STUDIU DE CAZ - "Romania, Intre Orient Si Occident"

7/23/2019 STUDIU DE CAZ - "Romania, Intre Orient Si Occident"

1/91

3

S~rngr nb cf{;

\jo`gf! `~|b

J|gb`~ g Jccgnb`~


2/91

3

\bfag{f~j|g;

X|jibsj| cjj|nj`f~j|;

Kr|`fara bcdgxbg;


3/91

3

62.8>.


4/91

3

6. Kr|`fara bcdgxbg

. Obsfkra J|gb`~rarg

2. Jccgnb`~ra

9. C|g{f Jccgnb ~rarg

=. Cra~r|g ngib|g~b

4. Nbsx|b bxjc

7. Njr ~gxr|g nb cra~r|g

68. G`~|jyb|sgr`b g bt~|fyb|sgr`b

66. Ngob`sgr`bf lfacf`gc ` ag|gcf arg Gj` Lf|lr

6


5/91

3

G@^\JNRCB\B

^bof \jo`gf! `~|b J|gb`~ g Jccgnb`~ `r f|b g`~b` gf

`gcg nb f srx|fbs~gof! `gcg nb f nbx|bcgf cbab njr cra~r|g.

Ib`job`ra cra~r|gaj| yf ig r` ~b|ob` nb cjoxf|f gb! r` btfob`

fa r`j| s~|rc~r|g cra~r|fab! fa r`j| ob`~fag~ g nbjsblg~b! cf|b f|

xr~bf s srmb|b{b f`rog~b sjar gg xb`~|r x|jlabobab cr cf|b sb cj`i|r`~ J|gb`~ra sg Jccgnb`~ra.

Nb/f ar`mra nb{yja~ |gg aj| cra~r|fab! |jo`gg s/fr f| ~f~

x|bjcrxf g nb babmb|bf fcbs~bg nb{yja~ |g cf ib`job` nrlar;

xb nb j xf|~b! btx|bsgb f r`j| ~| s ~r|g sxg|g~rfab x|jx|gg! xb nb

fa~ xf|~b! cf btx|bsgb f g`~b|fc gr`gg cr fa~b cra~r|g g f

g`iarb` baj| srxj|~f~b ng` xf|~bf fcbaj|f cf|b fr of|cf~ gs~j|gf

aj|.

`c nb af x|gobab of`gibs~ |g fab cra~r|gg |jo`b! af

c|j`gcf|g! ~bof cj`ng gbg `jfs~|b gs~j|gcb $ ` cfabf ~r~r|j|

| r~ gaj| ' g cra~r |fab nb m|f`g bs~b x|b{b`~ . G`~b|jmf ggab

nb ~gx fr~j|biabtgy g nj|g` f nb f ~g cg`b sr`~bo g`~| `~|/j `jr b~fx ng` ojob`~ra gs~j |gc fa R g|gg X|g`cgxf~baj| g fa

cj`s~g~rg|gg `f gr`gg |jo`b ojnb|`b.

\bxb|bab xb lf{f c |j|f s/f cj`s~|rg~ gofmg`bf nb sg`b f

|jo`gaj| s/fr ngyb|sgigcf~! ij|of|bf xjxj|rarg g f agolgg!

gs~j|gf! ag~b|f~r|f ir|`g{`n lf`cf nb nf~b xb`~|r fcbs~

nbob|s. Fs~iba! jnf~ cr x|jlabof j|gmg gaj| sb cj`~r|bf{ g


6/91

3

fcbbf f gìarb` baj|! f |baf ggaj| cr fa~b cra~r|g g f cj`~|glr gbg

fcbs~j|f af cra~r|f |jo` . Cf g x|jlabof j|gmg`gaj|! cbf f

gìarb` baj| cra~r|fab f xf|cr|s ngib|g~b ojob`~b g f fxbaf~ af

ngib|g~b |bmgs~|b nb g`~b|x|b~f|b; | n cg`gab `jfs~|b cra~r|fab fr

ijs~ xafsf~b ` cj ~g`rg~f~bf J|gb`~rarg sfr! ngoxj~|gy ! ` cbf f

Jccgnb`~rarg.

