct
No
. 8
50
5),
in
part
icu
lar
its
man
date
to
est
ab
lish
a r
ap
e c
risi
s cen
tre i
n e
very
pro
vin
ce a
nd
cit
y t
o
en
sure
th
at
ap
pro
pri
ate
su
pp
ort
serv
ices
are
av
ail
ab
le a
nd
access
ible
to
vic
tim
s o
f
rap
e a
nd
oth
er
sex
ual
vio
len
ce.
3.1
7 F
inall
y,
the a
uth
or
als
o r
eq
uest
s, i
n g
en
era
l, t
he r
esp
ect,
pro
tecti
on
, p
rom
oti
on
an
d f
ulf
ilm
en
t o
f w
om
en
’s h
um
an
rig
hts
, in
clu
din
g t
heir
rig
ht
to b
e f
ree f
rom
all
form
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce;
the e
xerc
ise o
f d
ue d
ilig
en
ce i
n i
nv
est
igati
ng
, p
rose
cu
tin
g
an
d p
un
ish
ing
all
co
mp
lain
ts o
f ra
pe a
nd
oth
er
sex
ual
vio
len
ce;
eff
ort
s to
en
sure
th
at
vic
tim
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce h
av
e e
ffecti
ve a
ccess
to
ju
stic
e,
inclu
din
g f
ree,
co
mp
ete
nt
an
d s
en
siti
ve l
eg
al
aid
, w
here
necess
ary
, as
well
as
to j
ust
an
d e
ffecti
ve c
om
pla
ints
pro
ced
ure
s an
d r
em
ed
ies;
eff
ort
s to
en
sure
th
at
vic
tim
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce a
nd
th
eir
fam
ilie
s re
ceiv
e a
pp
rop
riate
pro
tecti
ve a
nd
su
pp
ort
serv
ices;
an
d e
ffo
rts
to s
eri
ou
sly
ad
dre
ss g
raft
an
d c
orr
up
tio
n i
n l
aw
en
forc
em
en
t ag
en
cie
s, p
rose
cu
tori
al
off
ices
an
d
the
jud
icia
ry
to
en
sure
th
at
rap
e
an
d
oth
er
case
s o
f se
xu
al
vio
len
ce
are
n
ot
co
mp
rom
ised
or
dis
mis
sed
.
Sta
te p
arty
’s s
ub
mis
sio
n o
n a
dm
issi
bil
ity
an
d m
erit
s
4.1
In
it
s su
bm
issi
on
o
f 7
Ju
ly 2
00
8,
the S
tate
p
art
y ex
pla
ins
that
a v
erd
ict
of
acq
uit
tal
is i
mm
ed
iate
ly fi
nal
an
d t
hat
a r
e-e
xam
inati
on
of
the m
eri
ts o
f su
ch
an
acq
uit
tal
wo
uld
p
lace
the
accu
sed
in
je
op
ard
y
for
the
sam
e
off
en
ce.
It
furt
her
ex
pla
ins
that
a v
erd
ict
of
acq
uit
tal,
h
ow
ev
er,
m
ay
b
e n
ull
ifie
d th
rou
gh
a p
rop
er
peti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri t
o s
ho
w g
rav
e a
bu
se o
f d
iscre
tio
n.
Th
e r
em
ed
y o
f cert
iora
ri i
s
pro
vid
ed
un
der
secti
on
1,
rule
65
, o
f th
e R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt.
4.2
T
he S
tate
part
y c
hall
en
ges
the a
uth
or’
s ass
ert
ion
th
at
the e
xtr
ao
rdin
ary
rem
ed
y
of
cert
iora
ri “
is a
vail
ab
le o
nly
to
th
e P
eo
ple
of
the P
hil
ipp
ines
as
part
y p
lain
tiff
,
rep
rese
nte
d b
y t
he O
ffic
e o
f th
e S
oli
cit
or
Gen
era
l, b
ut
no
t to
th
e v
icti
m h
ers
elf
” a
nd
that
“sh
e m
ay
no
t fi
le a
peti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri o
n h
er
ow
n o
r th
rou
gh
her
pri
vate
co
un
sel”
. It
arg
ues
that
the S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt h
as
ad
mit
ted
peti
tio
ns
for
cert
iora
ri f
iled
by
an
off
en
ded
part
y p
urs
uan
t to
secti
on
1,
rule
65
, o
f th
e R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt.
Th
us,
th
e
91
0-4
49
31
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008
Su
pre
me
Co
urt
, in
P
eo
ple
v.
C
alo
, Jr.
,2
cit
ing
th
e
earl
ier
case
o
f P
are
des
v.
Go
pen
gco
,3 h
eld
th
at
“th
e o
ffen
ded
part
ies
in c
rim
inal
case
s h
av
e s
uff
icie
nt
inte
rest
an
d p
ers
on
ali
ty a
s ‘p
ers
on
(s)
ag
gri
ev
ed
’ to
fil
e t
he s
pecia
l civ
il a
cti
on
of
pro
hib
itio
n
an
d c
ert
iora
ri u
nd
er
secti
on
s 1
an
d 2
of
rule
65
in
lin
e w
ith
th
e u
nd
erl
yin
g s
pir
it o
f
the l
ibera
l co
nst
ructi
on
of
the R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt i
n o
rder
to p
rom
ote
th
eir
ob
ject”
. T
he
Su
pre
me
Co
urt
h
av
ing
, in
a
nu
mb
er
of
case
s,
rela
xed
th
e
ap
pli
cati
on
o
f th
e
pro
vis
ion
s o
f th
e R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt t
o b
ett
er
serv
e t
he e
nd
s o
f su
bst
an
tial
just
ice,
the
Sta
te p
art
y s
ub
mit
s th
at
the a
uth
or
can
no
t cla
im t
hat
she h
as
no
leg
al
rem
ed
y u
nd
er
Ph
ilip
pin
e l
aw
, as
she i
s n
ot
pro
hib
ited
fro
m a
vail
ing
hers
elf
of
the s
pecia
l re
med
y
of
cert
iora
ri.
Au
tho
r’s
co
mm
en
ts o
n t
he S
tate
pa
rty
’s o
bse
rv
ati
on
s
on
ad
mis
sib
ilit
y
5.1
In
h
er
sub
mis
sio
n
of
26
S
ep
tem
ber
20
08
, th
e
au
tho
r ch
all
en
ges
the
Sta
te
part
y’s
ass
ert
ion
th
at
she
co
uld
h
av
e
av
ail
ed
h
ers
elf
o
f th
e
specia
l re
med
y
of
cert
iora
ri.
Wit
h r
eg
ard
to
th
e r
ole
of
the v
icti
m i
n c
rim
inal
case
s, s
he a
rgu
es
that
cri
min
al
case
s are
pro
secu
ted
in
th
e n
am
e o
f th
e “
Peo
ple
of
the P
hil
ipp
ines”
, th
e
off
en
ded
part
y,
wh
o a
pp
ears
in
co
urt
as
the p
art
y p
lain
tiff
an
d t
hat
the v
icti
m’s
ro
le
is l
imit
ed
to
th
at
of
a w
itn
ess
fo
r th
e p
rose
cu
tio
n.
Th
e i
nte
rest
of
the v
icti
m,
als
o
call
ed
th
e
“p
riv
ate
co
mp
lain
an
t”,
“p
riv
ate
o
ffen
ded
p
art
y”
or
“co
mp
lain
ing
wit
ness
”,
is li
mit
ed
to
th
e civ
il li
ab
ilit
y th
at
is in
stit
ute
d in
th
e cri
min
al
acti
on
.
Th
ere
fore
, th
e a
uth
or
deem
s th
e S
tate
part
y’s
su
bm
issi
on
to
be m
isle
ad
ing
, g
iven
that
she h
as
to p
urs
ue f
urt
her
pro
cess
es
aft
er
the a
ccu
sed
has
been
acq
uit
ted
on
th
e
meri
ts o
f th
e c
ase
.
5.2
W
ith
reg
ard
to
th
e e
xh
au
stio
n o
f d
om
est
ic r
em
ed
ies,
th
e a
uth
or
sub
mit
s th
at
the r
em
ed
y o
f cert
iora
ri u
nd
er
rule
65
of
the R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt w
as
neit
her
av
ail
ab
le t
o
her,
no
r li
kely
to
bri
ng
eff
ecti
ve r
eli
ef,
ass
um
ing
sh
e c
ou
ld h
av
e a
vail
ed
hers
elf
of
it.
Th
is r
em
ed
y i
s n
ot
a m
att
er
of
rig
hts
an
d i
s g
ran
ted
by
ju
dic
ial
dis
cre
tio
n o
nly
in
rare
case
s. S
he c
ites
nu
mero
us
case
s b
y t
he S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt a
nd
dra
ws
fro
m t
hem
th
e
foll
ow
ing
str
ict
req
uir
em
en
ts i
t ap
pli
es,
in
ad
dit
ion
to
th
ose
alr
ead
y s
tate
d i
n t
he
Ru
les
of
Co
urt
, to
gra
nt
such
a r
em
ed
y:
firs
tly,
the p
eti
tio
ner
mu
st s
ho
w t
hat
the
reco
urs
e o
f ap
peal
is n
ot
av
ail
ab
le,
or
that
he o
r sh
e h
as
no
pla
in,
speed
y o
r ad
eq
uate
rem
ed
y i
n t
he o
rdin
ary
co
urs
e o
f la
ws
ag
ain
st h
is o
r h
er
perc
eiv
ed
gri
ev
an
ces;
an
d
seco
nd
ly,
the
sole
o
ffic
e
of
the
wri
t o
f cert
iora
ri
is
the
co
rrecti
on
o
f err
ors
o
f
juri
sdic
tio
n,
inclu
din
g t
he c
om
mis
sio
n o
f a g
rav
e a
bu
se o
f d
iscre
tio
n a
mo
un
tin
g t
o a
lack
o
f ju
risd
icti
on
an
d
do
es
no
t in
clu
de
co
rrecti
on
o
f a
pu
bli
c
resp
on
den
t’s
ev
alu
ati
on
of
the e
vid
en
ce a
nd
factu
al
fin
din
g t
here
on
. T
here
fore
, th
e p
eti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri m
ust
be b
ase
d o
n j
uri
sdic
tio
nal
gro
un
ds,
becau
se a
s lo
ng
as
the r
esp
on
den
t
acte
d w
ith
in ju
risd
icti
on
, an
y err
or
co
mm
itte
d b
y h
im,
her
or
it in
th
e ex
erc
ise
there
of
wil
l am
ou
nt
to n
oth
ing
m
ore
th
an
an
err
or
of
jud
gem
en
t, w
hic
h m
ay
b
e
rev
iew
ed
o
r co
rrecte
d
on
ly
by
ap
peal.
A
sp
ecia
l civ
il
acti
on
fo
r cert
iora
ri
wil
l
pro
sper
on
ly if
g
rav
e ab
use
o
f d
iscre
tio
n is
m
an
ifest
ed
an
d,
for
the ab
use
to
b
e
gra
ve,
the p
ow
er
mu
st b
e e
xerc
ised
in
an
arb
itra
ry o
r d
esp
oti
c m
an
ner
by
reaso
n o
f
pass
ion
or
pers
on
al
ho
stil
ity.
Th
e a
bu
se o
f d
iscre
tio
n m
ust
be s
o p
ate
nt
an
d g
ross
as
to a
mo
un
t to
an
ev
asi
on
of
a p
osi
tiv
e d
uty
, o
r a v
irtu
al
refu
sal
to p
erf
orm
th
e d
uty
__
___
___
___
___
__
__
2P
eo
ple
v.
Ca
lo,
Jr.
, 1
86
Su
pre
me C
ou
rt R
ep
ort
s A
nn
ota
ted
62
0 (
19
90
).
3P
are
des
v. G
op
en
gco
, 2
9 S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt R
ep
ort
s A
nn
ota
ted
68
8 (
19
69
).
10
-44
93
11
0
46
CE
DA
W/C
/46/D
/18/2
008
en
join
ed
or
to a
ct
in c
on
tem
pla
tio
n o
f la
w.
In t
he p
rese
nt
case
, th
e a
uth
or
arg
ues
that,
w
hil
e
it
may
b
e
tru
e
that
she,
as
vic
tim
, co
uld
h
av
e
file
d
a
peti
tio
n
for
cert
iora
ri,
she w
ou
ld h
av
e h
ad
to
sh
ow
th
at
the a
cq
uit
tal
was
no
t ab
ou
t err
ors
of
jud
gem
en
t b
ut
ab
ou
t err
ors
o
f ju
risd
icti
on
an
d th
at
the co
nst
itu
tio
nal
pro
hib
itio
n
ag
ain
st d
ou
ble
jeo
pard
y t
here
fore
did
no
t co
nst
itu
te a
bar
to t
he r
em
ed
y.
Bu
t in
th
e
au
tho
r’s
case
, th
e s
ex
dis
cri
min
ati
on
th
at
she s
uff
ere
d c
an
be e
asi
ly d
ism
isse
d a
s an
err
or
of
jud
gem
en
t. G
iven
th
e ri
gh
t o
f th
e accu
sed
ag
ain
st d
ou
ble
je
op
ard
y,
the
Co
urt
wo
uld
hav
e m
ost
lik
ely
co
nsi
dere
d a
ny
err
or
asc
rib
ed
by
th
e v
icti
m t
o t
he
jud
ge a
s si
mp
ly a
n e
rro
r o
f ju
dg
em
en
t. M
ore
ov
er,
th
e a
uth
or
arg
ues
that
she w
ou
ld
hav
e h
ad
to
su
rmo
un
t th
e d
octr
inal
rule
th
at
factu
al
fin
din
gs
of
tria
l co
urt
s m
ust
be
resp
ecte
d.
Fin
all
y,
she s
ub
mit
s th
at
she w
ou
ld h
av
e h
ad
to
pay
pro
hib
itiv
e d
ock
et
fees
for
a p
eti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri,
as
well
as
ex
pen
ses
for
the c
ost
of
pri
nti
ng
an
d
rep
rod
ucin
g t
he p
lead
ing
s an
d v
olu
min
ou
s att
ach
men
ts i
n t
he r
eq
uir
ed
nu
mb
er
of
co
pie
s. T
he a
uth
or
there
fore
co
nclu
des
that
the r
em
ed
y o
f cert
iora
ri w
as
hard
ly t
he
“av
ail
ab
le” a
nd
“eff
ecti
ve” r
em
ed
y c
on
tem
pla
ted
by
art
icle
4,
para
gra
ph
1,
of
the
Op
tio
nal
Pro
toco
l.
5.3
F
urt
herm
ore
, th
e au
tho
r su
bm
its
that
the tw
o case
s re
ferr
ed
to
b
y th
e S
tate
part
y t
o s
ho
w t
hat
she c
ou
ld h
av
e a
vail
ed
hers
elf
of
the r
em
ed
y o
f cert
iora
ri d
o n
ot
ap
ply
to
h
er
situ
ati
on
. T
ho
se case
s in
vo
lved
in
terl
ocu
tory
o
rders
, sp
ecif
icall
y an
ord
er
den
yin
g
a
mo
tio
n
for
inh
ibit
ion
an
d
an
o
rder
gra
nti
ng
b
ail
, n
ot
a
fin
al
jud
gem
en
t o
f acq
uit
tal
aft
er
a t
rial
on
th
e m
eri
ts d
uly
pro
mu
lgate
d b
y t
he t
rial
co
urt
,
as
in t
he a
uth
or’
s case
. T
here
fore
, n
on
e o
f th
ose
case
s can
be s
uccess
full
y i
nv
ok
ed
to s
up
po
rt t
he l
eg
al
stan
din
g o
f th
e v
icti
m b
efo
re t
he S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt i
n a
n a
cti
on
fo
r
cert
iora
ri i
nv
olv
ing
a j
ud
gem
en
t o
f acq
uit
tal.
5.4
T
he
au
tho
r ad
ds
that
the
Su
pre
me
Co
urt
h
as
no
t re
nd
ere
d
a
decis
ion
th
at
specif
icall
y re
co
gn
izes
the le
gal
stan
din
g o
f a ra
pe v
icti
m o
r an
y o
ther
off
en
ded
part
y i
n a
cri
min
al
case
to
fil
e t
he s
pecia
l civ
il a
cti
on
of
cert
iora
ri t
o r
ev
ers
e o
r
nu
llif
y t
he a
cq
uit
tal
of
an
accu
sed
aft
er
a t
rial
on
th
e m
eri
ts o
f th
e c
ase
base
d o
n t
he
ev
iden
ce p
rese
nte
d.
In f
act,
sh
e e
xp
lain
s th
at
in t
he c
ase
Peo
ple
v.
Dela
To
rre,
the
Su
pre
me C
ou
rt h
eld
th
at
“th
e p
rose
cu
tio
n c
an
no
t ap
peal
a d
ecis
ion
in
a c
rim
inal
case
w
heth
er
to
rev
ers
e
an
acq
uit
tal
or
to
incre
ase
th
e
pen
alt
y
imp
ose
d
in
a
co
nv
icti
on
”
becau
se
it
wo
uld
v
iola
te
the
rig
ht
of
the
accu
sed
ag
ain
st
do
ub
le
jeo
pard
y.
It fu
rth
er
state
d,
in an
o
bit
er
dic
tum
, th
at
“th
e o
nly
w
ay
to
n
ull
ify
an
acq
uit
tal
or
to i
ncre
ase
th
e p
en
alt
y i
s th
rou
gh
a p
rop
er
peti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri t
o s
ho
w
gra
ve
ab
use
o
f d
iscre
tio
n”,
bu
t cla
rifi
ed
th
at
“if
th
e
peti
tio
n,
reg
ard
less
o
f it
s
no
men
cla
ture
, m
ere
ly c
all
s fo
r an
ord
inary
rev
iew
of
the f
ind
ing
s o
f th
e c
ou
rt a
qu
o,
the c
on
stit
uti
on
al
rig
ht
ag
ain
st d
ou
ble
jeo
pard
y w
ou
ld b
e v
iola
ted
. S
uch
reco
urs
e i
s
tan
tam
ou
nt
to c
on
vert
ing
th
e p
eti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri i
nto
an
ap
peal,
co
ntr
ary
to
th
e
ex
pre
ss
inju
ncti
on
o
f th
e
Co
nst
itu
tio
n,
the
Ru
les
of
Co
urt
an
d
pre
vail
ing
juri
spru
den
ce o
n d
ou
ble
jeo
pard
y”.4
Sh
e s
ub
mit
s th
at
if s
he h
ad
fil
ed
a p
eti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri,
she w
ou
ld h
av
e a
sked
th
e C
ou
rt t
o c
on
du
ct
a “
rev
iew
of
the f
ind
ing
s o
f
the c
ou
rt a
qu
o” u
sin
g t
he s
tan
dard
s o
f h
um
an
rig
hts
an
d s
ex
dis
cri
min
ati
on
.
5.5
T
he
au
tho
r su
bm
its
als
o
that
it
is
the
Sta
te’s
o
bli
gati
on
to
p
rop
erl
y
an
d
eff
ecti
vely
p
rose
cu
te cri
mes
an
d th
at
it is
m
ost
u
nfa
ir an
d im
pro
per
to p
lace th
e
bu
rden
o
f th
e p
rop
er
an
d eff
ecti
ve p
rose
cu
tio
n o
f cri
mes
on
th
e v
icti
m,
an
d to
ex
pect
fro
m
her,
w
hen
it
h
ad
fa
iled
at
the
tria
l co
urt
le
vel
becau
se
of
sex
__
___
___
___
___
__
__
4P
eo
ple
v.
Dela
To
rre,
38
0 S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt R
ep
ort
s A
nn
ota
ted
59
6 (
20
02
), r
efe
rrin
g t
o P
eo
ple
v.
CA
an
d M
aq
uil
ing
, G
.R.
No
. 1
28
98
6,
21
Ju
ne 1
99
9.
11
10
-44
93
1
CE
DA
W/C
/46/D
/18/2
008
dis
cri
min
ati
on
, to
pu
rsu
e i
t all
th
e w
ay
to
th
e a
pp
ell
ate
co
urt
desp
ite h
er
lack
of
reso
urc
es
an
d t
he o
bst
acle
s p
laced
in
her
way
by
su
bst
an
tiv
e a
nd
pro
ced
ura
l la
w.
Issu
es
an
d p
ro
ceed
ing
s b
efo
re t
he C
om
mit
tee
co
ncern
ing
ad
mis
sib
ilit
y
6.1
D
uri
ng
it
s fo
rty
-fo
urt
h
sess
ion
(2
0
July
-7
Au
gu
st
20
09
),
the
Co
mm
itte
e
co
nsi
dere
d t
he a
dm
issi
bil
ity
of
the c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
ru
les
64
an
d
66
of
its
rule
s o
f p
roced
ure
. It
asc
ert
ain
ed
th
at
the m
att
er
had
no
t alr
ead
y b
een
or
was
bein
g
ex
am
ined
u
nd
er
an
oth
er
pro
ced
ure
o
f in
tern
ati
on
al
inv
est
igati
on
o
r
sett
lem
en
t.
6.2
W
ith
reg
ard
to
art
icle
4,
para
gra
ph
1,
of
the O
pti
on
al
Pro
toco
l re
qu
irin
g t
he
ex
hau
stio
n o
f d
om
est
ic r
em
ed
ies,
th
e C
om
mit
tee n
ote
d t
hat
au
tho
rs m
ust
use
th
e
rem
ed
ies
in th
e d
om
est
ic le
gal
syst
em
th
at
are
av
ail
ab
le to
th
em
an
d th
at
wo
uld
en
ab
le t
hem
to
ob
tain
red
ress
fo
r th
e a
lleg
ed
vio
lati
on
s. T
he C
om
mit
tee c
on
sid
ere
d
that
the c
rux
of
the a
uth
or’
s co
mp
lain
ts r
ela
ted
to
th
e a
lleg
ed
gen
der-
base
d m
yth
s
an
d st
ere
oty
pes
ab
ou
t ra
pe an
d ra
pe v
icti
ms,
w
hic
h h
ad
b
een
re
lied
u
po
n in
th
e
jud
gem
en
t o
f th
e tr
ial
co
urt
an
d w
hic
h h
ad
le
d,
ap
art
fr
om
th
e acq
uit
tal
of
the
accu
sed
, to
h
er
rev
icti
miz
ati
on
. It
n
ote
d
bo
th
the
au
tho
r an
d
the
Sta
te
part
y’s
ex
pla
nati
on
s, a
cco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h a
verd
ict
of
acq
uit
tal
was
imm
ed
iate
ly f
inal
an
d a
re-e
xam
inati
on
o
f th
e m
eri
ts o
f su
ch
acq
uit
tal
wo
uld
h
av
e p
laced
th
e accu
sed
in
jeo
pard
y fo
r th
e sa
me o
ffen
ce.
It als
o n
ote
d th
e S
tate
p
art
y’s
arg
um
en
t th
at
the
co
mm
un
icati
on
ou
gh
t to
be d
ecla
red
in
ad
mis
sib
le u
nd
er
art
icle
4,
para
gra
ph
1,
of
the
Op
tio
nal
Pro
toco
l o
n
the
gro
un
ds
of
no
n-e
xh
au
stio
n
of
do
mest
ic
rem
ed
ies
becau
se
the
au
tho
r h
ad
n
ot
av
ail
ed
h
ers
elf
o
f th
e
specia
l re
med
y
of
cert
iora
ri
pro
vid
ed
un
der
secti
on
1,
rule
65
, o
f th
e R
ule
s o
f C
ou
rt.
Th
e C
om
mit
tee n
ote
d t
he
au
tho
r’s
rep
ly,
in w
hic
h s
he s
tate
d t
hat
the r
em
ed
y o
f cert
iora
ri w
as
no
t av
ail
ab
le t
o
her,
cri
min
al
case
s b
ein
g p
rose
cu
ted
in
th
e F
ilip
ino
cri
min
al
leg
al
syst
em
in
th
e
nam
e o
f th
e “
Peo
ple
of
the P
hil
ipp
ines”
an
d t
he r
em
ed
y o
f cert
iora
ri b
ein
g a
vail
ab
le
on
ly t
o t
he “
Peo
ple
of
the P
hil
ipp
ines”
rep
rese
nte
d b
y t
he O
ffic
e o
f th
e S
oli
cit
or
Gen
era
l, b
ut
no
t to
th
e v
icti
m h
ers
elf
. It
als
o n
ote
d t
he a
uth
or’
s ass
ert
ion
th
at,
ev
en
if s
he c
ou
ld h
av
e a
vail
ed
hers
elf
of
such
a r
em
ed
y,
the s
ole
off
ice o
f th
e w
rit
of
cert
iora
ri w
as
the c
orr
ecti
on
of
err
ors
of
juri
sdic
tio
n,
no
t err
ors
of
jud
gem
en
t, a
nd
that
the s
ex
-base
d d
iscri
min
ati
on
sh
e h
ad
su
ffere
d a
nd
on
wh
ich
th
e a
uth
or
co
uld
hav
e b
ase
d h
er
peti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri w
ou
ld h
av
e m
ost
lik
ely
been
co
nsi
dere
d a
s an
err
or
of
jud
gem
en
t.
Th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
furt
her
no
ted
th
at
the
Sta
te
part
y
had
n
ot
co
nte
sted
th
is a
ssert
ion
. In
ad
dit
ion
, it
no
ted
th
at
the w
rit
of
cert
iora
ri w
as
a c
ivil
rem
ed
y.
Th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
there
fore
fo
un
d
that
the
rem
ed
y
of
cert
iora
ri
was
no
t
av
ail
ab
le t
o t
he a
uth
or.
6.3
T
he C
om
mit
tee c
on
sid
ere
d t
hat
the a
uth
or’
s all
eg
ati
on
s re
lati
ng
to
art
icle
s 2
(c),
(d),
(f)
an
d 5
(a)
of
the C
on
ven
tio
n h
ad
been
su
ffic
ien
tly
su
bst
an
tiate
d,
for
pu
rpo
ses
of
ad
mis
sib
ilit
y,
an
d d
ecla
red
th
e c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
ad
mis
sib
le o
n 2
8 J
uly
20
09
.
Co
mm
en
ts f
ro
m t
he S
tate
pa
rty
on
th
e m
erit
s
7.1
O
n
3
Sep
tem
ber
20
09
, fo
llo
win
g
the
tran
smis
sio
n
of
the
28
Ju
ly
20
09
ad
mis
sib
ilit
y
decis
ion
to
th
e
Sta
te
part
y,
the
latt
er
was
req
uest
ed
to
su
bm
it
its
wri
tten
ex
pla
nati
on
s o
r st
ate
men
ts o
n th
e su
bst
an
ce o
f th
e m
att
er
by
3
1 O
cto
ber
20
09
. S
ince
no
re
ply
w
as
receiv
ed
, a
rem
ind
er
was
sen
t to
th
e
Sta
te
part
y
on
10
-44
93
11
2
47
CE
DA
W/C
/46/D
/18/2
008
15
Jan
uary
2
01
0,
inv
itin
g
it
to
sub
mit
ad
dit
ion
al
co
mm
en
ts
no
la
ter
than
28
Feb
ruary
20
10
. O
n 1
Ju
ly 2
01
0,
the S
tate
part
y s
ub
mit
ted
co
mm
en
ts,
in w
hic
h i
t
reit
era
ted
its
pre
vio
us
ob
serv
ati
on
, th
at
the a
uth
or
stil
l h
ad
a r
eco
urs
e i
n c
ert
iora
ri
av
ail
ab
le.
Wh
ile i
t is
cla
ssif
ied
as
a s
pecia
l civ
il a
cti
on
un
der
the R
ule
s o
f th
e C
ou
rt,
such
reco
urs
e i
s als
o a
vail
ab
le i
n c
rim
inal
case
s. T
here
fore
, a p
eti
tio
n f
or
cert
iora
ri,
in w
hic
h t
he a
uth
or
wo
uld
hav
e a
rgu
ed
th
at
there
was
a g
rav
e a
bu
se o
f d
iscre
tio
n,
am
ou
nti
ng
to
lack
or
ex
cess
of
juri
sdic
tio
n i
n t
he p
roceed
ing
s, m
ay
hav
e a
nn
ull
ed
the a
cq
uit
tal
verd
ict
of
the a
ccu
sed
.
7.2
R
eg
ard
ing
th
e a
uth
or’
s co
nte
nti
on
th
at
the S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt’s
in
terp
reta
tio
n o
f
the
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Rap
e
Law
is
a
“co
llecti
on
o
f co
ntr
ad
icti
on
s”,
the
Sta
te
part
y
ob
serv
ed
th
at
the fa
ct
that
the S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt d
ecis
ion
s v
ary
fr
om
o
ne case
to
an
oth
er
on
ly p
rov
es
that
the C
ou
rt c
are
full
y e
xam
ines
situ
ati
on
s o
n a
case
-by
-case
basi
s, b
y a
pp
recia
tin
g a
vail
ab
le e
vid
en
ce,
an
d i
n t
he l
igh
t o
f sp
ecif
ic s
cen
ari
os
an
d
ind
ivid
ual
beh
av
iou
r.
Acco
rdin
g
to
the
Sta
te
part
y,
such
in
div
idu
ali
zed
an
d
sub
jecti
ve a
pp
rais
al
by
th
e C
ou
rts
is c
on
sist
en
t w
ith
th
e p
rin
cip
le o
f th
e p
resu
mp
tio
n
of
inn
ocen
ce.
Th
e S
tate
part
y c
on
ten
ds
that
em
bra
cin
g t
he c
on
ten
tio
ns
of
the a
uth
or
wo
uld
resu
lt i
n a
co
nv
icti
on
of
ev
en
in
no
cen
t p
ers
on
s accu
sed
of
rap
e.
Fin
all
y,
the
Sta
te
part
y
no
ted
th
at
it
wo
uld
co
nsi
der
dev
elo
pin
g
train
ing
s o
n
gen
der
resp
on
siv
en
ess
fo
r th
e j
ud
icia
ry.
Co
nsi
dera
tio
n o
f th
e m
erit
s
8.1
T
he C
om
mit
tee h
as
co
nsi
dere
d t
he p
rese
nt
co
mm
un
icati
on
in
th
e l
igh
t o
f all
the i
nfo
rmati
on
mad
e a
vail
ab
le t
o i
t b
y t
he a
uth
or
an
d b
y t
he S
tate
part
y,
as
pro
vid
ed
in a
rtic
le 7
, p
ara
gra
ph
1,
of
the O
pti
on
al
Pro
toco
l.
8.2
T
he C
om
mit
tee w
ill
co
nsi
der
the a
uth
or’
s all
eg
ati
on
s th
at
gen
der-
base
d m
yth
s
an
d m
isco
ncep
tio
ns
ab
ou
t ra
pe a
nd
rap
e v
icti
ms
were
reli
ed
on
by
Ju
dg
e H
ofi
leñ
a-
Eu
rop
a i
n t
he R
eg
ion
al
Co
urt
of
Dav
ao
Cit
y i
n i
ts d
ecis
ion
, u
nd
er
art
icle
33
5 o
f th
e
Rev
ised
Pen
al
Co
de o
f 1
93
0,
lead
ing
to
th
e a
cq
uit
tal
of
the a
lleg
ed
perp
etr
ato
r, a
nd
wil
l d
ete
rmin
e w
heth
er
this
am
ou
nte
d t
o a
vio
lati
on
of
the r
igh
ts o
f th
e a
uth
or
an
d a
bre
ach
of
the c
orr
esp
on
din
g S
tate
part
y’s
ob
lig
ati
on
s to
en
d d
iscri
min
ati
on
in
th
e
leg
al
pro
cess
u
nd
er
art
icle
s 2
(c
), 2
(f
) an
d 5
(a
) o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
Th
e is
sues
befo
re t
he C
om
mit
tee a
re l
imit
ed
to
th
e f
ore
go
ing
. T
he C
om
mit
tee e
mp
hasi
zes
that
it d
oes
no
t re
pla
ce t
he d
om
est
ic a
uth
ori
ties
in t
he a
ssess
men
t o
f th
e f
acts
, n
or
do
es
it
decid
e o
n t
he a
lleg
ed
perp
etr
ato
r’s
cri
min
al
resp
on
sib
ilit
y.
Th
e C
om
mit
tee w
ill
als
o
no
t ad
dre
ss t
he q
uest
ion
of
wh
eth
er
the S
tate
part
y h
as
bre
ach
ed
its
ob
lig
ati
on
s u
nd
er
art
icle
2 (
d),
wh
ich
th
e C
om
mit
tee d
eem
s o
f le
ss r
ele
van
ce i
n t
he c
ase
at
han
d.
8.3
W
ith
reg
ard
to
th
e a
uth
or’
s cla
im i
n r
ela
tio
n t
o a
rtic
le 2
(c),
th
e C
om
mit
tee,
wh
ile a
ck
no
wle
dg
ing
th
at
the t
ex
t o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n d
oes
no
t ex
pre
ssly
pro
vid
e f
or
a ri
gh
t to
a re
med
y,
co
nsi
ders
th
at
such
a ri
gh
t is
im
pli
ed
in
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n,
in
part
icu
lar
in a
rtic
le 2
(c),
by
wh
ich
Sta
tes
part
ies
are
req
uir
ed
“to
est
ab
lish
leg
al
pro
tecti
on
of
the r
igh
ts o
f w
om
en
on
an
eq
ual
basi
s w
ith
men
an
d t
o e
nsu
re t
hro
ug
h
co
mp
ete
nt
nati
on
al
trib
un
als
an
d o
ther
pu
bli
c i
nst
itu
tio
ns
the e
ffecti
ve p
rote
cti
on
of
wo
men
ag
ain
st a
ny
act
of
dis
cri
min
ati
on
”.
Th
e C
om
mit
tee n
ote
s th
e u
nd
isp
ute
d f
act
that
the c
ase
rem
ain
ed
at
the t
rial
co
urt
lev
el
fro
m 1
99
7 t
o 2
00
5.
It c
on
sid
ers
th
at
for
a r
em
ed
y t
o b
e e
ffecti
ve,
ad
jud
icati
on
of
a c
ase
in
vo
lvin
g r
ap
e a
nd
sex
ual
off
en
ses
cla
ims
sho
uld
be d
ealt
wit
h i
n a
fair
, im
part
ial,
tim
ely
an
d e
xp
ed
itio
us
man
ner.
13
10
-44
93
1
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008
8.4
T
he C
om
mit
tee f
urt
her
reaff
irm
s th
at
the C
on
ven
tio
n p
laces
ob
lig
ati
on
s o
n a
ll
Sta
te o
rgan
s an
d t
hat
Sta
tes
part
ies
can
be r
esp
on
sib
le f
or
jud
icia
l d
ecis
ion
s w
hic
h
vio
late
th
e p
rov
isio
ns
of
the C
on
ven
tio
n.
It n
ote
s th
at
by
art
icle
s 2
(f)
an
d 5
(a),
th
e
Sta
te p
art
y i
s o
bli
gate
d t
o t
ak
e a
pp
rop
riate
measu
res
to m
od
ify
or
ab
oli
sh n
ot
on
ly
ex
isti
ng
la
ws
an
d
reg
ula
tio
ns,
b
ut
als
o
cu
sto
ms
an
d
pra
cti
ces
that
co
nst
itu
te
dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st
wo
men
. In
th
is
reg
ard
, th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
stre
sses
that
stere
oty
pin
g a
ffects
wo
men
’s r
igh
t to
a f
air
an
d j
ust
tri
al
an
d t
hat
the j
ud
icia
ry m
ust
tak
e c
au
tio
n n
ot
to c
reate
in
flex
ible
sta
nd
ard
s o
f w
hat
wo
men
or
gir
ls s
ho
uld
be o
r
wh
at
they
sh
ou
ld h
av
e d
on
e w
hen
co
nfr
on
ted
wit
h a
sit
uati
on
of
rap
e b
ase
d m
ere
ly
on
pre
co
nceiv
ed
no
tio
ns
of
wh
at
defi
nes
a r
ap
e v
icti
m o
r a v
icti
m o
f g
en
der-
base
d
vio
len
ce,
in
gen
era
l. T
he
Co
mm
itte
e
furt
her
recall
s it
s g
en
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
No
.1
9
on
v
iole
nce
ag
ain
st
wo
men
. T
his
g
en
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
ad
dre
sses
the
qu
est
ion
o
f w
heth
er
Sta
tes
part
ies
can
b
e
held
acco
un
tab
le
for
the
co
nd
uct
of
no
n-S
tate
acto
rs
in
stati
ng
th
at
“…
d
iscri
min
ati
on
u
nd
er
the
Co
nv
en
tio
n
is
no
t
rest
ricte
d to
acti
on
b
y o
r o
n b
eh
alf
o
f G
ov
ern
men
ts …
” an
d th
at
“u
nd
er
gen
era
l
inte
rnati
on
al
law
an
d
specif
ic
hu
man
ri
gh
ts
co
ven
an
ts,
Sta
tes
may
als
o
be
resp
on
sib
le f
or
pri
vate
acts
if
they
fail
to
act
wit
h d
ue d
ilig
en
ce t
o p
rev
en
t v
iola
tio
ns
of
rig
hts
o
r to
in
vest
igate
an
d
pu
nis
h
acts
o
f v
iole
nce,
an
d
for
pro
vid
ing
co
mp
en
sati
on
”.
In
the
part
icu
lar
case
, th
e
co
mp
lian
ce
of
the
Sta
te
part
y’s
d
ue
dil
igen
ce o
bli
gati
on
to
ban
ish
gen
der
stere
oty
pes
on
th
e g
rou
nd
s o
f art
icle
s 2
(f)
an
d
5 (
a)
need
s to
be a
ssess
ed
in
th
e l
igh
t o
f th
e l
ev
el
of
gen
der
sen
siti
vit
y a
pp
lied
in
th
e
jud
icia
l h
an
dli
ng
of
the a
uth
or’
s case
.
8.5
T
he
Co
mm
itte
e
no
tes
that,
u
nd
er
the
do
ctr
ine
of
sta
re
decis
is,
the
Co
urt
refe
rred
to
g
uid
ing
p
rin
cip
les
deri
ved
fr
om
ju
dic
ial
pre
ced
en
ts
in
ap
ply
ing
th
e
pro
vis
ion
s o
f ra
pe i
n t
he r
ev
ised
pen
al
co
de o
f 1
93
0 a
nd
in
decid
ing
case
s o
f ra
pe
wit
h
sim
ilar
patt
ern
s.
At
the
ou
tset
of
the
jud
gem
en
t,
the
Co
mm
itte
e
no
tes
a
refe
ren
ce in
th
e ju
dg
em
en
t to
th
ree g
en
era
l g
uid
ing
p
rin
cip
les
use
d in
re
vie
win
g
rap
e c
ase
s. I
t is
its
un
ders
tan
din
g t
hat
tho
se g
uid
ing
pri
ncip
les,
ev
en
if
no
t ex
pli
cit
ly
refe
rred
to
in
th
e d
ecis
ion
its
elf
, h
av
e b
een
in
flu
en
tial
in t
he h
an
dli
ng
of
the c
ase
.
Th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
fin
ds
that
on
e
of
them
, in
p
art
icu
lar,
acco
rdin
g
to
wh
ich
“an
accu
sati
on
fo
r ra
pe c
an
be m
ad
e w
ith
facil
ity
”,
rev
eals
in
its
elf
a g
en
der
bia
s. W
ith
reg
ard
to
th
e
all
eg
ed
g
en
der-
base
d
my
th
an
d
stere
oty
pes
spre
ad
th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e
jud
gem
en
t an
d
cla
ssif
ied
b
y
the
au
tho
r (s
ee
para
s.
3.5
.1-3
.5.8
ab
ov
e),
th
e
Co
mm
itte
e,
aft
er
a
care
ful
ex
am
inati
on
o
f th
e
main
p
oin
ts
that
dete
rmin
ed
th
e
jud
gem
en
t, n
ote
s th
e f
oll
ow
ing
iss
ues.
Fir
st o
f all
, th
e j
ud
gem
en
t re
fers
to
pri
ncip
les
such
as
that
ph
ysi
cal
resi
stan
ce i
s n
ot
an
ele
men
t to
est
ab
lish
a c
ase
of
rap
e,
that
peo
ple
react
dif
fere
ntl
y u
nd
er
em
oti
on
al
stre
ss,
that
the f
ail
ure
of
the v
icti
m t
o t
ry t
o
esc
ap
e d
oes
no
t n
eg
ate
th
e e
xis
ten
ce o
f th
e r
ap
e a
s w
ell
as
to t
he f
act
that
“in
an
y
case
, th
e l
aw
do
es
no
t im
po
se u
po
n a
rap
e v
icti
m t
he b
urd
en
of
pro
vin
g r
esi
stan
ce”.
Th
e
decis
ion
sh
ow
s,
ho
wev
er,
th
at
the
jud
ge
did
n
ot
ap
ply
th
ese
p
rin
cip
les
in
ev
alu
ati
ng
th
e a
uth
or’
s cre
dib
ilit
y a
gain
st e
xp
ecta
tio
ns
ab
ou
t h
ow
th
e a
uth
or
sho
uld
hav
e r
eacte
d b
efo
re,
du
rin
g a
nd
aft
er
the r
ap
e o
win
g t
o t
he c
ircu
mst
an
ces
an
d h
er
ch
ara
cte
r an
d
pers
on
ali
ty.
Th
e
jud
gem
en
t re
veals
th
at
the
jud
ge
cam
e
to
the
co
nclu
sio
n
that
the
au
tho
r h
ad
a
co
ntr
ad
icto
ry
att
itu
de
by
re
acti
ng
b
oth
w
ith
resi
stan
ce at
on
e ti
me an
d su
bm
issi
on
at
an
oth
er
tim
e,
an
d sa
w th
is as
bein
g a
pro
ble
m.
Th
e C
om
mit
tee n
ote
s th
at
the C
ou
rt d
id n
ot
ap
ply
th
e p
rin
cip
le t
hat
“th
e
fail
ure
of
the v
icti
m t
o t
ry a
nd
esc
ap
e d
oes
no
t n
eg
ate
th
e e
xis
ten
ce o
f ra
pe” a
nd
inst
ead
ex
pecte
d a cert
ain
b
eh
av
iou
r fr
om
th
e au
tho
r, w
ho
w
as
perc
eiv
ed
b
y th
e
co
urt
as
bein
g n
ot
“a t
imid
wo
man
wh
o c
ou
ld e
asi
ly b
e c
ow
ed
”.
It i
s cle
ar
fro
m t
he
jud
gem
en
t th
at
the a
ssess
men
t o
f th
e c
red
ibil
ity
of
the a
uth
or’
s v
ers
ion
of
ev
en
ts
10
-44
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11
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48
CE
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008
was
infl
uen
ced
by
a n
um
ber
of
stere
oty
pes,
th
e a
uth
or
in t
his
sit
uati
on
no
t h
av
ing
foll
ow
ed
wh
at
was
ex
pecte
d f
rom
a r
ati
on
al
an
d “
ideal
vic
tim
” o
r w
hat
the j
ud
ge
co
nsi
dere
d t
o b
e t
he r
ati
on
al
an
d i
deal
resp
on
se o
f a w
om
an
in
a r
ap
e s
itu
ati
on
as
beco
me c
lear
fro
m t
he f
oll
ow
ing
qu
ota
tio
n f
rom
th
e j
ud
gem
en
t:
“W
hy
th
en
did
sh
e n
ot
try
to
get
ou
t o
f th
e c
ar
wh
en
th
e a
ccu
sed
mu
st
hav
e a
pp
lied
th
e b
rak
es
to a
vo
id h
itti
ng
th
e w
all
wh
en
sh
e g
rab
bed
th
e s
teeri
ng
wh
eel?
Wh
y d
id s
he n
ot
get
ou
t o
r ev
en
sh
ou
t fo
r h
elp
wh
en
th
e c
ar
mu
st h
av
e
slo
wed
do
wn
befo
re g
ett
ing
in
to t
he m
ote
l ro
om
’s g
ara
ge? W
hy
did
sh
e n
ot
stay
in
th
e b
ath
roo
m a
fter
she h
ad
en
tere
d a
nd
lo
ck
ed
it
up
on
gett
ing
in
to t
he
roo
m? W
hy
did
sh
e n
ot
sho
ut
for
help
wh
en
sh
e h
eard
th
e a
ccu
sed
talk
ing
wit
h
som
eo
ne? W
hy
did
sh
e n
ot
run
ou
t o
f th
e m
ote
l’s
gara
ge w
hen
sh
e c
laim
s sh
e
was
ab
le t
o r
un
ou
t o
f th
e h
ote
l ro
om
becau
se t
he a
ccu
sed
was
stil
l N
AK
ED
AN
D
MA
ST
UR
BA
TIN
G5
on
th
e
bed
?
Wh
y
did
sh
e
ag
ree
to
rid
e
in
the
accu
sed
’s c
ar
AF
TE
R6 h
e h
ad
all
eg
ed
ly r
ap
ed
her
wh
en
he d
id n
ot
mak
e a
ny
thre
ats
or
use
an
y f
orc
e t
o c
oerc
e h
er
into
do
ing
so
?”
Alt
ho
ug
h th
ere
ex
ists
a le
gal
pre
ced
en
t est
ab
lish
ed
b
y th
e S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt o
f th
e
Ph
ilip
pin
es
that
it i
s n
ot
necess
ary
to
est
ab
lish
th
at
the a
ccu
sed
had
ov
erc
om
e t
he
vic
tim
’s p
hy
sical
resi
stan
ce i
n o
rder
to p
rov
e l
ack
of
co
nse
nt,
th
e C
om
mit
tee f
ind
s
that
to e
xp
ect
the a
uth
or
to h
av
e r
esi
sted
in
th
e s
itu
ati
on
at
stak
e r
ein
forc
es
in a
part
icu
lar
man
ner
the m
yth
th
at
wo
men
mu
st p
hy
sicall
y r
esi
st t
he s
ex
ual
ass
au
lt.
