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Atmosphere, Humidity and SeasonsAtmosphere, Humidity and Seasons
Why doesn’t water vapor rise above other gases to a higher level of the atmosphere?
Why doesn’t water vapor rise above other gases to a higher level of the atmosphere?
Water vapor condenses and falls back to Earth
Water vapor condenses and falls back to Earth
What type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms
What type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms
cumulonimbus cumulonimbus
Which element in Earth’s atmosphere is essential for human life
Which element in Earth’s atmosphere is essential for human life
Hot air rising and cold air sinking causes Hot air rising and cold air sinking causes
Air currents Air currents
How do clouds form How do clouds form
Why does ground fog form in the low areas?
Why does ground fog form in the low areas?
Cool, descending air meets moist air in the low areas
Cool, descending air meets moist air in the low areas
Cloudy nights can be warmer than clear nights because clouds trap
Cloudy nights can be warmer than clear nights because clouds trap
heatheat
When moist air is cooled below its dew point water
When moist air is cooled below its dew point water
Water condensesWater condenses
What process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy by air currents within the Earth’s atmosphere
What process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy by air currents within the Earth’s atmosphere
Convection currentsConvection currents
By which process does sunlight travel through space
By which process does sunlight travel through space
radiationradiation
What type of cloud is associated with steady rain
What type of cloud is associated with steady rain
nimbostratusnimbostratus
The ozone layer protects life on Earth from The ozone layer protects life on Earth from
UV radiationUV radiation
Conduction is heat transfer by Conduction is heat transfer by
Direct contact between particlesDirect contact between particles
Most clouds form in the troposphere because
Most clouds form in the troposphere because
That’s where most of moisture isThat’s where most of moisture is
Clouds are made of Clouds are made of
Water/ Ice crystalsWater/ Ice crystals
Describe how convection currents form
Describe how convection currents form
What is the % of Nitrogen in the atmosphere__________________; % oxygen ___________
What is the % of Nitrogen in the atmosphere__________________; % oxygen ___________
Name the layers of the atmosphere in order from the earth upwards
Name the layers of the atmosphere in order from the earth upwards
How was the early atmosphere formed How was the early atmosphere formed
Volcanic eruptions of gases Cyanobacteria takes in CO2 in
photosynthesis and produces O2
Volcanic eruptions of gases Cyanobacteria takes in CO2 in
photosynthesis and produces O2
The ability of Earth’s atmosphere to absorb and retain heat is affected by the presence of two gases:
The ability of Earth’s atmosphere to absorb and retain heat is affected by the presence of two gases:
Water vapor Mainly CO2
Water vapor Mainly CO2
When dew point and temperature are close then the chance of precipitation is:
When dew point and temperature are close then the chance of precipitation is:
greatergreater
Which atmosphere layer contains the ozone layer
Which atmosphere layer contains the ozone layer
stratospherestratosphere
The ozone layer is being destroyed by chemical reactions with sunlight and the following
The ozone layer is being destroyed by chemical reactions with sunlight and the following
Chloroflorcarbons: CFCs Chloroflorcarbons: CFCs
The layers of the Earth’s atmosphere are divided based on
The layers of the Earth’s atmosphere are divided based on
temperaturetemperature
Insolation is Insolation is
Incoming solar radiationIncoming solar radiation
Where (location) is insolation the greatest on earth
Where (location) is insolation the greatest on earth
equatorequator
As the altitude increases in the troposphere the temperature-
As the altitude increases in the troposphere the temperature-
decreases decreases
Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted 23.5° relative to the plane of its orbit, which helps to cause
Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted 23.5° relative to the plane of its orbit, which helps to cause
seasonsseasons
What is the date?What is the date?
Equinox: equal Day and night
Equinox: equal Day and night
Summer: northern hemisphereSummer: northern hemisphere
Winter northern hemisphereWinter northern hemisphere
What is equinox and what are the dates of the 2 equinoxes
What are the dates of the solistices
What is equinox and what are the dates of the 2 equinoxes
What are the dates of the solistices
Seasons
The Earth's orbit is in the shape of an ellipse (a stretched out circle), so that sometimes the Earth is closer to the Sun than at other times
The Earth is a very special planet in many ways. Just as Earth's unique atmosphere and its distance from the Sun work together to make Earth the right temperature to support life, Earth's orbit and its rotation work together to create the seasons.
Clouds and HumidityClouds and Humidity
WATER is the substance that can exist as a solid, liquid, and a gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.
WATER is the substance that can exist as a solid, liquid, and a gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Humidity: the amount of water vapor or moisture in the air
Humidity: the amount of water vapor or moisture in the air
Dew Point is the temperature to which air must cool to become saturatedBefore it can condense water vapor must have a surface to condense on.
Dew Point is the temperature to which air must cool to become saturatedBefore it can condense water vapor must have a surface to condense on.
Saturated air = 100% relative humidity – it can hold no more water vapor!
Saturated air = 100% relative humidity – it can hold no more water vapor!
Precipitation Precipitation Precipitation is
water (liquid or solid) that falls from the air to the Earth.
Precipitation is water (liquid or solid) that falls from the air to the Earth.
Cloud Cloud
A cloud is a collection of millions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals.