+++

X|jlabof arc| |gg nb if bs~b Jccgnb`~ra! fcbfs~ arob

lg{f| ! r`nb g`~bagmb` f! `~|/r` baf` x|bf of|b! s/f `~j|s

nbs~|rc~gy oxj~|gyf bg g`s g! s/f gì|`~ sg`mr| . Ybcdbf

ob`~fag~f~b j|gb`~fa `r bs~b nbc~ r` ~b|ob` nb cjoxf|f gb.

Nf| ` fcbfs~ arob `c|bob`g~ f Sjf|barg/\ sf|b xr~bo

nbscjxb|g r`bab x|bjcrx |g cf|b fr sc xf~! ` mb`b|fa!

ob`~fag~ gg br|jxb`b g cf|b! cb|cb~f~b ofg nb fx|jfxb! f|f~

c bcdgagl|ra ~|fnrs af bt~b|gj| x|g fcbfs~ `mdb f|b fxf|b`~

sb nf~j|bf{ xr`b|gg r`bg x|jlabob gm`j|f~ nb cra~r|f `jfs~| .

^jf~b sjar ggab `jfs~|b! ~jf~b njob`ggab nb g`ybs~gmf gb

x|gybsc ofg ora~ cbbf cb bs~b fif| jora! nbc~ cbbf cb bs~b

à r`~|ra arg. G`ngygnra sb |biabc~bf{ ` `f~r| g crcb|g|bf

fcbs~bgf `sbfo` xb`~|r ba x|jx|gf arg crcb|g|b. Ba bs~b `

jlgbc~bab xb cf|b ab xjsbn ! ` fc gr gab arg! ` j|gcb! nf| `r bs~b

` ba `srg `gogc sfr fx|jfxb `gogc.

J|gb`~ra f fyr~ j yg{gr`b g`yb|s ; ` jo sb |biabc~bf{

`~|bfmf btgs~b` g xb`~|r f c~gmf arobf g`ngygnra ~|blrgb s

sb cr`jfsc xb sg b.


7/91

3

@jg fybo ob~jnb ng` cb ` cb ofg xr~b|`gcb nb f s~ x`g

arobf! nf| `r fybo `gcgj obnj~ nb f njog`f x|jx|gf `jfs~|

`f~r| . Nb fcbbf fab|m o ~j~ ~goxra nrx arc|r|g bibob|b.

@r y|bfr sf sxr` c J|gb`~ra `b fnrcb sjar gf! cbbf cb f| ig

j b|jf|b ~j~ f~~ nb of|b cf g fcbbf nb f gm`j|f m`ng|bf arg.

Nf| ba `b jib| j nbscdgnb|b! g ` fcbfs~f cj`s~ obsfkra arg. g

fcbfs~ of|b x|jlabo ! ofg yfs~ nbc~ ~jf~b cbabafa~b! bs~b

cbf ofg fx|jxgf~ nb `jg! g! xjf~b ~jcofg nb fcbbf! ofg m|br

yg{glga ; sr`~bo `jg `g`b. X|g` ~gg` f sf! Jccgnb`~ra yf xr~bf

nf! nbsgmr|! fa~ sjar gb! ofg xr g` cjoxagcf~ nb btxagcf ggab

og~gcb j|gb`~fab! nf|! `r bs~b ofg xr g` fnby |f~! c `r yf

xr~bf s gm`j|b cbbf cb bs~b ofg goxj|~f`~ nbc~ ~jf~b

arc|r|gab btgs~b`~b `cj`kr| ~jf|b; jora g x|jlabof arg.

Fcbfs~ `cb|cf|b! xb cf|b j n o fs~ {g arog gg ~gxf|rarg!

s/f |bnrs! yjg~! af j ngscr gb mb`b|fa f cdbs~gr gg! af j x|jlabo nb x|g`cgxgr.

Xb c~ f ijs~ xjsglga! fo bagog`f~ lfafs~ra b|rng gbg! c r~`n

s `i g o! ofg ora~! cfn|ra `f~r|fa fa gnbgaj|. g fcbs~b gnbg!

cr c~ yj| ig ofg xr g`b! cr f~~ yj| btx|gof arc|r|gab ofg lg`b.