In
this
reg
ard
, th
e C
om
mit
tee s
tress
es
that
there
sh
ou
ld b
e n
o a
ssu
mp
tio
n i
n l
aw
or
in
pra
cti
ce t
hat
a w
om
an
giv
es
her
co
nse
nt
becau
se s
he h
as
no
t p
hy
sicall
y r
esi
sted
th
e
un
wan
ted
sex
ual
co
nd
uct,
reg
ard
less
of
wh
eth
er
the p
erp
etr
ato
r th
reate
ned
to
use
or
use
d p
hy
sical
vio
len
ce.
8.6
F
urt
her
mis
co
ncep
tio
ns
are
to
be f
ou
nd
in
th
e d
ecis
ion
of
the C
ou
rt,
wh
ich
co
nta
ins
sev
era
l re
fere
nces
to st
ere
oty
pes
ab
ou
t m
ale
an
d fe
male
se
xu
ali
ty b
ein
g
mo
re s
up
po
rtiv
e f
or
the c
red
ibil
ity
of
the a
lleg
ed
perp
etr
ato
r th
an
fo
r th
e c
red
ibil
ity
of
the v
icti
m.
In t
his
reg
ard
, th
e C
om
mit
tee v
iew
s w
ith
co
ncern
th
e f
ind
ing
s o
f th
e
jud
ge a
cco
rdin
g t
o w
hic
h i
t is
un
beli
ev
ab
le t
hat
a m
an
in
his
six
ties
wo
uld
be a
ble
to
pro
ceed
to
eja
cu
lati
on
w
ith
th
e au
tho
r re
sist
ing
th
e se
xu
al
att
ack
. O
ther
facto
rs
tak
en
in
to a
cco
un
t in
th
e j
ud
gem
en
t, s
uch
as
the w
eig
ht
giv
en
to
th
e f
act
that
the
au
tho
r an
d t
he a
ccu
sed
kn
ew
each
oth
er,
co
nst
itu
te a
fu
rth
er
ex
am
ple
of
“g
en
der-
base
d m
yth
s an
d m
isco
ncep
tio
ns”
.
8.7
W
ith
re
gard
to
th
e d
efi
nit
ion
o
f ra
pe,
the C
om
mit
tee n
ote
s th
at
the la
ck
o
f
co
nse
nt
is
no
t an
ess
en
tial
ele
men
t o
f th
e
defi
nit
ion
o
f ra
pe
in
the
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Rev
ised
Pen
al
Co
de.7
It
recall
s it
s g
en
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
No
. 1
9 o
f 2
9 J
an
uary
__
___
___
___
___
__
__
5 C
ap
itali
zed
as
per
jud
gem
en
t.
6 I
dem
. 7 A
rtic
le 2
66
-A o
f th
e R
ev
ised
Pen
al
Co
de o
f th
e P
hil
ipp
ines.
Rap
e:
Wh
en
An
d H
ow
Co
mm
itte
d.
Rap
e i
s co
mm
itte
d:
1.
By
a m
an
wh
o s
hall
hav
e c
arn
al
kn
ow
led
ge o
f a w
om
an
un
der
an
y o
f th
e f
oll
ow
ing
cir
cu
mst
an
ces:
(a)
Th
rou
gh
fo
rce,
thre
at,
or
inti
mid
ati
on
;
(b)
Wh
en
th
e o
ffen
ded
part
y i
s d
ep
riv
ed
of
reaso
n o
r o
therw
ise u
nco
nsc
iou
s;
(c)
By
mean
s o
f fr
au
du
len
t m
ach
inati
on
or
gra
ve a
bu
se o
f au
tho
rity
; an
d
(d)
Wh
en
th
e o
ffen
ded
part
y i
s u
nd
er
12
years
of
ag
e o
r is
dem
en
ted
, ev
en
th
ou
gh
no
ne o
f
the c
ircu
mst
an
ces
men
tio
ned
ab
ov
e b
e p
rese
nt.
2.
By
an
y p
ers
on
wh
o,
un
der
an
y o
f th
e c
ircu
mst
an
ces
men
tio
ned
in
para
gra
ph
1 h
ere
of,
sh
all
co
mm
it a
n a
ct
of
sex
ual
ass
au
lt b
y i
nse
rtin
g h
is p
en
is i
nto
an
oth
er
pers
on
’s m
ou
th o
r an
al
15
10
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19
92
o
n v
iole
nce ag
ain
st w
om
en
, w
here
it
m
ad
e cle
ar,
in
p
ara
gra
ph
2
4 (b
), th
at
“S
tate
s p
art
ies
sho
uld
en
sure
th
at
law
s ag
ain
st fa
mil
y v
iole
nce an
d ab
use
, ra
pe,
sex
ual
ass
au
lt
an
d
oth
er
gen
der-
base
d
vio
len
ce
giv
e
ad
eq
uate
p
rote
cti
on
to
all
wo
men
, an
d r
esp
ect
their
in
teg
rity
an
d d
ign
ity
”.
Th
rou
gh
its
co
nsi
dera
tio
n o
f S
tate
s
part
ies’
rep
ort
s, t
he C
om
mit
tee h
as
cla
rifi
ed
tim
e a
nd
ag
ain
th
at
rap
e c
on
stit
ute
s a
vio
lati
on
o
f w
om
en
’s ri
gh
t to
p
ers
on
al
secu
rity
an
d b
od
ily
in
teg
rity
, an
d th
at
its
ess
en
tial
ele
men
t w
as
lack
of
co
nse
nt.
8.8
T
he
Co
mm
itte
e
fin
all
y
wo
uld
li
ke
to
reco
gn
ize
that
the
au
tho
r o
f th
e
co
mm
un
icati
on
has
suff
ere
d m
ora
l an
d s
ocia
l d
am
ag
e a
nd
pre
jud
ices,
in
part
icu
lar
by
th
e e
xcess
ive d
ura
tio
n o
f th
e t
rial
pro
ceed
ing
s an
d b
y t
he r
ev
icti
miz
ati
on
th
rou
gh
the s
tere
oty
pes
an
d g
en
der-
base
d m
yth
s re
lied
up
on
in
th
e j
ud
gem
en
t. T
he a
uth
or
has
als
o s
uff
ere
d p
ecu
nia
ry d
am
ag
es
du
e t
o t
he l
oss
of
her
job
.
8.9
A
cti
ng
un
der
art
icle
7,
para
gra
ph
3,
of
the O
pti
on
al
Pro
toco
l to
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n
on
th
e E
lim
inati
on
of
All
Fo
rms
of
Dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st W
om
en
, an
d i
n t
he l
igh
t
of
all
th
e a
bo
ve c
on
sid
era
tio
ns,
th
e C
om
mit
tee i
s o
f th
e v
iew
th
at
the S
tate
part
y h
as
fail
ed
to
fu
lfil
its
ob
lig
ati
on
s an
d h
as
there
by
vio
late
d t
he r
igh
ts o
f th
e a
uth
or
un
der
art
icle
2
(c
) an
d (f
), an
d art
icle
5
(a
) re
ad
in
co
nju
ncti
on
w
ith
art
icle
1
o
f th
e
Co
nv
en
tio
n a
nd
gen
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
No
. 1
9 o
f th
e C
om
mit
tee,
an
d m
ak
es
the
foll
ow
ing
reco
mm
en
dati
on
s to
th
e S
tate
part
y:
(a)
Co
ncern
ing
th
e a
uth
or
of
the c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
•P
rov
ide a
pp
rop
riate
co
mp
en
sati
on
co
mm
en
sura
te w
ith
th
e g
rav
ity
of
the
vio
lati
on
s o
f h
er
rig
hts
(b)
Gen
era
l
•T
ak
e e
ffecti
ve m
easu
res
to e
nsu
re t
hat
co
urt
pro
ceed
ing
s in
vo
lvin
g r
ap
e
all
eg
ati
on
s are
pu
rsu
ed
wit
ho
ut
un
du
e d
ela
y
•E
nsu
re t
hat
all
leg
al
pro
ced
ure
s in
case
s in
vo
lvin
g c
rim
es
of
rap
e a
nd
oth
er
sex
ual
off
en
ses
are
im
part
ial
an
d
fair
, an
d
no
t aff
ecte
d
by
pre
jud
ices
or
stere
oty
pic
al
gen
der
no
tio
ns.
. T
o a
ch
iev
e t
his
, a w
ide r
an
ge
of
measu
res
are
n
eed
ed
, ta
rgete
d
at
the le
gal
syst
em
, to
im
pro
ve th
e
jud
icia
l h
an
dli
ng
o
f ra
pe
case
s,
as
well
as
train
ing
an
d
ed
ucati
on
to
ch
an
ge
dis
cri
min
ato
ry
att
itu
des
tow
ard
s w
om
en
. C
on
cre
te
measu
res
inclu
de:
(i)
Rev
iew
of
the d
efi
nit
ion
of
rap
e i
n t
he l
eg
isla
tio
n s
o a
s to
pla
ce t
he
lack
of
co
nse
nt
at
its
cen
tre;
(ii)
R
em
ov
e
an
y r
eq
uir
em
en
t in
th
e l
eg
isla
tio
n t
hat
sex
ual
ass
au
lt b
e
co
mm
itte
d
by
fo
rce
or
vio
len
ce,
an
d
an
y
req
uir
em
en
t o
f p
roo
f o
f
pen
etr
ati
on
, an
d
min
imiz
e
seco
nd
ary
v
icti
miz
ati
on
o
f th
e
co
mp
lain
an
t/su
rviv
or
in p
roceed
ing
s b
y e
nacti
ng
a d
efi
nit
ion
of
sex
ual
ass
au
lt t
hat
eit
her:
-re
qu
ires
the e
xis
ten
ce o
f “u
neq
uiv
ocal
an
d v
olu
nta
ry a
gre
em
en
t” a
nd
req
uir
ing
pro
of
by
th
e a
ccu
sed
of
step
s ta
ken
to
asc
ert
ain
wh
eth
er
the
co
mp
lain
an
t/su
rviv
or
was
co
nse
nti
ng
; o
r
__
___
___
___
___
__
__
ori
fice,
or
an
y i
nst
rum
en
t o
r o
bje
ct,
in
to t
he g
en
ital
or
an
al
ori
fice o
f an
oth
er
pers
on
.
10
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11
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49
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- r
eq
uir
es
that
the
act
tak
e
pla
ce
in
“co
erc
ive
cir
cu
mst
an
ces”
an
d
inclu
des
a b
road
ran
ge o
f co
erc
ive c
ircu
mst
an
ces.
”8
(iii
) A
pp
rop
riate
an
d
reg
ula
r tr
ain
ing
o
n
the
Co
nv
en
tio
n
on
th
e
Eli
min
ati
on
of
All
Fo
rms
of
Dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st W
om
en
, i
ts O
pti
on
al
Pro
toco
l an
d
its
gen
era
l re
co
mm
en
dati
on
s,
in
part
icu
lar
gen
era
l
reco
mm
en
dati
on
N
o.
19
, fo
r ju
dg
es,
la
wy
ers
an
d
law
en
forc
em
en
t
pers
on
nel;
(iv
) A
pp
rop
riate
tra
inin
g f
or
jud
ges,
law
yers
, la
w e
nfo
rcem
en
t o
ffic
ers
an
d m
ed
ical
pers
on
nel
in u
nd
ers
tan
din
g c
rim
es
of
rap
e a
nd
oth
er
sex
ual
off
en
ces
in
a g
en
der-
sen
siti
ve m
an
ner
so a
s to
av
oid
rev
icti
miz
ati
on
of
wo
men
hav
ing
rep
ort
ed
rap
e c
ase
s an
d t
o e
nsu
re t
hat
pers
on
al
mo
res
an
d
valu
es
do
no
t aff
ect
decis
ion
-mak
ing
.
8.1
0 In
acco
rdan
ce
wit
h
art
icle
7
, p
ara
gra
ph
4
, th
e
Sta
te
part
y
shall
g
ive
du
e
co
nsi
dera
tio
n t
o t
he v
iew
s o
f th
e C
om
mit
tee,
tog
eth
er
wit
h i
ts re
co
mm
en
dati
on
s,
an
d s
hall
su
bm
it t
o t
he C
om
mit
tee,
wit
hin
six
mo
nth
s, a
wri
tten
resp
on
se,
inclu
din
g
an
y i
nfo
rmati
on
on
an
y a
cti
on
tak
en
in
th
e l
igh
t o
f th
e v
iew
s an
d r
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s
of
the C
om
mit
tee.
Th
e S
tate
p
art
y is
als
o re
qu
est
ed
to
p
ub
lish
th
e C
om
mit
tee’s
vie
ws
an
d r
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s an
d t
o h
av
e t
hem
tra
nsl
ate
d i
nto
th
e F
ilip
ino
lan
gu
ag
e
an
d o
ther
reco
gn
ized
reg
ion
al
lan
gu
ag
es,
as
ap
pro
pri
ate
, an
d w
idely
dis
trib
ute
d i
n
ord
er
to r
each
all
rele
van
t se
cto
rs o
f so
cie
ty.
__
___
___
___
___
__
__
8 H
an
db
oo
k f
or
leg
isla
tio
n o
n v
iole
nce a
gain
st w
om
en
, D
ep
art
men
t o
f E
co
no
mic
an
d S
ocia
l
Aff
air
s, D
ivis
ion
fo
r th
e A
dv
an
cem
en
t o
f W
om
en
, U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s P
ub
licati
on
, N
ew
Yo
rk,
20
09
,
p.
27
17
10
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1
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Ind
ivid
ua
l o
pin
ion
by
Co
mm
itte
e m
em
ber Y
ok
o H
ay
ash
i
(co
ncu
rrin
g)
I w
ou
ld l
ike t
o m
ak
e a
few
ad
dit
ion
al
ob
serv
ati
on
s in
ord
er
to e
mp
hasi
ze t
hat
I d
o
no
t co
nsi
der
it
the
fun
cti
on
o
f th
e
Co
mm
itte
e
to
decid
e
up
on
th
e
cri
min
al
resp
on
sib
ilit
y o
f th
e a
ccu
sed
in
an
y g
iven
case
no
r in
th
e p
rese
nt
case
(P
lease
refe
r
to P
ara
gra
ph
8.2
).
I ack
no
wle
dg
e th
at
the ju
dic
ial
trad
itio
n in
th
e S
tate
p
art
y is
re
spectf
ul
of
the
pri
ncip
les
of
pre
sum
pti
on
o
f in
no
cen
ce,
the ri
gh
t o
f th
e accu
sed
ag
ain
st d
ou
ble
jeo
pard
y,
an
d
oth
er
fun
dam
en
tal
pri
ncip
les
wh
ich
p
erm
eate
it
s cri
min
al
just
ice
syst
em
. T
hese
p
rin
cip
les
for
wh
ich
w
om
en
an
d m
en
h
av
e fo
ug
ht
for
in th
e p
ast
cen
turi
es
are
ess
en
tial
for
the h
um
an
rig
hts
of
wo
men
to
flo
uri
sh.
Th
ere
fore
, I
wo
uld
li
ke
to
mak
e
it
cle
ar
that
I d
o
no
t ag
ree
wit
h
the
au
tho
r’s
all
eg
ati
on
th
at
wit
ho
ut
the g
en
der
my
ths
an
d s
tere
oty
pes,
th
e a
ccu
sed
wo
uld
hav
e
been
co
nv
icte
d (
Ple
ase
refe
r to
Para
gra
ph
3.5
). I
do
no
t co
nsi
der
it t
he t
ask
of
the
Co
mm
itte
e t
o m
ak
e s
uch
a j
ud
gm
en
t. T
he C
om
mit
tee i
s n
ot
eq
uip
ped
to
ex
am
ine
the t
est
imo
ny
of
part
ies
co
ncern
ed
, n
or
to e
valu
ate
th
e c
red
ibil
ity
of
the a
ccu
sed
or
the a
uth
or.
No
r d
o I
ag
ree t
o t
he a
uth
or’
s re
qu
est
th
at
the C
om
mit
tee s
ho
uld
ad
dre
ss
“g
raft
an
d co
rru
pti
on
in
la
w en
forc
em
en
t ag
en
cie
s, p
rose
cu
tori
al
off
ices
an
d th
e
jud
icia
ry”
(Ple
ase
re
fer
to
Para
gra
ph
3
.17
),
sin
ce
I d
o
no
t b
eli
ev
e
that
these
ele
men
ts a
rise
in
th
e p
rese
nt
case
.
Ho
wev
er,
hav
ing
clo
sely
rev
iew
ed
th
e c
ou
rt d
ecis
ion
in
th
e p
rese
nt
case
ren
dere
d
on
Ap
ril
11
th,
20
05
b
y th
e R
eg
ion
al
Co
urt
o
f D
av
ao
C
ity,
I ag
ree w
ith
p
art
o
f
all
eg
ati
on
s o
f th
e a
uth
or,
in
th
at
the c
ou
rt p
roceed
ing
s w
ere
mate
riall
y d
ela
yed
, an
d
that
the r
easo
nin
g w
hic
h l
ed
to
th
e c
on
clu
sio
n m
ay
hav
e b
een
in
flu
en
ced
by
th
e s
o-
call
ed
rap
e m
yth
s.
Th
ere
fore
, I
hav
e j
oin
ed
th
e a
do
pti
on
of
the C
om
mit
tee’s
vie
w t
o r
eco
mm
en
d t
hat
the S
tate
part
y r
ev
iew
its
rap
e l
aw
, in
clu
din
g b
oth
th
e d
efi
nit
ion
un
der
its
Cri
min
al
Co
de a
nd
its
tri
al
pro
ced
ure
s ,
as
well
as
to c
on
du
ct
gen
der-
sen
siti
ve t
rain
ing
s fo
r
the l
eg
al
pro
fess
ion
.
In
re
lati
on
to
th
e
reco
mm
en
dati
on
fo
r m
on
eta
ry
co
mp
en
sati
on
(P
lease
re
fer
to
Para
gra
ph
8
.9 (a
) ),
it
is
m
y u
nd
ers
tan
din
g th
at
such
a re
co
mm
en
dati
on
can
b
e
just
ifie
d si
nce th
e au
tho
r h
as
un
derg
on
e le
ng
thy
le
gal
pro
ceed
ing
s to
p
urs
ue h
er
cla
im a
s a v
icti
m.
Ho
wev
er,
I w
ou
ld l
ike t
o c
lari
fy t
hat
the r
eco
mm
en
ded
mo
neta
ry
co
mp
en
sati
on
do
es
no
t in
clu
de d
am
ag
es
ari
sin
g f
rom
th
e a
uth
or’
s eco
no
mic
lo
ss,
no
r fr
om
th
e co
urt
se
nte
nce th
at
acq
uit
ted
th
e accu
sed
. T
he au
tho
r is
en
titl
ed
to
receiv
e
co
mp
en
sati
on
b
ecau
se
of
the
un
du
e
dela
ys
in
the
pro
ceed
ing
s an
d
the
reaso
nin
g u
sed
by
th
e co
urt
in
its
decis
ion
wh
ich
co
uld
po
ten
tiall
y v
icti
miz
e t
he
10
-44
93
11
8
50
CE
DA
W/C
/46/D
/18/2
008
au
tho
r. H
ow
ev
er,
th
e S
tate
part
y c
an
no
t b
e h
eld
acco
un
tab
le b
ecau
se i
ts j
ud
icia
ry
acq
uit
ted
th
e a
ccu
sed
.
Wh
ile a
dm
irin
g t
he c
ou
rag
e o
f th
e a
uth
or
wh
o h
as
pu
rsu
ed
her
case
all
th
e w
ay
to
the C
om
mit
tee,
as
well
as
reco
gn
izin
g t
he p
ote
nti
al
the p
rese
nt
case
may
hav
e i
n
un
ivers
ali
zin
g
rap
e
law
s,
I n
ev
ert
hele
ss
felt
d
uty
b
ou
nd
to
ap
pen
d
the
pre
sen
t
ind
ivid
ual
op
inio
n.
(Sig
ned
) Y
ok
o H
ay
ash
i
19
10
-44
93
1
51
General Recommendation 19, Violence against Women
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 11th session, 1992
Genera
l Recom
mendation N
o.
19 (
llth
sessio
n,
1992)
Vio
lence a
gain
st
wom
en
Backgro
und
1.
Gender-
based v
iole
nce is a
form
of
dis
cri
min
ation t
hat
seri
ously
inhib
its w
om
en's
ability t
o
enjo
y r
ights
and f
reedom
s o
n a
basis
of
equality
with m
en.
2.
In 1
989,
the C
om
mitte
e r
ecom
mended t
hat
Sta
tes s
hould
inclu
de in t
heir
report
s info
rmation
on v
iole
nce a
nd o
n m
easure
s intr
oduced t
o d
eal w
ith it
(Genera
l re
com
mendation 1
2,
eig
hth
sessio
n).
3.
At
its t
enth
sessio
n in 1
991,
it w
as d
ecid
ed t
o a
llocate
part
of
the e
leventh
sessio
n t
o a
dis
cussio
n a
nd s
tudy o
n a
rtic
le 6
and o
ther
art
icle
s o
f th
e C
onvention r
ela
ting t
o v
iole
nce
tow
ard
s w
om
en a
nd t
he s
exual hara
ssm
ent
and e
xplo
itation o
f w
om
en.
That
subje
ct
was c
hosen
in a
nticip
ation o
f th
e 1
993 W
orl
d C
onfe
rence o
n H
um
an R
ights
, convened b
y t
he G
enera
l
Assem
bly
by its
resolu
tion 4
5/1
55 o
f 18 D
ecem
ber
1990.
4.
The C
om
mitte
e c
onclu
ded t
hat
not
all t
he r
eport
s o
f Sta
tes p
art
ies a
dequate
ly r
eflecte
d t
he
clo
se c
onnection b
etw
een d
iscri
min
ation a
gain
st
wom
en,
gender-
based v
iole
nce,
and v
iola
tions
of
hum
an r
ights
and f
undam
enta
l fr
eedom
s.
The f
ull im
ple
menta
tion o
f th
e C
onvention r
equir
ed
Sta
tes t
o t
ake p
ositiv
e m
easure
s t
o e
lim
inate
all f
orm
s o
f vio
lence a
gain
st
wom
en.
5.
The C
om
mitte
e s
uggeste
d t
o S
tate
s p
art
ies t
hat
in r
evie
win
g t
heir
law
s a
nd p
olicie
s,
and in
report
ing u
nder
the C
onvention,
they s
hould
have r
egard
to t
he f
ollow
ing c
om
ments
of
the
Com
mitte
e c
oncern
ing g
ender-
based v
iole
nce.
Genera
l com
ments
6.
The C
onvention in a
rtic
le 1
defines d
iscri
min
ation a
gain
st
wom
en.
The d
efinitio
n o
f
dis
cri
min
ation inclu
des g
ender-
based v
iole
nce,
that
is,
vio
lence t
hat
is d
irecte
d a
gain
st
a w
om
an
because s
he is a
wom
an o
r th
at
affects
wom
en d
ispro
port
ionate
ly.
It inclu
des a
cts
that
inflic
t
physic
al, m
enta
l or
sexual harm
or
sufferi
ng,
thre
ats
of
such a
cts
, coerc
ion a
nd o
ther
deprivations o
f libert
y.
Gender-
based v
iole
nce m
ay b
reach s
pecific
pro
vis
ions o
f th
e C
onvention,
regard
less o
f w
heth
er
those p
rovis
ions e
xpre
ssly
mention v
iole
nce.
7.
Gender-
based v
iole
nce,
whic
h im
pairs o
r nullifie
s t
he e
njo
ym
ent
by w
om
en o
f hum
an r
ights
and f
undam
enta
l fr
eedom
s u
nder
genera
l in
tern
ational la
w o
r under
hum
an r
ights
conventions,
is d
iscrim
ination w
ithin
the m
eanin
g o
f art
icle
1 o
f th
e C
onvention.
These r
ights
and f
reedom
s
inclu
de:
(a)
The r
ight
to life;
(b)
The r
ight
not
to b
e s
ubje
ct
to t
ort
ure
or
to c
ruel, inhum
an o
r degra
din
g t
reatm
ent
or
punis
hm
ent;
(c)
The r
ight
to e
qual pro
tection a
ccord
ing t
o h
um
anitari
an n
orm
s in t
ime o
f in
tern
ational or
inte
rnal arm
ed c
onflic
t;
(d)
The r
ight
to lib
ert
y a
nd s
ecuri
ty o
f pers
on;
(e)
The r
ight
to e
qual pro
tection u
nder
the law
;
(f)
The r
ight
to e
quality
in t
he f
am
ily;
(g)
The r
ight
to t
he h
ighest
sta
ndard
att
ain
able
of physic
al and m
enta
l health;
(h)
The r
ight
to just
and f
avoura
ble
conditio
ns o
f w
ork
.
8.
The C
onvention a
pplies t
o v
iole
nce p
erp
etr
ate
d b
y p
ublic a
uth
orities.
Such a
cts
of
vio
lence
may b
reach t
hat
Sta
te's
obligations u
nder
genera
l in
tern
ational hum
an r
ights
law
and u
nder
oth
er
conventions,
in a
dditio
n t
o b
reachin
g t
his
Convention.
9.
It is e
mphasiz
ed,
how
ever,
that
dis
cri
min
ation u
nder
the C
onvention is n
ot
restr
icte
d t
o a
ction
by o
r on b
ehalf o
f G
overn
ments
(see a
rtic
les 2
(e),
2(f
) and 5
). F
or
exam
ple
, under
art
icle
2(e
)
the C
onvention c
alls o
n S
tate
s p
art
ies t
o t
ake a
ll a
ppro
pri
ate
measure
s t
o e
lim
inate
dis
cri
min
ation a
gain
st
wom
en b
y a
ny p
ers
on,
org
aniz
ation o
r ente
rpri
se.
Under
genera
l
inte
rnational la
w a
nd s
pecific
hum
an r
ights
covenants
, Sta
tes m
ay a
lso b
e r
esponsib
le f
or
pri
vate
acts
if
they f
ail t
o a
ct
with d
ue d
ilig
ence t
o p
revent
vio
lations o
f ri
ghts
or
to investigate
and p
unis
h a
cts
of
vio
lence,
and f
or
pro
vid
ing c
om
pensation.
Com
ments
on s
pecific
art
icle
s o
f th
e C
onvention
Art
icle
s 2
and 3
10.
Art
icle
s 2
and 3
esta
blish a
com
pre
hensiv
e o
bligation t
o e
lim
inate
dis
cri
min
ation in a
ll its
form
s in a
dditio
n t
o t
he s
pecific
obligations u
nder
art
icle
s 5
-16.
Art
icle
s 2
(f),
5 a
nd 1
0(c
)
11.
Tra
ditio
nal att
itudes b
y w
hic
h w
om
en a
re r
egard
ed a
s s
ubord
inate
to m
en o
r as h
avin
g
ste
reoty
ped r
ole
s p
erp
etu
ate
wid
espre
ad p
ractices involv
ing v
iole
nce o
r coerc
ion,
such a
s f
am
ily
vio
lence a
nd a
buse,
forc
ed m
arr
iage,
dow
ry d
eath
s,
acid
att
acks a
nd f
em
ale
circum
cis
ion.
Such
pre
judic
es a
nd p
ractices m
ay justify
gender-
based v
iole
nce a
s a
form
of
pro
tection o
r contr
ol of
wom
en.
The e
ffect
of
such v
iole
nce o
n t
he p
hysic
al and m
enta
l in
tegri
ty o
f w
om
en is t
o d
epri
ve
them
the e
qual enjo
ym
ent,
exerc
ise a
nd k
now
ledge o
f hum
an r
ights
and f
undam
enta
l fr
eedom
s.
While t
his
com
ment
addre
sses m
ain
ly a
ctu
al or
thre
ate
ned v
iole
nce t
he u
nderl
yin
g c
onsequences
of
these f
orm
s o
f gender-
based v
iole
nce h
elp
to m
ain
tain
wom
en in s
ubord
inate
role
s a
nd
contr
ibute
to t
he low
level of
political part
icip
ation a
nd t
o t
heir
low
er
level of
education,
skills
and w
ork
opport
unitie
s.
12.
These a
ttitudes a
lso c
ontr
ibute
to t
he p
ropagation o
f porn
ogra
phy a
nd t
he d
epic
tion a
nd
oth
er
com
merc
ial explo
itation o
f w
om
en a
s s
exual obje
cts
, ra
ther
than a
s indiv
iduals
. This
in
turn
contr
ibute
s t
o g
ender-
based v
iole
nce.
Art
icle
6
13.
Sta
tes p
art
ies a
re r
equir
ed b
y a
rtic
le 6
to t
ake m
easure
s t
o s
uppre
ss a
ll f
orm
s o
f tr
affic
in
wom
en a
nd e
xplo
itation o
f th
e p
rostitu
tion o
f w
om
en.
14.
Povert
y a
nd u
nem
plo
ym
ent
incre
ase o
pport
unitie
s for
traffic
kin
g in w
om
en.
In a
dditio
n t
o
esta
blished f
orm
s o
f tr
affic
kin
g t
here
are
new
form
s o
f sexual explo
itation,
such a
s s
ex t
ouri
sm
,
the r
ecru
itm
ent
of
dom
estic labour
from
develo
pin
g c
ountr
ies t
o w
ork
in d
evelo
ped c
ountr
ies a
nd
org
aniz
ed m
arr
iages b
etw
een w
om
en f
rom
develo
pin
g c
ountr
ies a
nd f
ore
ign n
ationals
. These
pra
ctices a
re incom
patible
with t
he e
qual enjo
ym
ent
of
rights
by w
om
en a
nd w
ith r
espect
for
their
rig
hts
and d
ignity.
They p
ut
wom
en a
t specia
l ri
sk o
f vio
lence a
nd a
buse.
54
15.
Povert
y a
nd u
nem
plo
ym
ent
forc
e m
any w
om
en,
inclu
din
g y
oung g
irls
, in
to p
rostitu
tion.
Pro
stitu
tes a
re e
specia
lly v
uln
era
ble
to v
iole
nce b
ecause t
heir
sta
tus,
whic
h m
ay b
e u
nla
wfu
l,
tends t
o m
arg
inalize t
hem
. They n
eed t
he e
qual pro
tection o
f la
ws a
gain
st
rape a
nd o
ther
form
s
of
vio
lence.
16.
Wars
, arm
ed c
onflic
ts a
nd t
he o
ccupation o
f te
rritories o
ften lead t
o incre
ased p
rostitu
tion,
traff
ickin
g in w
om
en a
nd s
exual assault o
f w
om
en,
whic
h r
equire s
pecific
pro
tective a
nd p
unitiv
e
measure
s.
Art
icle
11
17.
Equality
in e
mplo
ym
ent
can b
e s
eri
ously
im
paired w
hen w
om
en a
re s
ubje
cte
d t
o g
ender-
specific
vio
lence,
such a
s s
exual hara
ssm
ent
in t
he w
ork
pla
ce.
18.
Sexual hara
ssm
ent
inclu
des s
uch u
nw
elc
om
e s
exually d
ete
rmin
ed b
ehavio
ur
as p
hysic
al
conta
ct
and a
dvances,
sexually c
olo
ure
d r
em
ark
s,
show
ing p
orn
ogra
phy a
nd s
exual dem
and,
wheth
er
by w
ord
s o
r actions.
Such c
onduct
can b
e h
um
ilia
ting a
nd m
ay c
onstitu
te a
health a
nd
safe
ty p
roble
m;
it is d
iscrim
inato
ry w
hen t
he w
om
an h
as r
easonable
gro
unds t
o b
elieve t
hat
her
obje
ction w
ould
dis
advanta
ge h
er
in c
onnection w
ith h
er
em
plo
ym
ent,
inclu
din
g r
ecru
itm
ent
or
pro
motion,
or
when it
cre
ate
s a
hostile
work
ing e
nvironm
ent.
Art
icle
12
19.
Sta
tes p
art
ies a
re r
equir
ed b
y a
rtic
le 1
2 t
o t
ake m
easure
s t
o e
nsure
equal access t
o h
ealth
care
. Vio
lence a
gain
st
wom
en p
uts
their
health a
nd liv
es a
t risk.
20.
In s
om
e S
tate
s t
here
are
tra
ditio
nal pra
ctices p
erp
etu
ate
d b
y c
ulture
and t
raditio
n t
hat
are
harm
ful to
the h
ealth o
f w
om
en a
nd c
hildre
n.
These p
ractices inclu
de d
ieta
ry r
estr
ictions f
or
pre
gnant
wom
en,
pre
fere
nce f
or
male
childre
n a
nd f
em
ale
cir
cum
cis
ion o
r genital m
utila
tion.
Art
icle
14
21.
Rura
l w
om
en a
re a
t risk o
f gender-
based v
iole
nce b
ecause t
raditio
nal att
itudes r
egard
ing t
he
subord
inate
role
of
wom
en t
hat
pers
ist
in m
any r
ura
l com
munitie
s.
Girls
fro
m r
ura
l com
munitie
s
are
at
specia
l ri
sk o
f vio
lence a
nd s
exual explo
itation w
hen t
hey leave t
he r
ura
l com
munity t
o
seek e
mplo
ym
ent
in t
ow
ns.
Art
icle
16 (
and a
rtic
le 5
)
22.
Com
puls
ory
ste
rilization o
r abort
ion a
dvers
ely
affects
wom
en's
physic
al and m
enta
l health,
and infr
inges t
he r
ight
of w
om
en t
o d
ecid
e o
n t
he n
um
ber
and s
pacin
g o
f th
eir
childre
n.
23.
Fam
ily v
iole
nce is o
ne o
f th
e m
ost
insid
ious form
s o
f vio
lence a
gain
st
wom
en.
It is p
revale
nt
in a
ll s
ocie
ties.
Within
fam
ily r
ela
tionship
s w
om
en o
f all a
ges a
re s
ubje
cte
d t
o v
iole
nce o
f all
kin
ds,
inclu
din
g b
att
eri
ng,
rape,
oth
er
form
s o
f sexual assault,
menta
l and o
ther
form
s o
f
vio
lence,
whic
h a
re p
erp
etu
ate
d b
y t
raditio
nal att
itudes.
Lack o
f econom
ic independence f
orc
es
many w
om
en t
o s
tay in v
iole
nt
rela
tionship
s.
The a
bro
gation o
f th
eir
fam
ily r
esponsib
ilitie
s b
y
men c
an b
e a
form
of vio
lence,
and c
oerc
ion.
These f
orm
s o
f vio
lence p
ut
wom
en's
health a
t ri
sk
and im
pair t
heir
ability t
o p
art
icip
ate
in f
am
ily life a
nd p
ublic life o
n a
basis
of equality
.
Specific
recom
mendation
24.
In lig
ht
of
these c
om
ments
, th
e C
om
mitte
e o
n t
he E
lim
ination o
f D
iscri
min
ation a
gain
st
Wom
en r
ecom
mends t
hat:
(a)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
take a
ppro
pri
ate
and e
ffective m
easure
s t
o o
verc
om
e a
ll f
orm
s o
f
gender-
based v
iole
nce,
wheth
er
by p
ublic o
r pri
vate
act;
(b)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
ensure
that
law
s a
gain
st
fam
ily v
iole
nce a
nd a
buse,
rape,
sexual
assault a
nd o
ther
gender-
based v
iole
nce g
ive a
dequate
pro
tection t
o a
ll w
om
en,
and r
espect
their
inte
gri
ty a
nd d
ignity.
Appro
pri
ate
pro
tective a
nd s
upport
serv
ices s
hould
be p
rovid
ed f
or
vic
tim
s.
Gender-
sensitiv
e t
rain
ing o
f ju
dic
ial and law
enfo
rcem
ent
offic
ers
and o
ther
public
off
icia
ls is e
ssential fo
r th
e e
ffective im
ple
menta
tion o
f th
e C
onvention;
(c)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
encoura
ge t
he c
om
pilation o
f sta
tistics a
nd r
esearc
h o
n t
he e
xte
nt,
causes a
nd e
ffects
of
vio
lence,
and o
n t
he e
ffectiveness o
f m
easure
s t
o p
revent
and d
eal w
ith
vio
lence;
(d)
Effective m
easure
s s
hould
be t
aken t
o e
nsure
that
the m
edia
respect
and p
rom
ote
respect
for
wom
en;
(e)
Sta
tes p
art
ies in t
heir
report
s s
hould
identify
the n
atu
re a
nd e
xte
nt
of
att
itudes,
custo
ms a
nd
pra
ctices t
hat
perp
etu
ate
vio
lence a
gain
st
wom
en a
nd t
he k
inds o
f vio
lence t
hat
result.
They
should
report
on t
he m
easure
s t
hat
they h
ave u
ndert
aken t
o o
verc
om
e v
iole
nce a
nd t
he e
ffect
of
those m
easure
s;
(f)
Effective m
easure
s s
hould
be t
aken t
o o
verc
om
e t
hese a
ttitudes a
nd p
ractices.
Sta
tes s
hould
intr
oduce e
ducation a
nd p
ublic info
rmation p
rogra
mm
es t
o h
elp
elim
inate
pre
judic
es t
hat
hin
der
wom
en's
equality
(re
com
mendation N
o.
3,
1987);
(g)
Specific
pre
ventive a
nd p
unitiv
e m
easure
s a
re n
ecessary
to o
verc
om
e t
raffic
kin
g a
nd s
exual
explo
itation;
(h)
Sta
tes p
art
ies in t
heir
report
s s
hould
descri
be t
he e
xte
nt
of
all t
hese p
roble
ms a
nd t
he
measure
s,
inclu
din
g p
enal pro
vis
ions,
pre
ventive a
nd r
ehabilitation m
easure
s t
hat
have b
een
taken t
o p
rote
ct
wom
en e
ngaged in p
rostitu
tion o
r subje
ct
to t
raffic
kin
g a
nd o
ther
form
s o
f
sexual explo
itation.
The e
ffectiveness o
f th
ese m
easure
s s
hould
als
o b
e d
escri
bed;
(i)
Effective c
om
pla
ints
pro
cedure
s a
nd r
em
edie
s,
inclu
din
g c
om
pensation,
should
be p
rovid
ed;
(j)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
inclu
de in t
heir r
eport
s info
rmation o
n s
exual hara
ssm
ent,
and o
n
measure
s t
o p
rote
ct
wom
en f
rom
sexual hara
ssm
ent
and o
ther
form
s o
f vio
lence o
f coerc
ion in
the w
ork
pla
ce;
(k)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
esta
blish o
r support
serv
ices f
or
vic
tim
s o
f fa
mily v
iole
nce,
rape,
sexual
assault a
nd o
ther
form
s o
f gender-
based v
iole
nce,
inclu
din
g r
efu
ges,
specia
lly t
rain
ed h
ealth
work
ers
, re
habilitation a
nd c
ounsellin
g;
(l)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
take m
easure
s t
o o
verc
om
e s
uch p
ractices a
nd s
hould
take a
ccount
of
the C
om
mitte
e's
recom
mendation o
n f
em
ale
cir
cum
cis
ion (
recom
mendation N
o.
14)
in r
eport
ing
on h
ealth issues;
(m)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
ensure
that
measure
s a
re t
aken t
o p
revent
coerc
ion in r
egard
to
fert
ility a
nd r
epro
duction,
and t
o e
nsure
that
wom
en a
re n
ot
forc
ed t
o s
eek u
nsafe
medic
al
pro
cedure
s s
uch a
s illegal abort
ion b
ecause o
f la
ck o
f appro
pri
ate
serv
ices in r
egard
to f
ert
ility
contr
ol;
(n)
Sta
tes p
art
ies in t
heir
report
s s
hould
sta
te t
he e
xte
nt
of
these p
roble
ms a
nd s
hould
indic
ate
the m
easure
s t
hat
have b
een t
aken a
nd t
heir
effect;
55
(o)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
ensure
that
serv
ices f
or
vic
tim
s o
f vio
lence a
re a
ccessib
le t
o r
ura
l
wom
en a
nd t
hat
where
necessary
specia
l serv
ices a
re p
rovid
ed t
o isola
ted c
om
munitie
s;
(p)
Measure
s t
o p
rote
ct
them
fro
m v
iole
nce s
hould
inclu
de t
rain
ing a
nd e
mplo
ym
ent
opport
unitie
s a
nd t
he m
onitoring o
f th
e e
mplo
ym
ent
conditio
ns o
f dom
estic w
ork
ers
;
(q)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
report
on t
he r
isks t
o r
ura
l w
om
en,
the e
xte
nt
and n
atu
re o
f vio
lence
and a
buse t
o w
hic
h t
hey a
re s
ubje
ct,
their
need for
and a
ccess t
o s
upport
and o
ther
serv
ices a
nd
the e
ffectiveness o
f m
easure
s t
o o
verc
om
e v
iole
nce;
(r)
Measure
s t
hat
are
necessary
to o
verc
om
e f
am
ily v
iole
nce s
hould
inclu
de:
(i)
Crim
inal penaltie
s w
here
necessary
and c
ivil r
em
edie
s in c
ases o
f dom
estic v
iole
nce;
(ii)
Legis
lation t
o r
em
ove t
he d
efe
nce o
f honour
in r
egard
to t
he a
ssault o
r m
urd
er
of
a f
em
ale
fam
ily m
em
ber;
(iii)
Serv
ices t
o e
nsure
the s
afe
ty a
nd s
ecuri
ty o
f vic
tim
s o
f fa
mily v
iole
nce,
inclu
din
g r
efu
ges,
counsellin
g a
nd r
ehabilitation p
rogra
mm
es;
(iv)
Rehabilitation p
rogra
mm
es f
or
perp
etr
ato
rs o
f dom
estic v
iole
nce;
(v)
Support
serv
ices f
or
fam
ilie
s w
here
incest
or
sexual abuse h
as o
ccurr
ed;
(s)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
report
on t
he e
xte
nt
of
dom
estic v
iole
nce a
nd s
exual abuse,
and o
n t
he
pre
ventive,
punitiv
e a
nd r
em
edia
l m
easure
s t
hat
have b
een t
aken;
(t)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
take a
ll legal and o
ther
measure
s t
hat
are
necessary
to p
rovid
e
effective p
rote
ction o
f w
om
en a
gain
st
gender-
based v
iole
nce,
inclu
din
g,
inte
r alia:
(i)
Effective legal m
easure
s,
inclu
din
g p
enal sanctions,
civ
il r
em
edie
s a
nd c
om
pensato
ry
pro
vis
ions t
o p
rote
ct
wom
en a
gain
st
all k
inds o
f vio
lence,
inclu
din
g inte
r alia v
iole
nce a
nd a
buse
in t
he f
am
ily,
sexual assault a
nd s
exual hara
ssm
ent
in t
he w
ork
pla
ce;
(ii)
Pre
ventive m
easure
s,
inclu
din
g p
ublic info
rmation a
nd e
ducation p
rogra
mm
es t
o c
hange
att
itudes c
oncern
ing t
he r
ole
s a
nd s
tatu
s o
f m
en a
nd w
om
en;
(iii)
Pro
tective m
easure
s,
inclu
din
g r
efu
ges,
counsellin
g,
rehabilitation a
nd s
upport
serv
ices f
or
wom
en w
ho a
re t
he v
ictim
s o
f vio
lence o
r w
ho a
re a
t ri
sk o
f vio
lence;
(u)
Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
report
on a
ll form
s o
f gender-
based v
iole
nce,
and s
uch r
eport
s s
hould
inclu
de a
ll a
vailable
data
on t
he incid
ence o
f each f
orm
of
vio
lence a
nd o
n t
he e
ffects
of
such
vio
lence o
n t
he w
om
en w
ho a
re v
ictim
s;
(v)
The r
eport
s o
f Sta
tes p
art
ies s
hould
inclu
de info
rmation o
n t
he legal, p
reventive a
nd
pro
tective m
easure
s t
hat
have b
een t
aken t
o o
verc
om
e v
iole
nce a
gain
st
wom
en,
and o
n t
he
effectiveness o
f such m
easure
s
56
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al. (“Čelebići”) Judgement, paras 475-499
Trial Chamber, 16 November 1998
58
59
60
61
62
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Velásquez Rodríquez v. Honduras Merits, Judgment of July 29, 1988
Paras. 160-177
INT
ER
-AM
ER
ICA
N C
OU
RT
OF
HU
MA
N R
IGH
TS
VE
LA
SQ
UE
Z R
OD
RIG
UE
Z C
AS
E
JUD
GM
EN
T O
F J
UL
Y 2
9,
1988
160.
T
his
req
uir
es t
he
Co
urt
to
exa
min
e th
e co
nd
itio
ns
un
der
wh
ich
a p
arti
cula
r ac
t, w
hic
h
vio
late
s o
ne
of
the
righ
ts r
eco
gniz
ed b
y th
e C
onve
nti
on
, ca
n b
e im
pute
d t
o a
Sta
te P
arty
th
ereb
y es
tab
lish
ing
its
inte
rnat
ion
al r
esp
on
sib
ility
.
161.
A
rtic
le 1
(1)
of
the
Co
nve
nti
on
pro
vid
es:
Art
icle
1.
Ob
lig
ati
on
to
Resp
ect
Rig
hts
1.T
he
Stat
es P
arti
es t
o t
his
Co
nve
nti
on
un
der
take
to
res
pec
t th
e ri
ghts
and
fre
edo
ms
reco
gniz
ed h
erei
n a
nd
to
en
sure
to
all
per
son
s su
bje
ct t
o t
hei
r ju
risd
icti
on
th
e fr
ee a
nd
full
exer
cise
of
tho
se r
igh
ts a
nd
fre
edo
ms,
wit
ho
ut
any
dis
crim
inat
ion
fo
r re
aso
ns
of
race
, co
lor,
sex
, la
ngu
age,
rel
igio
n,
po
litic
al
or
oth
er o
pin
ion
, n
atio
nal
or
soci
al o
rigi
n,
eco
no
mic
sta
tus,
bir
th,
or
any
oth
er s
oci
al c
on
dit
ion
.
162.
T
his
art
icle
sp
ecif
ies
the
ob
ligat
ion
ass
um
ed b
y th
e St
ates
Par
ties
in
rel
atio
n t
o e
ach
of
the
righ
ts p
rote
cted
. E
ach
cla
im a
llegi
ng
that
on
e o
f th
ose
rig
hts
has
bee
n in
frin
ged
nec
essa
rily
im
plie
s th
at A
rtic
le 1
(1)
of
the
Co
nve
nti
on
has
als
o b
een
vio
late
d.
163.
