STUDY GUIDE UNCSD

UNITED NATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE

Jakarta Model United Nations 2014June 23 - 26

United Nations on Sustainable Development Conference ! Jakarta Mode United Nations 2014

3.! 1

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to Jakarta Model United Nations 2014! My name is Gabby Victoria, your commit-tee’s director and I’m thrilled to welcome you to what will most definitely become the most excit-ing committee of JMUN 2014, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)!

I am currently a sophomore year at University of Indonesia, Faculty of Social and Political Science, majoring in International Relations. I will not be alone as I will have two assistant direc-tors beside me. They are Hilya Nisrina Shahab, which is currently a sophomore year at University of Indonesia, Faculty of Economics, majoring in Accounting and Zain Azzaino, which is currently a freshman year at University of Indonesia, Faculty of Engineering, majoring in Industrial Engineer-ing.

We are thrilled to be directing the UNSCD, as it truly presents an amazing opportunity for us, as well as you. As a lover of social science and economy, personally I really want to evolve the discussion of this committee to more than simply talks of economy and green technology as two different things that can be separate. As much as we know that those are important things, we can-not put aside the environmental crisis that is happening, not to mention the humanity problem such as promoting full and productive employment, decent work for all, and social protection. We need a guidelines for the social and technological transformations needed for a new economic system, as well as the new ways in which we will need to measure and monitor this system.

This year our council will focus on maintaining sustainable development through green economy. We all know that there are many issues regarding green economy but however, the im-plementation of this program is still questionable and unclear. As you begin your research, we hope you find it to be both engaging and thought provoking. We look forward for seeing the new ideas and plans regarding this crisis. We are confident that this year committee will be packed days of debate and awesome MUN Stories!

If you have any questions leading up to conference, please don’t hesitate to ask and feel free to e-mail me. I’m already counting down the days and weeks until the conference, and I hope you will become as excited as me for what will certainly turn out to be the best committee of this year JMUN! Good luck and See you soon!

Sincerely,

Gabby VictoriaDirector UNCSD JMUN 2014

[email protected]


3.! 2

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The United Nations Conference on

Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also

known as Rio 2012, Rio+20 , or Earth Sum-

mit 2012 was the third international confer-

ence on sustainable development aimed at rec-

onciling the economic and environmental

goals of the global community. Hosted by Bra-

zil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012,

Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the

1992 Earth Summit/ United Nations Confer-

ence on Envi ronment and Deve lop-

ment (UNCED) held in the same city, and the

10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on

Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johan-

nesburg.

The ten day mega-summit, which cul-

minated in a three-day high-level UN confer-

ence, was organized by the United Nations

Department of Economic and Social Affairs

and included participation from 192 UN mem-

ber states — including 57 Heads of State and

31 Heads of Government, private sector com-

panies, NGOs and other groups. The decision

to hold the conference was made by UN Gen-

eral Assembly Resolution A/RES/64/236 on 24

December 2009. It was intended to be a high-

level conference, including heads of state and

government or other representatives and result-

ing in a focused political document designed to

shape global environmental policy

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

In 1992, the first conference of its kind,

the United Nations Conference on Environ-

ment and Development (UNCED), commonly

referred to as the Rio Conference or Earth

Summit, succeeded in raising public awareness

of the need to integrate environment and de-

velopment. The conference drew 109 heads of

state to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to address what

were dubbed urgent problems of environ-

mental protection and socio-economic devel-

opment. The Earth Summit influenced subse-

quent UN conferences, including Rio+20 and

set the global green agenda. “The World Con-

ference on Human Rights, for example, fo-

cused on the right of people to a healthy envi-

ronment and the right to development; contro-

versial demands that had met with resistance

from some Member States until the Earth

Summit.”

Major outcomes of the conference in-

clude the Climate Change Convention—a

climate-change agreement that led to

the Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, and a Conven-

tion on Biological Diversity. It also created

new international institutions, among them the

Commission on Sustainable Development,

tasked with the follow-up to the Rio Confer-

ence, the United Nations Framework Conven-

tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and led to

the reform of the Global Environment Facility.


3.! 3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Environment_and_Development






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_Convention

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_Convention

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change




Ten years later, Earth Summit 2002 in-

formally nicknamed Rio+10 was held in Jo-

hannesburg, South Africa with the goal of

again bringing together leaders from govern-

ment, business and NGOs to agree on a range

of measures toward similar goals. At

Rio+10, sustainable development was recog-

nized as an overarching goal for institutions at

the national, regional and international levels.

There, the need to enhance the integration of

sustainable development in the activities of all

relevant United Nations agencies, programs

and funds was highlighted. The discussion also

encompassed the role of institutions in step-

ping up efforts to bridge the gap between the

international financial institutions and the mul-

tilateral development banks and the rest of the

UN system. Major outcomes of that confer-

ence include the Johannesburg Declaration and

almost 300 international partnership initiatives

meant to help achieve the Millennium Devel-

opment Goals.

HISTORY AND DISCUSSION OF THE

PROBLEM

Based on the United Nations Environ-

mental Program, Green Economy could be de-

fined as one of the results in improving human

well-being and social equity, while signifi-

cantly reducing environmental risks and eco-

logical scarcities1. In today’s world, Green

economy is affecting the economics of the real

world, the world of work, human needs, the

Earth’s materials, and how it interacts with na-

ture harmoniously. Green economy applies the

triple bottom lines, which are people, planet,


3.! 41 "United Nations Environment Programme." UNEP. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. <http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/about

Presidents and other officials stand for a group picture at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Declaration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Declaration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals




http://www.bibme.org/#


and profit across all corporations at the micro-

economic level and throughout the entire econ-

omy at the macroeconomic level.