C cg!... ~j~ cb sb ~gb! cb `r f ijs~ fr{g~ `rofg ykg`n g

ormg`n! xjf~b ig sxrs g` ~|bg cryg`~b. Sr`~ yj|lbab arg

Erb|`lb|mb|! xb cf|b ajmgcgf`ra Arn}gm ]g~~mb`s~bg` ab ff{

xb i|j`~gsxgcgra s r Ajmgcj/Xdgajsjxdgcrs.

F`~j` Nrog~|bscr


8/91

3

J\GB@^RA

J|gb`~ $ af~. j|gb`s ? bs~' ra~b|gj| `rog~ g f|f

| s |g~rarg

Nb`rog|bf nb j|gb`~ x|jyg`b ng` ~goxra |jof`gaj| cf|b

nbig`bsc cjar|gab arogg $af~. xafmfb or`ng' cf xafmf j|gb`~fags!f{g m|bcgg `robsc |bmgr`bf fcbf F`f~jab gf| g~fagb`gg

Abyf`~b $Abyf`~'.

G` nbcr|sra gs~j|gbg sb scdgol ` babsra ~b|ob`rarg nb

j|gb`~! cf|b ra~b|gj| crx|g`nb ~jf~ |bmgr`bf cj ~g b`~rarg

fsgf~gc! $cf |gab f|flb! G|f`! G`ngf! Cdg`f'. |gab f|flb! ^r|cgf!

G|f`! Fi|gcf nb `j|n yj| fxf|g`b nb j|gb`~ra fx|jxgf~.

^b|ob`ra igg`n `r `rofg j {j` mbjm|figc ! cg nbig`g`n g j

|bmgr`b cr j f`rog~ cra~r| g |bagmgb $gsafo'.

Ng` f`ra 67=8 x|g` nblf~b|gab nbsx|b j|gb`~fagso! f ijs~

c|g~gcf~ ybdbob`~ ~b`ng` f nb sbxf|f|b f arogg ` j|gb`~ gjccgnb`~! sbxf|f|b abmf~ nb x|bkrnbc g cf|b `b jib| j

gofmg`b srlgbc~gy |rx~ nb |bfag~f~b.

+++


9/91

3

` igaj{jigf cra~r|gg! J|gb`~ra sbo`gigc {j`f nb bs~ f Br|jxbg

cf|b crx|g`nb |gab ijs~b cjoxj`b`~b fab Goxb|grarg \jof` nb

\ s |g~! gf| af xjara jxrs sb sg~rbf{ Jccgnb`~ra! fac ~rg~ ng`

s~f~bab Br|jxbg Jccgnb`~fab! cf|b fac ~rgfr c`nyf Goxb|gra

\jof` nb Fxrs.

Bsb` f J|gb`~rarg bs~b sjcj~g~ {j`f Xb`g`srabg Lfacf`gcb!

fy`n af m|f`g b \jo`gf! nbsx|b cf|b s/f ox o`~b`g~

sg`~fmof ,j g`sra af~g` `~|/j of|b safy ,. Sg~rf|bf |gg

`jfs~|b `~|b J|gb`~ g Jccgnb`~ nbig`b~b x|g`cgxfabab

cf|fc~b|gs~gcg cf|b xf|~gcraf|g{bf{ cra~r|f |jo` !

g`ngygnrfag{bf{ ob`~fag~f~bf xjxj|rarg g nb~b|og` sxbcgigcra

`f gj`fa.

J|gb`~ra `r bs~b `rofg fngfcb`~ Br|jxbg! ba bs~b! nb

fsbob`bf! ajcra cbaj| ofg of|g! ofg ljmf~b! ofg ybcdg cjaj`gg

fab Br|jxbg! sr|sf cgygag{f ggaj| g f agolgaj| bg! cj`cr|b`~ra bg cra~r|fa g r`f ng ~|b cbab ofg x|jir`nb g ofg |bcr|b`~b

gofmg`g f Cbargafa~. ` xars! J|gb`~ra f fkr~f~ af nbig`g|bf Br|jxbg

$sfr f Ybs~rarg' cf igg`n cj`~|fs~ra x|jx|gbg gofmg`g! gnbg!