T
he
Co
mm
issi
on
d
id
no
t sp
ecif
ical
ly
alle
ge
the
vio
lati
on
o
f A
rtic
le
1 (1
) o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n,
but
that
do
es n
ot
pre
clud
e th
e C
ourt
fro
m a
pp
lyin
g it
. T
he
pre
cep
t co
nta
ined
th
erei
n
con
stit
ute
s th
e ge
ner
ic
bas
is
of
the
pro
tect
ion
o
f th
e ri
ghts
re
cogn
ized
b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n a
nd
wo
uld
be
app
licab
le,
in a
ny
case
, b
y vi
rtue
of
a ge
ner
al p
rin
cip
le o
f la
w,
iura
n
ovi
t cu
ria,
on
wh
ich
in
tern
atio
nal
juri
spru
den
ce h
as r
epea
ted
ly r
elie
d a
nd
un
der
wh
ich
a
court
has
th
e p
ow
er a
nd
th
e d
uty
to
ap
ply
th
e ju
rid
ical
pro
visi
on
s re
leva
nt
to a
pro
ceed
ing,
ev
en w
hen
th
e p
arti
es d
o n
ot
exp
ress
ly in
voke
th
em (
"L
otu
s", J
ud
gmen
t N
o. 9,
192
7, P
.C.I
.J.,
Seri
es A
No
. 10,
p. 3
1 an
d E
ur.
Co
urt
H.R
., H
an
dys
ide C
ase
, Jud
gmen
t o
f 7
Dec
emb
er 1
976,
Se
ries
A N
o. 2
4, p
ara.
41)
.
164.
A
rtic
le
1 (1
) is
es
sen
tial
in
d
eter
min
ing
wh
eth
er
a vi
ola
tio
n
of
the
hum
an
righ
ts
reco
gniz
ed b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n c
an b
e im
pute
d t
o a
Sta
te P
arty
. I
n e
ffec
t, t
hat
art
icle
ch
arge
s th
e St
ates
Par
ties
wit
h t
he
fun
dam
enta
l d
uty
to
res
pec
t an
d g
uar
ante
e th
e ri
ghts
rec
ogn
ized
in
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
An
y im
pai
rmen
t o
f th
ose
rig
hts
wh
ich
can
be
attr
ibute
d u
nd
er t
he
rule
s o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
to
th
e ac
tio
n o
r o
mis
sio
n o
f an
y p
ub
lic a
uth
ori
ty c
on
stit
ute
s an
act
im
puta
ble
to
th
e St
ate,
wh
ich
ass
um
es r
esp
on
sib
ility
in
th
e te
rms
pro
vid
ed b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
165.
T
he
firs
t o
blig
atio
n a
ssum
ed b
y th
e St
ates
Par
ties
un
der
Art
icle
1 (
1) i
s "t
o r
esp
ect
the
righ
ts a
nd
fre
edo
ms"
rec
ogn
ized
by
the
Co
nve
nti
on
. T
he
exer
cise
of
pub
lic a
uth
ori
ty h
as
cert
ain
lim
its
wh
ich
der
ive
fro
m t
he
fact
th
at h
um
an r
igh
ts a
re i
nh
eren
t at
trib
ute
s o
f h
um
an
dig
nit
y an
d a
re,
ther
efo
re,
sup
erio
r to
th
e p
ow
er o
f th
e St
ate.
O
n a
no
ther
occ
asio
n,
this
co
urt
st
ated
:
Th
e p
rote
ctio
n o
f h
um
an r
igh
ts,
par
ticu
larl
y th
e ci
vil
and
po
litic
al r
igh
ts s
et
fort
h in
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n, i
s in
eff
ect
bas
ed o
n t
he
affi
rmat
ion
of
the
exis
ten
ce
of
cert
ain
in
vio
lab
le a
ttri
bute
s o
f th
e in
div
idual
th
at c
ann
ot
be
legi
tim
atel
y re
stri
cted
th
rough
th
e ex
erci
se o
f go
vern
men
tal
po
wer
. T
her
e ar
e in
div
idual
d
om
ain
s th
at a
re b
eyo
nd
th
e re
ach
of
the
Stat
e o
r to
wh
ich
th
e St
ate
has
but
limit
ed
acce
ss.
T
hus,
th
e p
rote
ctio
n
of
hum
an
righ
ts
must
n
eces
sari
ly
com
pri
se t
he
con
cep
t o
f th
e re
stri
ctio
n o
f th
e ex
erci
se o
f st
ate
po
wer
(T
he
Wo
rd "
Law
s" i
n A
rtic
le 3
0 o
f th
e A
meri
can
Co
nve
nti
on
on
Hu
man
R
igh
ts,
Ad
viso
ry O
pin
ion
OC
-6/
86 o
f M
ay 9
, 19
86.
Ser
ies
A N
o.
6, p
ara
21).
166.
T
he
seco
nd
ob
ligat
ion
of
the
Stat
es P
arti
es i
s to
"en
sure
" th
e fr
ee a
nd
full
exer
cise
of
the
righ
ts r
eco
gniz
ed b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n t
o e
very
per
son
sub
ject
to
its
juri
sdic
tio
n.
Th
is
ob
ligat
ion
im
plie
s th
e d
uty
of
Stat
es P
arti
es t
o o
rgan
ize
the
gove
rnm
enta
l ap
par
atus
and
, in
ge
ner
al,
all
the
stru
cture
s th
rough
wh
ich
pub
lic p
ow
er i
s ex
erci
sed
, so
th
at t
hey
are
cap
able
of
juri
dic
ally
en
suri
ng
the
free
an
d f
ull
enjo
ymen
t o
f h
um
an r
igh
ts.
As
a co
nse
quen
ce o
f th
is
ob
ligat
ion
, th
e St
ates
m
ust
p
reve
nt,
in
vest
igat
e an
d
pun
ish
an
y vi
ola
tion
o
f th
e ri
ghts
re
cogn
ized
by
the
Co
nve
nti
on
an
d,
mo
reo
ver,
if
po
ssib
le a
ttem
pt
to r
esto
re t
he
righ
t vi
ola
ted
and
pro
vid
e co
mp
ensa
tion
as
war
ran
ted
fo
r d
amag
es r
esult
ing
fro
m t
he
vio
lati
on
.
167.
T
he
ob
ligat
ion
to
en
sure
th
e fr
ee a
nd
full
exer
cise
of
hum
an r
igh
ts is
no
t fu
lfill
ed b
y th
e ex
iste
nce
of
a le
gal
syst
em d
esig
ned
to m
ake
it p
oss
ible
to
co
mp
ly w
ith
th
is o
blig
atio
n -
-it
also
re
quir
es t
he
gove
rnm
ent
to c
on
duct
its
elf
so a
s to
eff
ecti
vely
en
sure
th
e fr
ee a
nd
full
exer
cise
o
f h
um
an r
igh
ts.
168.
T
he
ob
ligat
ion
of
the
Stat
es is,
th
us,
much
mo
re d
irec
t th
an t
hat
co
nta
ined
in
Art
icle
2,
wh
ich
rea
ds:
Art
icle
2.
Do
mest
ic L
eg
al
Eff
ects
Wh
ere
the
exer
cise
of
any
of
the
righ
ts o
r fr
eed
om
s re
ferr
ed t
o i
n A
rtic
le 1
is
no
t al
read
y en
sure
d
by
legi
slat
ive
or
oth
er
pro
visi
on
s,
the
Stat
es
Par
ties
un
der
take
to
ad
op
t, i
n a
cco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
eir
con
stit
uti
on
al p
roce
sses
an
d t
he
pro
visi
on
s o
f th
is C
on
ven
tio
n,
such
leg
isla
tive
or
oth
er m
easu
res
as m
ay b
e n
eces
sary
to
giv
e ef
fect
to
th
ose
rig
hts
or
free
do
ms.
169.
A
cco
rdin
g to
A
rtic
le
1 (1
),
any
exer
cise
o
f p
ub
lic
po
wer
th
at
vio
late
s th
e ri
ghts
re
cogn
ized
by
the
Co
nve
nti
on
is
illeg
al.
Wh
enev
er a
Sta
te o
rgan
, o
ffic
ial
or
pub
lic e
nti
ty
vio
late
s o
ne
of
tho
se r
igh
ts,
this
co
nst
itute
s a
failu
re o
f th
e d
uty
to
res
pec
t th
e ri
ghts
an
d
free
do
ms
set
fort
h in
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
64
170.
T
his
co
ncl
usi
on
is
in
dep
end
ent
of
wh
eth
er
the
org
an
or
off
icia
l h
as
con
trav
ened
p
rovi
sio
ns
of
inte
rnal
law
or
ove
rste
pp
ed t
he
limit
s o
f h
is a
uth
ori
ty:
un
der
in
tern
atio
nal
law
a
Stat
e is
res
po
nsi
ble
fo
r th
e ac
ts o
f it
s ag
ents
un
der
take
n i
n t
hei
r o
ffic
ial
cap
acit
y an
d f
or
thei
r o
mis
sio
ns,
eve
n w
hen
th
ose
age
nts
act
outs
ide
the
sph
ere
of
thei
r au
tho
rity
or
vio
late
in
tern
al
law
.
171.
T
his
pri
nci
ple
suit
s p
erfe
ctly
th
e n
ature
of
the
Co
nve
nti
on
, w
hic
h i
s vi
ola
ted
wh
enev
er
pub
lic p
ow
er i
s use
d t
o i
nfr
inge
th
e ri
ghts
rec
ogn
ized
th
erei
n.
If
acts
of
pub
lic p
ow
er t
hat
ex
ceed
th
e St
ate'
s au
tho
rity
o
r ar
e ill
egal
un
der
it
s o
wn
la
ws
wer
e n
ot
con
sid
ered
to
co
mp
rom
ise
that
Sta
te's
ob
ligat
ion
s un
der
th
e tr
eaty
, th
e sy
stem
of
pro
tect
ion
pro
vid
ed f
or
in
the
Co
nve
nti
on
wo
uld
be
illuso
ry.
172.
T
hus,
in
pri
nci
ple
, an
y vi
ola
tio
n o
f ri
ghts
rec
ogn
ized
by
the
Co
nve
nti
on
car
ried
out
by
an a
ct o
f p
ub
lic a
uth
ori
ty o
r b
y p
erso
ns
wh
o u
se t
hei
r p
osi
tio
n o
f au
tho
rity
is
imp
uta
ble
to
th
e St
ate.
H
ow
ever
, th
is d
oes
no
t d
efin
e al
l th
e ci
rcum
stan
ces
in w
hic
h a
Sta
te i
s o
blig
ated
to
p
reve
nt,
in
vest
igat
e an
d p
un
ish
hum
an r
igh
ts v
iola
tio
ns,
no
r al
l th
e ca
ses
in w
hic
h t
he
Stat
e m
igh
t b
e fo
un
d r
esp
on
sib
le f
or
an i
nfr
inge
men
t o
f th
ose
rig
hts
. A
n i
llega
l ac
t w
hic
h v
iola
tes
hum
an r
igh
ts a
nd
wh
ich
is
init
ially
no
t d
irec
tly
imp
uta
ble
to
a S
tate
(fo
r ex
amp
le,
bec
ause
it
is
the
act
of
a p
riva
te p
erso
n o
r b
ecau
se t
he
per
son
res
po
nsi
ble
has
no
t b
een
id
enti
fied
) ca
n l
ead
to i
nte
rnat
ion
al r
esp
on
sib
ility
of
the
Stat
e, n
ot
bec
ause
of
the
act
itse
lf, b
ut
bec
ause
of
the
lack
o
f d
ue
dili
gen
ce t
o p
reve
nt
the
vio
lati
on
or
to r
esp
on
d t
o it
as
requir
ed b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
173.
V
iola
tio
ns
of
the
Co
nve
nti
on
can
no
t b
e fo
un
ded
up
on
rule
s th
at t
ake
psy
cho
logi
cal
fact
ors
in
to a
cco
un
t in
est
ablis
hin
g in
div
idual
culp
abili
ty.
Fo
r th
e p
urp
ose
s o
f an
alys
is,
the
inte
nt
or
mo
tiva
tio
n o
f th
e ag
ent
wh
o h
as v
iola
ted
th
e ri
ghts
rec
ogn
ized
by
the
Co
nve
nti
on
is
irre
leva
nt
--th
e vi
ola
tio
n c
an b
e es
tab
lish
ed e
ven
if
the
iden
tity
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
per
pet
rato
r is
un
kno
wn
. W
hat
is
dec
isiv
e is
wh
eth
er a
vio
lati
on
of
the
righ
ts r
eco
gniz
ed b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n
has
occ
urr
ed w
ith
th
e su
pp
ort
or
the
acquie
scen
ce o
f th
e go
vern
men
t, o
r w
het
her
th
e St
ate
has
al
low
ed
the
act
to
take
p
lace
w
ith
out
taki
ng
mea
sure
s to
p
reve
nt
it
or
to
pun
ish
th
ose
re
spo
nsi
ble
. T
hus,
th
e C
ourt
's t
ask
is t
o d
eter
min
e w
het
her
th
e vi
ola
tio
n i
s th
e re
sult
of
a St
ate'
s fa
ilure
to
fulf
ill its
duty
to
res
pec
t an
d g
uar
ante
e th
ose
rig
hts
, as
requir
ed b
y A
rtic
le 1
(1)
o
f th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
174.
T
he
Stat
e h
as a
leg
al d
uty
to
tak
e re
aso
nab
le s
tep
s to
pre
ven
t h
um
an r
igh
ts v
iola
tio
ns
and
to
use
th
e m
ean
s at
its
dis
po
sal to
car
ry o
ut
a se
rio
us
inve
stig
atio
n o
f vi
ola
tio
ns
com
mit
ted
wit
hin
its
juri
sdic
tio
n, to
id
enti
fy t
ho
se r
esp
on
sib
le, to
im
po
se t
he
app
rop
riat
e p
un
ish
men
t an
d
to e
nsu
re t
he
vict
im a
deq
uat
e co
mp
ensa
tio
n.
175.
T
his
duty
to
pre
ven
t in
clud
es a
ll th
ose
mea
ns
of
a le
gal,
po
litic
al,
adm
inis
trat
ive
and
cu
ltura
l n
ature
th
at p
rom
ote
th
e p
rote
ctio
n o
f h
um
an r
igh
ts a
nd
en
sure
th
at a
ny
vio
lati
on
s ar
e co
nsi
der
ed a
nd
tre
ated
as
illeg
al a
cts,
wh
ich
, as
such
, m
ay l
ead
to
th
e p
un
ish
men
t o
f th
ose
re
spo
nsi
ble
an
d t
he
ob
ligat
ion
to
ind
emn
ify
the
vict
ims
for
dam
ages
. It
is
no
t p
oss
ible
to
mak
e a
det
aile
d li
st o
f al
l such
mea
sure
s, s
ince
th
ey v
ary
wit
h t
he
law
an
d t
he
con
dit
ion
s o
f ea
ch S
tate
P
arty
. O
f co
urs
e, w
hile
th
e St
ate
is o
blig
ated
to
pre
ven
t h
um
an r
igh
ts a
buse
s, t
he
exis
ten
ce o
f a
par
ticu
lar
vio
lati
on
do
es n
ot,
in
its
elf,
pro
ve
the
failu
re t
o t
ake
pre
ven
tive
mea
sure
s.
On
th
e o
ther
h
and
, su
bje
ctin
g a
per
son
to
o
ffic
ial,
rep
ress
ive
bo
die
s th
at
pra
ctic
e to
rture
an
d
assa
ssin
atio
n w
ith
im
pun
ity
is i
tsel
f a
bre
ach
of
the
duty
to
pre
ven
t vi
ola
tio
ns
of
the
righ
ts t
o
life
and
ph
ysic
al i
nte
grit
y o
f th
e p
erso
n,
even
if
that
par
ticu
lar
per
son
is
no
t to
rture
d o
r as
sass
inat
ed, o
r if
th
ose
fac
ts c
ann
ot
be
pro
ven
in a
co
ncr
ete
case
.
176.
T
he
Stat
e is
ob
ligat
ed t
o i
nve
stig
ate
ever
y si
tuat
ion
in
volv
ing
a vi
ola
tio
n o
f th
e ri
ghts
p
rote
cted
by
the
Co
nve
nti
on
. I
f th
e St
ate
app
arat
us
acts
in
such
a w
ay t
hat
th
e vi
ola
tio
n g
oes
un
pun
ish
ed a
nd
th
e vi
ctim
's f
ull
enjo
ymen
t o
f su
ch r
igh
ts i
s n
ot
rest
ore
d a
s so
on
as
po
ssib
le,
the
Stat
e h
as f
aile
d t
o c
om
ply
wit
h it
s d
uty
to
en
sure
th
e fr
ee a
nd
full
exer
cise
of
tho
se r
igh
ts t
o
the
per
son
s w
ith
in i
ts j
uri
sdic
tio
n.
Th
e sa
me
is t
rue
wh
en t
he
Stat
e al
low
s p
riva
te p
erso
ns
or
gro
up
s to
act
fr
eely
an
d w
ith
im
pun
ity
to t
he
det
rim
ent
of
the
righ
ts r
eco
gniz
ed b
y th
e C
on
ven
tio
n.
177.
In
ce
rtai
n
circ
um
stan
ces,
it
m
ay
be
dif
ficu
lt
to
inve
stig
ate
acts
th
at
vio
late
an
in
div
idual
's r
igh
ts.
Th
e d
uty
to
in
vest
igat
e, l
ike
the
duty
to
pre
ven
t, i
s n
ot
bre
ach
ed m
erel
y b
ecau
se t
he
inve
stig
atio
n d
oes
no
t p
rod
uce
a s
atis
fact
ory
res
ult
. N
ever
thel
ess,
it
must
be
un
der
take
n i
n a
ser
ious
man
ner
an
d n
ot
as a
mer
e fo
rmal
ity
pre
ord
ain
ed t
o b
e in
effe
ctiv
e.
An
in
vest
igat
ion
must
hav
e an
ob
ject
ive
and
be
assu
med
by
the
Stat
e as
its
ow
n leg
al d
uty
, n
ot
as a
st
ep t
aken
by
pri
vate
in
tere
sts
that
dep
end
s up
on
th
e in
itia
tive
of
the
vict
im o
r h
is f
amily
or
up
on
th
eir
off
er o
f p
roo
f, w
ith
out
an e
ffec
tive
sea
rch
fo
r th
e tr
uth
by
the
gove
rnm
ent.
T
his
is
true
rega
rdle
ss o
f w
hat
age
nt
is e
ven
tual
ly f
oun
d r
esp
on
sib
le f
or
the
vio
lati
on
. W
her
e th
e ac
ts
of
pri
vate
par
ties
th
at v
iola
te t
he
Co
nve
nti
on
are
no
t se
rio
usl
y in
vest
igat
ed,
tho
se p
arti
es a
re
aid
ed i
n a
sen
se b
y th
e go
vern
men
t, t
her
eby
mak
ing
the
Stat
e re
spo
nsi
ble
on
th
e in
tern
atio
nal
p
lan
e.
(………………..)
65
Human Rights Council, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s A
/RE
S/6
0/2
51
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
D
istr
.: G
ener
al
3 A
pri
l 200
6
Six
tiet
h s
essi
on
Ag
end
a it
ems
46 a
nd
12
0
05-5
026
6
Res
olu
tio
n a
do
pte
d b
y t
he
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
[wit
hou
t re
fere
nce
to a
Ma
in C
om
mit
tee
(A/6
0/L
.48
)]
60
/25
1.
Hu
ma
n R
igh
ts C
ou
ncil
Th
e G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
,
Rea
ffir
min
g t
he p
urp
ose
s an
d p
rin
cip
les
co
nta
ined
in
th
e C
hart
er
of
the U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s, i
nclu
din
g d
ev
elo
pin
g f
rien
dly
rela
tio
ns
am
on
g n
ati
on
s b
ase
d o
n r
esp
ect
for
the
pri
ncip
le
of
eq
ual
rig
hts
an
d
self
-dete
rmin
ati
on
o
f p
eo
ple
s,
an
d
ach
iev
ing
inte
rnati
on
al
co
op
era
tio
n i
n s
olv
ing
in
tern
ati
on
al
pro
ble
ms
of
an
eco
no
mic
, so
cia
l,
cu
ltu
ral
or
hu
man
itari
an
ch
ara
cte
r an
d in
p
rom
oti
ng
an
d en
co
ura
gin
g re
spect
for
hu
man
rig
hts
an
d f
un
dam
en
tal
freed
om
s fo
r all
,
Rea
ffir
min
g a
lso
th
e U
niv
ers
al
Decla
rati
on
of
Hu
man
Rig
hts
1 a
nd
th
e V
ien
na
Decla
rati
on
an
d P
rog
ram
me o
f A
cti
on
,2 a
nd
recall
ing
th
e I
nte
rnati
on
al
Co
ven
an
t o
n
Civ
il an
d P
oli
tical
Rig
hts
,3 t
he In
tern
ati
on
al
Co
ven
an
t o
n E
co
no
mic
, S
ocia
l an
d
Cu
ltu
ral
Rig
hts
3 a
nd
oth
er
hu
man
rig
hts
in
stru
men
ts,
Rea
ffir
min
g
furt
her
that
all
h
um
an
ri
gh
ts
are
u
niv
ers
al,
in
div
isib
le,
inte
rrela
ted
, in
terd
ep
en
den
t an
d m
utu
all
y r
ein
forc
ing
, an
d t
hat
all
hu
man
rig
hts
mu
st
be
treate
d
in
a
fair
an
d
eq
ual
man
ner,
o
n
the
sam
e
foo
tin
g an
d
wit
h
the
sam
e
em
ph
asi
s,
Rea
ffir
min
g
that,
wh
ile t
he s
ign
ific
an
ce o
f n
atio
nal
an
d r
eg
ion
al
part
icu
lari
ties
an
d v
ari
ou
s h
isto
rical,
cu
ltu
ral
an
d r
eli
gio
us
back
gro
un
ds
mu
st b
e b
orn
e i
n m
ind
, all
Sta
tes,
reg
ard
less
of
their
po
liti
cal,
eco
no
mic
an
d c
ult
ura
l sy
stem
s, h
av
e t
he d
uty
to
pro
mo
te a
nd
pro
tect
all
hu
man
rig
hts
an
d f
un
dam
en
tal
freed
om
s,
Em
ph
asi
zin
g t
he r
esp
on
sib
ilit
ies
of
all
Sta
tes,
in
co
nfo
rmit
y w
ith
th
e C
hart
er,
to r
esp
ect
hu
man
rig
hts
an
d f
un
dam
en
tal
freed
om
s fo
r all
, w
ith
ou
t d
isti
ncti
on
of
an
y
kin
d a
s to
race,
co
lou
r, s
ex
, la
ng
uag
e o
r re
lig
ion
, p
oli
tical
or
oth
er
op
inio
n,
nati
on
al
or
socia
l o
rig
in,
pro
pert
y,
bir
th o
r o
ther
statu
s,
Ackn
ow
led
gin
g t
hat
peace a
nd
secu
rity
, d
ev
elo
pm
en
t an
d h
um
an
rig
hts
are
th
e
pil
lars
of
the U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s sy
stem
an
d t
he f
ou
nd
ati
on
s fo
r co
llecti
ve s
ecu
rity
an
d
well
-bein
g,
an
d r
eco
gn
izin
g t
hat
dev
elo
pm
en
t, p
eace a
nd
secu
rity
an
d h
um
an
rig
hts
are
in
terl
ink
ed
an
d m
utu
all
y r
ein
forc
ing
,
____
___
___
___
__
1 R
esolu
tion 2
17 A
(II
I).
2 A
/CO
NF
.157/2
4 (
Par
t I)
, ch
ap.
III.
3 S
ee r
eso
luti
on
220
0 A
(X
XI)
, an
nex
.
A/R
ES
/60
/25
1
2
Aff
irm
ing
th
e n
eed
fo
r all
Sta
tes
to c
on
tin
ue i
nte
rnati
on
al
eff
ort
s to
en
han
ce
dia
log
ue a
nd
bro
ad
en
un
ders
tan
din
g a
mo
ng
civ
iliz
ati
on
s, c
ult
ure
s an
d r
eli
gio
ns,
an
d
em
ph
asi
zin
g
that
Sta
tes,
re
gio
nal
org
an
izati
on
s,
no
n-g
ov
ern
men
tal
org
an
izati
on
s,
reli
gio
us
bo
die
s an
d
the
med
ia
hav
e
an
im
po
rtan
t ro
le
to
pla
y
in
pro
mo
tin
g
tole
ran
ce,
resp
ect
for
an
d f
reed
om
of
reli
gio
n a
nd
beli
ef,
Reco
gn
izin
g t
he w
ork
un
dert
ak
en
by
th
e C
om
mis
sio
n o
n H
um
an
Rig
hts
an
d
the n
eed
to
pre
serv
e a
nd
bu
ild
on
its
ach
iev
em
en
ts a
nd
to
red
ress
its
sh
ort
co
min
gs,
Reco
gn
izin
g
als
o
the
imp
ort
an
ce
of
en
suri
ng
u
niv
ers
ali
ty,
ob
jecti
vit
y
an
d
no
n-s
ele
cti
vit
y i
n t
he c
on
sid
era
tio
n o
f h
um
an
rig
hts
iss
ues,
an
d t
he e
lim
inati
on
of
do
ub
le s
tan
dard
s an
d p
oli
ticiz
ati
on
,
Reco
gn
izin
g f
urt
her
that
the p
rom
oti
on
an
d p
rote
cti
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
sh
ou
ld
be
base
d
on
th
e
pri
ncip
les
of
co
op
era
tio
n
an
d
gen
uin
e
dia
log
ue
an
d
aim
ed
at
stre
ng
then
ing
th
e cap
acit
y o
f M
em
ber
Sta
tes
to co
mp
ly w
ith
th
eir
h
um
an
ri
gh
ts
ob
lig
ati
on
s fo
r th
e b
en
efi
t o
f all
hu
man
bein
gs,
Ackn
ow
led
gin
g t
hat
no
n-g
ov
ern
men
tal
org
an
izati
on
s p
lay
an
im
po
rtan
t ro
le a
t
the n
ati
on
al,
reg
ion
al
an
d i
nte
rnati
on
al
lev
els
, in
th
e p
rom
oti
on
an
d p
rote
cti
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
,
Rea
ffir
min
g t
he co
mm
itm
en
t to
str
en
gth
en
th
e U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s h
um
an
rig
hts
mach
inery
, w
ith
th
e a
im o
f en
suri
ng
eff
ecti
ve e
njo
ym
en
t b
y a
ll o
f all
hu
man
rig
hts
,
civ
il,
po
liti
cal,
eco
no
mic
, so
cia
l an
d
cu
ltu
ral
rig
hts
, in
clu
din
g
the
rig
ht
to
dev
elo
pm
en
t, a
nd
to
th
at
en
d,
the r
eso
lve t
o c
reate
a H
um
an
Rig
hts
Co
un
cil
,
1.
Decid
es
to est
ab
lish
th
e
Hu
man
R
igh
ts C
ou
ncil
, b
ase
d in
G
en
ev
a,
in
rep
lacem
en
t o
f th
e C
om
mis
sio
n o
n H
um
an
R
igh
ts,
as
a su
bsi
dia
ry o
rgan
o
f th
e
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
; th
e A
ssem
bly
sh
all
rev
iew
th
e s
tatu
s o
f th
e C
ou
ncil
wit
hin
fiv
e
years
; 2.
Decid
es
that
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
b
e re
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r p
rom
oti
ng
u
niv
ers
al
resp
ect
for
the p
rote
cti
on
o
f all
h
um
an
ri
gh
ts an
d fu
nd
am
en
tal
freed
om
s fo
r all
,
wit
ho
ut
dis
tin
cti
on
of
an
y k
ind
an
d i
n a
fair
an
d e
qu
al
man
ner;
3.
Decid
es
als
o t
hat
the C
ou
ncil
sh
ou
ld a
dd
ress
sit
uati
on
s o
f v
iola
tio
ns
of
hu
man
ri
gh
ts,
inclu
din
g
gro
ss
an
d
syst
em
ati
c
vio
lati
on
s,
an
d
mak
e
reco
mm
en
dati
on
s th
ere
on
. It
sh
ou
ld a
lso
pro
mo
te t
he e
ffecti
ve c
oo
rdin
ati
on
an
d t
he
main
stre
am
ing
of
hu
man
rig
hts
wit
hin
th
e U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s sy
stem
;
4.
Decid
es
furt
her
th
at
the w
ork
o
f th
e C
ou
ncil
sh
all
b
e g
uid
ed
b
y th
e
pri
ncip
les
of
un
ivers
ali
ty,
imp
art
iali
ty,
ob
jecti
vit
y a
nd
no
n-s
ele
cti
vit
y,
co
nst
ructi
ve
inte
rnati
on
al
dia
log
ue a
nd
co
op
era
tio
n,
wit
h a
vie
w t
o e
nh
an
cin
g t
he p
rom
oti
on
an
d
pro
tecti
on
of
all
hu
man
rig
hts
, civ
il,
po
liti
cal,
eco
no
mic
, so
cia
l an
d c
ult
ura
l ri
gh
ts,
inclu
din
g t
he r
igh
t to
dev
elo
pm
en
t;
5.
Decid
es
that
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
, in
ter
ali
a:
(a)
Pro
mo
te
hu
man
ri
gh
ts
ed
ucati
on
an
d
learn
ing
as
well
as
ad
vis
ory
serv
ices,
tech
nic
al
ass
ista
nce a
nd
cap
acit
y-b
uil
din
g,
to b
e p
rov
ided
in
co
nsu
ltati
on
wit
h a
nd
wit
h t
he c
on
sen
t o
f M
em
ber
Sta
tes
co
ncern
ed
;
(b)
Serv
e a
s a f
oru
m f
or
dia
log
ue o
n t
hem
ati
c i
ssu
es
on
all
hu
man
rig
hts
;
(c)
Mak
e
reco
mm
en
dati
on
s to
th
e
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
fo
r th
e
furt
her
dev
elo
pm
en
t o
f in
tern
ati
on
al
law
in
th
e f
ield
of
hu
man
rig
hts
;
(d)
Pro
mo
te t
he f
ull
im
ple
men
tati
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
ob
lig
ati
on
s u
nd
ert
ak
en
by
Sta
tes
an
d f
oll
ow
-up
to
th
e g
oals
an
d c
om
mit
men
ts r
ela
ted
to
th
e p
rom
oti
on
an
d
78
A/R
ES
/60
/25
1
3
pro
tecti
on
o
f h
um
an
ri
gh
ts
em
an
ati
ng
fr
om
U
nit
ed
N
ati
on
s co
nfe
ren
ces
an
d
sum
mit
s;
( e)
Un
dert
ak
e a
un
ivers
al
peri
od
ic r
ev
iew
, b
ase
d o
n o
bje
cti
ve a
nd
reli
ab
le
info
rmati
on
, o
f th
e fu
lfil
men
t b
y each
S
tate
o
f it
s h
um
an
ri
gh
ts o
bli
gati
on
s an
d
co
mm
itm
en
ts
in
a
man
ner
wh
ich
en
sure
s u
niv
ers
ali
ty
of
co
vera
ge
an
d
eq
ual
treatm
en
t w
ith
resp
ect
to a
ll S
tate
s; t
he r
ev
iew
sh
all
be a
co
op
era
tiv
e m
ech
an
ism
,
base
d o
n a
n i
nte
racti
ve d
ialo
gu
e,
wit
h t
he f
ull
in
vo
lvem
en
t o
f th
e c
ou
ntr
y c
on
cern
ed
an
d w
ith
co
nsi
dera
tio
n g
iven
to
its
cap
acit
y-b
uil
din
g n
eed
s; s
uch
a m
ech
an
ism
sh
all
co
mp
lem
en
t an
d n
ot
du
pli
cate
th
e w
ork
of
treaty
bo
die
s; t
he C
ou
ncil
sh
all
dev
elo
p
the
mo
dali
ties
an
d
necess
ary
ti
me
all
ocati
on
fo
r th
e
un
ivers
al
peri
od
ic
rev
iew
mech
an
ism
wit
hin
on
e y
ear
aft
er
the h
old
ing
of
its
firs
t se
ssio
n;
( f)
Co
ntr
ibu
te,
thro
ug
h d
ialo
gu
e a
nd
co
op
era
tio
n,
tow
ard
s th
e p
rev
en
tio
n o
f
hu
man
rig
hts
vio
lati
on
s an
d r
esp
on
d p
rom
ptl
y t
o h
um
an
rig
hts
em
erg
en
cie
s;
( g)
Ass
um
e
the
role
an
d
resp
on
sib
ilit
ies
of
the
Co
mm
issi
on
o
n
Hu
man
Rig
hts
rela
tin
g t
o t
he w
ork
of
the O
ffic
e o
f th
e U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s H
igh
Co
mm
issi
on
er
for
Hu
man
Rig
hts
, as
decid
ed
by
th
e G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
in
its
reso
luti
on
48
/14
1 o
f
20
Decem
ber
19
93
;
( h)
Wo
rk
in
clo
se
co
op
era
tio
n
in
the
field
o
f h
um
an
ri
gh
ts
wit
h
Go
vern
men
ts,
reg
ion
al
org
an
izati
on
s, n
ati
on
al
hu
man
ri
gh
ts in
stit
uti
on
s an
d civ
il
socie
ty;
(i)
Mak
e r
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s w
ith
reg
ard
to
th
e p
rom
oti
on
an
d p
rote
cti
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
;
(j)
Su
bm
it a
n a
nn
ual
rep
ort
to
th
e G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
;
6.
Decid
es
als
o t
hat
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
ass
um
e,
rev
iew
an
d,
wh
ere
necess
ary
,
imp
rov
e a
nd
rati
on
ali
ze a
ll m
an
date
s, m
ech
an
ism
s, f
un
cti
on
s an
d r
esp
on
sib
ilit
ies
of
the
Co
mm
issi
on
o
n
Hu
man
R
igh
ts
in
ord
er
to
main
tain
a
syst
em
o
f sp
ecia
l
pro
ced
ure
s, e
xp
ert
ad
vic
e a
nd
a c
om
pla
int
pro
ced
ure
; th
e C
ou
ncil
sh
all
co
mp
lete
this
rev
iew
wit
hin
on
e y
ear
aft
er
the h
old
ing
of
its
firs
t se
ssio
n;
7.
Decid
es
furt
her
that
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
co
nsi
st o
f fo
rty
-sev
en
M
em
ber
Sta
tes,
w
hic
h
shall
b
e
ele
cte
d
dir
ectl
y
an
d
ind
ivid
uall
y
by
se
cre
t b
all
ot
by
th
e
majo
rity
of
the m
em
bers
of
the G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
; th
e m
em
bers
hip
sh
all
be b
ase
d
on
eq
uit
ab
le
geo
gra
ph
ical
dis
trib
uti
on
, an
d
seats
sh
all
b
e
dis
trib
ute
d
as
foll
ow
s
am
on
g r
eg
ion
al
gro
up
s: G
rou
p o
f A
fric
an
Sta
tes,
th
irte
en
; G
rou
p o
f A
sian
Sta
tes,
thir
teen
; G
rou
p
of
East
ern
E
uro
pean
S
tate
s,
six
; G
rou
p
of
Lati
n
Am
eri
can
an
d
Cari
bb
ean
Sta
tes,
eig
ht;
an
d G
rou
p o
f W
est
ern
Eu
rop
ean
an
d o
ther
Sta
tes,
sev
en
; th
e
mem
bers
o
f th
e C
ou
ncil
sh
all
se
rve fo
r a p
eri
od
o
f th
ree y
ears
an
d sh
all
n
ot
be
eli
gib
le f
or
imm
ed
iate
re-e
lecti
on
aft
er
two
co
nse
cu
tiv
e t
erm
s;
8.
Decid
es
that
the m
em
bers
hip
in
th
e C
ou
ncil
sh
all
be o
pen
to
all
Sta
tes
Mem
bers
of
the U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s; w
hen
ele
cti
ng
mem
bers
of
the C
ou
ncil
, M
em
ber
Sta
tes
shall
tak
e i
nto
acco
un
t th
e c
on
trib
uti
on
of
can
did
ate
s to
th
e p
rom
oti
on
an
d
pro
tecti
on
o
f h
um
an
ri
gh
ts
an
d
their
v
olu
nta
ry
ple
dg
es
an
d
co
mm
itm
en
ts
mad
e
there
to;
the G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
, b
y a
tw
o-t
hir
ds
majo
rity
of
the m
em
bers
pre
sen
t an
d
vo
tin
g,
may
su
spen
d t
he r
igh
ts o
f m
em
bers
hip
in
th
e C
ou
ncil
of
a m
em
ber
of
the
Co
un
cil
th
at
co
mm
its
gro
ss a
nd
sy
stem
ati
c v
iola
tio
ns
of
hu
man
rig
hts
;
9.
Decid
es
als
o
that
mem
bers
ele
cte
d
to
the
Co
un
cil
sh
all
u
ph
old
th
e
hig
hest
st
an
dard
s in
th
e
pro
mo
tio
n
an
d
pro
tecti
on
o
f h
um
an
ri
gh
ts,
shall
fu
lly
co
op
era
te w
ith
th
e C
ou
ncil
an
d b
e re
vie
wed
u
nd
er
the u
niv
ers
al
peri
od
ic re
vie
w
mech
an
ism
du
rin
g t
heir
term
of
mem
bers
hip
;
A/R
ES
/60
/25
1
4
10
.D
ecid
es
furt
her
that
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
meet
reg
ula
rly
th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e y
ear
an
d s
ch
ed
ule
no
few
er
than
th
ree s
ess
ion
s p
er
year,
in
clu
din
g a
main
sess
ion
, fo
r a
tota
l d
ura
tio
n o
f n
o l
ess
th
an
ten
week
s, a
nd
sh
all
be a
ble
to
ho
ld s
pecia
l se
ssio
ns,
wh
en
need
ed
, at
the r
eq
uest
of
a m
em
ber
of
the C
ou
ncil
wit
h t
he s
up
po
rt o
f o
ne
thir
d o
f th
e m
em
bers
hip
of
the C
ou
ncil
;
11
.D
ecid
es
that
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
ap
ply
th
e r
ule
s o
f p
roced
ure
est
ab
lish
ed
for
co
mm
itte
es
of
the
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
, as
ap
pli
cab
le,
un
less
su
bse
qu
en
tly
oth
erw
ise
decid
ed
b
y
the
Ass
em
bly
o
r th
e
Co
un
cil
, an
d
als
o
decid
es
that
the
part
icip
ati
on
o
f an
d
co
nsu
ltati
on
w
ith
o
bse
rvers
, in
clu
din
g
Sta
tes
that
are
n
ot
mem
bers
o
f th
e
Co
un
cil
, th
e
specia
lized
ag
en
cie
s,
oth
er
inte
rgo
vern
men
tal
org
an
izati
on
s an
d n
ati
on
al
hu
man
rig
hts
in
stit
uti
on
s, a
s w
ell
as
no
n-g
ov
ern
men
tal
org
an
izati
on
s,
shall
b
e
base
d
on
arr
an
gem
en
ts,
inclu
din
g
Eco
no
mic
an
d
So
cia
l
Co
un
cil
re
solu
tio
n
19
96
/31
o
f 2
5 J
uly
1
99
6
an
d
pra
cti
ces
ob
serv
ed
b
y
the
Co
mm
issi
on
on
Hu
man
Rig
hts
, w
hil
e e
nsu
rin
g t
he m
ost
eff
ecti
ve c
on
trib
uti
on
of
these
en
titi
es;
12
.D
ecid
es
als
o
that
the
meth
od
s o
f w
ork
o
f th
e
Co
un
cil
sh
all
b
e
tran
spare
nt,
fa
ir
an
d
imp
art
ial
an
d
shall
en
ab
le
gen
uin
e
dia
log
ue,
be
resu
lts-
ori
en
ted
, all
ow
fo
r su
bse
qu
en
t fo
llo
w-u
p d
iscu
ssio
ns
to r
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s an
d t
heir
imp
lem
en
tati
on
an
d a
lso
all
ow
fo
r su
bst
an
tiv
e i
nte
racti
on
wit
h s
pecia
l p
roced
ure
s
an
d m
ech
an
ism
s;
13
.R
eco
mm
en
ds
that
the
Eco
no
mic
an
d
So
cia
l C
ou
ncil
re
qu
est
th
e
Co
mm
issi
on
on
Hu
man
Rig
hts
to
co
nclu
de i
ts w
ork
at
its
six
ty-s
eco
nd
sess
ion
, an
d
that
it a
bo
lish
th
e C
om
mis
sio
n o
n 1
6 J
un
e 2
00
6;
14
.D
ecid
es
to
ele
ct
the
new
m
em
bers
o
f th
e
Co
un
cil
; th
e
term
s o
f
mem
bers
hip
sh
all
b
e
stag
gere
d,
an
d
such
d
ecis
ion
sh
all
b
e
tak
en
fo
r th
e
firs
t
ele
cti
on
b
y th
e d
raw
ing
o
f lo
ts,
tak
ing
in
to co
nsi
dera
tio
n eq
uit
ab
le g
eo
gra
ph
ical
dis
trib
uti
on
;
15
.D
ecid
es
als
o t
hat
ele
cti
on
s o
f th
e f
irst
mem
bers
of
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
tak
e
pla
ce o
n 9
May
20
06
, an
d t
hat
the f
irst
meeti
ng
of
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
be c
on
ven
ed
on
19
Ju
ne 2
00
6;
16
.D
ecid
es
furt
her
that
the C
ou
ncil
sh
all
rev
iew
its
wo
rk a
nd
fu
ncti
on
ing
fiv
e y
ears
aft
er
its
est
ab
lish
men
t an
d r
ep
ort
to
th
e G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
.
72
nd
ple
na
ry m
eeti
ng
15
Ma
rch
20
06
79
Institution-building of the United Nations Human Rights Council, United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1
of 18 June 2007
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
5/1.
Ins
titut
ion-
build
ing
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
uman
Rig
hts C
ounc
il
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil,
Ac
ting
in c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith th
e m
anda
te e
ntru
sted
to it
by
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
in re
solu
tion
60/2
51 o
f 15
Mar
ch 2
006,
H
avin
g co
nsid
ered
the
draf
t tex
t on
inst
itutio
n-bu
ildin
g su
bmitt
ed b
y th
e Pr
esid
ent o
f th
e C
ounc
il,
1.Ad
opts
the
draf
t tex
t ent
itled
“U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
uma n
Rig
hts C
ounc
il:In
stitu
tion-
Bui
ldin
g”, a
s con
tain
ed in
the
anne
x to
the
pres
ent r
esol
utio
n, in
clud
ing
its
appe
ndix
(ces
);
2.D
ecid
es to
s ubm
it th
e fo
llow
ing
draf
t res
olut
ion
to th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
for
its a
dopt
ion
as a
mat
ter o
f prio
rity
in o
rder
to fa
cilit
ate
the
timel
y im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e te
xt
cont
aine
d th
erea
fter:
“The
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y,
“Tak
ing
note
of H
uman
Rig
hts C
ounc
il re
solu
tion
5/1
of 1
8 Ju
ne 2
007,
“1
. W
elco
mes
the
text
ent
itled
‘Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil:
Inst
itutio
n-B
uild
ing’
, as
cont
aine
d in
the
anne
x to
the
pres
ent r
esol
utio
n, in
clud
ing
its a
ppen
dix(
ces)
.”
9th
mee
ting
18 J
une
2007
[Res
olut
ion
adop
ted
with
out a
vot
e.]1
Ann
ex
UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S H
UM
AN
RIG
HT
S C
OU
NC
IL:
INST
ITU
TIO
N-B
UIL
DIN
G
I. U
NIV
ER
SAL
PE
RIO
DIC
RE
VIE
W M
EC
HA
NIS
M
A.
Bas
is o
f the
rev
iew
1.
The
basi
s of t
he re
view
is:
(a)
The
Cha
rter o
f the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
;
(b)
The
Uni
vers
al D
ecla
ratio
n of
Hum
an R
ight
s;
(c)
Hum
an ri
ghts
inst
rum
ents
to w
hich
a S
tate
is p
arty
;
1 See
A/H
RC
/5/2
1, c
hap.
III,
para
s. 60
-62.
(d
) V
olun
tary
ple
dges
and
com
mitm
ents
mad
e by
Sta
tes,
incl
udin
g th
ose
unde
rtake
n w
hen
pres
entin
g th
eir c
andi
datu
res f
or e
lect
ion
to th
e H
uman
Rig
hts C
ounc
il (h
erei
nafte
r “th
e C
ounc
il”).
2.
In a
dditi
on to
the
abov
e an
d gi
ven
the
com
plem
enta
ry a
nd m
utua
lly in
terr
elat
ed n
atur
e of
inte
rnat
iona
l hu
man
righ
ts la
w a
nd in
tern
atio
nal h
uman
itaria
n la
w, t
he re
view
shal
l tak
e in
to a
ccou
nt a
pplic
able
inte
rnat
iona
l hu
man
itaria
n la
w.
B.
Prin
cipl
es a
nd o
bjec
tives
1.Pr
inci
ples
3.