Green economy certainty is not only

about protecting the environment. The main

challenge is on how to make our economies

flow benignly like sailboats in the wind of eco-

system process while we must move to harmo-

nize with natural systems. Green economy is

not only the task for the public or government

sector, but also private investment mush help

to make it more effective.

There are three main characteristics of green

economy, which are:

§ An energy infrastructure with

zero carbon emissions that

is powered 100% by renewable

energy - made possible through

a combination of proven, renew-

able energy technologies; break-

through cleantech solutions; as

well as enabling regulation

and carbon markets water, waste

and wastewater infrastructure is

based on long-term sustainability

§ The preservation and protection

of the world’s ecosystem, bio-

logical diversity, and forest in

partnership with indigenous

people and all relevant stakehold-

ers through the creation of sus-

tainable governance models,

markets and business models for

delivering, maintaining and pay-

ing for ecosystem services

§ Sustained and successful adap-

tation to climate change at a lo-

cal regional and global level.

It is not easy and a very complex proc-

ess to create the world to live harmony with its

Mother Nature. By doing this it requires great

human creativity, tremendous knowledge, and

the widespread participation of everyone.

Human beings and human workers can no

longer serve as cogs in the machine of accumu-

lation, be it capitalistic or socialistic. Ecologi-

cal development requires an unleashing of hu-

man development and an extension of democ-

racy. Social and ecological transformation

must go hand-in-hand.

International Cooperation

Given the relatively new nature of the

modern concept of a Green Economy, there is

very little historical action towards the under-

taking of creating a Green Economy. However,

sustainable development, a major part of the

idea of a Green Economy, has been in discus-

sion for many years. The first major conven-

tion on sustainable development was United

Nations Conference on the Human Environ-

ment, held in Stockholm in 1972. In this con-

vention, the Stockholm Declaration was cre-

ated, which contains 26 important principles


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concerning the environment and development.2

Currently, the United Nations Conference on

the Human Environment is regarded as the

start of political and public awareness of global

environmental problems and spurred the mem-

bers of the Organization for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD)3 to estab-

lish Environment Ministries.

Unfortunately, ten years after the

Stockholm Conference, while there was pro-

gress in many of the developed countries, the

environment situation in developing countries

was sill unchanged. As a result, the Brundtland

Commission, originally named the World

Commission on Environment and Develop-

ment (WCED), was established in 1983 with

the purpose of identifying and raising aware-

ness of sustainable problems worldwide and

suggesting the implementation of solutions for

those problems. In 1987, the Brundtland

Commission released the Brundtland Report4,

which is renowned with creating the most

prevalent definition of sustainable develop-

ment. The great influence of the report also en-

sured the continuation of the discussion on sus-

tainable development and the United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED) at Rio in 1992.

UNCED was the first conference to

place the environment together with develop-

ment. Its main framework5 and its related

agreements, such as the Framework Conven-

tion on Climate Change and the Convention on

Biological Diversity, recognized and described

the key parts of the concept of a green econ-

omy, mainly the environment crisis, the “right

to development”, and the three pillars of “sus-

tainable development.” From these key parts,

multiple organizations attempted to create sev-

eral definitions of a green economy. Following

the aims of UNCED, the United Nations Con-

ference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

was held, once again, at Rio in 2012. In this

conference, the concept of Green Economy

was one of its two major themes. However,

despite the creation of a document called “The

Future We Want,”6 UNCSD only reaffirmed

the desire of the international community to the

development of a green economy.

HISTORY

Even though the term Green Economy, has

been popular among the industrialized com-


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2"Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment."http://www.unep.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=97&articleid=1503>.

4 "Our Common Future." Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development 1 (1987): n. pag.http://conspect.nl. Web. 16 May 2014.

5 "AGENDA 21." United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992 1 (1992): n. pag.http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Web. 1 May 2014.











pany, still there are many countries and indus-

tries who do not take this consideration seri-

ously. Their primary aims have always been

about the accumulation of their wealth and

matter. Meanwhile, things such as social needs

have always been their secondary aim. For two

centuries, the quest to accumulate money or

capital drove a powerful industrialization proc-

ess that actually did spin off many human

benefits and the environment, however it is un-

fairly distributed. Blind by material and mone-

tary growth have reached a threshold where it

is generating more destruction than real wealth.

A postindustrial world requires an economics

of quality, where both money and matter are

returned to a status of means to an end. Green

economics means a direct focus on meeting

human and environmental need.

United Nations Conference on Sustain-

able Development or simply known as the

Earth Summit is third conference that held by

the UN that aimed at maintaining the balance

of the environment and the growth of the econ-

omy, which contains clear and practical meas-

ures for implementing sustainable develop-

ment. Since its first conference that had been

held in 1992, there were various documents

that had been produced such as the Agenda

217, Rio Declaration on Environment and De-

velopment, and also Resolution 66/2888, which

all has been attended by 180 countries. Yet, up

until now the effectiveness of these documents

is still questionable.

Critics said that the outcome document

has many failings. It lacks on timeframes, ur-

gency, and clear indication of how it will be

funded. Some argue that the concept of

Rio+20 is irrelevant, because the green econ-

omy agenda is relegated only to international

environmental conferences, economic policy-

makers can conveniently ignore the action to-

wards green growth

Moreover, the document were lack on

the implication on how Green Economy im-

pacting the industrialize country such as China,

Brazil, India, and others. What makes it worst,

the summit did not produce any clear definition

regarding what green economy actually means.

This leads to many big businesses and the fi-

nancial sector omit define it in a way that re-

flects their interest.

Consequently, Rio+20 face it chal-

lenges which are:

1. The first is a vision for a true green

economy in which the interests of peo-

ple and the planet are elevated above

those of corporate profit. In a true green

economy, the limited capacity of the


3.! 7

7 "Agenda 21."http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&nr=23&type=400>.