A cloud is NOT made up of water vapor!
A cloud is a collection of millions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals.
A cloud is NOT made up of water vapor!
Clouds• cirrus - Thin, wispy, curly-shaped clouds.
cumulo-nimbus- Large, dense, towering clouds that cause rain and thunderstorms.cumulus - Puffy clouds.fog - Ground-hugging clouds.
stratus - Layered, horizontal clouds with a flat base.
http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078617006/student_view0/
Joshua and Jennifer Mosser, Briar Woods High School
Clouds
In order for clouds to form, air must be at its dew point (temperature at which air is saturated). Water vapor condenses on small particles called condensation nuclei.
Cirrus—light, thin, feathery (fair weather clouds)
Cumulus—puffy white clouds
Stratus—low gray clouds
Cumulonimbus Clouds that produce
thunderstorms
Layers of AtmosphereLayers of Atmosphere
Joshua and Jennifer Mosser, Briar Woods High School
The AtmosphereEarth’s atmosphere is 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen
Human activities (cars, factories, burning land, coal) have increased carbon dioxide levels, causing a slight greenhouse effect
Water vapor and carbon dioxide help the Earth to retain heat and make it warmer
Burning fossil fuels also causes smog and contributes to acid rain
Venus has an extreme greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide
Energy transfer in the atmosphere involves convection, radiation and conduction
Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere
A meteorologist studies and forecasts the WEATHER.
A meteorologist studies and forecasts the WEATHER.
Layers in order Layers in order
ThermosphereMesosphereStratosphereTroposphere
ThermosphereMesosphereStratosphereTroposphere
Layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth and has weather = TROPOSPHERE
Layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth and has weather = TROPOSPHERE
Layer where the air pressure is the greatest = TROPOSPHERE
Layer where the air pressure is the greatest = TROPOSPHERE
Layer of the atmosphere that
contains the ozone layer = STRATOSPHERE
Layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer = STRATOSPHERE
Ozone layer disappearing would lead to more cases of skin cancer
Ozone layer disappearing would lead to more cases of skin cancer
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Man-made chemicals have decreased the ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere.
CFCs are destroying the ozone layer. The chlorine atoms destroy ozone molecules.
CFCs are destroying the ozone layer. The chlorine atoms destroy ozone molecules.
What does temperature do in the troposphere as altitude increases?
Temperature DECREASES
What does temperature do in the troposphere as altitude increases?
Temperature DECREASES
In which layer is the temperature the lowest?
MESOSPHERE
In which layer is the temperature the lowest?
MESOSPHERE
Cold air is more dense than warm air; therefore it has GREATER pressure.
Cold air is more dense than warm air; therefore it has GREATER pressure.
Heat TransferHeat Transfer
Radiation = the movement of
energy through spaceConduction = movement of heat by
direct contact; by touchExample: metal pan on a hot
stove Convection = movement of heat
through a liquid or gas
Radiation = the movement of
energy through spaceConduction = movement of heat by
direct contact; by touchExample: metal pan on a hot
stove Convection = movement of heat
through a liquid or gas
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Areas near the equator receive more of the sun’s energy per unit area than nearer the poles.
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Convection Is a Current that is set up when hot less dense material rises, cools, becomes denser and sinks.
Hot stuff rises cold stuff sinks
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Convection runs oceans, atmosphere and Earths interior.Plate tectonics is driven by convection in the Earth’s mantle.Some ocean currents are convection currents
• Convection is the major mechanism of energy transfer in the oceans, atmosphere, and Earth’s interior.
• Convection in the atmosphere is a major cause of weather.
Early AtmosphereEarly Atmosphere
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The early atmosphere contained little oxygen and more carbon dioxide than the modern atmosphere.
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Early photosynthetic life (blue green algae) generated oxygen and consumed carbon dioxide. It was only after early photosynthetic life generated oxygen that animal life become possible.
Atmosphere TodayAtmosphere Today
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Earth’s atmosphere is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1% trace gases.
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Human activities have increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere.
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Volcanic activity and meteorite impacts can inject large quantities of dust and gases into the atmosphere.
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The ability of the Earth’s atmosphere to absorb and retain heat is affected by the presence of gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide.
Earth’s atmosphere
The oxygen so characteristic of our atmosphere was almost all produced by plants (cyan bacteria or, more colloquially, blue-green algae). Thus, the present composition of the atmosphere is 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and 1% other gases.
Auroras (North/South Polar Lights; or aurorae, sing.: aurora) are natural colored light displays, which are usually observed in the night sky, particularly in the polar zone. Some scientists call them "polar auroras" (or "aurorae polares"). In northern latitudes, it is known as the aurora borealis (or the northern lights), named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for north wind, Boreas. It often appears as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red, as if the sun was rising from an unusual direction. The aurora borealis is also called the northern polar lights, as it is only visible in the North sky from the Northern Hemisphere. The aurora borealis most often occurs from September to October and from March to April.
The composition of the atmosphere can change due to human, biologic, and geologic activity.
•The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
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The atmosphere of Venus is mostly carbon dioxide and very dense.
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The Martian atmosphere is very thin and mostly Carbon Dioxide.