The
univ
ersa
l per
iodi
c re
view
shou
ld:
(a)
Prom
ote
the
univ
ersa
lity,
inte
rdep
ende
nce,
indi
visi
bilit
y an
d in
terr
elat
edne
ss o
f all
hum
an
right
s;
(b
) B
e a
coop
erat
ive
mec
hani
sm b
ased
on
obje
ctiv
e an
d re
liabl
e in
form
atio
n an
d on
inte
ract
ive
dial
ogue
;
(c
) En
sure
uni
vers
al c
over
age
and
equa
l tre
atm
ent o
f all
Stat
es;
(d
) B
e an
inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l pro
cess
, Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Mem
ber-
driv
en a
nd a
ctio
n-or
ient
ed;
(e
) Fu
lly in
volv
e th
e co
untry
und
er re
view
;
(f)
C
ompl
emen
t and
not
dup
licat
e ot
her h
uman
righ
ts m
echa
nism
s, th
us re
pres
entin
g an
add
ed
valu
e;
(g
) B
e co
nduc
ted
in a
n ob
ject
ive,
tran
spar
ent,
non-
sele
ctiv
e, c
onst
ruct
ive,
non
-con
fron
tatio
nal a
nd
non-
polit
iciz
ed m
anne
r;
(h
) N
ot b
e ov
erly
bur
dens
ome
to th
e co
ncer
ned
Stat
e or
to th
e ag
enda
of t
he C
ounc
il;
(i)
N
ot b
e ov
erly
long
; it s
houl
d be
real
istic
and
not
abs
orb
a di
spro
porti
onat
e am
ount
of t
ime,
hu
man
and
fina
ncia
l res
ourc
es;
(j)
N
ot d
imin
ish
the
Cou
ncil’
s cap
acity
to re
spon
d to
urg
ent h
uman
righ
ts si
tuat
ions
;
(k
) Fu
lly in
tegr
ate
a ge
nder
per
spec
tive;
(l)
W
ithou
t pre
judi
ce to
the
oblig
atio
ns c
onta
ined
in th
e el
emen
ts p
rovi
ded
for i
n th
e ba
sis o
f re
view
, tak
e in
to a
ccou
nt th
e le
vel o
f dev
elop
men
t and
spec
ifici
ties o
f cou
ntrie
s;
(m
) En
sure
the
parti
cipa
tion
of a
ll re
leva
nt st
akeh
olde
rs, i
nclu
ding
non
-gov
ernm
enta
l or
gani
zatio
ns a
nd n
atio
nal h
uman
righ
ts in
stitu
tions
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
reso
lutio
n 60
/251
of
15 M
arch
200
6 an
d Ec
onom
ic a
nd S
ocia
l Cou
ncil
reso
lutio
n 19
96/3
1 of
25
July
199
6, a
s wel
l as a
ny d
ecis
ions
th
at th
e C
ounc
il m
ay ta
ke in
this
rega
rd.
2.O
bjec
tives
4.
The
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
revi
ew a
re:
(a)
The
impr
ovem
ent o
f the
hum
an ri
ghts
situ
atio
n on
the
grou
nd;
(b)
The
fulfi
lmen
t of t
he S
tate
’s h
uman
righ
ts o
blig
atio
ns a
nd c
omm
itmen
ts a
nd a
sses
smen
t of
posi
tive
deve
lopm
ents
and
cha
lleng
es fa
ced
by th
e St
ate;
(c
) Th
e en
hanc
emen
t of t
he S
tate
’s c
apac
ity a
nd o
f tec
hnic
al a
ssis
tanc
e, in
con
sulta
tion
with
, and
w
ith th
e co
nsen
t of,
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned;
82
(d
) Th
e sh
arin
g of
bes
t pra
ctic
e am
ong
Stat
es a
nd o
ther
stak
ehol
ders
;
(e
) Su
ppor
t for
coo
pera
tion
in th
e pr
omot
ion
and
prot
ectio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
;
(f)
Th
e en
cour
agem
ent o
f ful
l coo
pera
tion
and
enga
gem
ent w
ith th
e C
ounc
il, o
ther
hum
an ri
ghts
bo
dies
and
the
Off
ice
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s.
C.
Peri
odic
ity a
nd o
rder
of t
he r
evie
w
5.
The
revi
ew b
egin
s afte
r the
ado
ptio
n of
the
univ
ersa
l per
iodi
c re
view
mec
hani
sm b
y th
e C
ounc
il.
6.
The
orde
r of r
evie
w sh
ould
refle
ct th
e pr
inci
ples
of u
nive
rsal
ity a
nd e
qual
trea
tmen
t.
7.
The
orde
r of t
he re
view
shou
ld b
e es
tabl
ishe
d as
soon
as p
ossi
ble
in o
rder
to a
llow
Sta
tes t
o pr
epar
e ad
equa
tely
.
8.
All
mem
ber S
tate
s of t
he C
ounc
il sh
all b
e re
view
ed d
urin
g th
eir t
erm
of m
embe
rshi
p.
9.
The
initi
al m
embe
rs o
f the
Cou
ncil,
esp
ecia
lly th
ose
elec
ted
for o
ne o
r tw
o-ye
ar te
rms,
shou
ld b
e re
view
ed fi
rst.
10.
A m
ix o
f mem
ber a
nd o
bser
ver S
tate
s of t
he C
ounc
il sh
ould
be
revi
ewed
.
11.
Equi
tabl
e ge
ogra
phic
dis
tribu
tion
shou
ld b
e re
spec
ted
in th
e se
lect
ion
of c
ount
ries f
or re
view
.
12.
The
first
mem
ber a
nd o
bser
ver S
tate
s to
be re
view
ed w
ill b
e ch
osen
by
the
draw
ing
of lo
ts fr
om e
ach
Reg
iona
l Gro
up in
such
a w
ay a
s to
ensu
re fu
ll re
spec
t for
equ
itabl
e ge
ogra
phic
dis
tribu
tion.
Alp
habe
tical
ord
er
will
then
be
appl
ied
begi
nnin
g w
ith th
ose
coun
tries
thus
sele
cted
, unl
ess o
ther
cou
ntrie
s vol
unte
er to
be
revi
ewed
.
13.
The
perio
d be
twee
n re
view
cyc
les s
houl
d be
reas
onab
le so
as t
o ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt th
e ca
paci
ty o
f Sta
tes
to p
repa
re fo
r, an
d th
e ca
paci
ty o
f oth
er st
akeh
olde
rs to
resp
ond
to, t
he re
ques
ts a
risin
g fr
om th
e re
view
.
14.
The
perio
dici
ty o
f the
revi
ew fo
r the
firs
t cyc
le w
ill b
e of
four
yea
rs. T
his w
ill im
ply
the
cons
ider
atio
n of
48
Stat
es p
er y
ear d
urin
g th
ree
sess
ions
of t
he w
orki
ng g
roup
of t
wo
wee
ks e
ach.
a
D.
Proc
ess a
nd m
odal
ities
of t
he r
evie
w
1.D
ocum
enta
tion
15.
The
docu
men
ts o
n w
hich
the
revi
ew w
ould
be
base
d ar
e:
(a)
Info
rmat
ion
prep
ared
by
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned,
whi
ch c
an ta
ke th
e fo
rm o
f a n
atio
nal r
epor
t, on
th
e ba
sis o
f gen
eral
gui
delin
es to
be
adop
ted
by th
e C
ounc
il at
its s
ixth
sess
ion
(firs
t ses
sion
of t
he se
cond
cy
cle)
, and
any
oth
er in
form
atio
n co
nsid
ered
rele
vant
by
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned,
whi
ch c
ould
be
pres
ente
d ei
ther
or
ally
or i
n w
ritin
g, p
rovi
ded
that
the
writ
ten
pres
enta
tion
sum
mar
izin
g th
e in
form
atio
n w
ill n
ot e
xcee
d 20
pa
ges,
to g
uara
ntee
equ
al tr
eatm
ent t
o al
l Sta
tes a
nd n
ot to
ove
rbur
den
the
mec
hani
sm. S
tate
s are
enc
oura
ged
to
prep
are
the
info
rmat
ion
thro
ugh
a br
oad
cons
ulta
tion
proc
ess a
t the
nat
iona
l lev
el w
ith a
ll re
leva
nt st
akeh
olde
rs;
(b
) A
dditi
onal
ly a
com
pila
tion
prep
ared
by
the
Off
ice
of th
e H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an
Rig
hts o
f the
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
the
repo
rts o
f tre
aty
bodi
es, s
peci
al p
roce
dure
s, in
clud
ing
obse
rvat
ions
an
d co
mm
ents
by
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned,
and
oth
er re
leva
nt o
ffic
ial U
nite
d N
atio
ns d
ocum
ents
, whi
ch sh
all n
ot
exce
ed 1
0 pa
ges;
aTh
e un
iver
sal p
erio
dic
revi
ew is
an
evol
ving
pro
cess
; the
Cou
ncil,
afte
r the
con
clus
ion
of th
e fir
st re
view
cy
cle,
may
revi
ew th
e m
odal
ities
and
the
perio
dici
ty o
f thi
s mec
hani
sm, b
ased
on
best
pra
ctic
es a
nd le
sson
s le
arne
d.
(c
) A
dditi
onal
, cre
dibl
e an
d re
liabl
e in
form
atio
n pr
ovid
ed b
y ot
her r
elev
ant s
take
hold
ers t
o th
e un
iver
sal p
erio
dic
revi
ew w
hich
shou
ld a
lso
be ta
ken
into
con
side
ratio
n by
the
Cou
ncil
in th
e re
view
. The
O
ffic
e of
the
Hig
h C
omm
issi
oner
for H
uman
Rig
hts w
ill p
repa
re a
sum
mar
y of
such
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch sh
all n
ot
exce
ed 1
0 pa
ges.
16.
The
docu
men
ts p
repa
red
by th
e O
ffic
e of
the
Hig
h C
omm
issi
oner
for H
uman
Rig
hts s
houl
d be
el
abor
ated
follo
win
g th
e st
ruct
ure
of th
e ge
nera
l gui
delin
es a
dopt
ed b
y th
e C
ounc
il re
gard
ing
the
info
rmat
ion
prep
ared
by
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned.
17.
Bot
h th
e St
ate’
s writ
ten
pres
enta
tion
and
the
sum
mar
ies p
repa
red
by th
e O
ffic
e of
the
Hig
h C
omm
issi
oner
for H
uman
Rig
hts s
hall
be re
ady
six
wee
ks p
rior t
o th
e re
view
by
the
wor
king
gro
up to
ens
ure
the
dist
ribut
ion
of d
ocum
ents
sim
ulta
neou
sly
in th
e si
x of
ficia
l lan
guag
es o
f the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
, in
acco
rdan
ce
with
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
53/2
08 o
f 14
Janu
ary
1999
.
2.M
odal
ities
18.
The
mod
aliti
es o
f the
revi
ew sh
all b
e as
follo
ws:
(a)
The
revi
ew w
ill b
e co
nduc
ted
in o
ne w
orki
ng g
roup
, cha
ired
by th
e Pr
esid
ent o
f the
Cou
ncil
and
com
pose
d of
the
47 m
embe
r Sta
tes o
f the
Cou
ncil.
Eac
h m
embe
r Sta
te w
ill d
ecid
e on
the
com
posi
tion
of it
s de
lega
tion;
b
(b
) O
bser
ver S
tate
s may
par
ticip
ate
in th
e re
view
, inc
ludi
ng in
the
inte
ract
ive
dial
ogue
;
(c
) O
ther
rele
vant
stak
ehol
ders
may
atte
nd th
e re
view
in th
e W
orki
ng G
roup
;
(d
) A
gro
up o
f thr
ee ra
ppor
teur
s, se
lect
ed b
y th
e dr
awin
g of
lots
am
ong
the
mem
bers
of t
he
Cou
ncil
and
from
diff
eren
t Reg
iona
l Gro
ups (
troi
ka) w
ill b
e fo
rmed
to fa
cilit
ate
each
revi
ew, i
nclu
ding
the
prep
arat
ion
of th
e re
port
of th
e w
orki
ng g
roup
. The
Off
ice
of th
e H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s will
pr
ovid
e th
e ne
cess
ary
assi
stan
ce a
nd e
xper
tise
to th
e ra
ppor
teur
s.
19.
The
coun
try c
once
rned
may
requ
est t
hat o
ne o
f the
rapp
orte
urs b
e fr
om it
s ow
n R
egio
nal G
roup
and
m
ay a
lso
requ
est t
he su
bstit
utio
n of
a ra
ppor
teur
on
only
one
occ
asio
n.
20.
A ra
ppor
teur
may
requ
est t
o be
exc
used
from
par
ticip
atio
n in
a sp
ecifi
c re
view
pro
cess
.
21.
Inte
ract
ive
dial
ogue
bet
wee
n th
e co
untry
und
er re
view
and
the
Cou
ncil
will
take
pla
ce in
the
wor
king
gr
oup.
The
rapp
orte
urs m
ay c
olla
te is
sues
or q
uest
ions
to b
e tra
nsm
itted
to th
e St
ate
unde
r rev
iew
to fa
cilit
ate
its
prep
arat
ion
and
focu
s the
inte
ract
ive
dial
ogue
, whi
le g
uara
ntee
ing
fairn
ess a
nd tr
ansp
aren
cy.
22.
The
dura
tion
of th
e re
view
will
be
thre
e ho
urs f
or e
ach
coun
try in
the
wor
king
gro
up. A
dditi
onal
tim
e of
up
to o
ne h
our w
ill b
e al
loca
ted
for t
he c
onsi
dera
tion
of th
e ou
tcom
e by
the
plen
ary
of th
e C
ounc
il.
23.
Hal
f an
hour
will
be
allo
cate
d fo
r the
ado
ptio
n of
the
repo
rt of
eac
h co
untry
und
er re
view
in th
e w
orki
ng g
roup
.
24.
A re
ason
able
tim
e fr
ame
shou
ld b
e al
loca
ted
betw
een
the
revi
ew a
nd th
e ad
optio
n of
the
repo
rt of
eac
hSt
ate
in th
e w
orki
ng g
roup
.
25.
The
final
out
com
e w
ill b
e ad
opte
d by
the
plen
ary
of th
e C
ounc
il.
bA
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
Vol
unta
ry T
rust
Fun
d sh
ould
be
esta
blis
hed
to fa
cilit
ate
the
parti
cipa
tion
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries,
parti
cula
rly th
e Le
ast D
evel
oped
Cou
ntrie
s, in
the
univ
ersa
l per
iodi
c re
view
mec
hani
sm.
83
E.
Out
com
e of
the
revi
ew
1. F
orm
at o
f the
out
com
e
26.
The
form
at o
f the
out
com
e of
the
revi
ew w
ill b
e a
repo
rt co
nsis
ting
of a
sum
mar
y of
the
proc
eedi
ngs o
f th
e re
view
pro
cess
; con
clus
ions
and
/or r
ecom
men
datio
ns, a
nd th
e vo
lunt
ary
com
mitm
ents
of t
he S
tate
co
ncer
ned.
2.C
onte
nt o
f the
out
com
e
27.
The
univ
ersa
l per
iodi
c re
view
is a
coo
pera
tive
mec
hani
sm. I
ts o
utco
me
may
incl
ude,
inte
r alia
:
(a
) A
n as
sess
men
t und
erta
ken
in a
n ob
ject
ive
and
trans
pare
nt m
anne
r of t
he h
uman
righ
ts
situ
atio
n in
the
coun
try u
nder
revi
ew, i
nclu
ding
pos
itive
dev
elop
men
ts a
nd th
e ch
alle
nges
face
d by
the
coun
try;
(b
) Sh
arin
g of
bes
t pra
ctic
es;
(c
) A
n em
phas
is o
n en
hanc
ing
coop
erat
ion
for t
he p
rom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of h
uman
righ
ts;
(d
) Th
e pr
ovis
ion
of te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
in c
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith, a
nd w
ith th
e co
nsen
t of,
the
coun
try c
once
rned
;c
(e
) V
olun
tary
com
mitm
ents
and
ple
dges
mad
e by
the
coun
try u
nder
revi
ew.
3.A
dopt
ion
of th
e ou
tcom
e
28.
The
coun
try u
nder
revi
ew sh
ould
be
fully
invo
lved
in th
e ou
tcom
e.
29.
Bef
ore
the
adop
tion
of th
e ou
tcom
e by
the
plen
ary
of th
e C
ounc
il, th
e St
ate
conc
erne
d sh
ould
be
offe
red
the
oppo
rtuni
ty to
pre
sent
repl
ies t
o qu
estio
ns o
r iss
ues t
hat w
ere
not s
uffic
ient
ly a
ddre
ssed
dur
ing
the
inte
ract
ive
dial
ogue
.
30.
The
Stat
e co
ncer
ned
and
the
mem
ber S
tate
s of t
he C
ounc
il, a
s wel
l as o
bser
ver S
tate
s, w
ill b
e gi
ven
the
oppo
rtuni
ty to
exp
ress
thei
r vie
ws o
n th
e ou
tcom
e of
the
revi
ew b
efor
e th
e pl
enar
y ta
kes a
ctio
n on
it.
31.
Oth
er re
leva
nt st
akeh
olde
rs w
ill h
ave
the
oppo
rtuni
ty to
mak
e ge
nera
l com
men
ts b
efor
e th
e ad
optio
n of
th
e ou
tcom
e by
the
plen
ary.
32.
Rec
omm
enda
tions
that
enj
oy th
e su
ppor
t of t
he S
tate
con
cern
ed w
ill b
e id
entif
ied
as su
ch. O
ther
re
com
men
datio
ns, t
oget
her w
ith th
e co
mm
ents
of t
he S
tate
con
cern
ed th
ereo
n, w
ill b
e no
ted.
Bot
h w
ill b
e in
clud
ed in
the
outc
ome
repo
rt to
be
adop
ted
by th
e C
ounc
il.
F. F
ollo
w-u
p to
the
revi
ew
33.
The
outc
ome
of th
e un
iver
sal p
erio
dic
revi
ew, a
s a c
oope
rativ
e m
echa
nism
, sho
uld
be im
plem
ente
d pr
imar
ily b
y th
e St
ate
conc
erne
d an
d, a
s app
ropr
iate
, by
othe
r rel
evan
t sta
keho
lder
s.
34.
The
subs
eque
nt re
view
shou
ld fo
cus,
inte
r alia
, on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
prec
edin
g ou
tcom
e.
35.
The
Cou
ncil
shou
ld h
ave
a st
andi
ng it
em o
n its
age
nda
devo
ted
to th
e un
iver
sal p
erio
dic
revi
ew.
36.
The
inte
rnat
iona
l com
mun
ity w
ill a
ssis
t in
impl
emen
ting
the
reco
mm
enda
tions
and
con
clus
ions
re
gard
ing
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g an
d te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e, in
con
sulta
tion
with
, and
with
the
cons
ent o
f, th
e co
untry
co
ncer
ned.
cA
dec
isio
n sh
ould
be
take
n by
the
Cou
ncil
on w
heth
er to
reso
rt to
exi
stin
g fin
anci
ng m
echa
nism
s or t
o cr
eate
a
new
mec
hani
sm.
37.
In c
onsi
derin
g th
e ou
tcom
e of
the
univ
ersa
l per
iodi
c re
view
, the
Cou
ncil
will
dec
ide
if an
d w
hen
any
spec
ific
follo
w-u
p is
nec
essa
ry.
38.
Afte
r exh
aust
ing
all e
ffor
ts to
enc
oura
ge a
Sta
te to
coo
pera
te w
ith th
e un
iver
sal p
erio
dic
revi
ew
mec
hani
sm, t
he C
ounc
il w
ill a
ddre
ss, a
s app
ropr
iate
, cas
es o
f per
sist
ent n
on-c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e m
echa
nism
.
II.
SPE
CIA
L P
RO
CE
DU
RE
S
A.
Sele
ctio
n an
d ap
poin
tmen
t of m
anda
te-h
olde
rs
39.
The
follo
win
g ge
nera
l crit
eria
will
be
of p
aram
ount
impo
rtanc
e w
hile
nom
inat
ing,
sele
ctin
g an
d ap
poin
ting
man
date
-hol
ders
: (a)
exp
ertis
e; (b
) exp
erie
nce
in th
e fie
ld o
f the
man
date
; (c)
inde
pend
ence
; (d)
im
parti
ality
; (e)
per
sona
l int
egrit
y; a
nd (f
) obj
ectiv
ity.
40.
Due
con
side
ratio
n sh
ould
be
give
n to
gen
der b
alan
ce a
nd e
quita
ble
geog
raph
ic re
pres
enta
tion,
as w
ell
as to
an
appr
opria
te re
pres
enta
tion
of d
iffer
ent l
egal
syst
ems.
41.
Tech
nica
l and
obj
ectiv
e re
quire
men
ts fo
r elig
ible
can
dida
tes f
or m
anda
te-h
olde
rs w
ill b
e ap
prov
ed b
y th
e C
ounc
il at
its s
ixth
sess
ion
(firs
t ses
sion
of t
he se
cond
cyc
le),
in o
rder
to e
nsur
e th
at e
ligib
le c
andi
date
s are
hi
ghly
qua
lifie
d in
divi
dual
s who
pos
sess
est
ablis
hed
com
pete
nce,
rele
vant
exp
ertis
e an
d ex
tens
ive
prof
essi
onal
ex
perie
nce
in th
e fie
ld o
f hum
an ri
ghts
.
42.
The
follo
win
g en
titie
s may
nom
inat
e ca
ndid
ates
as s
peci
al p
roce
dure
s man
date
-hol
ders
: (a)
G
over
nmen
ts; (
b) R
egio
nal G
roup
s ope
ratin
g w
ithin
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
hum
an ri
ghts
syst
em; (
c) in
tern
atio
nal
orga
niza
tions
or t
heir
offic
es (e
.g. t
he O
ffic
e of
the
Hig
h C
omm
issi
oner
for H
uman
Rig
hts)
; (d)
non
-go
vern
men
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
; (e)
oth
er h
uman
righ
ts b
odie
s; (f
) ind
ivid
ual n
omin
atio
ns.
43.
The
Off
ice
of th
e H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s sha
ll im
med
iate
ly p
repa
re, m
aint
ain
and
perio
dica
lly u
pdat
e a
publ
ic li
st o
f elig
ible
can
dida
tes i
n a
stan
dard
ized
form
at, w
hich
shal
l inc
lude
per
sona
l da
ta, a
reas
of e
xper
tise
and
prof
essi
onal
exp
erie
nce.
Upc
omin
g va
canc
ies o
f man
date
s sha
ll be
pub
liciz
ed.
44.
The
prin
cipl
e of
non
-acc
umul
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
func
tions
at a
tim
e sh
all b
e re
spec
ted.
45.
A m
anda
te-h
olde
r’s t
enur
e in
a g
iven
func
tion,
whe
ther
a th
emat
ic o
r cou
ntry
man
date
, will
be
no
long
er th
an si
x ye
ars(
two
term
s of t
hree
yea
rs fo
r the
mat
ic m
anda
te-h
olde
rs).
46.
Indi
vidu
als h
oldi
ng d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
posi
tions
in G
over
nmen
t or i
n an
y ot
her o
rgan
izat
ion
or e
ntity
w
hich
may
giv
e ris
e to
a c
onfli
ct o
f int
eres
t with
the
resp
onsi
bilit
ies i
nher
ent t
o th
e m
anda
te sh
all b
e ex
clud
ed.
Man
date
-hol
ders
will
act
in th
eir p
erso
nal c
apac
ity.
47.
A c
onsu
ltativ
e gr
oup
wou
ld b
e es
tabl
ishe
d to
pro
pose
to th
e Pr
esid
ent,
at le
ast o
ne m
onth
bef
ore
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
sess
ion
in w
hich
the
Cou
ncil
wou
ld c
onsi
der t
he se
lect
ion
of m
anda
te-h
olde
rs, a
list
of
cand
idat
es w
ho p
osse
ss th
e hi
ghes
t qua
lific
atio
ns fo
r the
man
date
s in
ques
tion
and
mee
t the
gen
eral
crit
eria
and
pa
rticu
lar r
equi
rem
ents
.
48.
The
cons
ulta
tive
grou
p sh
all a
lso
give
due
con
side
ratio
n to
the
excl
usio
n of
nom
inat
ed c
andi
date
s fro
m
the
publ
ic li
st o
f elig
ible
can
dida
tes b
roug
ht to
its a
ttent
ion.
49.
At t
he b
egin
ning
of t
he a
nnua
l cyc
le o
f the
Cou
ncil,
Reg
iona
l Gro
ups w
ould
be
invi
ted
to a
ppoi
nt a
m
embe
r of t
he c
onsu
ltativ
e gr
oup,
who
wou
ld se
rve
in h
is/h
er p
erso
nal c
apac
ity. T
he G
roup
will
be
assi
sted
by
the
Off
ice
of th
e H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s.
50.
The
cons
ulta
tive
grou
p w
ill c
onsi
der c
andi
date
s inc
lude
d in
the
publ
ic li
st; h
owev
er, u
nder
exc
eptio
nal
circ
umst
ance
s and
if a
par
ticul
ar p
ost j
ustif
ies i
t, th
e G
roup
may
con
side
r add
ition
al n
omin
atio
ns w
ith e
qual
or
mor
e su
itabl
e qu
alifi
catio
ns fo
r the
pos
t. R
ecom
men
datio
ns to
the
Pres
iden
t sha
ll be
pub
lic a
nd su
bsta
ntia
ted.
51.
The
cons
ulta
tive
grou
p sh
ould
take
into
acc
ount
, as a
ppro
pria
te, t
he v
iew
s of s
take
hold
ers,
incl
udin
g th
e cu
rren
t or o
utgo
ing
man
date
-hol
ders
, in
dete
rmin
ing
the
nece
ssar
y ex
perti
se, e
xper
ienc
e, sk
ills,
and
othe
r re
leva
nt re
quire
men
ts fo
r eac
h m
anda
te.
84
52.
On
the
basi
s of t
he re
com
men
datio
ns o
f the
con
sulta
tive
grou
p an
d fo
llow
ing
broa
d co
nsul
tatio
ns, i
n pa
rticu
lar t
hrou
gh th
e re
gion
al c
oord
inat
ors,
the
Pres
iden
t of t
he C
ounc
il w
ill id
entif
y an
app
ropr
iate
can
dida
te
for e
ach
vaca
ncy.
The
Pre
side
nt w
ill p
rese
nt to
mem
ber S
tate
s and
obs
erve
rs a
list
of c
andi
date
s to
be p
ropo
sed
at le
ast t
wo
wee
ks p
rior t
o th
e be
ginn
ing
of th
e se
ssio
n in
whi
ch th
e C
ounc
il w
ill c
onsi
der t
he a
ppoi
ntm
ents
.
53.
If n
eces
sary
, the
Pre
side
nt w
ill c
ondu
ct fu
rther
con
sulta
tions
to e
nsur
e th
e en
dors
emen
t of t
he p
ropo
sed
cand
idat
es. T
he a
ppoi
ntm
ent o
f the
spec
ial p
roce
dure
s man
date
-hol
ders
will
be
com
plet
ed u
pon
the
subs
eque
nt
appr
oval
of t
he C
ounc
il. M
anda
te-h
olde
rs sh
all b
e ap
poin
ted
befo
re th
e en
d of
the
sess
ion.
B.
Rev
iew
, rat
iona
lizat
ion
and
impr
ovem
ent o
f man
date
s
54.
The
revi
ew, r
atio
naliz
atio
n an
d im
prov
emen
t of m
anda
tes,
as w
ell a
s the
cre
atio
n of
new
one
s, m
ust b
e gu
ided
by
the
prin
cipl
es o
f uni
vers
ality
, im
parti
ality
, obj
ectiv
ity a
nd n
on-s
elec
tivity
, con
stru
ctiv
e in
tern
atio
nal
dial
ogue
and
coo
pera
tion,
with
a v
iew
to e
nhan
cing
the
prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of a
ll hu
man
righ
ts, c
ivil,
po
litic
al, e
cono
mic
, soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral r
ight
s, in
clud
ing
the
right
to d
evel
opm
ent.
55.
The
revi
ew, r
atio
naliz
atio
n an
d im
prov
emen
t of e
ach
man
date
wou
ld ta
ke p
lace
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he
nego
tiatio
ns o
f the
rele
vant
reso
lutio
ns. A
n as
sess
men
t of t
he m
anda
te m
ay ta
ke p
lace
in a
sepa
rate
segm
ent o
f th
e in
tera
ctiv
e di
alog
ue b
etw
een
the
Cou
ncil
and
spec
ial p
roce
dure
s man
date
-hol
ders
.
56.
The
revi
ew, r
atio
naliz
atio
n an
d im
prov
emen
t of m
anda
tes w
ould
focu
s on
the
rele
vanc
e, sc
ope
and
cont
ents
of t
he m
anda
tes,
havi
ng a
s a fr
amew
ork
the
inte
rnat
iona
lly re
cogn
ized
hum
an ri
ghts
stan
dard
s, th
e sy
stem
of s
peci
al p
roce
dure
s and
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
60/2
51.
57.
Any
dec
isio
n to
stre
amlin
e, m
erge
or p
ossi
bly
disc
ontin
ue m
anda
tes s
houl
d al
way
s be
guid
ed b
y th
e ne
ed fo
r im
prov
emen
t of t
he e
njoy
men
t and
pro
tect
ion
of h
uman
righ
ts.
58.
The
Cou
ncil
shou
ld a
lway
s stri
ve fo
r im
prov
emen
ts:
(a
) M
anda
tes s
houl
d al
way
s off
er a
cle
ar p
rosp
ect o
f an
incr
ease
d le
vel o
f hum
an ri
ghts
pr
otec
tion
and
prom
otio
n as
wel
l as b
eing
coh
eren
t with
in th
e sy
stem
of h
uman
righ
ts;
(b
) Eq
ual a
ttent
ion
shou
ld b
e pa
id to
all
hum
an ri
ghts
. The
bal
ance
of t
hem
atic
man
date
s sho
uld
broa
dly
refle
ct th
e ac
cept
ed e
qual
impo
rtanc
e of
civ
il, p
oliti
cal,
econ
omic
, soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral r
ight
s, in
clud
ing
the
right
to d
evel
opm
ent;
(c
) Ev
ery
effo
rt sh
ould
be
mad
e to
avo
id u
nnec
essa
ry d
uplic
atio
n;
(d
) A
reas
whi
ch c
onst
itute
them
atic
gap
s will
be
iden
tifie
d an
d ad
dres
sed,
incl
udin
g by
mea
ns
othe
r tha
n th
e cr
eatio
n of
spec
ial p
roce
dure
s man
date
s, su
ch a
s by
expa
ndin
g an
exi
stin
g m
anda
te, b
ringi
ng a
cr
oss-
cutti
ng is
sue
to th
e at
tent
ion
of m
anda
te-h
olde
rs o
r by
requ
estin
g a
join
t act
ion
to th
e re
leva
nt m
anda
te-
hold
ers;
(e
) A
ny c
onsi
dera
tion
of m
ergi
ng m
anda
tes s
houl
d ha
ve re
gard
to th
e co
nten
t and
pre
dom
inan
t fu
nctio
ns o
f eac
h m
anda
te, a
s wel
l as t
o th
e w
orkl
oad
of in
divi
dual
man
date
-hol
ders
;
(f)
In
cre
atin
g or
revi
ewin
g m
anda
tes,
effo
rts sh
ould
be
mad
e to
iden
tify
whe
ther
the
stru
ctur
e of
th
e m
echa
nism
(exp
ert,
rapp
orte
ur o
r wor
king
gro
up) i
s the
mos
t eff
ectiv
e in
term
s of i
ncre
asin
g hu
man
righ
ts
prot
ectio
n;
(g
) N
ew m
anda
tes s
houl
d be
as c
lear
and
spec
ific
as p
ossi
ble,
so a
s to
avoi
d am
bigu
ity.
59.
It sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed d
esira
ble
to h
ave
a un
iform
nom
encl
atur
e of
man
date
-hol
ders
, titl
es o
f m
anda
tes a
s wel
l as a
sele
ctio
n an
d ap
poin
tmen
t pro
cess
, to
mak
e th
e w
hole
syst
em m
ore
unde
rsta
ndab
le.
60.
Them
atic
man
date
per
iods
will
be
of th
ree
year
s. C
ount
ry m
anda
te p
erio
ds w
ill b
e of
one
yea
r.
61.
Man
date
s inc
lude
d in
App
endi
x I,
whe
re a
pplic
able
, will
be
rene
wed
unt
il th
e da
te o
n w
hich
they
are
co
nsid
ered
by
the
Cou
ncil
acco
rdin
g to
the
prog
ram
me
of w
ork.
d
62.
Cur
rent
man
date
-hol
ders
may
con
tinue
serv
ing,
pro
vide
d th
ey h
ave
not e
xcee
ded
the
six-
year
term
lim
it (A
ppen
dix
II).
On
an e
xcep
tiona
l bas
is, t
he te
rm o
f tho
se m
anda
te-h
olde
rs w
ho h
ave
serv
ed m
ore
than
six
year
s may
be
exte
nded
unt
il th
e re
leva
nt m
anda
te is
con
side
red
by th
e C
ounc
il an
d th
e se
lect
ion
and
appo
intm
ent p
roce
ss h
as c
oncl
uded
.
63.
Dec
isio
ns to
cre
ate,
revi
ew o
r dis
cont
inue
cou
ntry
man
date
s sho
uld
also
take
into
acc
ount
the
prin
cipl
es o
f coo
pera
tion
and
genu
ine
dial
ogue
aim
ed a
t stre
ngth
enin
g th
e ca
paci
ty o
f Mem
ber S
tate
s to
com
ply
with
thei
r hum
an ri
ghts
obl
igat
ions
.
64.
In c
ase
of si
tuat
ions
of v
iola
tions
of h
uman
righ
ts o
r a la
ck o
f coo
pera
tion
that
requ
ire th
e C
ounc
il’s
atte
ntio
n, th
e pr
inci
ples
of o
bjec
tivity
, non
-sel
ectiv
ity, a
nd th
e el
imin
atio
n of
dou
ble
stan
dard
s and
pol
itici
zatio
n sh
ould
app
ly.
III.
HU
MA
N R
IGH
TS
CO
UN
CIL
AD
VIS
OR
Y C
OM
MIT
TE
E
65.
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
(her
eina
fter “
the
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
”), c
ompo
sed
of 1
8 ex
perts
serv
ing
in th
eir p
erso
nal c
apac
ity, w
ill fu
nctio
n as
a th
ink-
tank
for t
he C
ounc
il an
d w
ork
at it
s di
rect
ion.
The
est
ablis
hmen
t of t
his s
ubsi
diar
y bo
dy a
nd it
s fun
ctio
ning
will
be
exec
uted
acc
ordi
ng to
the
guid
elin
es st
ipul
ated
bel
ow.
A.
Nom
inat
ion
66.
All
Mem
ber S
tate
s of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns m
ay p
ropo
se o
r end
orse
can
dida
tes f
rom
thei
r ow
n re
gion
. W
hen
sele
ctin
g th
eir c
andi
date
s, St
ates
shou
ld c
onsu
lt th
eir n
atio
nal h
uman
righ
ts in
stitu
tions
and
civ
il so
ciet
y or
gani
zatio
ns a
nd, i
n th
is re
gard
, inc
lude
the
nam
es o
f tho
se su
ppor
ting
thei
r can
dida
tes.
67.
The
aim
is to
ens
ure
that
the
best
pos
sibl
e ex
perti
se is
mad
e av
aila
ble
to th
e C
ounc
il. F
or th
is p
urpo
se,
tech
nica
l and
obj
ectiv
e re
quire
men
ts fo
r the
subm
issi
on o
f can
dida
ture
s will
be
esta
blis
hed
and
appr
oved
by
the
Cou
ncil
at it
s six
th se
ssio
n (f
irst s
essi
on o
f the
seco
nd c
ycle
). Th
ese
shou
ld in
clud
e:
(a
) R
ecog
nize
d co
mpe
tenc
e an
d ex
perie
nce
in th
e fie
ld o
f hum
an ri
ghts
;
(b
) H
igh
mor
al st
andi
ng;
(c
) In
depe
nden
ce a
nd im
parti
ality
.
68.
Indi
vidu
als h
oldi
ng d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
posi
tions
in G
over
nmen
t or i
n an
y ot
her o
rgan
izat
ion
or e
ntity
w
hich
mig
ht g
ive
rise
to a
con
flict
of i
nter
est w
ith th
e re
spon
sibi
litie
s inh
eren
t in
the
man
date
shal
l be
excl
uded
. El
ecte
d m
embe
rs o
f the
Com
mitt
ee w
ill a
ct in
thei
r per
sona
l cap
acity
.
69.
The
prin
cipl
e of
non
-acc
umul
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
func
tions
at t
he sa
me
time
shal
l be
resp
ecte
d.
B.
Ele
ctio
n
70.
The
Cou
ncil
shal
l ele
ct th
e m
embe
rs o
f the
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
, in
secr
et b
allo
t, fr
om th
e lis
t of
cand
idat
es w
hose
nam
es h
ave
been
pre
sent
ed in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
agre
ed re
quire
men
ts.
d Cou
ntry
man
date
s mee
t the
follo
win
g cr
iteria
:
Ther
e is
a p
endi
ng m
anda
te o
f the
Cou
ncil
to b
e ac
com
plis
hed;
or
Ther
e is
a p
endi
ng m
anda
te o
f the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y to
be
acco
mpl
ishe
d; o
r
The
natu
re o
f the
man
date
is fo
r adv
isor
y se
rvic
es a
nd te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e.
85
71.
The
list o
f can
dida
tes s
hall
be c
lose
d tw
o m
onth
s prio
r to
the
elec
tion
date
. The
Sec
reta
riat w
ill m
ake
avai
labl
e th
e lis
t of c
andi
date
s and
rele
vant
info
rmat
ion
to m
embe
r Sta
tes a
nd to
the
publ
ic a
t lea
st o
ne m
onth
pr
ior t
o th
eir e
lect
ion.
72.
Due
con
side
ratio
n sh
ould
be
give
n to
gen
der b
alan
ce a
nd a
ppro
pria
te re
pres
enta
tion
of d
iffer
ent
civi
lizat
ions
and
lega
l sys
tem
s.
73.
The
geog
raph
ic d
istri
butio
n w
ill b
e as
follo
ws:
Afr
ican
Sta
tes:
5
Asi
an S
tate
s: 5
East
ern
Euro
pean
Sta
tes:
2
Latin
Am
eric
an a
nd C
arib
bean
Sta
tes:
3
Wes
tern
Eur
opea
n an
d ot
her S
tate
s: 3
74.
The
mem
bers
of t
he A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee sh
all s
erve
for a
per
iod
of th
ree
year
s. Th
ey sh
all b
e el
igib
le
for r
e-el
ectio
n on
ce. I
n th
e fir
st te
rm, o
ne th
ird o
f the
exp
erts
will
serv
e fo
r one
yea
r and
ano
ther
third
for t
wo
year
s. Th
e st
agge
ring
of te
rms o
f mem
bers
hip
will
be
defin
ed b
y th
e dr
awin
g of
lots
.
C.
Func
tions
75.
The
func
tion
of th
e A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee is
to p
rovi
de e
xper
tise
to th
e C
ounc
il in
the
man
ner a
nd fo
rm
requ
este
d by
the
Cou
ncil,
focu
sing
mai
nly
on st
udie
s and
rese
arch
-bas
ed a
dvic
e. F
urth
er, s
uch
expe
rtise
shal
l be
rend
ered
onl
y up
on th
e la
tter’
s req
uest
, in
com
plia
nce
with
its r
esol
utio
ns a
nd u
nder
its g
uida
nce.
76.
The
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
shou
ld b
e im
plem
enta
tion-
orie
nted
and
the
scop
e of
its a
dvic
e sh
ould
be
limite
d to
them
atic
issu
es p
erta
inin
g to
the
man
date
of t
he C
ounc
il; n
amel
y pr
omot
ion
and
prot
ectio
n of
all
hum
an ri
ghts
.
77.
The
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
shal
l not
ado
pt re
solu
tions
or d
ecis
ions
. The
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
may
pr
opos
e w
ithin
the
scop
e of
the
wor
k se
t out
by
the
Cou
ncil,
for t
he la
tter’
s con
side
ratio
n an
d ap
prov
al,
sugg
estio
ns fo
r fur
ther
enh
anci
ng it
s pro
cedu
ral e
ffic
ienc
y, a
s wel
l as f
urth
er re
sear
ch p
ropo
sals
with
in th
e sc
ope
of th
e w
ork
set o
ut b
y th
e C
ounc
il.
78.
The
Cou
ncil
shal
l iss
ue sp
ecifi
c gu
idel
ines
for t
he A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee w
hen
it re
ques
ts a
subs
tant
ive
cont
ribut
ion
from
the
latte
r and
shal
l rev
iew
all
or a
ny p
ortio
n of
thos
e gu
idel
ines
if it
dee
ms n
eces
sary
in th
e fu
ture
.
D.
Met
hods
of w
ork
79.
The
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
shal
l con
vene
up
to tw
o se
ssio
ns fo
r a m
axim
um o
f 10
wor
king
day
s per
ye
ar. A
dditi
onal
sess
ions
may
be
sche
dule
d on
an
ad h
oc b
asis
with
prio
r app
rova
l of t
he C
ounc
il.
80.
The
Cou
ncil
may
requ
est t
he A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee to
und
erta
ke c
erta
in ta
sks t
hat c
ould
be
perf
orm
ed
colle
ctiv
ely,
thro
ugh
a sm
alle
r tea
m o
r ind
ivid
ually
. The
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
will
repo
rt on
such
eff
orts
to th
e C
ounc
il.
81.
Mem
bers
of t
he A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee a
re e
ncou
rage
d to
com
mun
icat
e be
twee
n se
ssio
ns, i
ndiv
idua
lly o
r in
team
s. H
owev
er, t
he A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee sh
all n
ot e
stab
lish
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s unl
ess t
he C
ounc
il au
thor
izes
it
to d
o so
.
82.
In th
e pe
rfor
man
ce o
f its
man
date
, the
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
is u
rged
to e
stab
lish
inte
ract
ion
with
St
ates
, nat
iona
l hum
an ri
ghts
inst
itutio
ns, n
on-g
over
nmen
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
and
oth
er c
ivil
soci
ety
entit
ies i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
mod
aliti
es o
f the
Cou
ncil.
83.
Mem
ber S
tate
s and
obs
erve
rs, i
nclu
ding
Sta
tes t
hat a
re n
ot m
embe
rs o
f the
Cou
ncil,
the
spec
ializ
ed
agen
cies
, oth
er in
terg
over
nmen
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
and
nat
iona
l hum
an ri
ghts
inst
itutio
ns, a
s wel
l as n
on-
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns sh
all b
e en
title
d to
par
ticip
ate
in th
e w
ork
of th
e A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee b
ased
on
arra
ngem
ents
, inc
ludi
ng E
cono
mic
and
Soc
ial C
ounc
il re
solu
tion
1996
/31
and
prac
tices
obs
erve
d by
the
Com
mis
sion
on
Hum
an R
ight
s and
the
Cou
ncil,
whi
le e
nsur
ing
the
mos
t eff
ectiv
e co
ntrib
utio
n of
thes
e en
titie
s.
84.
The
Cou
ncil
will
dec
ide
at it
s six
th se
ssio
n (f
irst s
essi
on o
f its
seco
nd c
ycle
) on
the
mos
t app
ropr
iate
m
echa
nism
s to
cont
inue
the
wor
k of
the
Wor
king
Gro
ups o
n In
dige
nous
Pop
ulat
ions
; Con
tem
pora
ry F
orm
s of
Slav
ery;
Min
oriti
es; a
nd th
e So
cial
For
um.
IV.
CO
MPL
AIN
T P
RO
CE
DU
RE
A.
Obj
ectiv
e an
d sc
ope
85.
A c
ompl
aint
pro
cedu
re is
bei
ng e
stab
lishe
d to
add
ress
con
sist
ent p
atte
rns o
f gro
ss a
nd re
liabl
y at
test
ed
viol
atio
ns o
f all
hum
an ri
ghts
and
all
fund
amen
tal f
reed
oms o
ccur
ring
in a
ny p
art o
f the
wor
ld a
nd u
nder
any
ci
rcum
stan
ces.
86.
Econ
omic
and
Soc
ial C
ounc
il re
solu
tion
1503
(XLV
III)
of 2
7 M
ay 1
970
as re
vise
d by
reso
lutio
n 20
00/3
of 1
9 Ju
ne 2
000
serv
ed a
s a w
orki
ng b
asis
and
was
impr
oved
whe
re n
eces
sary
, so
as to
ens
ure
that
the
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
is im
parti
al, o
bjec
tive,
eff
icie
nt, v
ictim
s-or
ient
ed a
nd c
ondu
cted
in a
tim
ely
man
ner.
The
proc
edur
e w
ill re
tain
its c
onfid
entia
l nat
ure,
with
a v
iew
to e
nhan
cing
coo
pera
tion
with
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned.
B.
Adm
issi
bilit
y cr
iteri
a fo
r co
mm
unic
atio
ns
87.
A c
omm
unic
atio
n re
late
d to
a v
iola
tion
of h
uman
righ
ts a
nd fu
ndam
enta
l fre
edom
s, fo
r the
pur
pose
of
this
pro
cedu
re, s
hall
be a
dmis
sibl
e, p
rovi
ded
that
:
(a
) It
is n
ot m
anife
stly
pol
itica
lly m
otiv
ated
and
its o
bjec
t is c
onsi
sten
t with
the
Cha
rter o
f the
U
nite
d N
atio
ns, t
he U
nive
rsal
Dec
lara
tion
of H
uman
Rig
hts a
nd o
ther
app
licab
le in
stru
men
ts in
the
field
of
hum
an ri
ghts
law
;
(b
) It
give
s a fa
ctua
l des
crip
tion
of th
e al
lege
d vi
olat
ions
, inc
ludi
ng th
e rig
hts w
hich
are
alle
ged
to
be v
iola
ted;
(c
) Its
lang
uage
is n
ot a
busi
ve. H
owev
er, s
uch
a co
mm
unic
atio
n m
ay b
e co
nsid
ered
if it
mee
ts th
e ot
her c
riter
ia fo
r adm
issi
bilit
y af
ter d
elet
ion
of th
e ab
usiv
e la
ngua
ge;
(d
) It
is su
bmitt
ed b
y a
pers
on o
r a g
roup
of p
erso
ns c
laim
ing
to b
e th
e vi
ctim
s of v
iola
tions
of
hum
an ri
ghts
and
fund
amen
tal f
reed
oms,
or b
y an
y pe
rson
or g
roup
of p
erso
ns, i
nclu
ding
non
-gov
ernm
enta
l or
gani
zatio
ns, a
ctin
g in
goo
d fa
ith in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
prin
cipl
es o
f hum
an ri
ghts
, not
reso
rting
to p
oliti
cally
m
otiv
ated
stan
ds c
ontra
ry to
the
prov
isio
ns o
f the
Cha
rter o
f the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
and
cla
imin
g to
hav
e di
rect
and
re
liabl
e kn
owle
dge
of th
e vi
olat
ions
con
cern
ed. N
onet
hele
ss, r
elia
bly
atte
sted
com
mun
icat
ions
shal
l not
be
inad
mis
sibl
e so
lely
bec
ause
the
know
ledg
e of
the
indi
vidu
al a
utho
rs is
seco
nd-h
and,
pro
vide
d th
at th
ey a
re
acco
mpa
nied
by
clea
r evi
denc
e;
(e
) It
is n
ot e
xclu
sive
ly b
ased
on
repo
rts d
isse
min
ated
by
mas
s med
ia;
(f)
It
does
not
refe
r to
a ca
se th
at a
ppea
rs to
reve
al a
con
sist
ent p
atte
rn o
f gro
ss a
nd re
liabl
y at
test
ed v
iola
tions
of h
uman
righ
ts a
lread
y be
ing
deal
t with
by
a sp
ecia
l pro
cedu
re, a
trea
ty b
ody
or o
ther
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
or s
imila
r reg
iona
l com
plai
nts p
roce
dure
in th
e fie
ld o
f hum
an ri
ghts
;
(g
) D
omes
tic re
med
ies h
ave
been
exh
aust
ed, u
nles
s it a
ppea
rs th
at su
ch re
med
ies w
ould
be
inef
fect
ive
or u
nrea
sona
bly
prol
onge
d.