8 "Rio+20 - United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development." Rio+20 - United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://www.uncsd2012.org/thefuturewew









planet would be respected and the ob-

session with economic growth and un-

sustainable consumption replaced with

a focus on how people needs can be

met in a truly sustainable manner.

2. The alternative is a false green econ-

omy. This is the path being pursued by

the financial sector and their allies in

rich industrialized countries who want

to expand the scope of financial mar-

kets in the name of conservation to pre-

serve their privileges at the expense of

the world poor.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

The simplest answer to this question is

that the well-being of a nation is irrelevant if

Earth’s life-support systems are degraded to the

point where human existence is threatened. A

more complex answer would have as its first

premise the relationship between sustainability

and economics. Two key points flow from this

relationship. First, sustainability aims to culti-

vate an environment in which the well-being of

individuals is balanced with the ecological lim-

its of a finite planet. Second, economic success

brings social stability. Thus, pushing against

the planet’s environmental limits would see us

fall short of sustainability, while economic

failure that prevents well-being would have the

same result.

Green economy has become an impor-

tant pathway towards sustainable development,

especially in today’s world. Since the first

Earth Summit in 1992 until the Rio+20 in

2012, many countries have been ratified on the

developing green industries as a major restruc-

ture for their economies. Policy makers in

many countries have given higher priority to

the concept and adopted “green policies” with

a view to promoting long-term development in

the post-crisis era. It is widely recognized that

green economy provides opportunities to im-

prove resource efficiency, reduce pollution,

increase market demand, and create new jobs.

As such, it represents an important point be-

tween environmental protection and economic

growth.

As we live in a world with finite re-

sources, it is no simple matter to economically

develop – i.e. grow – the poorer nations so as

to realize their well-being, while at the same

time maintaining the (often accelerating) eco-

nomic growth of richer nations. The green

economy, along with its steps towards sustain-

ability, could provide the answers to this di-

lemma.

Although many countries focused its

efforts on achieving sustainable development,

yet, the economy in general and businesses in

particular still follow a “business as usual”.

This has led to increased poverty, degradation

of natural resources and ecosystems, loss of


3.! 8

biodiversity and ecosystem services, and global

warming. Despite the overall growth in gross

domestic product (GDP) in many countries, it

is partly because of the huge negative exter-

nalities that this growth model created.

The green economy approach is an ef-

fort to focus on sustainable development on

transforming economies in harmony with na-

ture. Important approach that should be high-

lighted include the use of economic instru-

ments, the creation of an investment-friendly

environment, and directing public and private

investment towards building natural capital

stocks.

Green economy should be one of the

goal for both developed and developing coun-

tries in making future development more sus-

tainable. However, the concern of the industri-

alized economies is how to reduce environ-

mental risks and keep the economy green, the

concern of the developing economies is how

growth can be promoted without degrading the

natural resource base and with respect for the

principles of low-carbon economy. For the

mountain regions, particularly those of the de-

veloping economies where millions of people

live in a fragile environment and depend

mainly on natural resources for their living, the

challenge is how to sustainably manage the

ecosystems, strengthen resilience to climate

change and economic pressures, and promote

low-carbon based economic growth and social

justice.

A GREEN ECONOMY FOR A PLANET

UNDER PRESSURE

• Rio+20 Outcomes Document: The

Future We Want Summary The-

matic areas and cross-sectorial issues

:

ü Promoting full and productive

employment, decent work for

all, and social protections:

need full and productive em-

ployment and decent work for

all. Recognize importance of

job creation. Workers should

have access to education, skills

and healthcare including occu-

pational health and safety.

• Humanity is at a crossroads. Social,

economic and environmental crises that

have played out in recent years offer a

unique opportunity for a step change in

the way humanity does business. Al-

though the concept of the ‘green econ-

omy’ was introduced to address today’s

challenges, its continued dependence

on traditional – and questionable –

trickle-down economic growth theory

has rendered it inadequate. A fast-

growing population, rapidly diminish-

ing resources and planetary boundaries


3.! 9

are forcing humanity to find innovative

ways to use resources more efficiently,

to work within the limits of the Earth’s

natural capital, and to make fundamen-

tal changes to our economic systems.

This policy brief sets out the guidelines

for the social and technological trans-

formations needed for a new economic

system, as well as the new ways in

which we will need to measure and

monitor this system.

• Current proposed models for a green

economy encompass the following key

points :

ü growth in income and employ-

ment are the key components

for human well-being;

ü it is possible to reduced carbon

emissions and pollution, im-

prove energy and resource effi-

ciency, and prevent the loss of

biodiversity and ecosystem

services while at the same time

increasing employment and in-

come;

ü investment in green technology

sectors will implicitly produce

sustainable outcomes including

social equity;

ü investment sectors that are tradi-

tionally dominated by the poor,

such as agriculture and fisher-

ies, will help reduce poverty and

improve social equity;

ü enabling conditions such as na-

tional regulations, policies, sub-

sidies and incentives, as well as

international market and legal

infrastructure, trade, and techni-

cal assistance focused on green

technology will lead the way for

a sustainable society.

• The global nature of many of our envi-

ronmental problems coupled with our

closely interlinked global economic and

social systems mean that solutions re-

quire cooperation among nation states.

This suggests a global social contract

will need to be drawn up, and must be

underpinned by the idea that the planet

is a finite system within which all citi-

zens need to co-habit. With a rising

population, dwindling natural resources

and growing social unrest, any failure

of countries to look beyond their own

interests will be economically ineffi-

cient and socially disruptive in the long

run. Covering five key areas, the global

contract would to the following:

1. Find common agreement on an

agreed set of planetary boundaries

that the global society should not

cross. Countries must shift away


3.! 10

from seeing this as a zero-sum

game, and consider it a cooperative

endeavor through which all citizens

of the planet benefit. We need to set

boundaries for, among others, cli-

mate change and our use of water,

biodiversity and nitrogen.