xb|sj`fag~ g! btxb|gb` b.,

Jfob`gg fr ox | g~ `~j~nbfr`f arobf ` |bmgr`g!

ngs~g`c~b ` ojn |bfa sfr gofmg`f| r`f nb fa~f. Nbof|cf gf

flsjar~ ng`~|b Bs~ g Ybs~ U..._ s/f cj`s~|rg~ ` f`g! cdgf| `

sbcjab. Fr btgs~f~! nbsgmr|! `b`ro |f~b c a ~j|gg sjanf~b cr

nbscjxb|g|g5 fr btgs~f~ cj`~fc~b x|g` g`~b|obngra cjob| rarg g fa

| {ljgrarg. Nf| ofg ora~! `cbx`n cr ogkajcra sbcjararg fa TYGGG/

abf! fr btgs~f~ njr babob`~b x|g`cgxfab ` |baf gf ng`~|b Bs~ g

Ybs~. R`ra f ijs~ sxj|g|bf cr`j~g` baj| sgs~bof~gcb fab


10/91

3

br|jxb`gaj| nbsx|b J|gb`~! cf r|of|b f bt~g`nb|gg cjaj`ggaj|! cf

g f g`~b|bsrarg af|m xb`~|r cbbf cb b|f s~| g` g `bcr`jscr~U..._5

` xars! fcbs~j| cr`j~g` b sgs~bof~gcb ag s/f fn rmf~ j

x|jnrc gb ag~b|f| cj`sgnb|flga ! nf~j|f~ |jof`cgb|gaj|!

xjb gaj|! ~|fnrc ~j|gaj| g c a ~j|gaj| ~fab`~f g. Cbfafa~ ~| s ~r|

f |baf ggaj| ng ~|b J|gb`~ g Br|jxf f ijs~ ifx~ra c Br|jxf s/f

fiaf~ ob|br xb j xj{g gb nb ij| ! cf s `r sxr`bo nb

njog`f gb.

R` fa~ btboxar f| xr~bf ig |bx|b{b`~f~ nb bolabof

~b|g~j|gfa f cfxg~fabg! `rog~ ogcra Xf|gs! x|g` cf|b! `

xb|gjfnf ng`~|b cbab | {ljfgb oj`ngfab! s/f baflj|f~ gofmg`bf

j`j|f`~ f r`bg cfxg~fab |jo`b~g cr ojnba br|jxbf`! Xf|gsra.

Af cfx ~ra cba afa~ fa cj`~g`b`~rarg sb fia Lg{f` ra!

Cj`s~f`~g`jxjara! Gs~f`lrara nb fs~ {g! bolabof cra~r|gg nb

cj`~|fs~! g`yjcf~ g bf ` |bx|b{b`~ |gab nb sg b fab |jo`gaj| g x|jgbc~f~ ` gofmg`bf r`rg Lrcr|b~g xbs~|g ! `bcjfmraf~!

i | cb`~|r. Ag~b|f~r|f f x|jnrs yf|gf`~bab nb d|~gb fab

fcbs~j| sxf gg! cr |ja dj~ |~j| ` |bx|b{b`~ |gab `jfs~|b! c cg!

nb ora~b j|g! Lrcr|b~gra jccgnb`~fa ng sc|gb|gab Dj|~b`sgbg

Xfxfnf~/Lb`mbscr! fab arg Cfoga Xb~|bscr! Og|cbf Bagfnb! M.

C ag`bscr! sc|gg~j|g s~rngf g ` cjfa ! xjf~b ig ofg fnby |f~ nbc~ cba nb igbcf|b {g. Cro fnby |f~ bs~b g cba lfacf`gc! nb

ofdfaf! ng`jxb|f arg G.A. Cf|fmgfab sfr cba fa igrarg s r! Of~bgr

Cf|fmgfab! |jof`ra C|fgg nb Cr|~bf/Ybcdb.