88.
Nat
iona
l hum
an ri
ghts
inst
itutio
ns, e
stab
lishe
d an
d op
erat
ing
unde
r the
Prin
cipl
es R
elat
ing
to th
e St
atus
of
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
ions
(the
Par
is P
rinci
ples
), in
par
ticul
ar in
rega
rd to
qua
si-ju
dici
al c
ompe
tenc
e, m
ay se
rve
as
effe
ctiv
e m
eans
of a
ddre
ssin
g in
divi
dual
hum
an ri
ghts
vio
latio
ns.
86
C.
Wor
king
gro
ups
89.
Two
dist
inct
wor
king
gro
ups s
hall
be e
stab
lishe
d w
ith th
e m
anda
te to
exa
min
e th
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns a
nd
to b
ring
to th
e at
tent
ion
of th
e C
ounc
il co
nsis
tent
pat
tern
s of g
ross
and
relia
bly
atte
sted
vio
latio
ns o
f hum
an
right
s and
fund
amen
tal f
reed
oms.
90.
Bot
h w
orki
ng g
roup
s sha
ll, to
the
grea
test
pos
sibl
e ex
tent
, wor
k on
the
basi
s of c
onse
nsus
. In
the
abse
nce
of c
onse
nsus
, dec
isio
ns sh
all b
e ta
ken
by si
mpl
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
vot
es. T
hey
may
est
ablis
h th
eir o
wn
rule
s of p
roce
dure
.
1.W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Com
mun
icat
ions
: co
mpo
sitio
n, m
anda
te a
nd p
ower
s
91.
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
shal
l app
oint
five
of i
ts m
embe
rs, o
ne fr
om e
ach
Reg
iona
l Gro
up, w
ith d
ue c
onsi
dera
tion
to g
ende
r bal
ance
, to
cons
titut
e th
e W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Com
mun
icat
ions
.
92.
In c
ase
of a
vac
ancy
, the
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
shal
l app
oint
an
inde
pend
ent a
nd h
ighl
y qu
alifi
ed e
xper
t of
the
sam
e R
egio
nal G
roup
from
the
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
.
93.
Sinc
e th
ere
is a
nee
d fo
r ind
epen
dent
exp
ertis
e an
d co
ntin
uity
with
rega
rd to
the
exam
inat
ion
and
asse
ssm
ent o
f com
mun
icat
ions
rece
ived
, the
inde
pend
ent a
nd h
ighl
y qu
alifi
ed e
xper
ts o
f the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns sh
all b
e ap
poin
ted
for t
hree
yea
rs. T
heir
man
date
is re
new
able
onl
y on
ce.
94.
The
Cha
irper
son
of th
e W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Com
mun
icat
ions
is re
ques
ted,
toge
ther
with
the
secr
etar
iat,
to u
nder
take
an
initi
al sc
reen
ing
of c
omm
unic
atio
ns re
ceiv
ed, b
ased
on
the
adm
issi
bilit
y cr
iteria
, bef
ore
trans
mitt
ing
them
to th
e St
ates
con
cern
ed. M
anife
stly
ill-f
ound
ed o
r ano
nym
ous c
omm
unic
atio
ns sh
all b
e sc
reen
ed o
ut b
y th
e C
hairp
erso
n an
d sh
all t
here
fore
not
be
trans
mitt
ed to
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned.
In a
per
spec
tive
of
acco
unta
bilit
y an
d tra
nspa
renc
y, th
e C
hairp
erso
n of
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns sh
all p
rovi
de a
ll its
m
embe
rs w
ith a
list
of a
ll co
mm
unic
atio
ns re
ject
ed a
fter i
nitia
l scr
eeni
ng. T
his l
ist s
houl
d in
dica
te th
e gr
ound
s of
all
deci
sion
s res
ultin
g in
the
reje
ctio
n of
a c
omm
unic
atio
n. A
ll ot
her c
omm
unic
atio
ns, w
hich
hav
e no
t bee
n sc
reen
ed o
ut, s
hall
be tr
ansm
itted
to th
e St
ate
conc
erne
d, so
as t
o ob
tain
the
view
s of t
he la
tter o
n th
e al
lega
tions
of
vio
latio
ns.
95.
The
mem
bers
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Com
mun
icat
ions
shal
l dec
ide
on th
e ad
mis
sibi
lity
of a
co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d as
sess
the
mer
its o
f the
alle
gatio
ns o
f vio
latio
ns, i
nclu
ding
whe
ther
the
com
mun
icat
ion
alon
e or
in c
ombi
natio
n w
ith o
ther
com
mun
icat
ions
app
ear t
o re
veal
a c
onsi
sten
t pat
tern
of g
ross
and
relia
bly
atte
sted
vio
latio
ns o
f hum
an ri
ghts
and
fund
amen
tal f
reed
oms.
The
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns sh
all
prov
ide
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n Si
tuat
ions
with
a fi
le c
onta
inin
g al
l adm
issi
ble
com
mun
icat
ions
as w
ell a
s re
com
men
datio
ns th
ereo
n. W
hen
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns re
quire
s fur
ther
con
side
ratio
n or
ad
ditio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion,
it m
ay k
eep
a ca
se u
nder
revi
ew u
ntil
its n
ext s
essi
on a
nd re
ques
t suc
h in
form
atio
n fr
om
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned.
The
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns m
ay d
ecid
e to
dis
mis
s a c
ase.
All
deci
sion
s of t
he
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns sh
all b
e ba
sed
on a
rigo
rous
app
licat
ion
of th
e ad
mis
sibi
lity
crite
ria a
nd
duly
just
ified
.
2. W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns:
com
posi
tion,
man
date
and
pow
ers
96.
Each
Reg
iona
l Gro
up sh
all a
ppoi
nt a
repr
esen
tativ
e of
a m
embe
r Sta
te o
f the
Cou
ncil,
with
due
co
nsid
erat
ion
to g
ende
r bal
ance
, to
serv
e on
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n Si
tuat
ions
. Mem
bers
shal
l be
appo
inte
d fo
r on
e ye
ar. T
heir
man
date
may
be
rene
wed
onc
e, if
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned
is a
mem
ber o
f the
Cou
ncil.
97.
Mem
bers
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns sh
all s
erve
in th
eir p
erso
nal c
apac
ity. I
n or
der t
o fil
l a
vaca
ncy,
the
resp
ectiv
e R
egio
nal G
roup
to w
hich
the
vaca
ncy
belo
ngs,
shal
l app
oint
a re
pres
enta
tive
from
m
embe
r Sta
tes o
f the
sam
e R
egio
nal G
roup
.
98.
The
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n Si
tuat
ions
is re
ques
ted,
on
the
basi
s of t
he in
form
atio
n an
d re
com
men
datio
ns
prov
ided
by
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns, t
o pr
esen
t the
Cou
ncil
with
a re
port
on c
onsi
sten
t pat
tern
s of
gro
ss a
nd re
liabl
y at
test
ed v
iola
tions
of h
uman
righ
ts a
nd fu
ndam
enta
l fre
edom
s and
to m
ake
reco
mm
enda
tions
to th
e C
ounc
il on
the
cour
se o
f act
ion
to ta
ke, n
orm
ally
in th
e fo
rm o
f a d
raft
reso
lutio
n or
de
cisi
on w
ith re
spec
t to
the
situ
atio
ns re
ferr
ed to
it. W
hen
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n Si
tuat
ions
requ
ires f
urth
er
cons
ider
atio
n or
add
ition
al in
form
atio
n, it
s mem
bers
may
kee
p a
case
und
er re
view
unt
il its
nex
t ses
sion
. The
W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns m
ay a
lso
deci
de to
dis
mis
s a c
ase.
99.
All
deci
sion
s of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns sh
all b
e du
ly ju
stifi
ed a
nd in
dica
te w
hy th
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of a
situ
atio
n ha
s bee
n di
scon
tinue
d or
act
ion
reco
mm
ende
d th
ereo
n. D
ecis
ions
to d
isco
ntin
ue
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
by c
onse
nsus
; if t
hat i
s not
pos
sibl
e, b
y si
mpl
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
vot
es.
D.
Wor
king
mod
aliti
es a
nd c
onfid
entia
lity
100.
Si
nce
the
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
is to
be,
inte
r alia
, vic
tims-
orie
nted
and
con
duct
ed in
a c
onfid
entia
l and
tim
ely
man
ner,
both
Wor
king
Gro
ups s
hall
mee
t at l
east
twic
e a
year
for f
ive
wor
king
day
s eac
h se
ssio
n, in
or
der t
o pr
ompt
ly e
xam
ine
the
com
mun
icat
ions
rece
ived
, inc
ludi
ng re
plie
s of S
tate
s the
reon
, and
the
situ
atio
ns
of w
hich
the
Cou
ncil
is a
lread
y se
ized
und
er th
e co
mpl
aint
pro
cedu
re.
101.
Th
e St
ate
conc
erne
d sh
all c
oope
rate
with
the
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
and
mak
e ev
ery
effo
rt to
pro
vide
su
bsta
ntiv
e re
plie
s in
one
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns o
ffic
ial l
angu
ages
to a
ny o
f the
requ
ests
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
s or
the
Cou
ncil.
The
Sta
te c
once
rned
shal
l als
o m
ake
ever
y ef
fort
to p
rovi
de a
repl
y no
t lat
er th
an th
ree
mon
ths
afte
r the
requ
est h
as b
een
mad
e. If
nec
essa
ry, t
his d
eadl
ine
may
how
ever
be
exte
nded
at t
he re
ques
t of t
he S
tate
co
ncer
ned.
102.
Th
e Se
cret
aria
t is r
eque
sted
to m
ake
the
conf
iden
tial f
iles a
vaila
ble
to a
ll m
embe
rs o
f the
Cou
ncil,
at
leas
t tw
o w
eeks
in a
dvan
ce, s
o as
to a
llow
suffi
cien
t tim
e fo
r the
con
side
ratio
n of
the
files
.
103.
Th
e C
ounc
il sh
all c
onsi
der c
onsi
sten
t pat
tern
s of g
ross
and
relia
bly
atte
sted
vio
latio
ns o
f hum
an ri
ghts
an
d fu
ndam
enta
l fre
edom
s bro
ught
to it
s atte
ntio
n by
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n Si
tuat
ions
as f
requ
ently
as n
eede
d,
but a
t lea
st o
nce
a ye
ar.
104.
Th
e re
ports
of t
he W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns re
ferr
ed to
the
Cou
ncil
shal
l be
exam
ined
in a
co
nfid
entia
l man
ner,
unle
ss th
e C
ounc
il de
cide
s oth
erw
ise.
Whe
n th
e W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns re
com
men
ds
to th
e C
ounc
il th
at it
con
side
r a si
tuat
ion
in a
pub
lic m
eetin
g, in
par
ticul
ar in
the
case
of m
anife
st a
nd
uneq
uivo
cal l
ack
of c
oope
ratio
n, th
e C
ounc
il sh
all c
onsi
der s
uch
reco
mm
enda
tion
on a
prio
rity
basi
s at i
ts n
ext
sess
ion.
105.
So
as t
o en
sure
that
the
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
is v
ictim
s-or
ient
ed, e
ffic
ient
and
con
duct
ed in
a ti
mel
y m
anne
r, th
e pe
riod
of ti
me
betw
een
the
trans
mis
sion
of t
he c
ompl
aint
to th
e St
ate
conc
erne
d an
d co
nsid
erat
ion
by th
e C
ounc
il sh
all n
ot, i
n pr
inci
ple,
exc
eed
24 m
onth
s.
E.
Invo
lvem
ent o
f the
com
plai
nant
and
of t
he S
tate
con
cern
ed
106.
Th
e co
mpl
aint
pro
cedu
re sh
all e
nsur
e th
at b
oth
the
auth
or o
f a c
omm
unic
atio
n an
d th
e St
ate
conc
erne
d ar
e in
form
ed o
f the
pro
ceed
ings
at t
he fo
llow
ing
key
stag
es:
(a
) W
hen
a co
mm
unic
atio
n is
dee
med
inad
mis
sibl
e by
the
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n C
omm
unic
atio
ns o
r w
hen
it is
take
n up
for c
onsi
dera
tion
by th
e W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Situ
atio
ns; o
r whe
n a
com
mun
icat
ion
is k
ept
pend
ing
by o
ne o
f the
Wor
king
Gro
ups o
r by
the
Cou
ncil;
(b
) A
t the
fina
l out
com
e.
107.
In
add
ition
, the
com
plai
nant
shal
l be
info
rmed
whe
n hi
s/he
r com
mun
icat
ion
is re
gist
ered
by
the
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
.
108.
Sh
ould
the
com
plai
nant
requ
est t
hat h
is/h
er id
entit
y be
kep
t con
fiden
tial,
it w
ill n
ot b
e tra
nsm
itted
to
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned.
87
F. M
easu
res
109.
In
acc
orda
nce
with
est
ablis
hed
prac
tice
the
actio
n ta
ken
in re
spec
t of a
par
ticul
ar si
tuat
ion
shou
ld b
e on
e of
the
follo
win
g op
tions
:
(a
) To
dis
cont
inue
con
side
ring
the
situ
atio
n w
hen
furth
er c
onsi
dera
tion
or a
ctio
n is
not
war
rant
ed;
(b
) To
kee
p th
e si
tuat
ion
unde
r rev
iew
and
requ
est t
he S
tate
con
cern
ed to
pro
vide
furth
er
info
rmat
ion
with
in a
reas
onab
le p
erio
d of
tim
e;
(c
) To
kee
p th
e si
tuat
ion
unde
r rev
iew
and
app
oint
an
inde
pend
ent a
nd h
ighl
y qu
alifi
ed e
xper
t to
mon
itor t
he si
tuat
ion
and
repo
rt ba
ck to
the
Cou
ncil;
(d
) To
dis
cont
inue
revi
ewin
g th
e m
atte
r und
er th
e co
nfid
entia
l com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
in o
rder
to
take
up
publ
ic c
onsi
dera
tion
of th
e sa
me;
(e
) To
reco
mm
end
to O
HC
HR
to p
rovi
de te
chni
cal c
oope
ratio
n, c
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
assi
stan
ce o
r ad
viso
ry se
rvic
es to
the
Stat
e co
ncer
ned.
V.
AG
EN
DA
AN
D F
RA
ME
WO
RK
FO
R T
HE
PR
OG
RA
MM
E O
F W
OR
K
A.
Prin
cipl
es
Uni
vers
ality
Impa
rtial
ity
Obj
ectiv
ity
Non
-sel
ectiv
enes
s
Con
stru
ctiv
e di
alog
ue a
nd c
oope
ratio
n
Pred
icta
bilit
y
Flex
ibili
ty
Tran
spar
ency
Acc
ount
abili
ty
Bal
ance
Incl
usiv
e/co
mpr
ehen
sive
Gen
der p
ersp
ectiv
e
Impl
emen
tatio
n an
d fo
llow
-up
of d
ecis
ions
B.
Age
nda
Item
1.
Org
aniz
atio
nal a
nd p
roce
dura
l mat
ters
Item
2.
Ann
ual r
epor
t of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s and
repo
rts o
f the
Off
ice
of th
e H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er a
nd th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
Item
3.
Prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of a
ll hu
man
righ
ts, c
ivil,
pol
itica
l, ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts,
incl
udin
g th
e rig
ht to
dev
elop
men
t
Item
4.
Hum
an ri
ghts
situ
atio
ns th
at re
quire
the
Cou
ncil’
s atte
ntio
n
Item
5.
Hum
an ri
ghts
bod
ies a
nd m
echa
nism
s
Item
6.
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
Item
7.
Hum
an ri
ghts
situ
atio
n in
Pal
estin
e an
d ot
her o
ccup
ied
Ara
b te
rrito
ries
Item
8.
Follo
w-u
p an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e V
ienn
a D
ecla
ratio
n an
d Pr
ogra
mm
e of
Act
ion
Item
9.
Rac
ism
, rac
ial d
iscr
imin
atio
n, x
enop
hobi
a an
d re
late
d fo
rms o
f int
oler
ance
, fol
low
-up
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Dur
ban
Dec
lara
tion
and
Prog
ram
me
of A
ctio
n
Item
10.
Te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
C.
Fram
ewor
k fo
r th
e pr
ogra
mm
e of
wor
k
Item
1.
Org
aniz
atio
nal a
nd p
roce
dura
l mat
ters
Elec
tion
of th
e B
urea
u
Ado
ptio
n of
the
annu
al p
rogr
amm
e of
wor
k
Ado
ptio
n of
the
prog
ram
me
of w
ork
of th
e se
ssio
n, in
clud
ing
othe
r bus
ines
s
Sele
ctio
n an
d ap
poin
tmen
t of m
anda
te-h
olde
rs
Elec
tion
of m
embe
rs o
f the
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
Ado
ptio
n of
the
repo
rt of
the
sess
ion
Ado
ptio
n of
the
annu
al re
port
Item
2.
Ann
ual r
epor
t of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s and
repo
rts o
f the
Off
ice
of th
e H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er a
nd th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
Pres
enta
tion
of th
e an
nual
repo
rt an
d up
date
s
Item
3.
Prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of a
ll hu
man
righ
ts, c
ivil,
pol
itica
l, ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts,
incl
udin
g th
e rig
ht to
dev
elop
men
t
Econ
omic
, soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral r
ight
s
Civ
il an
d po
litic
al ri
ghts
Rig
hts o
f peo
ples
, and
spec
ific
grou
ps a
nd in
divi
dual
s
Rig
ht to
dev
elop
men
t
Inte
rrel
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
and
hum
an ri
ghts
them
atic
issu
es
Item
4.
Hum
an ri
ghts
situ
atio
ns th
at re
quire
the
Cou
ncil’
s atte
ntio
n
Item
5.
Hum
an ri
ghts
bod
ies a
nd m
echa
nism
s
Rep
ort o
f the
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
Rep
ort o
f the
com
plai
nt p
roce
dure
88
Item
6.
Uni
vers
al P
erio
dic
Rev
iew
Item
7.
Hum
an ri
ghts
situ
atio
n in
Pal
estin
e an
d ot
her o
ccup
ied
Ara
b te
rrito
ries
Hum
an ri
ghts
vio
latio
ns a
nd im
plic
atio
ns o
f the
Isra
eli o
ccup
atio
n of
Pal
estin
e an
d ot
her o
ccup
ied
Ara
b te
rrito
ries
Rig
ht to
self-
dete
rmin
atio
n of
the
Pale
stin
ian
peop
le
Item
8.
Follo
w-u
p an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e V
ienn
a D
ecla
ratio
n an
d Pr
ogra
mm
e of
Act
ion
Item
9.
Rac
ism
, rac
ial d
iscr
imin
atio
n, x
enop
hobi
a an
d re
late
d fo
rms o
f int
oler
ance
, fol
low
-up
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Dur
ban
Dec
lara
tion
and
Prog
ram
me
of A
ctio
n
Item
10.
Te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
VI.
ME
TH
OD
S O
F W
OR
K
110.
Th
e m
etho
ds o
f wor
k, p
ursu
ant t
o G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
reso
lutio
n 60
/251
shou
ld b
e tra
nspa
rent
, im
parti
al, e
quita
ble,
fair,
pra
gmat
ic; l
ead
to c
larit
y, p
redi
ctab
ility
, and
incl
usiv
enes
s. Th
ey m
ay a
lso
be u
pdat
ed
and
adju
sted
ove
r tim
e.
A.
Inst
itutio
nal a
rran
gem
ents
1.B
rief
ings
on
pros
pect
ive
reso
lutio
ns o
r de
cisi
ons
111.
Th
e br
iefin
gs o
n pr
ospe
ctiv
e re
solu
tions
or d
ecisi
ons w
ould
be
info
rmat
ive
only
, whe
reby
del
egat
ions
w
ould
be
appr
ised
of r
esol
utio
ns a
nd/o
r dec
isio
ns ta
bled
or i
nten
ded
to b
e ta
bled
. The
se b
riefin
gs w
ill b
e or
gani
zed
by in
tere
sted
del
egat
ions
.
2.
Pres
iden
t’s o
pen-
ende
d in
form
atio
n m
eetin
gs o
n re
solu
tions
, dec
isio
ns a
nd o
ther
rel
ated
bus
ines
s
112.
Th
e Pr
esid
ent’s
ope
n-en
ded
info
rmat
ion
mee
tings
on
reso
lutio
ns, d
ecis
ions
and
oth
er re
late
d bu
sine
ss
shal
l pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
on th
e st
atus
of n
egot
iatio
ns o
n dr
aft r
esol
utio
ns a
nd/o
r dec
isio
ns so
that
del
egat
ions
m
ay g
ain
a bi
rd’s
eye
vie
w o
f the
stat
us o
f suc
h dr
afts
. The
con
sulta
tions
shal
l hav
e a
pure
ly in
form
atio
nal
func
tion,
com
bine
d w
ith in
form
atio
n on
the
extra
net,
and
be h
eld
in a
tran
spar
ent a
nd in
clus
ive
man
ner.
They
sh
all n
ot se
rve
as a
neg
otia
ting
foru
m.
3. I
nfor
mal
con
sulta
tions
on
prop
osal
s con
vene
d by
mai
n sp
onso
rs
113.
In
form
al c
onsu
ltatio
ns sh
all b
e th
e pr
imar
y m
eans
for t
he n
egot
iatio
n of
dra
ft re
solu
tions
and
/or
deci
sion
s, an
d th
eir c
onve
ning
shal
l be
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
the
spon
sor(
s). A
t lea
st o
ne in
form
al o
pen-
ende
d co
nsul
tatio
n sh
ould
be
held
on
each
dra
ft re
solu
tion
and/
or d
ecis
ion
befo
re it
is c
onsi
dere
d fo
r act
ion
by th
e C
ounc
il. C
onsu
ltatio
ns sh
ould
, as m
uch
as p
ossi
ble,
be
sche
dule
d in
a ti
mel
y, tr
ansp
aren
t and
incl
usiv
e m
anne
r th
at ta
kes i
nto
acco
unt t
he c
onst
rain
ts fa
ced
by d
eleg
atio
ns, p
artic
ular
ly sm
alle
r one
s.
4.R
ole
of th
e B
urea
u
114.
Th
e B
urea
u sh
all d
eal w
ith p
roce
dura
l and
org
aniz
atio
nal m
atte
rs. T
he B
urea
u sh
all r
egul
arly
co
mm
unic
ate
the
cont
ents
of i
ts m
eetin
gs th
roug
h a
timel
y su
mm
ary
repo
rt.
5. O
ther
wor
k fo
rmat
s may
incl
ude
pane
l deb
ates
, sem
inar
s and
rou
nd ta
bles
115.
U
tiliz
atio
n of
thes
e ot
her w
ork
form
ats,
incl
udin
g to
pics
and
mod
aliti
es, w
ould
be
deci
ded
by th
e C
ounc
il on
a c
ase-
by-c
ase
basi
s. Th
ey m
ay se
rve
as to
ols o
f the
Cou
ncil
for e
nhan
cing
dia
logu
e an
d m
utua
l un
ders
tand
ing
on c
erta
in is
sues
. The
y sh
ould
be
utili
zed
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he C
ounc
il’s a
gend
a an
d an
nual
pr
ogra
mm
e of
wor
k, a
nd re
info
rce
and/
or c
ompl
emen
t its
inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l nat
ure.
The
y sh
all n
ot b
e us
ed to
su
bstit
ute
or re
plac
e ex
istin
g hu
man
righ
ts m
echa
nism
s and
est
ablis
hed
met
hods
of w
ork.
6. H
igh-
Lev
el S
egm
ent
116.
Th
e H
igh-
Leve
l Seg
men
t sha
ll be
hel
d on
ce a
yea
r dur
ing
the
mai
n se
ssio
n of
the
Cou
ncil.
It sh
all b
e fo
llow
ed b
y a
gene
ral s
egm
ent w
here
in d
eleg
atio
ns th
at d
id n
ot p
artic
ipat
e in
the
Hig
h-Le
vel S
egm
ent m
ay
deliv
er g
ener
al st
atem
ents
.
B.
Wor
king
cul
ture
117.
Th
ere
is a
nee
d fo
r:
(a
) Ea
rly n
otifi
catio
n of
pro
posa
ls;
(b
) Ea
rly su
bmis
sion
of d
raft
reso
lutio
ns a
nd d
ecis
ions
, pre
fera
bly
by th
e en
d of
the
penu
ltim
ate
wee
k of
a se
ssio
n;
(c
) Ea
rly d
istri
butio
n of
all
repo
rts, p
artic
ular
ly th
ose
of sp
ecia
l pro
cedu
res,
to b
e tra
nsm
itted
to
dele
gatio
ns in
a ti
mel
y fa
shio
n, a
t lea
st 1
5 da
ys in
adv
ance
of t
heir
cons
ider
atio
n by
the
Cou
ncil,
and
in a
ll of
ficia
l Uni
ted
Nat
ions
lang
uage
s;
(d
) Pr
opos
ers o
f a c
ount
ry re
solu
tion
to h
ave
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
secu
re th
e br
oade
st p
ossi
ble
supp
ort f
or th
eir i
nitia
tives
(pre
fera
bly
15 m
e mbe
rs),
befo
re a
ctio
n is
take
n;
(e
) R
estra
int i
n re
sorti
ng to
reso
lutio
ns, i
n or
der t
o av
oid
prol
ifera
tion
of re
solu
tions
with
out
prej
udic
e to
the
right
of S
tate
s to
deci
de o
n th
e pe
riodi
city
of p
rese
ntin
g th
eir d
raft
prop
osal
s by:
(i)M
inim
izin
g un
nece
ssar
y du
plic
atio
n of
initi
ativ
es w
ith th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly/
Third
C
omm
ittee
;
(ii)
Clu
ster
ing
of a
gend
a ite
ms;
(iii)
Stag
gerin
g th
e ta
blin
g of
dec
isio
ns a
nd/o
r res
olut
ions
and
con
side
ratio
n of
act
ion
on
agen
da it
ems/
issu
es.
C.
Out
com
es o
ther
than
res
olut
ions
and
dec
isio
ns
118.
Th
ese
may
incl
ude
reco
mm
enda
tions
, con
clus
ions
, sum
mar
ies o
f dis
cuss
ions
and
Pre
side
nt’s
St
atem
ent.
As s
uch
outc
omes
wou
ld h
ave
diff
eren
t leg
al im
plic
atio
ns, t
hey
shou
ld su
pple
men
t and
not
repl
ace
reso
lutio
ns a
nd d
ecis
ions
.
D.
Spec
ial s
essi
ons o
f the
Cou
ncil
119.
Th
e fo
llow
ing
prov
isio
ns sh
all c
ompl
emen
t the
gen
eral
fram
ewor
k pr
ovid
ed b
y G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
reso
lutio
n 60
/251
and
the
rule
s of p
roce
dure
of t
he H
uman
Rig
hts C
ounc
il.
120.
Th
e ru
les o
f pro
cedu
re o
f spe
cial
sess
ions
shal
l be
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e ru
les o
f pro
cedu
re a
pplic
able
fo
r reg
ular
sess
ions
of t
he C
ounc
il.
121.
Th
e re
ques
t for
the
hold
ing
of a
spec
ial s
essi
on, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
requ
irem
ent e
stab
lishe
d in
pa
ragr
aph
10 o
f Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
60/2
51, s
hall
be su
bmitt
ed to
the
Pres
iden
t and
to th
e se
cret
aria
t of
the
Cou
ncil.
The
requ
est s
hall
spec
ify th
e ite
m p
ropo
sed
for c
onsi
dera
tion
and
incl
ude
any
othe
r rel
evan
t in
form
atio
n th
e sp
onso
rs m
ay w
ish
to p
rovi
de.
122.
Th
e sp
ecia
l ses
sion
shal
l be
conv
ened
as s
oon
as p
ossi
ble
afte
r the
form
al re
ques
t is c
omm
unic
ated
, bu
t, in
prin
cipl
e, n
ot e
arlie
r tha
n tw
o w
orki
ng d
ays,
and
not l
ater
than
five
wor
king
day
s afte
r the
form
al re
ceip
t of
the
requ
est.
The
dura
tion
of th
e sp
ecia
l ses
sion
shal
l not
exc
eed
thre
e da
ys (s
ix w
orki
ng se
ssio
ns),
unle
ss th
e C
ounc
il de
cide
s oth
erw
ise.
89
123.
Th
e se
cret
aria
t of t
he C
ounc
il sh
all i
mm
edia
tely
com
mun
icat
e th
e re
ques
t for
the
hold
ing
of a
spec
ial
sess
ion
and
any
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e sp
onso
rs in
the
requ
est,
as w
ell a
s the
dat
e fo
r the
co
nven
ing
of th
e sp
ecia
l ses
sion
, to
all U
nite
d N
atio
ns M
embe
r Sta
tes a
nd m
ake
the
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e to
the
spec
ializ
ed a
genc
ies,
othe
r int
ergo
vern
men
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
and
nat
iona
l hum
an ri
ghts
inst
itutio
ns, a
s wel
l as t
o no
n-go
vern
men
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
in c
onsu
ltativ
e st
atus
by
the
mos
t exp
edie
nt a
nd e
xped
itiou
s mea
ns o
f co
mm
unic
atio
n. S
peci
al se
ssio
n do
cum
enta
tion,
in p
artic
ular
dra
ft re
solu
tions
and
dec
isio
ns, s
houl
d be
mad
e av
aila
ble
in a
ll of
ficia
l Uni
ted
Nat
ions
lang
uage
s to
all S
tate
s in
an e
quita
ble,
tim
ely
and
trans
pare
nt m
anne
r.
124.
Th
e Pr
esid
ent o
f the
Cou
ncil
shou
ld h
old
open
-end
ed in
form
ativ
e co
nsul
tatio
ns b
efor
e th
e sp
ecia
l se
ssio
n on
its c
ondu
ct a
nd o
rgan
izat
ion.
In th
is re
gard
, the
secr
etar
iat m
ay a
lso
be re
ques
ted
to p
rovi
de
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n, in
clud
ing,
on
the
met
hods
of w
ork
of p
revi
ous s
peci
al se
ssio
ns.
125.
M
embe
rs o
f the
Cou
ncil,
con
cern
ed S
tate
s, ob
serv
er S
tate
s, sp
ecia
lized
age
ncie
s, ot
her i
nter
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd n
atio
nal h
uman
righ
ts in
stitu
tions
, as w
ell a
s non
-gov
ernm
enta
l or
gani
zatio
ns in
con
sulta
tive
stat
us m
ay c
ontri
bute
to th
e sp
ecia
l ses
sion
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e ru
les o
f pr
oced
ure
of th
e C
ounc
il.
126.
If
the
requ
estin
g or
oth
er S
tate
s int
end
to p
rese
nt d
raft
reso
lutio
ns o
r dec
isio
ns a
t the
spec
ial s
essi
on,
text
s sho
uld
be m
ade
avai
labl
e in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
Cou
ncil’
s rel
evan
t rul
es o
f pro
cedu
re. N
ever
thel
ess,
spon
sors
are
urg
ed to
pre
sent
such
text
s as e
arly
as p
ossi
ble.
127.
Th
e sp
onso
rs o
f a d
raft
reso
lutio
n or
dec
isio
n sh
ould
hol
d op
en-e
nded
con
sulta
tions
on
the
text
of t
heir
draf
t res
olut
ion(
s) o
r dec
isio
n(s)
with
a v
iew
to a
chie
ving
the
wid
est p
artic
ipat
ion
in th
eir c
onsi
dera
tion
and,
if
poss
ible
, ach
ievi
ng c
onse
nsus
on
them
.
128.
A
spec
ial s
essi
on sh
ould
allo
w p
artic
ipat
ory
deba
te, b
e re
sults
-orie
nted
and
gea
red
to a
chie
ving
pr
actic
al o
utco
mes
, the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
whi
ch c
an b
e m
onito
red
and
repo
rted
on a
t the
follo
win
g re
gula
r se
ssio
n of
the
Cou
ncil
for p
ossi
ble
follo
w-u
p de
cisi
on.
VII
. R
UL
ES
OF
PRO
CE
DU
RE
e
SESS
ION
S
Rule
s of p
roce
dure
Rul
e 1
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
shal
l app
ly th
e ru
les o
f pro
cedu
re e
stab
lishe
d fo
r the
Mai
n C
omm
ittee
s of
the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y, a
s app
licab
le, u
nles
s sub
sequ
ently
oth
erw
ise
deci
ded
by th
e A
ssem
bly
or th
e C
ounc
il.
RE
GU
LA
R S
ESS
ION
S
Num
ber o
f ses
sion
s
Rul
e 2
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
shal
l mee
t reg
ular
ly th
roug
hout
the
year
and
sche
dule
no
few
er th
an
thre
e se
ssio
ns p
er C
ounc
il ye
ar, i
nclu
ding
a m
ain
sess
ion,
for a
tota
l dur
atio
n of
no
less
than
10
wee
ks.
Assu
mpt
ion
of m
embe
rshi
p
Rul
e 3
New
ly-e
lect
ed m
embe
r Sta
tes o
f the
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
shal
l ass
ume
thei
r mem
bers
hip
on th
e fir
st
day
of th
e C
ounc
il ye
ar, r
epla
cing
mem
ber S
tate
s tha
t hav
e co
nclu
ded
thei
r res
pect
ive
mem
bers
hip
term
s.
e Fig
ures
indi
cate
d in
squa
re b
rack
ets r
efer
to id
entic
al o
r cor
resp
ondi
ng ru
les o
f the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y or
its
Mai
n C
omm
ittee
s (A
/520
/Rev
.16)
.
Plac
e of
mee
ting
Rul
e 4
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
shal
l be
base
d in
Gen
eva.
SPE
CIA
L S
ESS
ION
S
Con
veni
ng o
f spe
cial
sess
ions
Rul
e 5
The
rule
s of p
roce
dure
of s
peci
al se
ssio
ns o
f the
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
will
be
the
sam
e as
the
rule
s of
proc
edur
e ap
plic
able
for r
egul
ar se
ssio
ns o
f the
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil.
Rul
e 6
The
Hum
an R
ight
s Cou
ncil
shal
l hol
d sp
ecia
l ses
sion
s, w
hen
need
ed, a
t the
requ
est o
f a m
embe
r of t
he
Cou
ncil
with
the
supp
ort o
f one
third
of t
he m
embe
rshi
p of
the
Cou
ncil.
PAR
TIC
IPA
TIO
N O
F A
ND
CO
NSU
LT
AT
ION
WIT
H
OB
SER
VE
RS
OF
TH
E C
OU
NC
IL
Rul
e 7
(a)
The
Cou
ncil
shal
l app
ly th
e ru
les o
f pro
cedu
re e
stab
lishe
d fo
r com
mitt
ees o
f the
Gen
eral
A
ssem
bly,
as a
pplic
able
, unl
ess s
ubse
quen
tly o
ther
wis
e de
cide
d by
the
Ass
embl
y or
the
Cou
ncil,
and
the
parti
cipa
tion
of a
nd c
onsu
ltatio
n w
ith o
bser
vers
, inc
ludi
ng S
tate
s tha
t are
not
mem
bers
of t
he C
ounc
il, th
e sp
ecia
lized
age
ncie
s, ot
her i
nter
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd n
atio
nal h
uman
righ
ts in
stitu
tions
, as w
ell a
s no
n-go
vern
men
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
, sha
ll be
bas
ed o
n ar
rang
emen
ts, i
nclu
ding
Eco
nom
ic a
nd S
ocia
l Cou
ncil
reso
lutio
n 19
96/3
1 of
25
July
199
6, a
nd p
ract
ices
obs
erve
d by
the
Com
mis
sion
on
Hum
an R
ight
s, w
hile
en
surin
g th
e m
ost e
ffec
tive
cont
ribut
ion
of th
ese
entit
ies.
(b)
Parti
cipa
tion
of n
atio
nal h
uman
righ
ts in
stitu
tions
shal
l be
base
d on
arr
ange
men
ts a
nd
prac
tices
agr
eed
upon
by
the
Com
mis
sion
on
Hum
an R
ight
s, in
clud
ing
reso
lutio
n 20
05/7
4 of
20
Apr
il 20
05,
whi
le e
nsur
ing
the
mos
t eff
ectiv
e co
ntrib
utio
n of
thes
e en
titie
s.
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OF
WO
RK
AN
D A
GE
ND
A F
OR
RE
GU
LA
R S
ESS
ION
S
Org
aniz
atio
nal m
eetin
gs
Rul
e 8
(a)
At t
he b
egin
ning
of e
ach
Cou
ncil
year
, the
Cou
ncil
shal
l hol
d an
org
aniz
atio
nal m
eetin
g to
el
ect i
ts B
urea
u an
d to
con
side
r and
ado
pt th
e ag
enda
, pro
gram
me
of w
ork,
and
cal
enda
r of r
egul
ar se
ssio
ns fo
r th
e C
ounc
il ye
ar in
dica
ting,
if p
ossi
ble,
a ta
rget
dat
e fo
r the
con
clus
ion
of it
s wor
k, th
e ap
prox
imat
e da
tes o
f co
nsid
erat
ion
of it
ems a
nd th
e nu
mbe
r of m
eetin
gs to
be
allo
cate
d to
eac
h ite
m.
(b)
The
Pres
iden
t of t
he C
ounc
il sh
all a
lso
conv
ene
orga
niza
tiona
l mee
tings
two
wee
ks b
efor
e th
e be
ginn
ing
of e
ach
sess
ion
and,
if n
eces
sary
, dur
ing
the
Cou
ncil
sess
ions
to d
iscu
ss o
rgan
izat
iona
l and
pro
cedu
ral
issu
es p
ertin
ent t
o th
at se
ssio
n.
90
PRE
SID
EN
T A
ND
VIC
E-P
RE
SID
EN
TS
Elec
tions
Rul
e 9
(a)
At t
he b
egin
ning
of e
ach
Cou
ncil
year
, at i
ts o
rgan
izat
iona
l mee
ting,
the
Cou
ncil
shal
l ele
ct,
from
am
ong
the
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f its
mem
bers
, a P
resi
dent
and
four
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ents
. The
Pre
side
nt a
nd th
e V
ice-
Pres
iden
ts sh
all c
onst
itute
the
Bur
eau.
One
of t
he V
ice-
Pres
iden
ts sh
all s
erve
as R
appo
rteur
.
(b)
In th
e el
ectio
n of
the
Pres
iden
t of t
he C
ounc
il, re
gard
shal
l be
had
for t
he e
quita
ble
geog
raph
ical
rota
tion
of th
is o
ffic
e am
ong
the
follo
win
g R
egio
nal G
roup
s: A
fric
an S
tate
s, A
sian
Sta
tes,
East
ern
Euro
pean
Sta
tes,
Latin
Am
eric
an a
nd C
arib
bean
Sta
tes,
and
Wes
tern
Eur
opea
n an
d ot
her S
tate
s. Th
e fo
ur V
ice-
Pres
iden
ts o
f the
Cou
ncil
shal
l be
elec
ted
on th
e ba
sis o
f equ
itabl
e ge
ogra
phic
al d
istri
butio
n fr
om th
e R
egio
nal
Gro
ups o
ther
than
the
one
to w
hich
the
Pres
iden
t bel
ongs
. The
sele
ctio
n of
the
Rap
porte
ur sh
all b
e ba
sed
on
geog
raph
ic ro
tatio
n.
Bure
au
Rul
e 10
The
Bur
eau
shal
l dea
l with
pro
cedu
ral a
nd o
rgan
izat
iona
l mat
ters
.
Term
of o
ffice
Rul
e 11
The
Pres
iden
t and
the
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ents
shal
l, su
bjec
t to
rule
13,
hol
d of
fice
for a
per
iod
of o
ne y
ear.
They
shal
l not
be
elig
ible
for i
mm
edia
te re
-ele
ctio
n to
the
sam
e po
st.
Abse
nce
of o
ffice
rs
Rul
e 12
[105
]
If th
e Pr
esid
ent f
inds
it n
eces
sary
to b
e ab
sent
dur
ing
a m
eetin
g or
any
par
t the
reof
, he/
she
shal
l de
sign
ate
one
of th
e V
ice-
Pres
iden
ts to
take
his
/her
pla
ce. A
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ent a
ctin
g as
Pre
side
nt sh
all h
ave
the
sam
e po
wer
s and
dut
ies a
s the
Pre
side
nt. I
f the
Pre
side
nt c
ease
s to
hold
off
ice
purs
uant
to ru
le 1
3, th
e re
mai
ning
m
embe
rs o
f the
Bur
eau
shal
l des
igna
te o
ne o
f the
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ents
to ta
ke h
is/h
er p
lace
unt
il th
e el
ectio
n of
a
new
Pre
side
nt.
Repl
acem
ent o
f the
Pre
siden
t or a
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ent
Rul
e 13
If th
e Pr
esid
ent o
r any
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ent c
ease
s to
be a
ble
to c
arry
out
his
/her
func
tions
or c
ease
s to
be a
re
pres
enta
tive
of a
mem
ber o
f the
Cou
ncil,
or i
f the
Mem
ber o
f the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
of w
hich
he/
she
is a
re
pres
enta
tive
ceas
es to
be
a m
embe
r of t
he C
ounc
il, h
e/sh
e sh
all c
ease
to h
old
such
off
ice
and
a ne
w P
resi
dent
or
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ent s
hall
be e
lect
ed fo
r the
une
xpire
d te
rm.
SEC
RE
TA
RIA
T
Dut
ies o
f the
secr
etar
iat
Rul
e 14
[47]
The
Off
ice
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
igh
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r Hum
an R
ight
s sha
ll ac
t as s
ecre
taria
t for
the
Cou
ncil.
In th
is re
gard
, it s
hall
rece
ive,
tran
slat
e, p
rint a
nd c
ircul
ate
in a
ll of
ficia
l Uni
ted
Nat
ions
lang
uage
s, do
cum
ents
, rep
orts
and
reso
lutio
ns o
f the
Cou
ncil,
its c
omm
ittee
s and
its o
rgan
s; in
terp
ret s
peec
hes m
ade
at th
e m
eetin
gs; p
repa
re, p
rint a
nd c
ircul
ate
the
reco
rds o
f the
sess
ion;
hav
e th
e cu
stod
y an
d pr
oper
pre
serv
atio
n of
the
docu
men
ts in
the
arch
ives
of t
he C
ounc
il; d
istri
bute
all
docu
men
ts o
f the
Cou
ncil
to th
e m
embe
rs o
f the
Cou
ncil
and
obse
rver
s and
, gen
eral
ly, p
erfo
rm a
ll ot
her s
uppo
rt fu
nctio
ns w
hich
the
Cou
ncil
may
requ
ire.
RE
CO
RD
S A
ND
RE
POR
T
Repo
rt to
the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y
Rul
e 15
The
Cou
ncil
shal
l sub
mit
an a
nnua
l rep
ort t
o th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly.
PUB
LIC
AN
D P
RIV
AT
E M
EE
TIN
GS
OF
TH
E H
UM
AN
RIG
HT
S C
OU
NC
IL
Gen
eral
pri
ncip
les
Rul
e 16
[60]
The
mee
tings
of t
he C
ounc
il sh
all b
e he
ld in
pub
lic u
nles
s the
Cou
ncil
deci
des t
hat e
xcep
tiona
l ci
rcum
stan
ces r
equi
re th
e m
eetin
g be
hel
d in
priv
ate.
Priv
ate
mee
tings
Rul
e 17
[61]
All
deci
sion
s of t
he C
ounc
il ta
ken
at a
priv
ate
mee
ting
shal
l be
anno
unce
d at
an
early
pub
lic m
eetin
g of
th
e C
ounc
il.
CO
ND
UC
T O
F B
USI
NE
SS
Wor
king
gro
ups a
nd o
ther
arr
ange
men
ts
Rul
e 18
The
Cou
ncil
may
set u
p w
orki
ng g
roup
s and
oth
er a
rran
gem
ents
. Par
ticip
atio
n in
thes
e bo
dies
shal
l be
deci
ded
upon
by
the
mem
bers
, bas
ed o
n ru
le 7
. The
rule
s of p
roce
dure
of t
hese
bod
ies s
hall
follo
w th
ose
of th
e C
ounc
il, a
s app
licab
le, u
nles
s dec
ided
oth
erw
ise
by th
e C
ounc
il.
Quo
rum
Rul
e 19
[67]
The
Pres
iden
t may
dec
lare
a m
eetin
g op
en a
nd p
erm
it th
e de
bate
to p
roce
ed w
hen
at le
ast o
ne th
ird o
f th
e m
embe
rs o
f the
Cou
ncil
are
pres
ent.
The
pres
ence
of a
maj
ority
of t
he m
embe
rs sh
all b
e re
quire
d fo
r any
de
cisi
on to
be
take
n.
91
Maj
ority
requ
ired
Rul
e 20
[125
]
Dec
isio
ns o
f the
Cou
ncil
shal
l be
mad
e by
a si
mpl
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
mem
bers
pre
sent
and
vot
ing,
su
bjec
t to
rule
19.