2. Establish a common set of rules for

the global economic system that

emphasizes not short-term mone-

tary benefits, but long-term sustain-

able well-being. This would mean

rewriting the current economic

models and investment opportuni-

ties so as to encourage a move away

from the irrational idea of perpetual

growth, with consumption and con-

sumerism the engines of this

growth. These would be replaced

with new models that emphasize

employment and avoid the produc-

tivity trap, which focuses on im-

proving productivity while ignoring

the impact it has on both employ-

ment and the ecological boundaries

within which it must operate.

3. Allow all countries to give their

citizens access to the six key in-

strumental freedoms. Instead of at-

tempting to achieve equality, coun-

tries should strive to design and im-

plement the institutional structures

for providing the instrumental free-

doms for all people. For example,

education should be seen as a global

public good rather than as a com-

modity to be sold as a private good,

with the best quality going to the

highest bidder.

4. Establish a set of rules on technol-

ogy transfer and development,

which would enable technology to

be either developed or adapted lo-

cally. Such a framework will allow

citizens within each country to de-

termine the type of technology they

use, and the pace at which they use

it, to improve well-being. The rules

must promote innovation while at

the same time prevent exclusion

and monopolization of technolo-

gies.

5. Measure country progress by estab-

lishing a new set of accounts that

track well-being and not just eco-

nomic performance. A portfolio of

indicators should place special em-

phasis on macro-level indicators

such as one for inclusive wealth.

These indicators should provide in-

formation on how each country is

using its productive base as well as

summarize countries’ impacts on

each other. Thus we can gain an


3.! 11

overview of global sustainability

and not just sustainability within

national borders.

EFFECT TO THE INTERNATIONAL

WORLD

One question people ask is “can we af-

ford this?” We’re still in the wake of the global

financial crisis and many people perceive

Green Economy solutions as expensive. The

United States is asking itself whether it can af-

ford to put a price on carbon today. Developing

countries are concerned that transitioning to a

Green Economy will hinder economic growth

and the ability to reduce poverty.

As we know it, green economy entails

using the idea of green development to trans-

form the entire process of production, con-

struction, distribution and consumption. Given

the difference in national conditions and stages

of development of different countries, it is

natural that countries have different priorities

and models in developing green economy. This

is totally felt especially by the developing

countries, since there is lack of advanced tech-

nologies and financial resources compared

with in developed countries. Therefore, devel-

oping a green economy is a prolonged, uphill

battle.

While the developing countries need to

work hard, the developed countries should, on

one hand, share green economy and share suc-

cessful experience and references. Moreover,

promoting trade liberalization and facilitation

as a way to help develop green economy, set

and implement trade policies that encourage

green economy, and provide adequate support

to developing countries in terms of finance,

technology and capacity building, so as to help

developing countries achieve the transforma-

tion toward a green economy, should be con-

sidered by the developed countries.

These are all legitimate concerns that

deserve attention. Ultimately, a hard-nosed

economic analysis should inform decisions on

what policies and investments to promote to-

day. Green Economy solutions will be seen as

more attractive yet; there will still be difficult

choices and tradeoffs. For example, should In-

dia aggressively promote grid-connected, rela-

tively expensive solar power when hundreds of

millions in the country still have no access to

electricity? And even where Green Economy


3.! 12

One of the Rio+ 20 path to Sustainable development that the world try to achieve

solutions make economic sense, they may be

politically challenging. The transition to a

Green Economy will not be easy.

PAST INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS

Green Economy Initiative In the beginning of 2008, after a revival

on global discussions due to the financial crisis

of that year, United Nation Environmental Pro-

gramme (UNEP) revealed the idea of “green

stimulus packages,” which identified crucial

areas where large-scale public investment

could have an effect on starting the conversion

into a green economy. Near the end of that

same year, UNEP launched the Green Econ-

omy Initiative9 - a group that aimed to conduct

research on the implementation of a green

economy, as well as provide analysis and pol-

icy support for investment in both green and

pollution-intensive sectors. Simultaneously,

UNEP hired one of the original authors of

Blueprint for a Green Economy, which coined

and defined the term “green economy,” to pre-

pare a report called Global Green New Deal10.

In April 2009, this report was released

and it proposed a mix of policy actions to

stimulate economic recovery of governments

and improve the sustainability of the world

economy, as well as a framework for green

stimulus programs. In November 2011, UNEP

released another report called the Green Econ-

omy Report11 , which provided a working defi-

nition of “green economy” that has since been

used and referenced in many other publica-

tions.

Generally, UNEP was responsible for

the revitalization of green economy policies

and publications. For example, their definition

of green economy has been cited by many

large non-governmental organizations and

partnerships, such as Green Economy Coali-

tion. Additionally, the UN Environment Man-

agement Group adopted UNEP’s concepts for

their own report called Working towards a Bal-

anced and Inclusive Green Economy. Overall,

their significant reports paved the way for

newer publications to elaborate on the concept

and outline guiding principles, benefits, risks,

and emerging international experience on green

economies.

Green Economy Policy Toolkits While UNEP allowed discussions and

publications on Green Economy to become

more widespread, many governments did not

have the means to implement a green economy.

Implementing a green economy requires clear

goals and targets, the ability to analyze the ad-

vantages of different policy measures, the ca-


3.! 13

9 http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/

10 http://www.unep.org/pdf/A_Global_Green_New_Deal_Policy_Brief.pdf

11"Green economy ." www.unep.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/ger_final_dec_2011/Green%20EconomyReport_ Final_Dec2011.pdf>.

http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/

http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/

http://www.unep.org/pdf/A_Global_Green_New_Deal_Policy_Brief.pdf

http://www.unep.org/pdf/A_Global_Green_New_Deal_Policy_Brief.pdf





pability to design and prioritize activities, and a

method to monitor progress and review the ef-

fectiveness of appointed policies over time.

Few countries are capable of creating these

methods all from scratch, let alone the develop-

ing countries. Thus, realizing the need for a

general framework on implementing a green

economy, many international organizations

started to create policy toolkits.

The Organization for Economy Co-

operation and Development (OECD) was one

of the first international organizations to re-

lease a major green economy policy toolkit.

This toolkit, introduced in 2011, was called

Tools for Delivering on Green Growth12 and

focused on providing a large range of policy

options for addressing green growth constraints

and challenges, infrastructure investment, labor

market transitions and consumer behavior.

However, as most of the given policies focused

on internalizing externalities and incentivizing

investment, this toolkit was deemed to be more

suitable for developed countries. Thus, in 2012,

the OECD published an addition to the previ-

ous policy toolkit called the Green Growth and

Developing Countries. This additional toolkit

expanded the number of mechanisms and tools

to build institution capacity and was geared to

help developing countries establish green

economies. In cooperation with the United Na-

tions and World Bank, also in 2012, UECD

released two new policy toolkits.1314 These

were designed for G20 economies and focused

primarily on improving framework policies,

removing policy-induced distortions, suggest-

ing instruments for incentivizing investment,

and recommending tools for policy evaluation,

integrated decision-making, and monitoring of

progress.

While these toolkits varied in method-

ology, details, and focus, overall these toolkits

all had the purpose of easing the transition of a

country’s economy into a green economy. They

provided a large range of diagnostic tools to

help with policy design, evaluation, and moni-

toring. They also provided mechanisms to in-

clude green economy into national economic

planning and decision making, as well as the

order to build the necessary institutions and

reach the conditions that can support the im-

plementation of national green economy plans.

National Sustainable Development Strategies

National Sustainable Development

Strategies (NSDS) can be defined as a coordi-


3.! 14

12"Tools for Delivering on Green Growth."Tools for Delivering on Green Growth 1 (2011): n. pag. http://www.oecd.org. Web. 2 May 2014.

13"Policy on Green Economy."www.oecd.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://www.oecd.org/eco/economicpoliciestofoster

14A Toolkit of Policy Options to Support Inclusive Green Growth."http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=695&menu=35>.









nated, participatory, and iterative process of

thoughts and actions to achieve economic, en-

vironmental, and social objectives in a bal-

anced and integrative manner. This definition

indicates that a NSDS should include a list of

policy measures, programmes, projects, neces-

sary institutional, information, and financial

arrangements for implementation, and a feed-

back mechanism for policy review and adap-

tive management. While Agenda 21, created at

the UNCED in 1992, called for the develop-

ment of NSDS, it was only until the World

Summit for Sustainable Development in 2002

that countries develop NSDS. According to a

report in 2009 by UNDESA, 106 countries

were implementing an NSDS; however, it is

unknown if they are still being implemented

and many are now outdated.

Support for the development and im-

plementation of NSDS in countries is abun-

dant. There have been numerous international

organizations, such as the World Bank, the In-

ternational Monetary Fund, UNDESA, UNDP,

and others, that support the development of

NSDS. There have also been many conventions

that wish to drive the development of national

strategies, including National Biodiversity Ac-

tion Plans and National Action Programmes

against Desertifications.. Unfortunately, despite

the large support for the design and implemen-

tation of NSDS, few countries have managed

to properly integrate a sustainable national

strategy into their own economy.

For one, there is a great lack of an inte-

grated set of indicators – policy reviews - that

allow for an efficient analysis on the economic,

social, and environmental sectors of a green

economy. Additionally, despite the importance

of implementing a green economy, many

NSDS are considered low priority in the deci-

sion making of many governments and thus are

unable to obtain proper financial, institutional,

and informational support from the finance

ministries and central planning agencies. Fi-

nally, while countries did choose a mix of pol-

icy initiatives, they did not utilize many central

parts of a policy toolkit, such as economic in-

struments and environmental fiscal reform.

Combining these problems with a lack of a

clear and pragmatic vision for development,

limited national ownership, and a lack of pub-

lic acknowledgement, it is clear that National

Sustainable Development Strategies have yet

to achieve their goal.

CONCLUSION

As can be inferred from the past inter-

national actions, efforts on implementing a

green economy are almost nonexistent. There

is a lack of cooperation between the numerous

international organizations, which results in an

uncoordinated definitions and policy plans for

governments. This hampers the efforts of coun-

tries further, as they also have to deal with a

deficiency in both public and financial support.

In order to rejuvenate efforts for the implemen-


3.! 15

tation of green economies, it is necessary to

obtain strong cooperation between NGOs and

governments, as well as establish clear targets

for countries to achieve.

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

Standards for Green Economy Despite the many groups within the

United Nations that wish to support Green

Economy, there is little unity between them,

even within the very definition and standards

of a green economy. UNEP’s current definition

n is an economy “results in improved human

well-being and social equity, while signifi-

cantly reducing environmental risks and eco-

logical scarcities.”15 They consider a proper

green economy as “one whose growth in in-

come and employment is driven by public and

private investments that reduce carbon emis-

sions and pollution, enhance energy and re-

source efficiency, and prevent the loss of bio-

diversity and ecosystem services.” On the other

hand, the United Nations Conference in Trade

and Development (UNCTAD) in 2011 define a

green economy as “An economy that results in

improved human well-being and reduced ine-

qualities, while not exposing future generations

to significant environmental risks and ecologi-

cal scarcities. It seeks to bring long-term so-

cietal benefits to short-term activities aimed at

mitigating environmental risks.