App
endi
x I
RE
NE
WE
D M
AN
DA
TE
S U
NT
IL T
HE
Y C
OU
LD
BE
CO
NSI
DE
RE
D
BY
TH
E H
UM
AN
RIG
HT
S C
OU
NC
IL A
CC
OR
DIN
G T
O IT
S A
NN
UA
L P
RO
GR
AM
ME
OF
WO
RK
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t app
oint
ed b
y th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in H
aiti
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t app
oint
ed b
y th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in S
omal
ia
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in B
urun
di
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
tech
nica
l coo
pera
tion
and
advi
sory
serv
ices
in L
iber
ia
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in th
e D
emoc
ratic
Rep
ublic
of t
he C
ongo
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
hum
an ri
ghts
and
inte
rnat
iona
l sol
idar
ity
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
min
ority
issu
es
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
the
effe
cts o
f eco
nom
ic re
form
pol
icie
s and
fore
ign
debt
on
the
full
enjo
ymen
t of a
ll hu
man
righ
ts, p
artic
ular
ly e
cono
mic
, soc
ial a
nd c
ultu
ral r
ight
s
Inde
pend
ent e
xper
t on
the
ques
tion
of h
uman
righ
ts a
nd e
xtre
me
pove
rty
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in th
e Su
dan
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in M
yanm
ar
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in th
e D
emoc
ratic
Peo
ple’
s Rep
ublic
of K
orea
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in th
e Pa
lest
inia
n te
rrito
ries o
ccup
ied
sinc
e 19
67 (T
he
dura
tion
of th
is m
anda
te h
as b
een
esta
blis
hed
until
the
end
of th
e oc
cupa
tion.
)
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
adeq
uate
hou
sing
as a
com
pone
nt o
f the
righ
t to
an a
dequ
ate
stan
dard
of l
ivin
g
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
cont
empo
rary
form
s of r
acis
m, r
acia
l dis
crim
inat
ion,
xen
opho
bia
and
rela
ted
into
lera
nce
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
extra
judi
cial
, sum
mar
y or
arb
itrar
y ex
ecut
ions
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
free
dom
of r
elig
ion
or b
elie
f
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
adve
rse
effe
cts o
f the
illic
it m
ovem
ent a
nd d
umpi
ng o
f tox
ic a
nd d
ange
rous
pro
duct
s an
d w
aste
s on
the
enjo
ymen
t of h
uman
righ
ts
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
hum
an ri
ghts
asp
ects
of t
he v
ictim
s of t
raff
icki
ng in
per
sons
, esp
ecia
lly w
omen
and
ch
ildre
n
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
hum
an ri
ghts
of m
igra
nts
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
inde
pend
ence
of j
udge
s and
law
yers
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of h
uman
righ
ts a
nd fu
ndam
enta
l fre
edom
s whi
le
coun
terin
g te
rror
ism
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of th
e rig
ht to
free
dom
of o
pini
on a
nd e
xpre
ssio
n
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
right
of e
very
one
to th
e en
joym
ent o
f the
hig
hest
atta
inab
le st
anda
rd o
f phy
sica
l and
m
enta
l hea
lth
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
right
to e
duca
tion
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
right
to fo
od
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
sale
of c
hild
ren,
chi
ld p
rost
itutio
n an
d ch
ild p
orno
grap
hy
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
and
fund
amen
tal f
reed
oms o
f ind
igen
ous p
eopl
e
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
tortu
re a
nd o
ther
cru
el, i
nhum
an o
r deg
radi
ng tr
eatm
ent o
r pun
ishm
ent
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
viol
ence
aga
inst
wom
en, i
ts c
ause
s and
con
sequ
ence
s
Spec
ial R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
n th
e is
sue
of h
uman
righ
ts a
nd tr
ansn
atio
nal c
orpo
ratio
ns a
nd
othe
r bus
ines
s ent
erpr
ises
Spec
ial R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al fo
r hum
an ri
ghts
in C
ambo
dia
Spec
ial R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
righ
ts d
efen
ders
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
of th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
on
hum
an ri
ghts
of i
nter
nally
dis
plac
ed p
erso
ns
Wor
king
Gro
up o
f Exp
erts
on
Peop
le o
f Afr
ican
Des
cent
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n En
forc
ed o
r Inv
olun
tary
Dis
appe
aran
ces
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e qu
estio
n of
the
use
of m
erce
narie
s as a
mea
ns o
f vio
latin
g hu
man
righ
ts a
nd im
pedi
ng
the
exer
cise
of t
he ri
ght o
f peo
ples
to se
lf-de
term
inat
ion
App
endi
x II
TE
RM
S IN
OFF
ICE
OF
MA
ND
AT
E-H
OL
DE
RS
Man
date
-hol
der
Man
date
Ter
msi
nof
fice
Cha
rlotte
Aba
ka
Inde
pend
ent E
xper
t on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
in L
iber
ia
July
200
6 (f
irst t
erm
)
Yak
in E
rtürk
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n vi
olen
ce a
gain
st w
omen
, its
cau
ses a
nd c
onse
quen
ces
July
200
6 (f
irst t
e rm
)
Man
uela
Car
men
a C
astri
llo
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n Ju
ly 2
006
(firs
t ter
m)
Joel
Ade
bayo
Ade
kany
e W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enfo
rced
or I
nvol
unta
ry
Dis
appe
aran
ces
July
200
6 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Saee
d R
ajae
e K
hora
sani
W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enfo
rced
or I
nvol
unta
ry
Dis
appe
aran
ces
July
200
6 (f
irst t
erm
)
92
Man
date
-hol
der
Man
date
Ter
ms i
nof
fice
Joe
Fran
s W
orki
ng G
roup
on
peop
le o
f Afr
ican
des
cent
Ju
ly 2
006
(firs
t ter
m)
Lean
dro
Des
pouy
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e in
depe
nden
ce o
f ju
dges
and
law
yers
A
ugus
t 200
6 (f
irst t
erm
)
Hin
a Ji
lani
Sp
ecia
l Rep
rese
ntat
ive
of th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an ri
ghts
def
ende
rs
Aug
ust 2
006
(sec
ond
term
)
Sole
dad
Vill
agra
de
Bie
derm
ann
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n A
ugus
t 200
6 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Milo
on K
otha
ri Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n ad
equa
te h
ousi
ng a
s a
com
pone
nt o
f the
righ
t to
an a
dequ
ate
stan
dard
of
livi
ng
Sept
embe
r 200
6 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Jean
Zie
gler
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e rig
ht to
food
Se
ptem
ber 2
006
(sec
ond
term
)
Paul
o Sé
rgio
Pin
heiro
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts i
n M
yanm
ar
Dec
embe
r 200
6 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Dar
ko G
öttli
cher
W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Enfo
rced
or I
nvol
unta
ry
Dis
appe
aran
ces
Janu
ary
2007
(f
irst t
erm
)
Tam
ás B
án
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
n A
pril
2007
(s
econ
d te
rm)
Gha
nim
Aln
ajja
r In
depe
nden
t Exp
ert a
ppoi
nted
by
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts i
n So
mal
ia
May
200
7
(sec
ond
term
)
John
Dug
ard
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an
right
s in
the
Pale
stin
ian
terr
itorie
s occ
upie
d si
nce
1967
June
200
7 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Rod
olfo
Sta
venh
agen
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts a
nd fu
ndam
enta
l fre
edom
s of i
ndig
enou
s pe
ople
June
200
7 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Arju
n Se
ngup
ta
Inde
pend
ent E
xper
t on
the
ques
tion
of h
uman
rig
hts a
nd e
xtre
me
pove
rty
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Aki
ch O
kola
In
depe
nden
t Exp
ert o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts i
n B
urun
di
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Titin
ga F
rédé
ric P
acér
é In
depe
nden
t Exp
ert o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts i
n th
e D
emoc
ratic
Rep
ublic
of t
he C
ongo
Ju
ly 2
007
(firs
t ter
m)
Phili
p A
lsto
n Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n ex
traju
dici
al, s
umm
ary
or a
rbitr
ary
exec
utio
ns
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Asm
a Ja
hang
ir Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n fr
eedo
m o
f rel
igio
n or
be
lief
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Man
date
-hol
der
Man
date
Ter
ms i
nof
fice
Oke
chuk
wu
Ibea
nu
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
adve
rse
effe
cts o
f the
ill
icit
mov
emen
t and
dum
ping
of t
oxic
and
da
nger
ous p
rodu
cts a
nd w
aste
s on
the
enjo
ymen
t of h
uman
righ
ts
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Ver
nor M
uñoz
Vill
alob
os
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
right
to e
duca
tion
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Juan
Mig
uel P
etit
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
sale
of c
hild
ren,
chi
ld
pros
titut
ion
and
child
por
nogr
aphy
Ju
ly 2
007
(sec
ond
term
)
Viti
t Mun
tarb
horn
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of
hum
an ri
ghts
in th
e D
emoc
ratic
Peo
ple’
s R
epub
lic o
f Kor
ea
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Leila
Zer
roug
ui
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n A
rbitr
ary
Det
entio
nA
ugus
t 200
7(s
econ
d te
rm)
Sant
iago
Cor
cuer
a C
abez
ut
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n En
forc
ed o
r Inv
olun
tary
D
isap
pear
ance
s A
ugus
t 200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Wal
ter K
älin
R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
n th
e hu
man
righ
ts o
f int
erna
lly d
ispl
aced
per
sons
Se
ptem
ber 2
007
(firs
t ter
m)
Sigm
a H
uda
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
traff
icki
ng in
per
sons
, es
peci
ally
in w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n O
ctob
er 2
007
(firs
t ter
m)
Ber
nard
s And
rew
Nya
mw
aya
Mud
ho
Inde
pend
ent E
xper
t on
the
effe
cts o
f eco
nom
ic
refo
rm p
olic
ies a
nd fo
reig
n de
bt o
n th
e fu
ll en
joym
ent o
f hum
an ri
ghts
, par
ticul
arly
ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l rig
hts
Nov
embe
r 200
7 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Man
fred
Now
ak
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
tortu
re a
nd o
ther
cru
el,
inhu
man
or d
egra
ding
trea
tmen
t or p
unis
hmen
t N
ovem
ber 2
007
(firs
t ter
m)
Loui
s Joi
net
Inde
pend
ent E
xper
t app
oint
ed b
y th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
on
the
situ
atio
n of
hum
an
right
s in
Hai
ti
Febr
uary
200
8 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Rud
i Muh
amm
ad R
izki
In
depe
nden
t Exp
ert o
n hu
man
righ
ts a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l sol
idar
ity
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Gay
McD
ouga
ll In
depe
nden
t Exp
ert o
n m
inor
ity is
sues
Ju
ly 2
008
(firs
t ter
m)
Dou
dou
Diè
ne
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
cont
empo
rary
form
s of
raci
sm, r
acia
l dis
crim
inat
ion,
xen
opho
bia
and
rela
ted
into
lera
nce
July
200
8 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Jorg
e A
. Bus
tam
ante
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e hu
man
righ
ts o
f m
igra
nts
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
93
Man
date
-hol
der
Man
date
Ter
ms i
nof
fice
Mar
tin S
chei
nin
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of h
uman
righ
ts w
hile
cou
nter
ing
terr
oris
m
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Sim
a Sa
mar
Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e si
tuat
ion
of h
uman
rig
hts i
n th
e Su
dan
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
John
Rug
gie
Spec
ial R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al
on h
uman
righ
ts a
nd tr
ansn
atio
nal c
orpo
ratio
ns
and
othe
r bus
ines
s ent
erpr
ises
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Seyy
ed M
oham
mad
Has
hem
i W
orki
ng G
roup
on
Arb
itrar
y D
eten
tion
July
200
8 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Naj
at A
l-Haj
jaji
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e us
e of
mer
cena
ries a
s a
mea
ns o
f im
pedi
ng th
e ex
erci
se o
f the
righ
t of
peop
les t
o se
lf-de
term
inat
ion
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Am
ada
Ben
avid
es d
e Pé
rez
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e us
e of
mer
cena
ries a
s a
mea
ns o
f im
pedi
ng th
e ex
erci
se o
f the
righ
t of
peop
les t
o se
lf-de
term
inat
ion
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Ale
xand
er Iv
anov
ich
Nik
itin
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e us
e of
mer
cena
ries a
s a
mea
ns o
f im
pedi
ng th
e ex
erci
se o
f the
righ
t of
peop
les t
o se
lf-de
term
inat
ion
July
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Shai
sta
Sham
eem
W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
use
of m
erce
narie
s as a
m
eans
of i
mpe
ding
the
exer
cise
of t
he ri
ght o
f pe
ople
s to
self-
dete
rmin
atio
n
July
200
7 (f
irst t
erm
)
Am
beyi
Lig
abo
Spec
ial R
appo
rteur
on
the
prom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of th
e rig
ht to
free
dom
of o
pini
on a
nd
expr
essi
on
Aug
ust 2
008
(sec
ond
term
)
Paul
Hun
t Sp
ecia
l Rap
porte
ur o
n th
e rig
ht o
f eve
ryon
e to
th
e en
joym
ent o
f the
hig
hest
atta
inab
le st
anda
rd
of p
hysi
cal a
nd m
enta
l hea
lth
Aug
ust 2
008
(sec
ond
term
)
Pete
r Les
a K
asan
da
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n pe
ople
of A
fric
an d
esce
nt
Aug
ust 2
008
(sec
ond
term
)
Step
hen
J. To
ope
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n En
forc
ed o
r Inv
olun
tary
D
isap
pear
ance
s Se
ptem
ber 2
008
(sec
ond
term
)
Geo
rge
N. J
abbo
ur
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n pe
ople
of A
fric
an d
esce
nt
Sept
embe
r 200
8 (s
econ
d te
rm)
Irin
a Zl
ates
cu
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n pe
ople
of A
fric
an d
esce
nt
Oct
ober
200
8 (s
econ
d te
rm)
José
Góm
ez d
el P
rado
W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
use
of m
erce
narie
s as a
m
eans
of i
mpe
ding
the
exer
cise
of t
he ri
ght o
f pe
ople
s to
self-
dete
rmin
atio
n
Oct
ober
200
8 (f
irst t
erm
)
Man
date
-hol
der
Man
date
Ter
ms i
nof
fice
Yas
h G
hai
Spec
ial R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al
for h
uman
righ
ts in
Cam
bodi
a N
ovem
ber 2
008
(firs
t ter
m)
94
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, A/66/365, 16 September 2011 (excerpts)
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s A
/66
/36
5
Gen
eral A
ssem
bly
D
istr
.: G
en
era
l
16
Sep
tem
ber
20
11
Ori
gin
al:
En
gli
sh
11-5
011
1 (
E)
3
0091
1
*1150111*
Six
ty-s
ixth
sess
ion
Ag
en
da i
tem
69
(c)
Pro
mo
tio
n a
nd
pro
tecti
on
of
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts:
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts s
itu
ati
on
s
an
d r
ep
orts
of
specia
l ra
pp
orte
urs
an
d r
ep
rese
nta
tiv
es
Sit
uati
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
in
Myan
mar
No
te b
y t
he S
ecreta
ry
-Gen
era
l
Th
e
Secre
tary
-Gen
era
l h
as
the
ho
no
ur
to
tran
smit
to
th
e
mem
bers
o
f th
e
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
th
e r
ep
ort
of
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r o
n t
he s
itu
ati
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
in
M
yan
mar,
T
om
ás
Oje
a
Qu
inta
na,
in
acco
rdan
ce
wit
h
para
gra
ph
3
0
of
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
reso
luti
on
65
/24
1.
A/6
6/3
65
11
-50
11
12
Rep
ort
of
the S
pecia
l R
ap
porte
ur
on
th
e s
itu
ati
on
of
hu
ma
n
rig
hts
in
Myan
mar
Su
mm
ary
Th
is i
s a k
ey
mo
men
t in
My
an
mar’
s h
isto
ry a
nd
th
ere
are
real
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
po
siti
ve an
d m
ean
ing
ful
dev
elo
pm
en
ts to
im
pro
ve th
e h
um
an
ri
gh
ts si
tuati
on
an
d
deep
en
th
e t
ran
siti
on
to
dem
ocra
cy.
Th
e n
ew
Go
vern
men
t h
as
tak
en
a n
um
ber
of
step
s to
ward
s th
ese
en
ds.
Yet,
man
y s
eri
ou
s h
um
an
rig
hts
iss
ues
rem
ain
an
d t
hey
need
to
be a
dd
ress
ed
. T
he n
ew
Go
vern
men
t sh
ou
ld i
nte
nsi
fy i
ts e
ffo
rts
to i
mp
lem
en
t
its
ow
n c
om
mit
men
ts a
nd
to
fu
lfil
its
in
tern
ati
on
al
hu
man
rig
hts
ob
lig
ati
on
s. T
he
inte
rnati
on
al
co
mm
un
ity
need
s to
co
nti
nu
e t
o r
em
ain
en
gag
ed
an
d t
o c
lose
ly f
oll
ow
dev
elo
pm
en
ts.
Th
e
inte
rnati
on
al
co
mm
un
ity
als
o
need
s to
su
pp
ort
an
d
ass
ist
the
Go
vern
men
t d
uri
ng
th
is
imp
ort
an
t ti
me.
Th
e
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r re
aff
irm
s h
is
wil
lin
gn
ess
to
wo
rk c
on
stru
cti
vely
an
d c
oo
pera
tiv
ely
wit
h M
yan
mar
to i
mp
rov
e t
he
hu
man
rig
hts
sit
uati
on
of
its
peo
ple
.
Conte
nts
Pa
ge
I.
Intr
od
ucti
on
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.3
II.
Ass
ess
ing
th
e t
ran
siti
on
to
dem
ocra
cy
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
III.
Th
e s
itu
ati
on
of
eth
nic
min
ori
ties
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.8
IV.
Hu
man
rig
hts
sit
uati
on
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
10
A.
Pri
son
ers
of
co
nsc
ien
ce
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.11
B.
Co
nd
itio
ns
of
dete
nti
on
an
d t
reatm
en
t o
f p
riso
ners
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
2
C.
Oth
er
issu
es
rela
ted
to
civ
il a
nd
po
liti
cal
rig
hts
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14
D.
Eco
no
mic
, so
cia
l an
d c
ult
ura
l ri
gh
ts
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
16
V.
Tru
th,
just
ice a
nd
acco
un
tab
ilit
y .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
9
VI.
Inte
rnati
on
al
co
op
era
tio
n .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
1
VII
.C
on
clu
sio
ns
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
2
VII
I.R
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
22
96
A/6
6/3
65 3
11
-50
11
1
I.
Intr
od
ucti
on
1.
Th
e m
an
date
of
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r o
n t
he s
itu
ati
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
in
My
an
mar
was
est
ab
lish
ed
by
th
e C
om
mis
sio
n o
n H
um
an
Rig
hts
in
its
reso
luti
on
19
92
/58
an
d e
xte
nd
ed
mo
st r
ecen
tly
by
th
e H
um
an
Rig
hts
Co
un
cil
in
its
reso
luti
on
16
/24
. T
he c
urr
en
t S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r, T
om
ás
Oje
a Q
uin
tan
a (
Arg
en
tin
a),
off
icia
lly
ass
um
ed
th
e f
un
cti
on
on
1 M
ay
20
08
.
2.
Th
e p
rese
nt
rep
ort
is
su
bm
itte
d p
urs
uan
t to
H
um
an R
igh
ts C
oun
cil
reso
luti
on
16/2
4 a
nd G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
res
olu
tion 6
5/2
41,
and c
over
s hum
an r
ights
dev
elopm
ents
in M
yan
mar
sin
ce t
he
Sp
ecia
l R
apport
eur’
s fo
urt
h r
eport
to t
he
Co
un
cil
in
Marc
h 2
011
(A/H
RC
/16
/59
) an
d h
is r
ep
ort
to
th
e A
ssem
bly
in
Sep
tem
ber
20
10
(A
/65
/36
8).
3.
Th
e f
irst
reg
ula
r se
ssio
n o
f M
yan
mar’
s n
ew
nati
on
al
Parl
iam
en
t w
as
co
nv
en
ed
on
31
Jan
uary
20
11
an
d e
nd
ed
on
23
Marc
h.
On
30
Marc
h,
the S
tate
Peace a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
en
t C
ou
ncil
was
off
icia
lly
dis
solv
ed
an
d p
ow
er
was
tran
sferr
ed
to
th
e n
ew
Go
vern
men
t; t
he n
ew
Pre
sid
en
t, t
wo
Vic
e-P
resi
den
ts a
nd
55
oth
er
cab
inet
mem
bers
were
sw
orn
in
to o
ffic
e i
n a
n i
nau
gu
rati
on
cere
mo
ny
in
Nay
Py
i T
aw.
My
anm
ar
thu
s
reach
ed t
he l
ast
step
of
its
sev
en
-ste
p r
oad
map
to
a “
gen
uin
e,
dis
cip
lin
ed,
mu
lti-
part
y
dem
ocra
tic s
yst
em
”.
4.
Pre
sid
en
t T
hein
S
ein
’s
inau
gu
ral
speech
es
to
Parl
iam
en
t o
n
30
M
arc
h,
to
cab
inet
mem
bers
an
d G
ov
ern
men
t o
ffic
ials
on
31
Marc
h a
nd
to
ch
ief
min
iste
rs o
f
reg
ion
al
an
d S
tate
g
ov
ern
men
ts o
n 6
Ap
ril
set
ou
t a n
um
ber
of
co
mm
itm
en
ts to
refo
rm
an
d
ou
tlin
ed
th
e
new
G
ov
ern
men
t’s
pu
bli
c
po
licy
ag
en
da.
Of
no
te,
the
safe
gu
ard
ing
of
fun
dam
en
tal
hu
man
rig
hts
an
d f
reed
om
s, r
esp
ect
for
the r
ule
of
law
an
d a
n i
nd
ep
en
den
t an
d t
ran
spare
nt
jud
icia
ry,
resp
ect
for
the r
ole
of
the m
ed
ia,
go
od
go
vern
an
ce,
the
pro
tect
ion
o
f so
cia
l an
d
eco
no
mic
ri
gh
ts,
the
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
infr
ast
ruct
ure
an
d
deli
very
o
f b
asi
c
serv
ices
, in
clu
din
g
in
eth
nic
are
as,
an
d
the
imp
rov
em
en
t o
f h
eal
th a
nd
ed
uca
tio
n s
tan
dard
s, w
ere
am
on
g t
he
pri
ori
ties
id
en
tifi
ed
.
5.
Fro
m 1
6 t
o 2
3 M
ay
20
11
, th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r tr
av
ell
ed
to
Ban
gk
ok
, C
hia
ng
Mai
an
d M
ae H
on
g S
on
, in
Th
ail
an
d,
to m
eet
wit
h v
ari
ou
s st
ak
eh
old
ers
, in
clu
din
g
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es
of
eth
nic
m
ino
rity
g
rou
ps,
co
mm
un
ity
-base
d
an
d
civ
il
socie
ty
org
an
izati
on
s,
dip
lom
ats
an
d
oth
er
ex
pert
s.
Th
e
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r th
an
ks
the
Go
vern
men
t o
f T
hail
an
d
for
facil
itati
ng
h
is
vis
it,
inclu
din
g
a
meeti
ng
w
ith
th
e
Min
iste
r fo
r F
ore
ign
Aff
air
s, M
r. K
asi
t P
iro
my
a.
6.
Fro
m 2
1 t
o 2
5 A
ug
ust
20
11
, fo
llo
win
g a
n e
xch
an
ge o
f co
mm
un
icati
on
s w
ith
the
Go
vern
men
t ari
sin
g
fro
m
his
p
rev
iou
s v
isit
, in
F
eb
ruary
2
01
0,
the
Sp
ecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r co
nd
ucte
d
his
fo
urt
h
mis
sio
n
to
My
an
mar
at
the
inv
itati
on
o
f th
e
Go
vern
men
t. In
N
ay
P
yi
Taw
, th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r m
et
wit
h th
e M
inis
ter
for
Fo
reig
n A
ffair
s, t
he M
inis
ter
for
Ho
me A
ffair
s, t
he M
inis
ter
for
Defe
nce,
the D
ep
uty
Ch
ief
of
Po
lice,
the M
inis
ter
for
So
cia
l W
elf
are
, R
eli
ef
an
d R
ese
ttle
men
t, w
ho
als
o
ho
lds
the
po
siti
on
o
f th
e
Min
iste
r fo
r L
ab
ou
r,
the A
tto
rney
G
en
era
l,
the
Ch
ief
Just
ice o
f th
e S
up
rem
e C
ou
rt,
the U
nio
n E
lecti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
an
d w
ith
so
me o
f th
e
pre
sid
en
tial
ad
vis
ers
. H
e als
o m
et
the S
peak
ers
an
d m
em
bers
o
f th
e P
yit
hu
an
d
Am
yo
tha
Hlu
ttaw
s,
inclu
din
g
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es
of
eth
nic
p
oli
tical
part
ies,
an
d
ob
serv
ed
th
e s
eco
nd
reg
ula
r se
ssio
n o
f th
e P
yit
hu
Hlu
ttaw
. H
e d
eli
vere
d a
lectu
re o
n
inte
rnati
on
al
hu
man
rig
hts
at
a t
rain
ing
co
urs
e o
rgan
ized
by
th
e M
inis
try
of
Ho
me
Aff
air
s, w
hic
h w
as
att
en
ded
by
off
icia
ls o
f d
iffe
ren
t m
inis
trie
s an
d t
ow
nsh
ips.
In
Yan
go
n,
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r m
et
Daw
Au
ng
San
Su
u K
yi
to d
iscu
ss a
ran
ge o
f
imp
ort
an
t h
um
an r
igh
ts i
ssu
es,
co
nd
uct
ed a
vis
it t
o I
nse
in p
riso
n,
wh
ere
he m
et
wit
h
A/6
6/3
65
11
-50
11
14
sev
en p
riso
ner
s o
f co
nsc
ien
ce,
met
wit
h r
ep
rese
nta
tiv
es o
f civ
il s
oci
ety
org
an
izat
ion
s,
form
er
pri
son
ers
o
f co
nsc
ien
ce an
d th
e U
nit
ed N
atio
ns
cou
ntr
y te
am,
bri
efe
d
the
dip
lom
ati
c
co
mm
un
ity
an
d
held
a
meeti
ng
w
ith
d
irecto
r-g
en
era
ls
of
dif
fere
nt
min
istr
ies,
at
the c
on
clu
sio
n o
f h
is m
issi
on
.
7.
Fo
llo
win
g l
eg
isla
tiv
e e
lecti
on
s, h
eld
on
7 N
ov
em
ber
20
10
, an
d t
he f
orm
ati
on
of
the n
ew
Go
vern
men
t o
n 1
Ap
ril
20
11
, th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r n
ote
s th
at
a n
um
ber
of
step
s h
av
e b
een
tak
en
th
at
hav
e t
he p
ote
nti
al
to d
eep
en
My
an
mar’
s tr
an
siti
on
to
dem
ocra
cy
an
d t
o i
mp
rov
e t
he h
um
an
rig
hts
sit
uati
on
. A
s su
ch
, at
the e
nd
of
his
mis
sio
n t
o t
he c
ou
ntr
y,
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r w
elc
om
ed
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t’s
state
d
co
mm
itm
en
ts t
o r
efo
rm a
nd
th
e p
rio
riti
es
set
ou
t b
y P
resi
den
t T
hein
Sein
, w
hic
h
inclu
ded
th
e p
rote
cti
on
of
socia
l an
d e
co
no
mic
rig
hts
; th
e p
rote
cti
on
of
fun
dam
en
tal
hu
man
ri
gh
ts an
d fr
eed
om
s, in
clu
din
g th
rou
gh
th
e am
en
dm
en
t an
d re
vo
cati
on
o
f
ex
isti
ng
la
ws;
g
oo
d g
ov
ern
an
ce an
d fi
gh
tin
g co
rru
pti
on
, in
co
op
era
tio
n w
ith
th
e
peo
ple
; re
spect
for
the r
ule
of
law
; an
d a
n i
nd
ep
en
den
t an
d t
ran
spare
nt
jud
icia
ry.
He
als
o w
elc
om
ed
th
e P
resi
den
t’s
em
ph
asi
s o
n th
e n
eed
fo
r p
eace ta
lks
wit
h arm
ed
gro
up
s an
d t
he o
pen
do
or
for
ex
iles
to r
etu
rn t
o t
he c
ou
ntr
y.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r
reit
era
tes,
ho
wev
er,
th
at
these
co
mm
itm
en
ts m
ust
be t
ran
slate
d i
nto
co
ncre
te a
cti
on
.
8.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r th
an
ks
the G
ov
ern
men
t o
f M
yan
mar
for
its
inv
itati
on
an
d
for
the
co
op
era
tio
n
an
d
flex
ibil
ity
sh
ow
n
du
rin
g
his
v
isit
, p
art
icu
larl
y
wit
h
resp
ect
to t
he o
rgan
izati
on
of
his
pro
gra
mm
e. I
n a
dd
itio
n t
o t
he v
isit
, h
e c
on
tin
ued
to e
ng
ag
e w
ith
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t th
rou
gh
meeti
ng
s w
ith
its
am
bass
ad
ors
in
Gen
ev
a
an
d B
an
gk
ok
, an
d t
hro
ug
h w
ritt
en
co
mm
un
icati
on
s.
9.
Th
ese
co
mm
un
icati
on
s in
clu
de a jo
int
urg
en
t acti
on
le
tter
wit
h th
e S
pecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
rs
on
to
rtu
re
an
d
oth
er
cru
el,
in
hu
man
o
r d
eg
rad
ing
tr
eatm
en
t o
r
pu
nis
hm
en
t an
d o
n t
he p
rom
oti
on
an
d p
rote
cti
on
of
the r
igh
t to
fre
ed
om
of
op
inio
n
an
d e
xp
ress
ion
, re
gard
ing
th
e h
un
ger
stri
ke b
y p
oli
tical
pri
son
ers
in
In
sein
pri
son
,
on
1 J
un
e 2
011
; an
d a
jo
int
urg
en
t acti
on
lett
er
wit
h t
he C
hair
-Rap
po
rteu
r o
f th
e
Wo
rkin
g G
rou
p o
n A
rbit
rary
Dete
nti
on
an
d t
he S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
rs o
n t
he r
igh
t to
freed
om
of
op
inio
n a
nd
ex
pre
ssio
n,
on
th
e s
itu
ati
on
of
hu
man
rig
hts
defe
nd
ers
, o
n
tort
ure
an
d o
n v
iole
nce a
gain
st w
om
en
, it
s cau
ses
an
d c
on
seq
uen
ces,
on
th
e c
ase
of
Hn
in
May
A
un
g,
on
2
1
July
2
011
. In
ad
dit
ion
, o
n
30
Ju
ne
20
11
, th
e
Sp
ecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r se
nt
a l
ett
er
to t
he G
ov
ern
men
t re
qu
est
ing
an
up
date
on
th
e s
tatu
s o
f th
e
pri
son
ers
of
co
nsc
ien
ce m
en
tio
ned
in
his
pre
vio
us
rep
ort
s.
10
.T
he S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r w
ou
ld l
ike t
o t
han
k t
he O
ffic
e o
f th
e U
nit
ed
Nati
on
s
Hig
h C
om
mis
sio
ner
for
Hu
man
Rig
hts
(O
HC
HR
), i
n p
art
icu
lar
at
Gen
ev
a,
Ban
gk
ok
an
d N
ew
Yo
rk,
for
ass
isti
ng
him
in
dis
ch
arg
ing
his
man
date
.
II.
Ass
ess
ing t
he t
ran
siti
on
to d
em
ocracy
11
.In
it
s re
solu
tio
n
16
/24
, th
e
Hu
man
R
igh
ts
Co
un
cil
re
qu
est
ed
th
e
Sp
ecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r to
mak
e “
an
ass
ess
men
t o
f an
y p
rog
ress
mad
e b
y t
he G
ov
ern
men
t in
rela
tio
n
to
its
state
d
inte
nti
on
to
tr
an
siti
on
to
a
dem
ocra
cy
”.
As
a
tho
rou
gh
ass
ess
men
t m
ay
be b
ey
on
d t
he s
co
pe o
f th
e p
rese
nt
rep
ort
, th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r
pro
po
ses
to a
dd
ress
a n
um
ber
of
key
iss
ues,
wh
ich
, in
his
vie
w,
are
ess
en
tial
featu
res
of
dem
ocra
tic t
ran
siti
on
in
My
an
mar:
th
e f
un
cti
on
ing
of
key
Sta
te i
nst
itu
tio
ns
an
d
bo
die
s;
the
situ
ati
on
o
f eth
nic
m
ino
riti
es,
in
clu
din
g
on
go
ing
te
nsi
on
s in
eth
nic
bo
rder
are
as
an
d a
rmed
co
nfl
ict
wit
h s
om
e a
rmed
eth
nic
gro
up
s; t
he h
um
an
rig
hts
situ
ati
on
; an
d t
ruth
, ju
stic
e a
nd
acco
un
tab
ilit
y.
97
A/6
6/3
65 5
11
-50
11
1
12
.T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r h
old
s th
e
vie
w
that
cen
tral
to
an
y
dem
ocra
tic
tran
siti
on
, an
ch
ore
d i
n i
mp
ort
an
t h
um
an
rig
hts
pri
ncip
les,
in
clu
din
g p
art
icip
ati
on
,
em
po
werm
en
t, t
ran
spare
ncy,
acco
un
tab
ilit
y a
nd
no
n-d
iscri
min
ati
on
, is
th
e e
ffecti
ve
fun
cti
on
ing
an
d i
nte
gri
ty o
f S
tate
in
stit
uti
on
s an
d b
od
ies.
13
.M
an
y
cri
tics
hav
e
no
ted
th
at
the
new
G
ov
ern
men
t is
co
mp
rise
d
of
man
y
off
icia
ls f
rom
th
e p
rev
iou
s m
ilit
ary
Go
vern
men
t. T
og
eth
er
wit
h m
ilit
ary
ap
po
inte
es
wh
o a
uto
mati
call
y o
ccu
py
a q
uart
er
of
seats
, it
is
rep
ort
ed
th
at
89
per
cen
t o
f all
seats
in
th
e
leg
isla
ture
are
o
ccu
pie
d
by
p
eo
ple
w
ith
aff
ilia
tio
ns
to
the
form
er
Go
vern
men
t. Y
et,
th
e
po
liti
cal
lan
dsc
ap
e
has
ch
an
ged
. T
he
new
G
ov
ern
men
t is
no
min
all
y c
ivil
ian
an
d t
here
is
an
em
erg
en
ce o
f d
iffe
ren
t acto
rs a
nd
part
ies
en
gag
ing
in
the
po
liti
cal
pro
cess
. A
dd
itio
nall
y,
decis
ion
-mak
ing
h
as
sup
po
sed
ly
been
decen
trali
zed
to
v
ari
ou
s m
inis
trie
s, an
d n
ew
in
stit
uti
on
s an
d b
od
ies,
su
ch
as
the
Nati
on
al
Defe
nce a
nd
Secu
rity
Co
un
cil
an
d t
he S
up
rem
e S
tate
Co
un
cil
, h
av
e b
een
cre
ate
d.
Th
ese
dev
elo
pm
en
ts c
ou
ld f
urt
her
the p
rocess
of
tran
siti
on
, an
d t
hey
req
uir
e
clo
se o
bse
rvati
on
, to
see h
ow
th
ey
un
fold
.
14
.G
iven
th
eir
cen
tral
role
in
an
y d
em
ocra
cy,
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r h
as
paid
part
icu
lar
att
en
tio
n
to
the
est
ab
lish
men
t an
d
fun
cti
on
ing
o
f th
e
new
n
ati
on
al,
reg
ion
al
an
d
Sta
te
leg
isla
ture
s.
He
is
en
co
ura
ged
th
at
the
nati
on
al
leg
isla
ture
(co
mp
rise
d o
f th
e u
pp
er
an
d lo
wer
ho
use
s —
th
e A
my
oth
a H
lutt
aw
an
d P
yit
hu
Hlu
ttaw
) h
as
beg
un
ex
erc
isin
g i
ts p
ow
ers
wit
hin
th
e f
ram
ew
ork
of
the C
on
stit
uti
on
an
d n
ote
s w
hat
seem
s to
be a
n o
pen
ing
of
space f
or
dif
fere
nt
acto
rs a
nd
part
ies
to
en
gag
e i
n t
he p
oli
tical
pro
cess
. F
or
inst
an
ce,
Go
vern
men
t m
inis
ters
hav
e a
pp
eare
d
befo
re P
arl
iam
en
t to
an
swer
qu
est
ion
s, a
nd
parl
iam
en
tary
deb
ate
s are
co
vere
d b
y t
he
off
icia
l m
ed
ia.
15
.D
uri
ng
its
fir
st r
eg
ula
r se
ssio
n,
imp
ort
an
t an
d s
en
siti
ve i
ssu
es
rele
van
t to
th
e
pro
mo
tio
n an
d p
rote
cti
on
o
f h
um
an
ri
gh
ts w
ere
d
iscu
ssed
, in
clu
din
g la
nd
te
nu
re
rig
hts
an
d
lan
d
co
nfi
scati
on
; th
e
reg
istr
ati
on
o
f ass
ocia
tio
ns
an
d
oth
er
local
org
an
izati
on
s, a
s w
ell
as
trad
e u
nio
ns;
dis
cri
min
ati
on
ag
ain
st e
thn
ic m
ino
riti
es
in
civ
il s
erv
ice r
ecru
itm
ent;
th
e n
eed
fo
r th
e t
each
ing
of
eth
nic
min
ori
ty l
an
gu
ages
in
sch
oo
ls i
n m
ino
rity
are
as;
the q
uest
ion
of
am
nes
ty t
o S
han
po
liti
cal
pri
son
ers
; an
d t
he
gra
nti
ng o
f n
atio
nal
id
enti
fica
tion
car
ds
to t
he
Rohin
gy
a. P
arli
amen
tary
co
mm
itte
es,
in
whic
h o
pp
osi
tion p
arty
mem
ber
s co
mp
rise
d o
ne
thir
d o
f m
emb
ersh
ip,
wer
e es
tab
lish
ed,
incl
ud
ing
th
e B
ill
Com
mit
tee,
th
e R
igh
ts C
om
mit
tee,
the
Pub
lic
Acc
ou
nts
Com
mit
tee
and t
he
Gover
nm
ent’
s G
uar
ante
es, P
ledges
and U
nder
takin
gs
Vett
ing
Co
mm
itte
e.
16
.D
uri
ng
its
seco
nd
reg
ula
r se
ssio
n,
wh
ich
beg
an
on
22
Au
gu
st 2
011
, ad
dit
ion
al
co
mm
itte
es,
in
clu
din
g
the
Fu
nd
am
en
tal
Rig
hts
, D
em
ocra
cy
an
d
Hu
man
R
igh
ts
Co
mm
itte
e,
were
fo
rmed
. Im
po
rtan
t is
sues
were
als
o
deb
ate
d,
inclu
din
g
the
pro
vis
ion
o
f m
ed
icin
es
to h
osp
itals
, th
e re
bu
ild
ing
o
f p
rim
ary
sc
ho
ols
in
cert
ain
co
nst
itu
en
cie
s, a
pri
vate
sch
oo
l re
gis
trati
on
bil
l an
d e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
co
nse
rvati
on
. A
mem
ber
of
the
Py
ith
u
Hlu
ttaw
p
rese
nte
d
mo
tio
ns
to
rele
ase
all
p
riso
ners
o
f
co
nsc
ien
ce
an
d
to
deli
bera
te
the
cre
ati
on
o
f a
“p
riso
n
bil
l fo
r th
e
twen
ty-f
irst
cen
tury
”,
wh
ich
wo
uld
gu
ara
nte
e h
um
an
dig
nit
y t
o a
ll p
riso
ners
. T
he S
peak
er
of
the
Ho
use
re
jecte
d th
e la
tter
mo
tio
n,
stati
ng
th
at
the M
inis
try
o
f H
om
e A
ffair
s w
as
alr
ead
y d
raft
ing
a r
ev
ised
pri
son
s act.
17
.W
hil
e w
elc
om
ing
th
ese
dev
elo
pm
en
ts,
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r n
ote
s th
e c
rucia
l
need
to
cla
rify
a n
um
ber
of
the P
arl
iam
en
t’s
pra
cti
ces
an
d it
s in
tern
al
rule
s an
d
pro
ced
ure
s, i
nclu
din
g h
ow
oft
en
it
wil
l m
eet,
th
e r
igh
t o
f m
em
bers
to
pla
ce i
tem
s fo
r
leg
isla
tio
n a
nd
po
licy
deb
ate
on
th
e p
arl
iam
en
tary
ag
en
da,
an
d t
he p
recis
e r
ole
an
d
A/6
6/3
65
11
-50
11
16
fun
cti
on
s o
f th
e v
ari
ou
s co
mm
itte
es
est
ab
lish
ed
. A
lso
of
imp
ort
an
ce i
s th
e n
eed
to
est
ab
lish
cle
ar
rule
s g
ov
ern
ing
p
arl
iam
en
tary
im
mu
nit
y,
part
icu
larl
y
the
specif
ic
inst
an
ces
in w
hic
h s
uch
im
mu
nit
y c
ou
ld b
e l
ifte
d.
In t
his
resp
ect,
he n
ote
s th
at
law
s
sig
ned
b
y
then
S
en
ior
Gen
era
l T
han
S
hw
e,
in
No
vem
ber
20
10
, st
ipu
late
th
at
parl
iam
en
tari
an
s w
ill
be
all
ow
ed
fr
eed
om
o
f ex
pre
ssio
n
un
less
th
eir
sp
eech
es
en
dan
ger
nati
on
al
secu
rity
or
the u
nit
y o
f th
e c
ou
ntr
y o
r v
iola
te t
he C
on
stit
uti
on
.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r n
ote
s th
at
these
are
bro
ad
cate
go
ries
that
are
no
t cle
arl
y
defi
ned
an
d c
ou
ld b
e u
sed
to
lim
it d
eb
ate
. M
em
bers
of
Parl
iam
en
t sh
ou
ld b
e a
ble
to
ex
erc
ise t
heir
fre
ed
om
of
speech
in
th
e c
ou
rse o
f d
isch
arg
ing
th
eir
du
ties.
Th
is i
s
ess
en
tial
to en
sure
a p
rop
erl
y fu
ncti
on
ing
parl
iam
en
tary
cu
ltu
re —
on
e i
n w
hic
h
tran
spare
nt,
o
pen
an
d
inclu
siv
e
deb
ate
s can
b
e
held
o
n
all
m
att
ers
o
f n
ati
on
al
imp
ort
an
ce —
an
iss
ue t
hat
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r em
ph
asi
zed
to
th
e S
peak
ers
an
d
Mem
bers
of
Parl
iam
en
t.
18
.T
here
is
als
o a
str
on
g n
eed
to
en
han
ce t
he c
ap
acit
y a
nd
fu
ncti
on
ing
of
the n
ew
inst
itu
tio
n a
nd
its
mem
bers
. T
his
was
ech
oed
by
man
y i
nte
rlo
cu
tors
fro
m d
iffe
ren
t
secto
rs
du
rin
g
the
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r’s
mis
sio
n
to
My
an
mar,
so
me
of
wh
om
ack
no
wle
dg
ed
a s
eri
ou
s la
ck
of
kn
ow
led
ge a
nd
ex
pert
ise o
f p
arl
iam
en
tary
pra
cti
ces
am
on
g
Mem
bers
o
f P
arl
iam
en
t an
d
the
need
fo
r su
pp
ort
b
y
pro
fess
ion
al
parl
iam
en
tari
an
sta
ff.
Acco
rdin
gly
, th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r st
ron
gly
en
co
ura
ges
the
Parl
iam
en
t to
p
roacti
vely
se
ek
co
op
era
tio
n an
d ass
ista
nce fr
om
th
e in
tern
ati
on
al
co
mm
un
ity
in
th
is r
eg
ard
.
19
.A
no
ther
key
in
stit
uti
on
is
the j
ud
icia
ry.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r o
bse
rves
that
the j
ud
icia
ry’s
cap
acit
y,
ind
ep
en
den
ce a
nd
im
part
iali
ty r
em
ain
ou
tsta
nd
ing
iss
ues
in
My
an
mar.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r n
ote
s th
at
there
do
no
t ap
pear
to b
e a
ny
majo
r
stru
ctu
ral
tran
sfo
rmati
on
s w
ith
in t
he j
ud
icia
ry.
Th
e n
ew
Ch
ief
Just
ice w
as
form
erl
y
on
e
of
the
just
ices
on
th
e
Su
pre
me
Co
urt
, an
d
the
new
A
tto
rney
G
en
era
l w
as
pre
vio
usl
y
a
Dep
uty
A
tto
rney
G
en
era
l,
wit
h
no
fu
rth
er
info
rmati
on
o
n
new
ap
po
intm
en
ts t
o t
he c
ou
rts.
20
.C
on
cern
s re
gard
ing
th
e f
un
cti
on
ing
of
the j
ud
icia
ry a
lso
rem
ain
. T
he S
pecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r co
nti
nu
es
to r
eceiv
e i
nfo
rmati
on
of
cri
min
al
case
s b
ein
g h
eard
beh
ind
clo
sed
do
ors
. In
on
e c
ase
, th
e f
am
ily
of
form
er
arm
y c
ap
tain
, N
ay
My
o Z
in,
was
barr
ed
fro
m t
he c
lose
d c
ou
rt i
nsi
de I
nse
in p
riso
n,
on
2 J
un
e 2
011
. N
ay
My
o Z
in,
wh
o l
eft
th
e a
rmy
in
20
05
an
d t
hen
vo
lun
teere
d f
or
a b
loo
d d
on
or
gro
up
head
ed
by
a
mem
ber
of
the
Nati
on
al
Leag
ue
for
Dem
ocra
cy,
had
b
een
ch
arg
ed
u
nd
er
the
Ele
ctr
on
ics
Act.
D
uri
ng
th
e p
roceed
ing
s, ju
dg
es
heard
a st
ate
men
t fr
om
D
ep
uty
Po
lice C
om
man
der,
Sw
e L
inn
, w
ho
had
co
nd
ucte
d t
he s
earc
h a
t h
is h
ou
se,
in e
arl
y
Ap
ril
2011
, an
d
fou
nd
a d
ocu
men
t in
h
is
e-m
ail
inbo
x
enti
tled
“N
atio
nal
Rec
onci
liat
ion”.