A green economy is an enabling com-

ponent of the overarching goal of sustain-able

development.”16 United Nations Economic and

Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

(UNESCAP) states that a green economy “is,

in general terms, economic progress that fos-

ters environmentally sustainable, low-carbon

and socially inclusive development. Pursuing

green growth involves outlining a path to

achieving economic growth and well-being

while using fewer resources and generating

fewer emissions in meeting demands for food

production, transport, construction and hous-

ing, and energy.”17

With so many differing definitions for a

green economy, it is impossible for the United

Nations to collaborate and help advance coun-

tries into a green economy. Thus, it is neces-

sary to unify the various definitions and stan-

dards created by the various groups within the

United Nations. The new criterion could be

specific and strict on what is considered a

green economy. Conversely, it could also pos-

sess several targets and indicators to reach a

green economy, with the final stage being con-


3.! 16

15"United Nations Environment Programme."UNEP. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AboutGEI/WhatisGEI/tabid/29784/Default.aspx>.

16 "unctad.org | About Green Economy."unctad.org | About Green Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-and-Environment/Green-Economy.aspx>.

17 "Pacific Perspectives 2012." Green Economy in a Blue World 1 (2012): n. pag.http://www.unescap.org/EPOC/pdf/Pacific-Perspectives-2012.pdf. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.













sidered a complete national green economy.

Regardless of the structure of the new criterion,

the new criterion must be universally accept-

able and satisfactory to the United Nations, all

of its member states, and NGOs.

Cooperation between the United Nations, Pri-vate Sectors, Public Sectors, and NGOs

In order to develop and implement a

green economy into a country, it is necessary to

have strong leadership, effective institutional

arrangements to ensure an effective form of

communication between the various divisions,

and a continuous source of knowledge on vari-

ous policies. A large amount of financial re-

sources are necessary to fund all of these as-

pects. Thus, multiple governmental depart-

ments and private stakeholders within a group

have to cooperate if they wish to achieve a na-

tional green economy.

The final resolution should include a

method of encourage high-level political lead-

ers to involve central economic planning and

finance ministries. This will enable the gov-

ernment possesses a source of funding for their

green economy policies research and imple-

mentation. It will be helpful to include a wide

range of funding mechanisms, such as per-

formance-based grants, loan guarantees, lines

of credit, and public venture capital to create

an attractive investment environment for low-

carbon, to provide clarity on the investments

that are necessary for a country to implement a

green economy.

CASE STUDIES

Lighting Africa Initiative In 2007, over 600 million people in Af-

rica (60% of the population) had no access to

electricity. Consequently, they were forced to

rely on burning fuel as a source of light, which

is inefficient, expensive and hazardous. In or-

der to tackle this problem, Lighting Africa Ini-

tiative18 was launched in September 2007 with

the main goal of facilitating the transition from

fuel-based lighting to clean, modern lighting.

The program also desired to eliminate market

barriers in Africa so that the private sector

could supply high quality, modern, off-grid

lighting products to the people.

The Lighting Africa Initiative mainly

worked through the promotion of off-grid

lighting products, such as solar lanterns. While

varied, these products would mainly have three

key components: an electrical source, a re-

chargeable battery, and a modern lamp or lan-

tern, usually with an LED bulb. Costing from

$10 to $100, these products would be afford-

able and easily rechargeable with the use of

small solar panels. To promote the develop-

ment of off-grid lighting products, the program

provided market intelligence on market size,

consumer preferences, and behaviors to dem-

onstrate the viability of the market to compa-


3.! 17

nies and investors. The program also develop-

ment quality market infrastructures, facilitated

business to business interactions, and worked

with governments to address policy barriers.

As a result of the Lighting Africa Initia-

tive, there is greater market assurance and op-

portunities for renewable energy and many

countries and manufacturers are now capable

of creating products that passes rigorous qual-

ity standards. There are also less policy barriers

between the global lighting industry and local

service providers. Finally, there has been a re-

duced usage of kerosene, which also corre-

sponds to a reduction in greenhouse gas emis-

sions. In general, the Lighting Africa Initiative

have made it capable for over 7 million people,

and counting, in Africa to enjoy improved ac-

cess to energy and lighting.

European Union Emission Trading Scheme

Originally launched in 2005, the Euro-

pean Union’s Emission Trading Scheme19 (EU

ETS) is one of the essential foundations of the

European Union’s policies on gas emission

control and the prevention of climate change.

The EU ETS works on the concept of ‘cap and

trade’, in which there is a set limit on the

amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be

emitted by factories power plants and other

major installations. In order to reduce the total

emission, the cap, or limit, reduced over time.

The EU ETS is an excellent example of

a system that mixes both economic and ‘green’

concepts. The success of EU ETS has proven

that an economy that is green is still profitable

and affordable, to the point where other coun-

tries are planning on adopting a similar cap and

trade program of their own. As a result of the

Emission Trading Scheme, It is expected that

the emission from sectors covered by the pro-

gram will be, compared to 2005, 21% lower in

2020 and 43% lower by 2030.

BLOC POSITIONS

United States of America One of the more persistent myths in our

political dialogue is that we must tradeoff envi-

ronmental sustainability and economic growth.

The sustainability perspective is quite different.

Sustainability management is the practice of

economic production and consumption that

minimizes environmental impact and maxi-

mizes resource conservation and reuse. The


3.! 18

19 "The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)." - European Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm>.

China’s pursuit of clean energy is really about energy security.





sustainability management framework demon-

strates that continued economic prosperity is

dependent on the health of the environment.

We are at the start of the development of a sus-

tainable or green economy. To measure the

green economy, it is possible to measure the

presence of green jobs, green markets, and in-

vestment in green industries. Because sustain-

ability cuts across industries and sectors of the

U.S. economy, defining just what contributes

to the green economy is a challenge. In gen-

eral, the green economy can be considered the

production of goods and services that benefit

the environment or conserve natural

resources.20

Polling shows that a clean energy econ-

omy appeals to people across the political

spectrum. That’s because it’s not just about

jobs. It’s about leadership. It’s about avoiding a

century of conflict and scarcity, which come

with climate change and diminishing natural

resources. Leading the development of tech-

nologies that provide cheap, clean energy for

all is about expanding energy freedom for peo-

ple in the US, and giving access to the most

basic things – electricity, hot water – for people

in need around the world. Developing clean

energy is about all of us, and our shared

future.21

Latin America In a survey conducted by the Latin

American and Caribbean Economic System

(SELA) in 2009, it was revealed that less than

20% of energy produced in Latin America was

sustainable. Over 7 billion barrels of oil was

produced in 2009, with 80% of this energy

originating from hydrocarbons and oil. Overall,

74.4% of the supplies of energy for Latin

America are non-

renewable, with 87.6% of the sources produc-

ing a large amount of carbon dioxide emis-

sions. In order to obtain a sustainable economy,

non-reliant on coal and oil supplies, Latin

American countries has to improve its hydroe-

lectric and thermoelectric capacity, as well as

adjust policies on jobs and training so that their

labor force is capable of working in a green

economy.

Russia While it is currently one of the world’s

leading countries on the production of essential

commodities, such as energy, steel, iron, agri-

cultural products, and timber, Russia should

diversity its economy and reduce its depend-


3.! 19

20 Steven Cohen, “Sustainability by the Numbers : The Growing Reality of the Green Economy”, Huff Post Green, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-cohen/sustainability-by-the-num_b_2158104.html (19 November 2012)

21 Billy Parish, “United States Can’t Afford to Cede Green Energy Industry to Competitors”, The Energy Collective, http://theenergycollective.com/billyparish/249626/us-cant-afford-cede-green-energy-industry-its-competitors (17 July 2013)

http://joinmosaic.com/blog/abundant-clean-energy

http://joinmosaic.com/blog/abundant-clean-energy

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-cohen/sustainability-by-the-num_b_2158104.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-cohen/sustainability-by-the-num_b_2158104.html

http://theenergycollective.com/billyparish/249626/us-cant-afford-cede-green-energy-industry-its-competitors%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20(17

http://theenergycollective.com/billyparish/249626/us-cant-afford-cede-green-energy-industry-its-competitors%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20(17

ence on oil and gas exportation. The country

possesses great amount valuable ecosystems

that, if carefully managed, would make Russia

a major provider of ecosystem services and

energy. Additionally, with its large area of po-

tential agricultural land, Russia can become an

even greater agricultural producer.22 Overall, if

Russia focuses on these sectors, as well as in-

novations for its energy sector23, such as effi-

cient energy conversation techniques and new

renewable sources of energy, the country pos-

sesses the potential to take a leadership role in

the global transition to a green economy.

European Union

In regards to a green economy, the

countries of the European Union had previ-

ously been very progressive in implementing

green policies. Each country had their own

binding targets to achieve the EU 2020 targets

on greenhouse gas and non-renewable energy

consumption reductions. For example, Ger-

many reduced its emission by 25% in 2012,

which exceeded its target from the Kyoto Pro-

tocol, while still maintaining a thriving econ-

omy. However, future efforts on implementing

a green economy may be compromised. The

United Kingdom and Poland wish to resist

binding clean energy goals. In addition, staring

from April 2014, there is no longer national

limits on carbon emissions. The countries of

the European Union will have to consider their

economic priorities and create policies accord-

ingly.

Eastern Europe According to research conducted by the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development24, many Eastern European coun-

tries have unsustainably extracted their natural

resources at an extremely far rate. Most East-

ern European countries also continuously

lower the quality of the environmental life,

possess high carbon emissions and inefficient

energy systems, and uses obsolete and wasteful

production technologies. They also possess in-

effective, obsolete policies and, due to weak

environmental ministries, are unable to imple-

ment and manage reforms. East European

countries will need to obtain strong, external

financial and moral support and optimize their

outdated policies.

United KingdomWe find that the overall performance of

the UK in terms of green innovation is below

average when compared to large innovative

economies such as USA and Japan but also to

close competitors such as Germany and emerg-


3.! 20

22"Green growth and environmental governance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia." Green growth and environmental governance in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia 1 (2012): n. pag. http://www.oecd.org. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.

23"GREEN ECONOMY: REALITIES, PROSPECTS, AND LIMITS TO GROWTH."GREEN ECONOMY: REALITIES, PROSPECTS, AND LIM-ITS TO GROWTH 1 (2013): n. pag. carnegieendowment.org. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.









ing economies such as China and Korea. The

UK has a relatively small number of sectors

with a rapid rate of green conversion and a

relatively large number of sectors with a slow

rate of green innovation. The UK enjoys a

strong green competitive position in several

sectors, but these are sectors of small economic

size, such as chemical products and prepared

animal feeds. Some sectors present a clear op-

portunity to maintain and expand market share

in the future through greening, in particular

refined petroleum products and basic iron and

steel. However, several other sectors stand out

as having a strong present-day comparative

advantage that may be at risk by an inade-

quately fast rate of green conversion. Of par-

ticular concern is the aircraft and spacecraft

sector.25

While the green economy has been a

key pillar for growth in the UK's recovery from

the global economic crash, policy uncertainty

and mixed messages from ministers are un-

dermining this success story. The environ-

mental sector is an area where the UK has

strong foundations on which to build and can

be one of the building blocks of a genuine

export-led recovery in advanced manufacturing

and know-how. With competitor economies

rapidly building up their capabilities to take

advantage of a lucrative global market, it will

take strong and consistent UK government

leadership to turn its green economy vision

into reality.26

AustraliaAustralia is the examples of growing a

green economy and creating new jobs while

mitigating the dangerous effects of climate

change. On the federal level, Prime Minister

Julia Gillard bravely proposed instituting a

price on carbon emissions to be instituted in

July 2012. The Australian government is partly

funding the largest solar power plant in the

world in Victoria. When completed, the plant is

predicted to provide power for 60,000 homes

each year, and save "more than 11 million ton-

nes of CO2 emissions over the operational life-

span of the plant," according to Business World

Australia.