On 2
6 A
ug
ust
2011,
he
was
sen
ten
ced
to 1
0 y
ears
in p
riso
n. A
cco
rdin
g
to r
eport
s, h
e ap
pea
rs t
o h
ave
bee
n s
ubje
cted
to t
ort
ure
res
ult
ing i
n s
hatt
ere
d l
ow
er
vert
eb
rae a
nd
a b
rok
en
rib
, w
hic
h l
ed
to
his
att
en
din
g c
ou
rt o
n a
ho
spit
al
stre
tch
er.
His
req
uest
s fo
r ex
tern
al
ho
spit
ali
zati
on
hav
e a
lso
been
rep
ort
ed
ly d
en
ied
.
21
.A
no
ther
con
cern
reg
ard
ing
fair
tri
als
is
the a
ccess
to
co
un
sel.
Du
rin
g t
he S
peci
al
Rap
po
rteu
r’s
meet
ing
wit
h D
aw
Au
ng
San
Su
u K
yi
an
d t
he E
xecu
tiv
e C
om
mit
tee
of
the N
atio
nal
Leag
ue f
or
Dem
ocra
cy,
he w
as
info
rmed
of
the p
rob
lem
of
the a
rbit
rary
rev
ocati
on
of
licen
ces
of
law
yers
wh
o d
efe
nd
pri
son
ers
of
co
nsc
ien
ce.
Th
e S
pecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r u
rges
the G
ov
ern
men
t to
reco
nsi
der
these
rev
ocati
on
s an
d t
o g
uara
nte
e
the e
ffecti
ve r
igh
t to
co
un
sel
an
d t
o a
llo
w l
aw
yers
to
pra
cti
se t
heir
pro
fess
ion
fre
ely
.
98
A/6
6/3
65 7
11
-50
11
1
22
.T
he S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r th
ere
fore
en
co
ura
ges
the G
ov
ern
men
t o
f M
yan
mar
to
imp
lem
en
t h
is p
rev
iou
s re
co
mm
en
dati
on
s o
n t
he j
ud
icia
ry,
the f
ou
rth
co
re h
um
an
rig
hts
ele
men
t as
co
nta
ined
in
his
earl
ier
rep
ort
(A
/63
/34
1),
an
d t
o u
nd
ert
ak
e t
he
seri
es
of
measu
res
pro
po
sed
, in
ord
er
to e
nh
an
ce i
ts i
nd
ep
en
den
ce a
nd
im
part
iali
ty.
Th
ese
in
clu
de g
uara
nte
es
for
du
e p
rocess
of
law
, esp
ecia
lly
pu
bli
c h
eari
ng
s in
tri
als
ag
ain
st p
riso
ners
of
co
nsc
ien
ce.
Th
ese
an
d o
ther
measu
res
are
deta
iled
in
th
e B
asi
c
Pri
ncip
les
on
th
e I
nd
ep
en
den
ce o
f th
e J
ud
icia
ry (
19
85
); t
he B
asi
c P
rin
cip
les
on
th
e
Ro
le o
f L
aw
yers
(1
99
0);
th
e G
uid
eli
nes
on
th
e R
ole
o
f P
rose
cu
tors
(1
99
0);
th
e
Pro
ced
ure
s fo
r th
e
eff
ecti
ve
imp
lem
en
tati
on
o
f th
e
Basi
c
Pri
ncip
les
on
th
e
Ind
ep
en
den
ce o
f th
e J
ud
icia
ry (
19
89
); a
nd
th
e B
eij
ing
Sta
tem
en
t o
f P
rin
cip
les
of
the
Ind
ep
en
den
ce o
f th
e J
ud
icia
ry (
19
97
). H
e a
lso
en
co
ura
ges
the G
ov
ern
men
t to
seek
tech
nic
al
ass
ista
nce,
part
icu
larl
y in
th
e are
a o
f cap
acit
y-b
uil
din
g an
d tr
ain
ing
o
f
jud
ges
an
d l
aw
yers
.
23
.F
urt
her,
th
e
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r is
co
ncern
ed
at
all
eg
ati
on
s o
f w
idesp
read
co
rru
pti
on
, w
hic
h,
acco
rdin
g to
m
an
y so
urc
es,
is
in
stit
uti
on
ali
zed
an
d p
erv
asi
ve.
Acco
rdin
g t
o s
tud
ies
by
civ
il s
ocie
ty o
rgan
izati
on
s, p
ay
men
ts a
re m
ad
e a
t all
sta
ges
in t
he l
eg
al
pro
cess
an
d t
o a
ll l
ev
els
of
off
icia
ls,
for
such
ro
uti
ne m
att
ers
as
access
to
a d
eta
inee i
n p
oli
ce c
ust
od
y o
r d
ete
rmin
ing
th
e o
utc
om
e o
f a c
ase
. A
s M
yan
mar
ach
iev
es
gre
ate
r eco
no
mic
d
ev
elo
pm
en
t, th
ere
w
ill
lik
ely
b
e m
ore
co
nfl
icts
an
d
co
nte
sts
that
wil
l n
eed
to
be r
eso
lved
in
th
e c
ou
rts.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r th
ere
fore
welc
om
es
the G
ov
ern
men
t’s
state
d c
om
mit
men
t to
co
mb
ati
ng
co
rru
pti
on
an
d u
rges
that
pri
ori
ty a
tten
tio
n b
e g
iven
to
th
e j
ud
icia
ry i
n t
his
resp
ect.
24
.T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r n
ote
s th
at
My
an
mar
has
yet
to
est
ab
lish
co
mp
lete
civ
ilia
n
co
ntr
ol
ov
er
the
mil
itary
, an
oth
er
key
fe
atu
re
of
dem
ocra
tic
tran
siti
on
.
Wh
ile t
here
hav
e b
een
dev
elo
pm
en
ts,
such
as
ch
an
ges
wit
hin
its
lead
ers
hip
an
d t
he
ab
oli
shm
en
t o
f su
pra
-min
iste
rial
po
licy
co
mm
itte
es,
he n
ote
s th
e m
ilit
ary
’s r
ole
in
the l
eg
isla
ture
s (w
ith
mil
itary
ap
po
inte
es
occu
py
ing
25
per
cen
t o
f se
ats
), a
s w
ell
as
the
role
o
f th
e
new
C
om
man
der-
in-C
hie
f,
Gen
era
l M
in
Au
ng
H
lain
g,
wh
o
ind
ep
en
den
tly
ad
min
iste
rs a
nd
ad
jud
icate
s all
matt
ers
pert
ain
ing
to
th
e a
rmed
fo
rces
an
d
mu
st
be
co
nsu
lted
b
y
the
Pre
sid
en
t o
n
ap
po
intm
en
ts
of
the
Min
iste
rs
for
Defe
nce,
Ho
me A
ffair
s an
d B
ord
er
Aff
air
s (a
s p
rov
ided
in
th
e 2
00
8 C
on
stit
uti
on
).
Ad
dit
ion
all
y,
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
n
est
ab
lish
es
perm
an
en
t m
ilit
ary
tr
ibu
nals
, se
para
te
fro
m o
vers
igh
t o
f th
e civ
ilia
n ju
stic
e m
ech
an
ism
, fo
r w
hic
h th
e C
om
man
der-
in-
Ch
ief
wil
l ex
erc
ise a
pp
ell
ate
po
wer.
Fu
rth
er,
an
d a
s o
utl
ined
in
gre
ate
r d
eta
il b
elo
w,
the S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r h
as
co
nti
nu
ed
to
receiv
e r
ep
ort
s o
f h
um
an
rig
hts
vio
lati
on
s
co
mm
itte
d
by
th
e
mil
itary
, p
art
icu
larl
y
in
eth
nic
b
ord
er
are
as.
T
he
Sp
ecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r re
fers
to
h
is
thir
d
co
re
hu
man
ri
gh
ts
ele
men
t an
d
en
co
ura
ges
the
ad
op
tio
n b
y t
he m
ilit
ary
of
the m
easu
res
pro
po
sed
, w
hic
h c
ou
ld h
elp
to
ad
dre
ss t
he
ab
ov
e c
on
cern
s.
25
.T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r’s
pre
vio
us
rep
ort
to
th
e
Hu
man
R
igh
ts
Co
un
cil
(A/H
RC
/16
/59
) st
ate
d t
hat
the n
ati
on
al
ele
cti
on
s, h
eld
in
No
vem
ber
20
10
, fa
iled
to
meet
inte
rnati
on
al
stan
dard
s an
d
hig
hli
gh
ted
re
stri
cti
on
s o
n
the
freed
om
s o
f
ex
pre
ssio
n,
ass
em
bly
an
d a
sso
cia
tio
n.
Th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r’s
pre
vio
us
rep
ort
to
the G
en
era
l A
ssem
bly
(A
/65
/36
8)
state
d t
hat
the e
lecto
ral
leg
al
fram
ew
ork
an
d i
ts
imp
lem
en
tati
on
by
th
e E
lecti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
an
d o
ther
rele
van
t au
tho
riti
es
in m
an
y
way
s h
an
dic
ap
ped
part
y d
ev
elo
pm
en
t an
d p
art
icip
ati
on
, in
th
e c
on
tex
t o
f M
yan
mar’
s
firs
t ele
cti
on
in
ov
er
two
decad
es.
Du
rin
g h
is v
isit
to
My
an
mar,
th
e U
nio
n E
lecti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
ack
no
wle
dg
ed
dif
ficu
ltie
s an
d f
law
s in
th
e c
on
du
ct
of
the e
lecti
on
s,
part
ly d
ue t
o t
he n
um
ber
of
po
llin
g s
tati
on
s an
d t
he i
nex
peri
en
ce o
f o
ffic
ials
. T
he
A/6
6/3
65
11
-50
11
18
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r w
as
als
o i
nfo
rmed
th
at
29
co
mp
lain
ts h
ad
been
fil
ed
wit
h t
he
Ele
cti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
, w
ith
decis
ion
s m
ad
e i
n s
ev
era
l case
s. N
o f
urt
her
info
rmati
on
was
pro
vid
ed
alt
ho
ug
h i
t w
as
no
ted
th
at
such
decis
ion
s h
ad
been
pu
bli
shed
in
th
e
off
icia
l g
azett
e.
26
.S
ince t
he e
lecti
on
s, t
he S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r h
as
receiv
ed
rep
ort
s th
at
the U
nio
n
Ele
cti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
, d
esp
ite n
ew
mem
bers
ap
po
inte
d b
y P
arl
iam
en
t, c
on
tin
ues
to
dis
co
ura
ge t
he r
ole
of
part
ies
in t
he p
oli
tical
pro
cess
. F
or
ex
am
ple
, o
n 6
Ju
ly 2
011
,
thre
e e
lecte
d r
ep
rese
nta
tiv
es
of
the R
ak
hin
e N
ati
on
ali
ties
Dev
elo
pm
en
t P
art
y w
ere
dis
qu
alif
ied
, b
y t
rib
un
al,
foll
ow
ing
co
mp
lain
ts b
y U
nio
n S
oli
dari
ty a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
en
t
Part
y
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es.
T
he
Ele
ctio
n
Co
mm
issi
on
als
o
ord
ere
d
the
Rak
hin
e
Nati
on
ali
ties
Dev
elo
pm
en
t P
art
y r
ep
rese
nta
tiv
es
to p
ay
co
mp
en
sati
on
of
1.5
mil
lio
n
ky
at
(ab
ou
t U
S$
1
,76
5)
each
to
th
e re
pre
sen
tati
ves
o
f th
e
Un
ion
S
oli
dar
ity
an
d
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Part
y, r
epo
rted
ly f
or
att
ack
ing
th
e p
rev
iou
s m
ilit
ary
Go
vern
men
t an
d t
he
Un
ion
So
lid
ari
ty a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Part
y i
n t
hei
r el
ecti
on
cam
pai
gn
s d
uri
ng
20
10
.
27
.W
ith
by
-ele
cti
on
s ex
pect
ed l
ate
r th
is y
ear
fo
r so
me 4
0 P
yit
hu
Hlu
ttaw
, A
my
oth
a
Hlu
ttaw
an
d S
tate
or
reg
ion
al H
lutt
aw
seat
s, t
he S
peci
al
Rap
po
rteu
r st
ron
gly
urg
es
the
Un
ion
Ele
cti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
to
learn
less
on
s fr
om
th
e N
ov
em
ber
20
10
ele
cti
on
s an
d
to
pla
y
a
role
in
en
suri
ng
th
at
the
up
co
min
g
by
-ele
cti
on
s are
h
eld
in
a
mo
re
part
icip
ato
ry,
inclu
siv
e an
d tr
an
spare
nt
man
ner.
C
om
pla
ints
fi
led
to
th
e E
lecti
on
Co
mm
issi
on
sh
ou
ld
be
ad
dre
ssed
in
a
tim
ely
, o
pen
an
d
tran
spare
nt
man
ner.
Sig
nif
ican
t im
pro
vem
en
ts
to
the
ele
cto
ral
pro
cess
w
ou
ld
be
imp
ort
an
t fo
r
My
an
mar’
s d
em
ocra
tic t
ran
siti
on
.
28
.F
inall
y,
on
e n
ew
in
stit
uti
on
th
at
has
receiv
ed
p
osi
tiv
e att
en
tio
n is
th
e n
ew
Pre
siden
tial
Advis
ory
Boar
d, w
hose
mem
ber
s in
clude
U M
yin
t, a
s hea
d o
f th
e E
conom
ic
Advis
ory
Gro
up
, S
it A
ye,
who h
eads
the
Leg
al A
dvis
ory
Gro
up
and K
o K
o H
lain
g,
wh
o
head
s th
e P
oli
tical
Ad
vis
ory
Gro
up
. T
he S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r m
et
wit
h s
om
e o
f th
e
pre
sid
en
tial
ad
vis
ers
du
rin
g h
is m
issi
on
an
d h
eld
a f
ran
k a
nd
fru
itfu
l ex
ch
an
ge o
f
vie
ws,
in
clu
din
g o
n i
mp
ort
an
t fu
ture
in
itia
tiv
es.
He b
eli
ev
es
that
they
hav
e p
lay
ed
a
key
ro
le
in
ad
vis
ing
th
e
Pre
sid
en
t o
n
the
ch
all
en
ges
facin
g
My
an
mar
an
d
the
pri
ori
ties
for
refo
rm.
He
there
fore
en
co
ura
ges
them
to
co
nti
nu
e
their
im
po
rtan
t
fun
cti
on
s an
d t
o p
rov
ide s
ug
gest
ion
s o
n h
ow
to
tra
nsl
ate
or
imp
lem
en
t co
mm
itm
en
ts
into
co
ncre
te a
cti
on
.
III.
Th
e s
itu
ati
on
of
eth
nic
min
orit
ies
29
.T
he s
itu
ati
on
of
eth
nic
min
ori
ty g
rou
ps,
in
clu
din
g a
rmed
co
nfl
ict
in t
he b
ord
er
are
as,
p
rese
nts
se
rio
us
lim
itati
on
s to
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t’s
inte
nti
on
to
tr
an
siti
on
to
dem
ocra
cy.
In h
is p
rev
iou
s re
po
rts,
th
e S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r h
igh
lig
hte
d co
ncern
s
reg
ard
ing
th
e s
yst
em
ati
c a
nd
en
dem
ic d
iscr
imin
ati
on
faced
by
eth
nic
an
d r
eli
gio
us
min
ori
ty g
rou
ps,
in
part
icu
lar
in n
ort
hern
Rak
hin
e a
nd
Ch
in S
tate
s. S
uch
co
ncern
s
inclu
ded
p
oli
cie
s p
rev
en
tin
g
the
teach
ing
o
f m
ino
rity
la
ng
uag
es
in
sch
oo
ls,
the
den
ial
of
cit
izen
ship
to
an
d r
est
ricti
on
of
mo
vem
en
t o
f th
e R
oh
ing
ya,
rest
ricti
on
s o
n
the f
reed
om
of
reli
gio
n o
r b
eli
ef
an
d e
co
no
mic
dep
riv
ati
on
. T
he S
pecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r
has
call
ed
u
po
n
the
Go
vern
men
t to
en
sure
th
at
eth
nic
m
ino
riti
es
are
g
ran
ted
fun
dam
en
tal
rig
hts
.
30
.T
he G
ov
ern
men
t h
as
said
th
at
parl
iam
en
ts a
re t
he o
nly
ven
ue f
or
dis
cu
ssio
n o
n
nati
on
al
reco
ncil
iati
on
. W
hil
e e
thn
ic p
oli
tical
part
ies
are
rep
rese
nte
d i
n t
he n
ati
on
al,
reg
ion
al
an
d
Sta
te
leg
isla
ture
s,
the
No
vem
ber
20
10
ele
cto
ral
pro
cess
ex
clu
ded
99
Interim report of the United Nations Secretary-General on the situation of human rights in Iran, A/HRC/16/75,
14 March 2011 (excerpts)
GE
.10
-
Hu
ma
n R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l S
ixte
enth
ses
sio
n
Ag
end
a it
em 2
Hu
ma
n r
igh
ts s
itu
ati
on
s th
at
req
uir
e th
e C
ou
nci
l’s
att
enti
on
Inte
rim
rep
ort
of
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
on
th
e si
tua
tio
n o
f h
um
an
rig
hts
in
Ira
n*
Su
mm
ary
Th
e p
rese
nt
rep
ort
is
sub
mit
ted
in
acc
ord
ance
wit
h G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
res
olu
tion
65
/226
, in
w
hic
h th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
re
qu
este
d th
e S
ecre
tary
-Gen
eral
to
su
bm
it an
inte
rim
rep
ort
to
th
e H
um
an R
igh
ts C
oun
cil
at i
ts s
ixte
enth
ses
sio
n.
Th
e re
po
rt r
efle
cts
the
pat
tern
s an
d tr
end
s in
th
e hu
man
ri
gh
ts si
tuat
ion
in
th
e Is
lam
ic R
epu
bli
c of
Iran
an
d
pro
vid
es i
nfo
rmat
ion
on
th
e p
rog
ress
mad
e in
th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
of
the
pre
sen
t re
solu
tio
n,
incl
ud
ing r
ecom
men
dat
ion
s to
im
pro
ve
its
imp
lem
enta
tio
n.
In i
ts r
eso
luti
on 6
5/2
26
, th
e
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly c
alle
d u
po
n t
he
Gov
ernm
ent
of
the
Isla
mic
Rep
ub
lic
of
Iran
to
ad
dre
ss
the
sub
stan
tiv
e co
nce
rns
hig
hli
gh
ted
in
th
e p
rev
iou
s re
po
rt
of
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
(A/6
5/3
70
) an
d t
he
spec
ific
cal
ls t
o a
ctio
n f
oun
d i
n p
rev
iou
s re
solu
tion
s o
f th
e A
ssem
bly
(res
olu
tion
s 63/1
91
, 6
2/1
68
an
d 6
4/1
76),
and
to
res
pec
t fu
lly i
ts h
um
an r
igh
ts o
bli
gat
ion
s,
in l
aw a
nd
in p
ract
ice,
in
rel
atio
n t
o a
nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecif
ical
ly i
den
tifi
ed c
on
cern
s.
*
Lat
e su
bm
issi
on
.
A/H
RC
/16
/75
Ad
va
nce
Un
edit
ed V
ersi
on
D
istr
.: G
ener
al
14 M
arch
2011
Ori
gin
al:
En
gli
sh
A/H
RC
/16
/75
2Co
nte
nts
Pa
rag
rap
hs
Pa
ge
I.
Intr
od
uct
ion
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 1
–4
II.
Them
atic
iss
ues
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
5–
41
A.
To
rtu
re a
nd
cru
el,
inhu
man
or
deg
rad
ing t
reat
men
t o
r pu
nis
hm
ent,
incl
ud
ing
flo
gg
ing
and
am
pu
tati
on
s...
....
....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
5–
9
B.
Dea
th p
enal
ty i
ncl
ud
ing
pub
lic
exec
uti
on
s..
....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 1
0–
17
C.
Ex
ecu
tio
ns
of
juv
enil
e o
ffen
der
s..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
18
–2
0
D.
Sto
nin
g a
s a
met
ho
d o
f ex
ecu
tio
n..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 2
1–
23
E.
Wo
men
’s r
igh
ts..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 2
4
F.
Rig
hts
of
min
ori
ties
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
2
5–
28
G.
Fre
edo
m o
f p
eace
ful
asse
mb
ly a
nd
ass
oci
atio
n a
nd
fre
edo
m o
f op
inio
n
and e
xpre
ssio
n..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
29–39
H.
Lac
k o
f due
pro
cess
rig
hts
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
40
–4
1
III.
C
oop
erat
ion
wit
h i
nte
rnat
ion
al h
um
an r
igh
ts m
ech
anis
ms
and
th
e O
ffic
e of
the
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s H
igh
Co
mm
issi
on
er f
or
Hu
man
Rig
hts
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
4
2–
54
A.
Un
iver
sal
Per
iod
ic R
evie
w..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
42
B.
Cooper
atio
n w
ith
the
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s H
um
an R
ights
Tre
aty
Sy
stem
.............
43
–4
4
C.
Coop
erat
ion w
ith
th
e U
nit
ed N
atio
ns
Sp
ecia
l P
roce
du
res
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
45
–4
8
D.
Co
op
erat
ion
wit
h t
he
Off
ice
of
the
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s H
igh
Com
mis
sio
ner
for
Hu
man
Rig
hts
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
49
–5
4
IV.
Co
ncl
usi
on
s an
d r
eco
mm
end
atio
ns..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
55
-60
102
A/H
RC
/16
/75 3
I.
Intr
od
uct
ion
1.
Th
e P
rese
nt
rep
ort
on
th
e si
tuat
ion
of
hu
man
rig
hts
in
th
e Is
lam
ic R
epu
bli
c o
f Ir
an i
s
sub
mit
ted
purs
uan
t to
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly r
eso
luti
on
65
/226
, in
wh
ich
th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
requ
este
d t
he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al t
o s
ub
mit
an
in
teri
m r
eport
to
th
e H
um
an R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l at
its
six
teen
th s
essi
on
. T
he
rep
ort
ref
lect
s th
e p
atte
rns
and
tre
nds
in t
he
hum
an r
igh
ts s
ituat
ion
in th
e Is
lam
ic R
epub
lic
of
Iran
an
d p
rov
ides
in
form
atio
n on
th
e p
rogre
ss m
ade
in th
e
imp
lem
enta
tio
n
of
the
pre
sen
t re
solu
tion
, in
clud
ing
re
com
men
dat
ions
to
imp
rov
e it
s
imp
lem
enta
tio
n.
T
he
rep
ort
al
so d
raw
s u
pon
ob
serv
atio
ns
mad
e b
y tr
eaty
m
on
ito
ring
bod
ies
and
th
e S
pec
ial
Pro
cedu
res
of
the
Hum
an R
ights
Cou
nci
l1.
2.
Sin
ce t
he
last
rep
ort
of
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al t
o t
he
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly d
ated
15
Sep
tem
ber
201
0,
the
hu
man
ri
gh
ts si
tuat
ion
in
Ir
an h
as b
een m
ark
ed b
y an
in
ten
sifi
ed
crac
kdo
wn
on
hu
man
ri
gh
ts
def
end
ers,
w
om
en’s
ri
gh
ts
acti
vis
ts,
jou
rnal
ists
an
d
gov
ern
men
t o
ppon
ents
. C
once
rns
abou
t to
rtu
re,
arb
itra
ry
det
enti
on
s an
d
un
fair
tr
ials
con
tin
ue
to b
e ra
ised
by
UN
hu
man
rig
hts
mec
han
ism
s. T
her
e w
as a
noti
ceab
le i
ncr
ease
in
app
lica
tion
o
f th
e d
eath
p
enal
ty,
incl
ud
ing
in
ca
ses
of
po
liti
cal
pri
son
ers,
si
nce
th
e
beg
inn
ing
of
the
yea
r 2
011
. D
iscr
imin
atio
n p
ersi
sted
ag
ain
st m
ino
rity
gro
up
s, i
n s
om
e ca
ses
amo
un
ting
to
p
erse
cuti
on
. A
gai
nst
th
is
bac
kdro
p,
ther
e w
ere
ho
wev
er
som
e p
osi
tiv
e
dev
elo
pm
ents
in
clu
din
g I
ran
’s s
ign
ing
of
the
Op
tion
al P
roto
col
to t
he
Co
nv
enti
on
on
th
e
Rig
hts
of
the
Ch
ild
on
the
Invo
lvem
ent
of
Ch
ild
ren
in
arm
ed c
onfl
ict
in S
epte
mb
er 2
010
, it
s
exam
inat
ion
bef
ore
th
e C
om
mit
tee
for
the
Eli
min
atio
n o
f R
acia
l D
iscr
imin
atio
n i
n A
ugu
st
2010,
and t
he
conduct
of
a ju
dic
ial
coll
oquiu
m t
oget
her
wit
h O
HC
HR
in D
ecem
ber
2010.
3.
Th
e fo
llow
ing
sec
tio
ns
of
the
repo
rt h
igh
light
rele
van
t d
evel
op
men
ts i
n t
he
them
atic
area
s ou
tlin
ed i
n p
arag
raph
4 o
f th
e re
solu
tio
n:
tort
ure
and
cru
el,
inhu
man
or
deg
rad
ing
trea
tmen
t o
r p
un
ish
men
t,
incl
ud
ing
fl
oggin
g
and
am
pu
tati
on
s;
dea
th
pen
alty
in
clu
din
g
pub
lic
exec
uti
on
s;
exec
uti
ons
of
juv
enil
e o
ffen
der
s;
ston
ing
as
m
eth
od
o
f ex
ecu
tio
n;
wo
men
’s r
igh
ts;
rig
hts
of
min
ori
ties
; fr
eedo
m o
f re
lig
ion
, fr
eedom
of
pea
cefu
l as
sem
bly
and a
sso
ciat
ion
, fr
eedo
m o
f o
pin
ion
an
d e
xp
ress
ion
and
du
e p
roce
ss r
ights
. T
he
rep
ort
als
o
surv
eys
rece
nt
dev
elo
pm
ents
in
Ir
an’s
en
gag
emen
t w
ith
th
e in
tern
atio
nal
h
um
an ri
ghts
syst
em
pu
rsu
ant
to
par
agra
ph
s 6
, 7
an
d
8
of
the
reso
luti
on.
It
con
clu
des
w
ith
so
me
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
on
iss
ues
of
conce
rn a
nd m
easu
res
to i
mp
rov
e th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
of
the
reso
luti
on
.
4.
Th
e S
ecre
tary
-Gen
eral
met
wit
h M
r. M
oham
mad
Jav
ad A
rdes
hir
Lar
ijan
i, S
enio
r
Ad
vis
er t
o t
he
Hea
d o
f th
e Ju
dic
iary
an
d S
ecre
tary
-Gen
eral
of
the
Hig
h C
ounci
l fo
r H
um
an
Rig
hts
, Ir
an,
on
19 N
ovem
ber
201
0 i
n N
ew Y
ork
. T
he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al r
aise
d s
ever
al
hu
man
rig
hts
iss
ues
, su
ch a
s co
nst
rain
ts o
n h
um
an r
igh
ts a
dvo
cate
s, c
apit
al p
un
ish
men
t,
juv
enil
e ex
ecu
tio
n a
nd
con
cern
s re
late
d t
o m
inori
ty r
igh
ts.
Mr.
Lar
ijan
i co
nv
eyed
th
at I
ran
appre
ciat
ed t
he
gen
eral
co
oper
atio
n w
ith
the
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s on
Hu
man
Rig
hts
bo
th w
ith
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
and
th
e H
igh
-Co
mm
issi
on
er
for
Hu
man
R
igh
ts.
M
r.
Lar
ijan
i,
how
ever
, in
sist
ed t
hat
Ira
n s
tron
gly
rej
ecte
d t
he
rece
nt
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly r
eso
luti
on
on
hu
man
rig
hts
in
Ira
n.
1D
uri
ng t
he
per
iod s
ince
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al’s
las
t re
port
to t
he
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly,
a n
um
ber
of
UN
Sp
ecia
l P
roce
dure
s m
andat
e-hold
ers
hav
e re
port
ed o
n t
hei
r co
mm
unic
atio
ns
wit
h t
he
Go
ver
nm
ent
on
case
s o
f co
nce
rn. T
hes
e ar
e fl
agg
ed i
n r
elev
ant
sect
ion
s o
f th
e re
po
rt a
nd d
etai
led i
n A
nn
ex O
ne.
A/H
RC
/16
/75 9
D.
Sto
nin
g a
s a
met
ho
d o
f ex
ecu
tio
n
21.
Th
e ap
pli
cati
on
of
sto
nin
g a
s a
met
ho
d o
f ex
ecu
tion
in
Ira
n w
as a
gai
n a
fo
cus
of
con
cern
du
ring t
his
per
iod
. U
nd
er t
he
exis
tin
g I
slam
ic P
enal
Co
de
of
Iran
, ad
ult
ery w
hil
e
mar
ried
is
pun
ish
able
by s
ton
ing.
Des
pit
e a
mo
rato
riu
m o
n s
ton
ing
dec
lare
d b
y t
he
hea
d o
f
Jud
icia
ry i
n 2
00
2,
the
Jud
icia
ry c
on
tinu
es t
o s
ente
nce
bo
th m
en a
nd
wo
men
to e
xec
uti
on
by
sto
nin
g.
Th
e in
stru
ctio
n s
erves
as
gu
idan
ce f
or
ind
ivid
ual
ju
dg
es b
ut
lack
s b
ind
ing
leg
al
effe
ct.
22.
Th
e H
um
an R
igh
ts C
om
mit
tee
ho
lds
the
vie
w t
hat
sto
nin
g t
o d
eath
fo
r ad
ult
ery i
s a
pun
ish
men
t th
at is
g
ross
ly d
ispro
po
rtio
nat
e to
th
e nat
ure
o
f th
e cr
ime.
30 L
ikew
ise,
th
e
Spec
ial
Rap
port
uer
on
To
rtu
re s
tres
sed
th
at s
tate
s ca
nn
ot
inv
oke
pro
vis
ion
s o
f do
mes
tic
law
to j
ust
ify t
he
vio
lati
on o
f hum
an r
igh
ts o
bli
gat
ion
s und
er i
nte
rnat
ion
al l
aw,
incl
ud
ing
th
e
pro
hib
itio
n
of
corp
ora
l p
unis
hm
ent.
31
Iran
h
ow
ever
m
ain
tain
s th
at
the
pun
ish
men
t o
f
sto
nin
g f
or
mar
ried
per
son
s w
ho
co
mm
it a
du
lter
y s
erv
es a
s d
eter
ren
ce i
n o
rder
to m
ain
tain
the
stre
ng
th o
f fa
mil
y a
nd
soci
ety a
nd
th
at s
uch
char
ges
are
, b
y d
esig
n,
ver
y d
iffi
cult
to
pro
ve.
At
a ju
dic
ial
coll
oq
uiu
m h
eld
in D
ecem
ber
2010 (
det
aile
d b
elow
), D
r M
oh
amad
Jav
ad L
arij
ani
argu
ed t
hat
sto
nin
g s
hou
ld n
ot
be
cate
gori
sed
as
a ‘m
eth
od o
f ex
ecu
tio
n’,
bu
t
rath
er a
met
hod of
pu
nis
hm
ent
wh
ich
is
ac
tual
ly m
ore
le
nie
nt
bec
ause
5
0 p
er ce
nt
of
per
son
s su
rviv
e. N
ever
thel
ess,
th
e au
thori
ties
hav
e in
dic
ated
th
at p
arli
amen
t is
cu
rren
tly
rev
iew
ing
th
e p
un
ish
men
t o
f d
eath
by s
ton
ing
.
23.
Th
e ca
se o
f S
akin
eh M
oh
amm
adi
Ash
tian
i, w
ho
was
sen
ten
ced
to
dea
th b
y s
ton
ing
in 2
006
, re
ceiv
ed c
on
sid
erab
le i
nte
rnat
ional
att
enti
on.
Ms
Ash
tian
i w
as c
onv
icte
d o
f th
e
mu
rder
o
f h
er
hu
sban
d,
bu
t w
as
also
ch
arg
ed
wit
h
adult
ery
wh
ile
bei
ng
m
arri
ed
and
sen
ten
ced
to
dea
th b
y s
ton
ing
. S
he
has
alr
ead
y s
pen
t fi
ve
yea
rs i
n p
riso
n a
nd
rec
eiv
ed 9
9
lash
es.
Foll
ow
ing a
n i
nte
rnat
ion
al o
utc
ry,
the
auth
ori
ties
co
nfi
rmed
, m
ost
rec
entl
y o
n 1
7
Janu
ary 2
011
, th
at t
he
“sto
nin
g p
enal
ty o
f M
s A
shti
ani
is s
usp
end
ed s
ince
fam
ilie
s o
f h
er
hu
sban
d h
ave
forg
iven
h
er,
bu
t sh
e w
as se
nte
nce
d to
1
0-y
ears
im
pri
son
men
t.”3
2 O
n 9
Feb
ruar
y 2
011,
Iran
’s P
rose
cuto
r G
ener
al a
nnou
nce
d t
hat
th
e se
nte
nce
of
Ms
Ash
tian
i h
as
no
t b
een
rev
oked
.33 D
uri
ng
th
e tr
ial
pro
ceed
ing
s, t
he
auth
ori
ties
ho
wev
er a
rres
ted
Mr
Jav
id
Hou
tan K
iyan
, h
er d
efen
se a
tto
rney
, an
d M
r S
ajja
d Q
ader
zad
eh,
her
so
n,
and
als
o a
ired
her
confe
ssio
ns
on te
lev
isio
n,
wh
ich
ra
ised
se
riou
s co
nce
rns
abou
t th
e fa
irn
ess
of
the
tria
l
pro
ceed
ing
s.
E.
Wo
men
’s r
igh
ts
24.
In h
is p
rev
iou
s re
po
rts
to t
he
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly,
t he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al h
as r
epo
rted
in d
etai
l o
n c
on
cern
s re
lati
ng t
o t
he
pro
tect
ion
of
wo
men
’s r
igh
ts i
n I
ran
.
In p
arti
cula
r, h
e
has
ra
ised
co
nce
rn w
ith
th
e su
ppre
ssio
n o
f w
om
en’s
ri
gh
ts ac
tiv
ists
as
w
ell
as fe
mal
e
journ
alis
ts,
man
y o
f w
ho
m h
ave
face
d i
nti
mid
atio
n a
nd h
aras
smen
t, a
nd i
n s
om
e ca
ses
det
enti
on
or
trav
el b
ans.
In
her
rep
ort
to
th
e H
um
an R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l in
Ju
ne
201
0,
the
Sp
ecia
l R
apport
eur
on
vio
len
ce a
gai
nst
wo
men
, it
s ca
use
s an
d c
onse
qu
ence
s re
port
ed o
n
sev
eral
pas
t co
mm
un
icat
ion
s w
ith
th
e Ir
ania
n a
uth
ori
ties
wh
ich
are
det
aile
d i
n A
nn
ex O
ne,
par
ticu
larl
y i
n r
elat
ion
to a
rres
ted
mem
ber
s o
f th
e C
amp
aig
n f
or
Equ
alit
y,
also
kno
wn a
s
the
“on
e m
illi
on
sig
nat
ure
s” c
amp
aig
n.
Th
e Ir
ania
n a
uth
ori
ties
co
nte
st t
hat
th
ere
is a
wid
e
30
Hu
man
Rig
hts
Co
mm
itte
e, G
ener
al C
om
men
t 2
0.
31
A/6
0/3
16
Par
a 28
3
2A
cco
rdin
g t
o I
ran
ian
pre
ss,
the
Ch
airw
om
an o
f th
e Ir
ania
n P
arli
amen
t H
um
an R
igh
ts C
om
mit
tee
wro
te i
n t
hes
e te
rms
to B
razi
lian
Pre
sid
ent
Dil
ma
Ro
uss
eff.
htt
p:/
/ww
w.i
sna.
ir/I
SN
A/N
ewsV
iew
.asp
x?I
D=
New
s-1
69
68
00
&L
ang
=E
3
3h
ttp
://w
ww
.isn
a.ir
/isn
a/new
svie
w.a
spx?i
d=
new
s-17
118
51
&la
ng=
p
103
A/H
RC
/16
/75
17
per
form
th
eir
pro
fess
ion
al d
uti
es,
and
th
e v
alu
e o
f ex
chan
ges
of
inte
rnat
ion
al e
xp
erie
nce
s
and p
ract
ice
of
this
kin
d.
Th
e H
igh
Co
mm
issi
on
er e
nco
ura
ged
Ira
n t
o e
ngag
e fu
lly w
ith t
he
UN
hu
man
rig
hts
mec
han
ism
s, b
y f
acil
itat
ing
co
un
try v
isit
s b
y S
pec
ial
Rap
po
rteu
rs a
nd
allo
win
g i
nd
epen
den
t o
bse
rver
s ac
cess
to h
igh p
rofi
le t
rial
s.
54.
Dis
cuss
ion
s am
on
g
the
par
tici
pan
ts
addre
ssed
a
wid
e ra
ng
e o
f is
sues
, w
ith
consi
der
able
att
enti
on
to
var
iou
s el
emen
ts o
f fa
ir t
rial
pro
cedure
in
th
e li
gh
t o
f th
e m
ain
elem
ent
of
the
Gen
eral
Co
mm
ent
32
mad
e b
y t
he
Un
ited
Nat
ions
Hu
man
Rig
hts
Co
mm
itte
e
on
Art
icle
14
of
the
ICC
PR
. T
he
dis
cuss
ion
als
o t
ou
ched
on
pre
-tri
al i
nv
esti
gat
ion
, ar
rest
pro
ced
ure
, is
suan
ce o
f w
arra
nts
, ju
dic
ial
rev
iew
an
d su
per
vis
ion
o
f in
ves
tig
atio
n,
tim
e
lim
its
for
tem
pora
ry d
eten
tio
n,
no
tifi
cati
on a
nd c
om
mu
nic
atio
n w
ith f
amil
ies,
acc
ess
to
law
yer
s, t
he
role
of
pro
secu
tors
vis
-à-v
is j
udg
es,
the
righ
t no
t to
be
coer
ced
in
to m
akin
g
self
-in
crim
inat
ory
sta
tem
ents
an
d c
on
fess
ion
s, t
he
sup
erv
isio
n o
f p
lace
s o
f d
eten
tio
n a
nd
sep
arat
ion
of
pre
-tri
al d
etai
nee
s fr
om
co
nvic
ted
pri
son
ers,
pri
son
co
nd
itio
ns,
pro
tect
ion
nee
ds
of
wo
men
p
riso
ner
s, an
d ch
ildre
n w
ith
w
om
en in
det
enti
on
, as
w
ell
as ju
dic
ial
trai
nin
g
and
in
-ser
vic
e pro
fess
ion
al
dev
elo
pm
ent.
T
he
exp
erts
no
ted
th
e sa
fegu
ard
s
pro
vid
ed i
n I
ran
’s C
on
stit
uti
on
, as
wel
l as
ex
ecu
tiv
e d
irec
tiv
es s
ince
pas
sed
as
law
, bu
t al
so
consi
der
able
am
big
uit
y a
nd
lac
k o
f cl
arit
y i
n t
hei
r im
ple
men
tati
on
. T
her
e w
as n
o o
ffic
ial
ou
tco
me
or
com
mu
niq
ué
from
th
e m
eeti
ng
.
IV.
Co
ncl
usi
on
an
d r
eco
mm
end
ati
on
s
55
. T
he
pre
sen
t re
po
rt h
igh
lig
hts
m
an
y a
rea
s o
f co
nti
nu
ing co
nce
rn fo
r h
um
an
rig
hts
in
th
e Is
lam
ic
Rep
ub
lic
of
Ira
n.
Th
e S
ecre
tary
-Gen
eral
has
bee
n
dee
ply
tro
ub
led
b
y
rep
ort
s o
f in
crea
sed
ex
ecu
tio
ns,
a
mp
uta
tio
ns,
a
rbit
rary
a
rres
t a
nd
det
enti
on
, u
nfa
ir
tria
ls,
an
d
po
ssib
le
tort
ure
an
d
ill-
trea
tmen
t of
hu
ma
n
righ
ts
acti
vis
ts, la
wyer
s, j
ou
rna
list
s a
nd
op
po
siti
on
act
ivis
ts.
56
. T
he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
enco
ura
ges
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t to
ad
dre
ss th
e co
nce
rns
hig
hli
gh
ted
in
th
e re
po
rt a
nd
th
e sp
ecif
ic c
all
s to
act
ion
fo
un
d i
n p
rev
iou
s re
solu
tio
ns
of
the
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
a
s w
ell
as
the
Un
iver
sal
Per
iod
ic
Rev
iew
p
roce
ss.
Th
e
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
no
tes
the
imp
ort
an
t a
nd
co
nst
ruct
ive
role
th
e h
um
an
ri
gh
ts
law
yer
s a
nd
act
ivis
ts p
lay
in
pro
tect
ing
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts a
nd
en
cou
rages
th
e G
over
nm
ent
of
Ira
n t
o f
ull
y g
ua
ran
tee
free
do
m o
f ex
pre
ssio
n a
nd
ass
emb
ly a
nd
to
op
en u
p g
rea
ter
spa
ce f
or
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts l
aw
yer
s an
d a
ctiv
ists
.
57
. In
rel
ati
on
to
oth
er c
on
cern
s id
enti
fied
in
th
e re
port
, th
e S
ecre
tary
-Gen
eral
no
tes
tha
t th
e a
uth
ori
ties
h
av
e ta
ken
so
me
posi
tive
step
s, fo
r in
stan
ce to
p
reven
t
ston
ing
a
s a
m
eth
od
o
f ex
ecu
tion
o
r li
mit
th
e a
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e d
eath
p
ena
lty
to
juv
enil
e o
ffen
der
s.
Th
e S
ecre
tary
-Gen
era
l ex
pre
sses
co
nce
rn,
ho
wev
er,
that
thes
e
mea
sure
s h
av
e n
ot
bee
n s
yst
ema
tica
lly
en
forc
ed a
nd
ca
ses
of
this
natu
re c
on
tin
ue
to
ari
se.
He
enco
ura
ges
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t to
rev
ise
nati
on
al
law
s, p
art
icu
larl
y t
he
Pen
al
Cod
e an
d j
uven
ile
just
ice
law
s, t
o e
nsu
re c
om
pli
an
ce w
ith
in
tern
ati
on
al
hu
man
rig
hts
sta
nd
ard
s a
nd
pre
ven
t th
ese
ap
pli
cati
on
s o
f th
e d
eath
pen
alt
y a
nd
oth
er p
un
ish
men
ts
wh
ich
are
pro
hib
ited
un
der
in
tern
ati
on
al
law
.
58
. T
he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
wel
com
es t
he
rece
nt
sig
nin
g o
f th
e O
pti
on
al
Pro
toco
l to
the
Co
nv
enti
on
on
th
e R
igh
ts o
f th
e C
hil
d o
n t
he
Involv
emen
t of
Ch
ild
ren
in
arm
ed
con
flic
t, a
nd
ca
lls
up
on
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t to
als
o ra
tify
oth
er in
tern
ati
on
al
hu
ma
n
rig
hts
tr
eati
es,
in
pa
rtic
ula
r th
e C
on
ven
tio
n
on
th
e E
lim
ina
tio
n
of
All
F
orm
s o
f
Dis
crim
ina
tio
n a
gain
st W
om
en a
nd
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n a
ga
inst
Tort
ure
an
d O
ther
Cru
el,
Inh
um
an
or
Deg
rad
ing
Tre
atm
ent
or
Pu
nis
hm
ent,
an
d t
o w
ith
dra
w t
he
rese
rvati
on
s it
ha
s m
ad
e u
po
n t
he
sig
na
ture
an
d ra
tifi
cati
on
of
va
rio
us
hu
ma
n ri
gh
ts tr
eati
es,
as
reco
mm
end
ed b
y t
he
resp
ecti
ve
trea
ty b
od
ies.
A/H
RC
/16
/75
18
59.
Th
e S
ecre
tary
-Gen
era
l w
elco
mes
Ir
an
’s re
cen
t ef
fort
s to
u
pd
ate
it
s p
erio
dic
rep
ort
ing t
o t
he
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts t
rea
ty b
od
ies.
H
e en
cou
rag
es I
ran
to
act
up
on
th
e
con
clu
din
g o
bse
rvati
on
s m
ad
e in
Au
gu
st 2
010
by t
he
Co
mm
itte
e fo
r th
e E
lim
inati
on
of
Raci
al
Dis
crim
ina
tio
n
wit
h
resp
ect
to
dis
crim
ina
tory
p
ract
ices
aga
inst
w
om
en,
eth
nic
an
d r
elig
iou
s m
ino
riti
es a
nd
oth
er m
ino
rity
gro
up
s.
60.
Alt
ho
ug
h
the
Gov
ern
men
t is
sued
a
st
an
din
g
inv
itati
on
to
th
e S
pec
ial
Pro
ced
ure
s m
an
date
ho
lder
s o
f th
e H
um
an
Rig
hts
Co
un
cil
in 2
00
2,
the
Sec
reta
ry-
Gen
eral
regre
ts
tha
t n
o
vis
it
ha
s ta
ken
p
lace
si
nce
2005
an
d
enco
ura
ges
th
e
Gov
ern
men
t to
fa
cili
tate
th
eir
req
ues
ted
vis
its
to t
he
cou
ntr
y a
s a
ma
tter
of
pri
ori
ty i
n
ord
er
that
they
m
igh
t co
nd
uct
m
ore
co
mp
reh
ensi
ve
ass
essm
ents
. T
he
Sec
reta
ry-
Gen
eral
is
als
o
con
cern
ed
ab
ou
t th
e lo
w
rate
o
f re
ply
to
th
e la
rge
nu
mb
er
of
com
mu
nic
ati
on
s se
nt
by t
he
Sp
ecia
l P
roce
du
res,
all
egin
g v
ery s
erio
us
hu
man
rig
hts
vio
lati
on
s an
d ca
lls
up
on
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t to
st
ren
gth
en it
s co
lla
bo
rati
on
w
ith
th
e
Hu
ma
n R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l in
th
is p
art
icu
lar
are
a.