On the local level, there are countless

examples of initiatives taking root across the

country, without waiting for federal leaders to

act. The nation's capital of Canberra is well on

its way to becoming the greenest city in the

nation with the highest investment in sustain-

able construction per capita, according to the

Chief of the Australian Green Building Coun-

cil, Romilly Madew. Brisbane is pioneering a

two-tiered strategy to produce locally grown

food in urban spaces. It is considered the first


3.! 21

25 Antoine Dechezleprêtre and Misato Sato, “The position of the UK in the emerging green economy”, (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics : August 2013), Prepared for the Green Economy Policy Commission (GEPC)

26 Fiona Harvey, “Cameron Set to Defend Coalition’s Position on Green Economic Growth”, The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/05/cameron-poised-defend-green-economy (6 November 2012)

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/05/cameron-poised-defend-green-economy%20(6

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/05/cameron-poised-defend-green-economy%20(6

city in the world to include both urban farming

and green roofs in a sustainability action plan

to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas emis-

sions, and potentially improve local diets. In

Sydney's Central Park, planners are creating a

mixed use urban space they hope will be the

"benchmark for sustainable living globally,"

with retail, work and living spaces, schools and

recreational activities.27

ASEANDuring 2011 all ASEAN country to-

gether held the meeting to discuss the problem

on moving towards green economy. Experts

agreed that the country needs to take green

economy initiative as an important undercur-

rent affecting entire economic activities that

would affect economic growth, industrializa-

tion pattern, and further regional economic co-

operation and integration in Southeast and East

Asia. Even though ASEAN countries agree to

do the green economy, still many challenges

are remain and needs to be resolved. When it

comes to green economy ASEAN face its

many challenges as these most of these coun-

tries are developing countries and rely heavily

on manufacturing. Moreover, It has been

shown also that these South East Asia countries

are lacking of “green spaces”.

ChinaChina has become a world leader in

renewable energy technology investment, how-

ever, significant challenges such as pollution

and technology gap is still there. China’s air

and water pollution, dam construction, and re-

source consumption have a profound impact

around the world. What China does affects

global climate change, ozone depletion, biodi-

versity loss, desertification, acid rain, commod-

ity prices, fisheries, wildlife migrations, and

other environmental challenges.

IndiaIndia faces its challenges when it comes

to ensuring environmental sustainability or

green economic growth versus the economic

growth. With its growing manufacturing sector,

increasing mining, expanding infrastructure

and scaling up power production, along with

increas ing respons ib i l i ty to be pro-

environment, India is at a really curious stage

where its emissions could explode upwards or

it could move heavily down the green route.

According to a recent report published, it is

expected that India will grow at such a fast

pace over the next 20 years that it could build

about 80% of the physical assets such as infra-

structure and industrial capacity that will con-

stitute the India of 2030.

Middle East The current situation in the Arab world

right now is that they’ve been experiencing the

beginning of a development of green building,

green investments, renewable energy and other


3.! 22

27 Kathleen Rogers, “Building A Green Economy in Australia”, The World Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kathleen-rogers/australia-climate-change_b_882507.html (23 June 2011)

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kathleen-rogers/australia-climate-change_b_882507.html%20(23

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kathleen-rogers/australia-climate-change_b_882507.html%20(23

green industries. In the next few years, these

developments will resulted on green enterprise

throughout the Arab world. However, the Mid-

dle East has four main environmental security

challenges that caused by climate change such

as energy security, food security and desertifi-

cation and land degradation. These environ-

mental problems and challenges face by the

Arab world, needs to be resolved in order to

take the next step towards the green economy.

South AfricaGreen Economy Modelling Report of South

Africa : Focus on Natural Resource Manage-

ment, Agriculture, Transport and Energy Sec-

tors28

The study was commissioned by UNEP

at the request of South Africa’s Department of

Environmental Affairs, with technical assis-

tance from the Millennium Institute and the

Sustainability Institute, in collaboration with

the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable En-

ergy Studies of Stellenbosch University.

Funded by the European Commission, the

United Nations Development Programme sup-

ported stakeholder consultations and capacity

building activities related to the implementa-

tion of the project. The support package con-

sists of policy advice, technical assistance and

capacity building provided to governments in

support of their national and regional initiatives

to transform and revitalize their economies

The study shows that investing in a

low-carbon, resource efficient green economy

is fundamental for South Africa’s sustained

economic growth and well-being. Based on the

government’s current targets and expenditures,

the report identifies possible opportunities for

achieving government targets in each of these

four sectors. The report finds that a green

economy approach - such as investing in low-

carbon technologies, green buildings, and re-

newable energy - can create more jobs than a

business as usual approach, while supporting

the same level of economic growth, yet with

lower emissions of greenhouse gases and less

environmental damage

QUESTION A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWERS

1. What are the definition and the scope of

Green Economy that is the most rele-

vant one (framework that is admitted

internationally)?

2. How can UNCSD ensure the coopera-

tion between public and private sectors

in implementing Green Economy?

3. What and to what extend is the role of

NGOs in supporting and making sure

the implementation of Green Economy

goes well to minimize the possibility of

failure?

4. What should be the best time framed

and mechanism to make Green Econ-


3.! 23

28UNEP, “South African Green Economy Modeling Report”, Green Economy, http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/ResearchReports/GreenEconomyModellingReportofSouthAfrica/tabid/129722/language/en-US/Default.aspx

omy effective and how UNCSD can be

successful enforcing countries in fulfill-

ing this?

5. What methods can be used to ensure

the balance and stability of the three

pillars of Green Economy (Economy,

Technology and Environment)?


3.! 24