T
he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al
un
der
sco
res
the
valu
ab
le c
on
trib
uti
on
sp
ecia
l p
roce
du
res
ma
nd
ate
s ca
n m
ak
e to
mo
nit
ori
ng
an
d
rep
ort
ing
o
n
the
hu
ma
n
rig
hts
si
tua
tio
n
in
Ira
n,
as
wel
l a
s fa
cili
tati
ng
te
chn
ica
l
ass
ista
nce
in
rel
eva
nt
are
as.
104
Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 16/9
of 24 March 2011
GE
.11
-12
53
4
Hu
ma
n R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l S
ixte
enth
ses
sio
n
Ag
end
a it
em 4
Hu
ma
n r
igh
ts s
itu
ati
on
s th
at
req
uir
e th
e C
ou
nci
l’s
att
enti
on
Res
olu
tio
n a
do
pte
d b
y t
he
Hu
ma
n R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l*
16
/9
Sit
ua
tio
n o
f h
um
an
rig
hts
in
th
e Is
lam
ic R
epu
bli
c of
Iran
Th
e H
um
an
Rig
hts
Cou
nci
l,
Gu
ided
by t
he
Ch
arte
r of
the
Un
ited
Nat
ions,
the
Univ
ersa
l D
ecla
rati
on
of
Hu
man
Rig
hts
, th
e In
tern
atio
nal
C
ov
enan
ts
on
H
um
an
Rig
hts
an
d
oth
er
rele
van
t in
tern
atio
nal
hu
man
rig
hts
in
stru
men
ts,
Rec
all
ing
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly r
eso
luti
on
65
/22
6 o
f 21
Dec
emb
er 2
010
, an
d r
egre
ttin
g
the
lack
of
coo
per
atio
n o
f th
e Is
lam
ic R
epu
bli
c o
f Ir
an w
ith
th
e re
qu
ests
of
the
Ass
emb
ly
mad
e in
that
res
olu
tion
,
Wel
com
ing t
he
inte
rim
rep
ort
of
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al o
n t
he
situ
atio
n o
f hu
man
righ
ts
in
the
Isla
mic
R
epubli
c o
f Ir
an
sub
mit
ted
to
th
e H
um
an
Rig
hts
C
oun
cil,
1
and
e xpre
ssin
g s
erio
us
con
cern
at
the
dev
elop
men
ts n
ote
d i
n t
hat
rep
ort
,
Rec
all
ing
Hum
an R
igh
ts C
oun
cil
reso
luti
on
s 5
/1,
on
the
inst
itu
tio
n-b
uil
din
g o
f th
e
Co
un
cil,
and
5/2
, on
th
e co
de
of
cond
uct
fo
r sp
ecia
l pro
cedu
res
man
dat
e h
old
ers
of
the
Co
un
cil,
of
18
Ju
ne
2007
, an
d s
tres
sing t
hat
man
dat
e h
old
ers
are
to d
isch
arg
e th
eir
du
ties
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
th
ose
res
olu
tions
and t
he
annex
es t
her
eto,
1.
Dec
ides
to
ap
po
int
a sp
ecia
l ra
pport
eur
on
the
situ
atio
n o
f hu
man
rig
hts
in
th
e
Isla
mic
R
epubli
c o
f Ir
an,
to
rep
ort
to
th
e H
um
an
Rig
hts
C
oun
cil
and
to
th
e G
ener
al
Ass
emb
ly,
to p
rese
nt
an i
nte
rim
rep
ort
to t
he
Ass
emb
ly a
t it
s si
xty
-six
th s
essi
on
and
to
sub
mit
a r
epo
rt t
o t
he
Coun
cil
for
its
con
sid
erat
ion a
t it
s n
inet
een
th s
essi
on;
2.
Ca
lls
upon
th
e G
ov
ern
men
t o
f th
e Is
lam
ic R
epub
lic
of
Iran
to
co
op
erat
e fu
lly
wit
h
the
Sp
ecia
l R
app
ort
eur
and
to
p
erm
it
acce
ss
to
vis
it
the
cou
ntr
y
as
wel
l as
al
l
info
rmat
ion
nec
essa
ry t
o a
llow
th
e fu
lfil
men
t of
the
man
dat
e;
*T
he
reso
luti
on
s an
d d
ecis
ion
s ad
op
ted
by
the
Hum
an R
igh
ts C
oun
cil
wil
l b
e co
nta
ined
in t
he
rep
ort
of
the
Co
unci
l o
n i
ts s
ixte
enth
ses
sio
n (
A/H
RC
/16
/2),
chap
. I.
1
A/H
RC
/16
/75
.
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s A
/HR
C/R
ES
/16
/9
Gen
eral
Ass
emb
ly
Dis
tr.:
Gen
eral
8 A
pri
l 201
1
Ori
gin
al:
En
gli
sh
A/H
RC
/RE
S/1
6/9
2
3.
Req
ues
ts t
he
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al t
o p
rov
ide
the
Sp
ecia
l R
apport
eur
wit
h t
he
reso
urc
es n
eces
sary
to f
ulf
il t
he
man
dat
e.
45
th m
eeti
ng
24 M
arc
h 2
011
[Ad
op
ted
by a
rec
ord
ed v
ote
of
22
to
7, w
ith 1
4 a
bst
enti
on
s. T
he
vo
ting
was
as
foll
ow
s:
In f
avo
ur:
Arg
enti
na,
B
elg
ium
, B
razi
l,
Ch
ile,
F
ran
ce,
Gu
atem
ala,
H
un
gar
y,
Jap
an,
Mal
div
es,
Mex
ico
, N
orw
ay,
Po
land
, R
epub
lic
of
Kore
a,
Rep
ub
lic
of
Mo
ldo
va,
Sen
egal
, S
lov
akia
, S
pai
n,
Sw
itze
rlan
d,
Ukra
ine,
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
of
Gre
at B
rita
in a
nd N
ort
her
n I
rela
nd, U
nit
ed S
tate
s o
f A
mer
ica,
Zam
bia
Aga
inst
: Ban
gla
des
h,
Ch
ina,
Cub
a, E
cuad
or,
Mau
rita
nia
, P
akis
tan, R
uss
ian F
eder
atio
n
Ab
sta
inin
g:
Bah
rain
, B
urk
ina
Fas
o,
Cam
ero
on
, D
jibo
uti
, G
abon
, G
han
a,
Jord
an,
Mal
aysi
a, M
auri
tiu
s, N
iger
ia, S
aud
i A
rab
ia, T
hai
land
, U
gan
da,
Uru
gu
ay]
106
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights, Okechukwu Ibeanu,
Addendum, Mission to India, A/HRC/15/22/Add.3, 2 September 2010 (excerpts)
GE
.10
-15
81
3
Hu
ma
n R
igh
ts C
ou
nci
l F
ifte
enth
ses
sio
n
Ag
end
a it
em 3
Pro
mo
tio
n a
nd
pro
tect
ion
of
all
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts,
civ
il,
poli
tica
l, e
con
om
ic,
soci
al
an
d c
ult
ura
l ri
gh
ts,
incl
ud
ing t
he
rig
ht
to d
evel
op
men
t
Rep
ort
of
the
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r o
n t
he
ad
ver
se e
ffec
ts o
f th
e m
ov
emen
t a
nd
du
mp
ing
of
tox
ic a
nd
da
ng
ero
us
pro
du
cts
an
d w
ast
es o
n t
he
enjo
ym
ent
of
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts,
Ok
ech
uk
wu
Ib
ean
u*
A
dd
end
um
Mis
sio
n t
o I
nd
ia**
Su
mm
ary
At
the
inv
itat
ion o
f th
e G
over
nm
ent,
th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
port
eur
on
th
e ad
ver
se e
ffec
ts
of
the
mo
vem
ent
and
dum
pin
g
of
tox
ic
and
d
ang
ero
us
pro
du
cts
and
w
aste
s on
th
e
enjo
ym
ent
of
hu
man
rig
hts
co
ndu
cted
a c
ou
ntr
y v
isit
to
In
dia
fro
m 1
1 t
o 2
1 J
anu
ary 2
010
.
Th
e p
urp
ose
of
the
mis
sio
n w
as t
o e
xam
ine
the
adv
erse
eff
ects
th
at h
azar
dou
s ac
tiv
itie
s,
such
as
ship
bre
akin
g a
nd
th
e re
cycl
ing o
f el
ectr
ical
and e
lect
ron
ic w
aste
(e-
was
te),
hav
e o
n
the
enjo
ym
ent
of
hu
man
rig
hts
of
cou
ntl
ess
ind
ivid
ual
s w
ork
ing i
n t
hes
e se
cto
rs o
r li
vin
g
close
to
th
e p
lace
s w
her
e th
ese
acti
vit
ies
take
pla
ce.
Duri
ng
the
mis
sion,
the
Spec
ial
Rap
po
rteu
r m
et w
ith
a w
ide
ran
ge
of
Gov
ern
men
t re
pre
sen
tati
ves
an
d n
on
-Sta
te a
cto
rs,
and
vis
ited
an
e-w
aste
rec
ycl
ing
fac
ilit
y i
n R
oork
ee,
info
rmal
sm
all-
scal
e la
bora
tori
es f
or
the
dis
man
tlin
g a
nd
rec
ycl
ing
of
elec
tro
nic
pro
du
cts
at S
has
tri
Par
k i
n t
he
suburb
of
the
capit
al,
a fa
cili
ty f
or
the
trea
tmen
t, s
tora
ge
and
dis
po
sal
of
haz
ardous
was
tes
in A
nk
lesh
war
, an
d a
nu
mb
er o
f sh
ipb
reak
ing
yar
ds
in A
lang
an
d M
um
bai
.
Th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
po
rteu
r w
elco
mes
th
e si
gn
ific
ant
pro
gre
ss t
he
coun
try h
as m
ade
in
the
area
of
the
man
agem
ent
and
dis
po
sal
of
haz
ard
ou
s p
roduct
s an
d w
aste
s. I
ndia
has
dev
elo
ped
a
com
pre
hen
siv
e le
gal
fr
amew
ork
to
pro
tect
h
um
an
rig
hts
an
d
ensu
re
the
*L
ate
sub
mis
sio
n.
**
The
sum
mar
y i
s b
ein
g c
ircu
late
d i
n a
ll o
ffic
ial
lan
gu
ages
. T
he
rep
ort
its
elf,
co
nta
ined
in
the
ann
ex t
o t
he
sum
mar
y,
is b
eing
cir
cula
ted
in
th
e la
ng
uag
e of
sub
mis
sio
n o
nly
.
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s A
/HR
C/1
5/2
2/A
dd.3
Gen
era
l A
ssem
bly
D
istr
.: G
ener
al
2 S
epte
mb
er 2
010
Ori
gin
al:
En
gli
sh
A/H
RC
/15
/22
/Ad
d.3
2
env
iron
men
tall
y s
ound
man
agem
ent
of
haz
ard
ou
s pro
du
cts
and w
aste
s th
rough
ou
t th
eir
life
cycl
e. W
ith s
pec
ific
reg
ard
to
sh
ipb
reak
ing
, th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
port
eur
no
tes
wit
h s
atis
fact
ion
the
imp
rov
emen
t of
the
hea
lth
and
saf
ety c
ond
itio
ns
in A
lan
g/S
osi
ya,
as
wel
l as
th
e ef
fort
s
mad
e b
y t
he
reg
ula
tory
au
thori
ty a
nd
th
e in
du
stry
to
im
pro
ve
the
hea
lth
an
d q
ual
ity o
f li
fe
of
wo
rker
s an
d t
hei
r fa
mil
ies.
Wit
h r
egar
d t
o e
-was
te,
the
Sp
ecia
l R
app
ort
eur
wel
com
es t
he
var
iou
s in
itia
tiv
es u
nd
erta
ken
by I
nd
ian
au
tho
riti
es t
o a
dd
ress
th
e e-
was
te p
rob
lem
in
In
dia
,
and
in
par
ticu
lar
the
elab
ora
tion
o
f th
e d
raft
ru
les
on
th
e en
vir
on
men
tall
y
sound
man
agem
ent
and d
ispo
sal
of
e-w
aste
.
Des
pit
e th
e pro
gre
ss
mad
e,
the
Sp
ecia
l R
appo
rteu
r id
enti
fies
a
num
ber
o
f k
ey
chal
len
ges
. N
atio
nal
leg
isla
tio
n o
n w
aste
man
agem
ent
and h
ealt
h a
nd s
afet
y a
t w
ork
is
no
t
effe
ctiv
ely im
ple
men
ted
, an
d th
e cu
rren
t in
stit
uti
on
al fr
amew
ork
ap
pea
rs in
adeq
uat
e to
resp
on
d t
o t
he
hea
lth
an
d e
nvir
on
men
tal
chal
len
ges
po
sed
by t
he
gen
erat
ion,
man
agem
ent,
han
dli
ng
, tr
ansp
ort
an
d d
isposa
l o
f to
xic
and
dan
ger
ou
s pro
du
cts
and
was
tes.
Th
e h
ealt
h
and
safe
ty
situ
atio
n
pre
vai
lin
g
at
the
ship
bre
akin
g
yar
ds
con
tin
ues
to
re
mai
n
crit
ical
,
esp
ecia
lly i
n M
um
bai
, w
her
e th
e w
ork
ing c
on
dit
ion
s an
d t
he
qu
alit
y o
f fa
cili
ties
rem
ain
hig
hly
in
adeq
uat
e fo
r gu
aran
teei
ng
hea
lth
an
d s
afet
y a
t w
ork
an
d a
n a
deq
uat
e st
and
ard o
f
liv
ing
fo
r th
ose
em
plo
yed
in
th
e sh
ipb
reak
ing s
ecto
r. T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
apport
eur
no
tes
that
at
pre
sen
t, t
he
exis
tin
g l
egal
fra
mew
ork
is
no
t su
ffic
ien
t to
ensu
re t
he
env
iron
men
tall
y s
ou
nd
man
agem
ent
and
d
ispo
sal
of
e-w
aste
an
d
expre
sses
h
is
con
cern
s ab
out
the
extr
emel
y
dan
ger
ou
s re
cov
ery p
roce
sses
and
tec
hn
iqu
es u
sed
in
th
e in
form
al e
-was
te r
ecy
clin
g s
ecto
r,
as w
ell
as a
bout
the
wid
espre
ad c
on
tam
inat
ion
cau
sed
by t
he
un
sou
nd
dis
po
sal
of
e-w
aste
into
th
e en
vir
on
men
t.
Th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
port
eur
con
clu
des
wit
h a
ser
ies
of
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
aim
ed t
o a
ssis
t
the
Gov
ern
men
t in
its
eff
ort
s to
pro
mo
te t
he
effe
ctiv
e en
joym
ent
of
hum
an r
igh
ts b
y t
ho
se
ind
ivid
ual
s an
d c
om
mu
nit
ies
who
may
be
adv
erse
ly a
ffec
ted
by t
he
un
sou
nd
man
agem
ent
and d
ispo
sal
of
haz
ardou
s p
rod
uct
s an
d w
aste
s.
108
A/H
RC
/15
/22
/Ad
d.3 3
An
nex
Re p
ort
of
the
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r o
n t
he
ad
ver
se e
ffec
ts o
f th
e m
ov
emen
t a
nd
du
mp
ing
of
tox
ic a
nd
da
ng
ero
us
pro
du
cts
an
d w
ast
es o
n t
he
enjo
ym
ent
of
hu
ma
n r
igh
ts o
n h
is m
issi
on
to
In
dia
(1
1 t
o 2
1 J
an
ua
ry 2
01
0)
Co
nte
nts
Pa
rag
rap
hs
Pa
ge
I.
Intr
od
uct
ion
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 1
–4
4
II.
Leg
al a
nd i
nst
itu
tio
nal
fra
mew
ork
....
....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
5–
28
4
A.
Inte
rnat
ion
al o
bli
gat
ions
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 5
–9
4
B.
Co
nst
itu
tion
al a
nd
leg
isla
tiv
e fr
amew
ork
....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 1
0–
23
5
C.
Inst
ituti
onal
fra
mew
ork
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
24
–2
8
7
III.
Is
sues
in
fo
cus
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
29–8
3
9
A.
Sh
ipb
reak
ing
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
29
–6
3
9
B.
E-w
aste
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
64
–8
3
15
IV
. C
on
clu
sio
ns
and
rec
om
men
dat
ion
s..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
84
–1
03
1
8
A.
Inte
rnat
ion
al o
bli
gat
ion
s..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
84
–8
5
18
B.
Const
ituti
onal
and l
egal
fra
mew
ork
....
....
......
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
86
–8
8
19
C.
Inst
ituti
onal
fra
mew
ork
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
89
–9
2
19
D.
Sh
ipb
reak
ing
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
93
–1
00
2
0
E.
E-w
aste
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
101–104
21
A/H
RC
/15
/22
/Ad
d.3
4
I.
Intr
od
uct
ion
1.
Th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
port
eur
on
th
e ad
ver
se e
ffec
ts o
f th
e m
ov
emen
t an
d d
um
pin
g o
f
tox
ic a
nd
dan
ger
ou
s pro
du
cts
and
was
tes
on
the
enjo
ym
ent
of
hu
man
rig
hts
cond
uct
ed a
coun
try v
isit
to
Ind
ia f
rom
11
to
21
Jan
uar
y 2
010
. H
e w
ou
ld l
ike
to e
xp
ress
his
gra
titu
de
to
the
Go
ver
nm
ent
of
Ind
ia f
or
the
inv
itat
ion
, as
wel
l as
for
the
suppo
rt p
rov
ided
to
him
thro
ugh
ou
t th
e v
isit
. T
he
Spec
ial
Rap
po
rteu
r al
so w
ish
es t
o t
han
k r
epre
sen
tati
ves
of
the
Un
ited
Nat
ions
Dev
elop
men
t P
rogra
mm
e (U
ND
P)
in I
ndia
fo
r th
eir
val
uab
le c
oop
erat
ion
and a
ssis
tance
in a
rran
gin
g t
he
agen
da
for
the
mis
sio
n.
2.
Th
e p
urp
ose
of
the
vis
it w
as t
o e
xam
ine
the
pro
gre
ss m
ade,
an
d t
he
dif
ficu
ltie
s
enco
un
tere
d,
by
the
coun
try
in
imp
lem
enti
ng
it
s ob
ligat
ion
s und
er
hu
man
ri
gh
ts
and
env
iron
men
tal
law
to
en
sure
th
e so
und
man
agem
ent
and
dis
po
sal
of
haz
ardou
s pro
duct
s
and
was
tes.
In
par
ticu
lar,
th
e ai
m o
f th
e m
issi
on
was
to
gat
her
fir
st-h
and
in
form
atio
n o
n t
he
adver
se
effe
cts
that
h
azar
do
us
acti
vit
ies,
su
ch
as
ship
bre
akin
g
and
the
recy
clin
g
of
elec
tric
al a
nd e
lect
ron
ic w
aste
(e-
was
te),
hav
e on
th
e en
joym
ent
of
hum
an r
igh
ts o
f th
e
countl
ess
indiv
idual
s w
ork
ing
in
th
ese
sect
ors
or
livin
g c
lose
to t
he
pla
ces
wh
ere
thes
e
acti
vit
ies
take
pla
ce.
3.
Duri
ng
his
vis
it,
the
Sp
ecia
l R
appo
rteu
r m
et w
ith
sen
ior
repre
sen
tati
ves
of
the
foll
ow
ing
: th
e M
inis
try o
f E
xte
rnal
Aff
airs
; th
e M
inis
try o
f E
nv
iron
men
t an
d F
ore
sts;
the
Min
istr
y o
f L
abour
and
Em
plo
ym
ent;
th
e M
inis
try o
f S
teel
; th
e M
inis
try o
f S
hip
pin
g;
the
Min
istr
y
of
Ag
ricu
ltu
re;
the
Cen
tral
P
oll
uti
on
C
on
tro
l B
oar
d;
and
th
e S
tate
P
oll
uti
on
Co
ntr
ol
Bo
ard
s in
G
uja
rat
and
M
ahar
ash
tra.
T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
appo
rteu
r al
so
met
repre
sen
tati
ves
of
sev
eral
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s sp
ecia
lize
d a
gen
cies
, p
rog
ram
mes
an
d b
odie
s,
repre
sen
tati
ves
of
the
do
no
r co
mm
un
ity
, ac
adem
ics,
an
d
mem
ber
s o
f ci
vil
so
ciet
y
org
aniz
atio
ns,
tra
de
un
ion
s an
d t
he
pri
vat
e se
cto
r.
4.
Th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
port
eur
had
the
op
po
rtu
nit
y t
o v
isit
an
e-w
aste
rec
ycl
ing
fac
ilit
y i
n
Ro
ork
ee,
Utt
arak
han
d,
and
a n
um
ber
o
f in
form
al
smal
l-sc
ale
lab
ora
tori
es
for
the
dis
man
tlin
g
and
recy
clin
g o
f el
ectr
ical
an
d
elec
tron
ic p
rod
uct
s at
S
has
tri
Par
k,
in
the
suburb
s o
f D
elh
i. H
e al
so vis
ited
a
faci
lity
fo
r th
e tr
eatm
ent,
st
ora
ge
and
d
ispo
sal
of
haz
ardous
was
tes
in
An
kle
shw
ar,
Guja
rat,
an
d
a n
um
ber
o
f sh
ipb
reak
ing
yar
ds
in
Ala
ng
/Sosi
ya,
Guja
rat,
an
d M
um
bai
, M
ahar
ash
tra.
II.
Leg
al
an
d i
nst
itu
tio
na
l fr
am
ewo
rk
A.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l o
bli
ga
tion
s
5.
Ind
ia i
s a
par
ty t
o a
nu
mb
er o
f in
tern
atio
nal
hu
man
rig
hts
tre
atie
s, i
ncl
ud
ing
th
e
Inte
rnat
ion
al C
ov
enan
t on
E
con
om
ic,
Soci
al an
d C
ult
ura
l R
igh
ts an
d th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Co
ven
ant
on
C
ivil
an
d
Po
liti
cal
Rig
hts
. P
urs
uan
t to
th
ese
trea
ties
, th
e co
un
try
has
und
erta
ken
an
ob
lig
atio
n t
o p
rote
ct i
nd
ivid
ual
s an
d c
om
mu
nit
ies
wit
hin
its
ju
risd
icti
on b
y
elim
inat
ing
, o
r re
du
cing
to
a m
inim
um
, th
e ri
sks
that
haz
ardou
s pro
du
cts
and
was
tes
may
po
se t
o t
he
enjo
ym
ent
of
hu
man
rig
hts
, in
clud
ing
th
e ri
gh
t to
lif
e, t
he
righ
t to
th
e en
joym
ent
of
the
hig
hes
t at
tain
able
st
and
ard
of
ph
ysi
cal
and
m
enta
l h
ealt
h,
the
righ
t to
sa
fe an
d
hea
lth
y w
ork
ing
cond
itio
ns,
th
e ri
gh
t to
food
and
saf
e d
rink
ing
wat
er,
the
rig
ht
to a
deq
uat
e
hou
sin
g,
the
rig
ht
to i
nfo
rmat
ion
and
pub
lic
par
tici
pat
ion
an
d o
ther
hu
man
rig
hts
en
shri
ned
in t
he
Cov
enan
ts a
nd
th
e U
niv
ersa
l D
ecla
rati
on o
f H
um
an R
igh
ts.
6.
Ind
ia
has
ra
tifi
ed
som
e m
ult
ilat
eral
en
vir
on
men
tal
agre
emen
ts
reg
ula
tin
g
the
sound
man
agem
ent
and
dis
po
sal
of
tox
ic a
nd
dan
ger
ou
s p
rod
uct
s an
d w
aste
s, i
ncl
ud
ing
th
e
Bas
el C
onv
enti
on
on
th
e C
on
tro
l of
Tra
nsb
oun
dar
y M
ovem
ents
of
Haz
ardou
s W
aste
s an
d
109
A/H
RC
/15
/22
/Ad
d.3 15
upd
ated
sci
enti
fic
dat
a fr
om
th
e re
gu
lato
ry a
uth
ori
ties
co
nce
rned
and
th
e S
tate
Po
llu
tio
n
Co
ntr
ol
Bo
ards
wit
h r
egar
d t
o t
he
actu
al i
mp
act
of
ship
bre
akin
g a
ctiv
itie
s in
Ala
ng
/So
siya
and
Mu
mb
ai o
n e
nv
iro
nm
enta
l m
edia
.
63.
He
also
n
ote
s w
ith
co
nce
rn
that
ac
cord
ing
to
in
form
atio
n
pro
vid
ed
by
the
Inte
rnat
ion
al M
etal
wo
rker
s’ F
eder
atio
n,
unsc
rupu
lou
s yar
ds
ow
ner
s at
tim
es c
ircu
mv
ent
the
cost
s as
soci
ated
wit
h t
he
envir
on
men
tall
y s
ou
nd
dis
posa
l o
f as
bes
tos
and o
ther
haz
ard
ous
was
tes
gen
erat
ed d
uri
ng
th
e dis
man
tlin
g p
roce
ss b
y i
lleg
ally
du
mp
ing
th
ese
tox
ic w
aste
s in
nei
gh
bou
rin
g v
illa
ges
.
B.
E
-wa
ste
64.
Th
e te
rm “
e-w
aste
” is
gen
eral
ly u
sed
to
des
crib
e o
bs o
lete
, b
rok
en o
r d
isca
rded
app
lian
ces
usi
ng
ele
ctri
city
, su
ch a
s co
mp
ute
rs,
mob
ile
ph
on
es a
nd
house
ho
ld a
pp
lian
ces.
Ele
ctri
cal
and
elec
tronic
eq
uip
men
t (E
EE
) ar
e m
ade
of
a la
rge
num
ber
o
f d
iffe
ren
t
subst
ance
s an
d m
ater
ials
. M
etal
s (i
ncl
ud
ing
iro
n,
cop
per
, al
um
iniu
m a
nd
go
ld)
acco
un
t fo
r
60 p
er c
ent
of
e-w
aste
, w
hil
e p
last
ics
acco
un
t fo
r 20
per
cen
t. E
-was
te a
lso
con
tain
s a
nu
mb
er
of
haz
ard
ou
s su
bst
ance
s,
wh
ich
ca
n
be
rele
ased
in
th
e w
ork
pla
ce
and
in
the
surr
oun
din
g e
nv
iro
nm
ent
duri
ng
th
e se
par
atio
n a
nd
rec
ov
ery p
roce
ss.
Thre
e le
vel
s of
tox
ic
emis
sio
ns
can
be
dis
tin
gu
ish
ed, n
amel
y:
(a)
Pri
mar
y e
mis
sions:
haz
ardous
sub
stan
ces
that
are
conta
ined
in
e-w
aste
(fo
r
exam
ple
, le
ad, m
ercu
ry,
arse
nic
an
d P
CB
s);
(b)
Sec
on
dar
y e
mis
sio
ns:
haz
ardo
us
reac
tio
n p
rodu
cts
of
e-w
aste
su
bst
ance
s as
a
resu
lt
of
imp
rop
er
trea
tmen
t (f
or
exam
ple
, d
iox
ins
or
fura
ns
form
ed
by
inci
ner
atio
n/i
nap
pro
pri
ate
smel
tin
g o
f p
last
ics
wit
h h
alo
gen
ated
fla
me
reta
rdan
ts);
(c)
Ter
tiar
y e
mis
sio
ns:
haz
ard
ous
subst
ance
s o
r re
agen
ts t
hat
are
use
d d
uri
ng
recy
clin
g (
for
exam
ple
, cy
anid
e o
r o
ther
lea
chin
g a
gen
ts,
mer
cury
for
gold
am
algam
atio
n)
and
th
at a
re r
elea
sed b
ecau
se o
f in
appro
pri
ate
han
dli
ng
and
tre
atm
ent.
65.
Th
e ad
ver
se e
ffec
ts t
hat
th
ese
haz
ard
ou
s su
bst
ance
s m
ay h
ave
on
hum
an h
ealt
h
and
th
e en
vir
on
men
t h
ave
alre
ady
bee
n co
nsi
der
ed
in p
rev
iou
s re
po
rts
of
the
Sp
ecia
l
Rap
po
rteu
r.1
6
1.
E-w
ast
e in
In
dia
: fa
cts
an
d f
igu
res
66.
UN
EP
est
imat
es t
hat
20 t
o 5
0 m
illi
on
ton
s o
f e-
was
te a
re g
ener
ated
wo
rld
wid
e o
n
an a
nnu
al b
asis
. T
his
vo
lum
e is
ex
pec
ted
to i
ncr
ease
at
3 t
o 5
per
cen
t a
yea
r, t
hat
is,
at
a
rate
nea
rly t
hre
e ti
mes
fas
ter
than
th
e g
row
th i
n m
un
icip
al w
aste
str
eam
s.17 I
n c
om
par
iso
n
to t
he
Euro
pea
n a
nd
Am
eric
an m
ark
ets,
th
e in
crea
se i
n e
-was
te g
ener
atio
n i
s sl
ow
er i
n
Ind
ia, d
ue
to t
he
late
tec
hn
olo
gic
al s
urg
e in
th
e co
un
try a
nd t
he
tend
ency
to
use
pro
du
cts
for
long
er p
erio
ds.
H
ow
ever
, in
th
e fi
rst
qu
arte
r of
2010
, In
dia
’s p
erso
nal
co
mp
ute
r sa
les
tou
ched
2.2
mil
lio
n,
a gro
wth
of
33
per
cen
t fr
om
th
e sa
me
per
iod
in
200
9,1
8 a
nd
wo
rld
wid
e
mo
bil
e p
hon
e sa
les
incr
ease
d b
y 1
7 p
er c
ent,
th
anks
in p
art
to t
he
gro
wth
of
emer
gin
g
mar
ket
s, i
ncl
ud
ing
Ind
ia.1
9
16
See
for
exam
ple
A/H
RC
/15/2
2,
par
as.
43-4
4 (
lead
) an
d 3
8-4
0 (
mer
cury
), a
nd
A/H
RC
/12
/26
, p
ara.
19
(PC
Bs,
po
lyvin
yl
chlo
rid
e an
d h
eavy
met
als)
.
17
UN
EP
, “E
-was
te:
the
hid
den
sid
e o
f IT
eq
uip
men
t’s
man
ufa
ctu
ring a
nd u
se”,
En
vir
on
men
t A
lert
Bu
llet
in N
o.
5 (
Jan
uar
y 2
00
5),
p.
1.
1
8“I
ndia
’s c
om
pute
r sa
les
up 3
3 p
er c
ent
in f
irst
quar
ter”
, E
conom
ic T
imes
, 2
3 M
ay 2
01
0.
19
“Mobil
e phone
sale
s gro
ws
17 p
c in
Q1 2
010”,
Voic
e of
India
, 20 M
ay 2
010.
A/H
RC
/15
/22
/Ad
d.3
16
67.
The
ongoin
g
tech
no
log
ical
m
od
ern
izat
ion
o
f In
dia
n
soci
ety
has
in
crea
sed
th
e
rep
lace
men
t fr
equen
cy o
f el
ectr
on
ic p
rod
uct
s, a
nd
has
in
tu
rn l
ed t
o a
dra
mat
ic g
row
th i
n
the
gen
erat
ion o
f e-
was
te.
It h
as b
een
est
imat
ed t
hat
33
0,0
00
ton
s of
e-w
aste
are
gen
erat
ed
annual
ly
in
India
. B
y
20
12
, In
dia
is
ex
pec
ted
to
cross
th
e 800
,000
-to
n
mar
k.2
0
Th
e
gen
erat
ion
of
e-w
aste
app
ears
to
be
un
even
ly d
istr
ibu
ted
, w
ith
th
e w
est
and
th
e so
uth
of
Ind
ia g
ener
atin
g 6
5 p
er c
ent
of
this
was
te.
Mu
mb
ai a
lon
e g
ener
ates
aro
und
19
,000
ton
s o
f
e-w
aste
per
ann
um
, an
d a
sub
stan
tial
par
t of
it i
s se
nt
to r
ecycl
ing
mar
ket
s lo
cate
d i
n o
ther
par
ts o
f th
e co
un
try.2
1 T
he
Gover
nm
ent,
ban
kin
g a
nd
fin
anci
al i
nst
itu
tio
ns
and t
he
indu
stri
al
sect
or
acco
un
t fo
r so
me
70
per
cen
t of
the
e-w
aste
pro
du
ced
.
68.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o l
oca
lly g
ener
ated
e-w
aste
, it
ap
pea
rs t
hat
an
add
itio
nal
50
,000
ton
s
of
end-o
f-li
fe o
r obso
lete
EE
E,
esp
ecia
lly
com
pu
ters
, ar
e il
leg
ally
im
po
rted
fro
m c
ou
ntr
ies
wh
ere
mo
re
rest
rict
ive
leg
isla
tio
n
mak
es
it
mo
re
exp
ensi
ve
to
recy
cle
loca
lly.2
2
Su
ch
coun
trie
s in
clud
e th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s o
f A
mer
ica
and
Euro
pea
n U
nio
n m
emb
ers.
69.
At
pre
sen
t, i
t ap
pea
rs t
hat
on
ly 3
to
5 p
er c
ent
of
e-w
aste
is
recy
cled
in
au
tho
rize
d
recy
clin
g
faci
liti
es.
Th
e v
ast
maj
ori
ty
of
EE
E
is
curr
entl
y
coll
ecte
d,
dis
man
tled
an
d
pro
cess
ed i
n t
he
info
rmal
sec
tor
by s
om
e 8
0,0
00
work
ers,
in
clud
ing
wo
men
an
d c
hil
dre
n,
who
ear
n t
hei
r li
vel
ihoo
d b
y b
reak
ing
do
wn o
ld c
om
pu
ters
and
oth
er h
igh
-tec
h d
evic
es t
o
reco
ver
pre
ciou
s m
etal
s su
ch a
s go
ld,
copp
er a
nd
sil
ver
. T
he
work
is
done
larg
ely b
y h
and,
usi
ng
rud
imen
tary
tec
hn
iqu
es.
Wo
rker
s re
cov
erin
g g
lass
by h
amm
erin
g c
ath
od
e ra
y t
ub
es
or
hea
ting P
CB
s to
rem
ov
e ca
pac
ito
rs a
re a
co
mm
on
sig
ht
in m
ost
wo
rksh
op
s d
ism
antl
ing
e-w
aste
. W
ork
ers
do n
ot
use
an
y p
rote
ctiv
e g
ear
to g
uar
d a
gai
nst
haz
ardou
s su
bst
ance
s
rele
ased
duri
ng t
he
bre
akin
g o
f o
bso
lete
EE
E.
70.
Th
e D
elh
i ar
ea i
s th
e m
ain
hub
fo
r in
form
al r
ecycl
ing
of
e-w
aste
in
In
dia
, w
ith
abou
t 25
,000
work
ers
eng
aged
in
th
e v
ario
us
stag
es o
f th
e p
roce
ss.
Th
e re
cycl
ing
busi
nes
s
is b
ased
on
a n
etw
ork
of
coll
ecto
rs,
trad
ers
and
rec
ycl
ers.
Eac
h p
has
e o
f th
e p
roce
ss a
dd
s
val
ue
to t
he
mat
eria
ls a
nd c
reat
es j
ob
op
port
un
itie
s fo
r a
gre
at n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
. T
he
e-
was
te m
arket
is
not
cen
tred
in
on
e m
ain
are
a, b
ut
is s
pre
ad a
rou
nd
dif
fere
nt
zon
es,
each
han
dli
ng
a s
pec
ific
sta
ge
of
the
pro
cess
(fo
r ex
amp
le s
tora
ge,
co
mp
on
ent
sep
arat
ion,
pla
stic
shre
ddin
g,
acid
pro
cess
ing
/lea
chin
g, op
en b
urn
ing
an
d r
esid
ue
du
mp
ing
).
2.
Leg
al
fram
ewo
rk
71.
So
far
, In
dia
has
no
t ad
op
ted a
ny s
pec
ific
en
vir
on
men
tal
law
s or
regu
lati
on
s o
n e
-
was
te.
Ex
isti
ng
la
ws
and
re
gu
lati
on
s o
n w
aste
m
anag
emen
t d
o n
ot
con
tain
an
y dir
ect
refe
ren
ce to
e-
was
te no
r do th
ey pro
vid
e an
y g
uid
ance
on
it
s so
und m
anag
emen
t an
d
dis
po
sal.
How
ever
, si
nce
e-w
aste
, or
its
const
itu
ents
, fa
ll u
nd
er t
he
cate
gory
of
“haz
ard
ou
s”
and
“n
on-h
azar
dou
s w
aste
”, t
hey
are
co
ver
ed u
nd
er t
he
purv
iew
of
exis
tin
g l
egis
lati
on,
such
as
the
Haz
ardous
Was
tes
Ru
les,
20
08
, an
d t
he
Mun
icip
al S
oli
d W
aste
Ru
les,
20
00
.
72.
In 2
00
8,
the
Min
istr
y o
f E
nv
iro
nm
ent
and F
ore
sts
issu
ed t
he
“Gu
idel
ines
fo
r th
e
Env
iron
men
tall
y
So
und
M
anag
emen
t of
E-w
aste
”.
Alt
houg
h
no
t le
gal
ly
bin
din
g,
the
Gu
idel
ines
conta
in a
set
of
reco
mm
end
atio
ns
for
all
tho
se w
ho
han
dle
e-w
aste
, in
clud
ing
gen
erat
ors
, co
llec
tors
, tr
ansp
ort
ers,
dis
man
tler
s, a
nd
rec
ycl
ers,
irr
esp
ecti
ve
of
thei
r sc
ale
of
op
erat
ion
, to
en
sure
th
e en
vir
on
men
tall
y s
ou
nd
man
agem
ent
of
e-w
aste
. T
he
Gu
idel
ines
inco
rpo
rate
th
e n
oti
on
of
exte
nd
ed
pro
duce
r re
spon
sib
ilit
y,
an
env
iro
nm
enta
l p
oli
cy
20
Niv
i S
hri
vas
tav
a, “
E-w
aste
on
the
rise
”, A
sia
n A
ge.
21
To
xic
s L
ink
, M
um
ba
i: C
ho
kin
g o
n E
-wa
ste:
A S
tudy
on
th
e S
tatu
s of
E-w
ast
e in
Mu
mb
ai
(20
07
),
p.
12.
22
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
it h
as b
een e
stim
ated
that
rec
ycl
ing a
co
mp
ute
r in
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes
of
Am
eric
a co
sts
abo
ut
US
$ 2
0 w
her
eas
the
sam
e o
per
atio
n i
n I
nd
ia c
ost
s U
S$
2.
See
ww
w.m
ait.
com
/ad
min
/pre
ss_
imag
es/p
ress
77
-try
.htm
.
110
A/H
RC
/15
/22
/Ad
d.3 21
dev
elo
pin
g i
nfo
rmal
soci
al
secu
rity
sch
emes
to
en
sure
a m
inim
um
lev
el o
f co
ver
age
of
risk
s a
nd
co
nti
ng
enci
es f
or
all
wo
rker
s in
th
e y
ard
s.
98.
Th
e S
pec
ial
Ra
pp
ort
eur
urg
es r
egu
lato
ry a
uth
ori
ties
in
Ala
ng
/So
siya
an
d t
he
ind
ust
ry t
o a
llo
cate
ad
dit
ion
al
hu
ma
n,
tech
nic
al
an
d f
ina
nci
al
reso
urc
es t
o e
xis
tin
g
hea
lth
fa
cili
ties
in
Ala
ng
/So
siy
a.
Sin
ce n
o f
aci
liti
es o
f a p
erm
an
ent
natu
re,
exce
pt
firs
t-
aid
an
d a
mb
ula
nce
ser
vic
es,
exis
t in
Mu
mb
ai,
th
e S
pec
ial
Rap
port
eur
urg
es M
PT
an
d
the
ship
bre
ak
ing
in
du
stry
to e
sta
bli
sh s
uch
fa
cili
ties
wit
h n
o f
urt
her
del
ay
.
99.
Th
e S
pec
ial
Ra
pp
ort
eur
is
seri
ou
sly
co
nce
rned
at
the
poor
con
dit
ion
s in
wh
ich
mo
st w
ork
ers
liv
e, e
spec
iall
y i
n M
um
ba
i. H
e ca
lls
on
GM
B a
nd
MP
T t
o p
rovid
e
ap
pro
pri
ate
p
lots
o
f la
nd
s,
an
d
to
faci
lita
te
–
wit
h
the
fin
an
cia
l h
elp
o
f th
e
ship
bre
ak
ing
in
du
stry
– t
he
con
stru
ctio
n o
f a
deq
ua
te h
ou
sin
g f
aci
liti
es f
or
those
wh
o
wo
rk i
n t
he
ya
rds.
Ad
equ
ate
acc
ess
to s
afe
dri
nk
ing w
ate
r an
d s
an
ita
tio
n f
aci
liti
es
sho
uld
als
o b
e p
rov
ided
wit
hin
an
d o
uts
ide
the
yard
s. T
ak
ing i
nto
acc
ou
nt
that
ab
ou
t
20
per
cen
t of
wo
rker
s a
re a
cco
mp
an
ied
by
th
eir
fam
ilie
s, t
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r a
lso
call
s o
n t
he
Go
ver
nm
ent
of
Ind
ia a
nd
reg
ula
tory
au
thori
ties
to
est
ab
lish
an
d m
ain
tain
sch
oo
ls o
r fo
rma
l ed
uca
tio
n f
aci
liti
es f
or
the
chil
dre
n o
f th
ose
em
plo
yed
in
th
e ya
rds.
100
.F
inall
y,
the
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
port
eur
reco
mm
en
ds
tha
t an
in
dep
end
ent
stu
dy b
e
carr
ied
ou
t to
ass
ess
the
act
ual
an
d p
ote
nti
al
ad
ver
se e
ffec
ts c
au
sed
by t
he
dis
charg
e
of
ha
zard
ou
s su
bst
an
ces
an
d m
ate
ria
ls i
nto
th
e n
atu
ral
env
iro
nm
ent.
Su
ch a
stu
dy
sho
uld
a
lso
a
sses
s th
e st
eps
tha
t n
eed
to
b
e ta
ken
fo
r th
e g
rad
ua
l p
hasi
ng ou
t of
“b
each
ing
” i
n f
avo
ur
of
more
en
vir
on
men
tall
y f
rien
dly
met
ho
ds
of
ship
bre
ak
ing
.
E.
E-w
ast
e
101
.T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r ca
lls
on
th
e M
inis
try o
f E
nvir
on
men
t an
d F
ore
sts
to
fin
ali
ze,
as
a
matt
er
of
pri
ori
ty
an
d
in
clo
se
con
sult
ati
on
w
ith
ci
vil
so
ciet
y
org
an
iza
tio
ns
an
d t
he
e-w
ast
e in
form
al
recy
clin
g s
ecto
r, t
he
ad
op
tion
of
the
e-w
ast
e
(man
ag
emen
t a
nd
ha
nd
lin
g)
rule
s, 2
010
.
102
.T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
port
eur
als
o
reco
mm
end
s th
at
Ind
ia
dev
elop
a
nati
on
al
imp
lem
enta
tio
n p
lan
to
en
sure
th
e so
un
d m
an
ag
emen
t a
nd
dis
posa
l of
e-w
ast
e. S
uch
a
pla
n
sho
uld
id
enti
fy
ap
pro
pri
ate
in
cen
tiv
es
to
ensu
re
that
ob
sole
te
elec
tric
al
an
d
elec
tro
nic
eq
uip
men
t (E
EE
) b
e d
ism
an
tled
an
d r
ecy
cled
on
ly i
n a
uth
ori
zed
rec
ycl
ing
faci
liti
es,
an
d
faci
lita
te
the
inte
gra
tio
n
of
the
info
rma
l se
cto
r –
w
hic
h
at
pre
sen
t
recy
cles
at
lea
st 9
5 p
er c
ent
of
e-w
ast
e g
ener
ate
d o
r im
po
rted
in
to t
he
cou
ntr
y –
in
th
e
new
Gover
nm
ent
poli
cies
on
th
e so
un
d m
an
agem
ent
an
d d
isp
osa
l of
e-w
ast
e.
103
.T
he
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r u
rges
In
dia
n au
tho
riti
es to
a
do
pt
all
a
pp
rop
riate
mea
sure
s to
im
pro
ve
hea
lth
a
nd
sa
fety
wo
rkin
g co
nd
itio
ns
in sm
all
-sca
le in
form
al
work
shop
s. S
uch
m
easu
res
shou
ld in
clu
de
the
org
an
iza
tio
n o
f sa
fety
tr
ain
ing
s fo
r
wo
rker
s a
nd
aw
are
nes
s-ra
isin
g c
am
pa
ign
s o
n t
he
risk
s a
sso
ciate
d w
ith
th
e im
pro
per
ha
nd
lin
g a
nd
dis
po
sal
of
haza
rdo
us
sub
sta
nce
s co
nta
ined
in
ob
sole
te E
EE
, a
s w
ell
as
on
th
e p
reca
uti
on
s to
ad
op
t in
ord
er t
o m
inim
ize
an
y a
dv
erse
eff
ects
on
hea
lth
an
d t
he
env
iro
nm
ent.
104
.L
ast
ly,
the
Sp
ecia
l R
ap
po
rteu
r co
nsi
der
s th
at
the
new
dra
ft r
ule
s m
igh
t b
e
inef
fect
ive
in c
on
tro
llin
g i
lleg
al
tra
de,
sin
ce t
hey
pro
hib
it o
nly
th
e im
po
rt o
f E
EE
in
Ind
ia
for
chari
ty.
He
reco
mm
end
s th
at
the
curr
ent
dra
ft
be
revie
wed
to
in
clu
de
spec
ific
pro
vis
ion
s to
pro
hib
it t
he
imp
ort
of
ob
sole
te E
EE
– i
n p
art
icu
lar
com
pu
ters
–
as
scra
p m
eta
l o
r se
con
d-h
an
d p
rod
uct
s.
111