Xsgdjajmgf j|gb`~fararg b btcbx gj`fa . Bf sb |bnrcb! nb

jlgcbg! af j |bsbo`f|b xfsgy . Nfc jccgnb`~fara sb goxr`b

obngrarg! j|gb`~fara sb srxr`b. Ij| f `f~r|gg a { x cb~b! a


11/91

3

{n|jlb~b! a fxfs . \bcr`jf~b `~|/`sf cg b ~gb cb ij|

|bagmgjfs ogs~b|gjfs ! cj`~|f c |bgf g sb xf|b g`r~ga s ofg

arx~b. J|ng`bf byb gob`~baj| g sb xf|b s~flgag~ nb r` {br

g`ifgaglga. If~fagsora! fngc cj`s~f~f|bf fcbs~bg fb{ |g

x|bs~flgag~b g xb cf|b yjg` f jorarg b x|bf safl cf s j

`n|bx~b! g sb xf|b sg`mr|f sjar gb. ^j~ra b fccbx~f~ ff cro sb

x|b{g`~ . @gcg r` j|mjagr! `gcg j folg gb! `gcg j |b{gs~b` .

Gofmg`f gf g yjg f `r x|bifc nbajc |bfag~f~bf `cj`kr| ~jf|b.

Igaj{jigf ygb gg b srxr`b|bf! |bsbo`f|bf af ij| bab cf|b `b

nbx bsc g xb cf|b `r ab xr~bo scdgolf! cg njf| ola`{g x|g` fscra~f|b. Gnbfara s r b ` ofsf f`j go ! ` cjabc~gyg~f~bf

flsj|lf`~ . `~|b ~gxr|g bt~|bob nb cgygag{f gb! ~|b fcbs~b njr

g ~b|x|b~ |g fab btgs~b` bg! nf~j|g~ f njr s~|rc~r|g nbjsblg~b!

`~|b c|bf gr`bf jccgnb`~fararg g |bsbo`f|bf j|gb`~fararg! sb

xjf~b m sg j yfajf|b. S `rogo fcbfs~ s~|rc~r| sriab~bfsc

fnfx~flgag~f~b.

Ogdfg \fabf! ` s~rngra Ib`job`ra |jo`bsc! gnb`~gigc

~| s ~r|g bsb` gfab fab j|gb`~fararg; Srl ngib|g~b yf|gf gg nb

nb~fagr! jora cf|b ajcrgb~b cj`~g`b`~ra `js~|r sb x|b{g`~ srl

njr ~gxr|g lg`b nbig g~b; jccgnb`~fara g j|gb`~fara. ` fxrsra g

cb`~|ra Br|jxbg! njo`b~b j ob`~fag~f~b! gf| c ~|b | s |g~! c ~|b

xjs~r|gab cbab ofg fyf`sf~b fab Fsgbg! j fa~f. B`mab{ra!

i|f`cb{ra! mb|of`ra! g~fagf`ra! scf`ng`fyra cr ~jf~b nbjsblg|gab

ng`~|b bg! cj`s~g~rgb af r` ajc fcbafg iba nb cgygag{f gb. ^bd`gcgab

aj|! ibara nb f ybnbf ygf f! ibara fnfx~ |gg af obngr sr`~ cjor`b.

Ng`cjaj! af i|j`~gb|bab Fsgbg! cf j xb`g`sra g`~|f~ ` ygf f

Br|jxbg! ~r|cgg! |rgg! j xf|~b ng` xjxjf|bab lfacf`gcb cj`s~g~rgb

j fa~ arob! cr fa~b abmg! cr fa~ sriab~! cr fa~ igaj{jigb. ^jf~


12/91

3

cgygag{f gf jccgnb`~fa s~ `~|/r` sg`mr| cry`~; fx~g~rng`b

c|bf~jf|b. \gngcf~ nbfsrx|f obngrarg! njog``nr/6 x|g`

s~ x`g|b nb sg`b! x|g` cr|fk! x|g` | lnf|b g g`g gf~gy !

jccgnb`~fara b sxg|g~ fc~gy ofg `fg ~b nb ~jf~b. Ba x|bifcb

folgf` f! sig` b~b ajcra! c |rgf g goxr`b abmbf g gnbbf sf g

cf|b a fscra~ njcga g `yg`s. Fxrsbf`ra b s~ x`ra yjg` bg sfab

bafs~gcb g ib|ob ` fcbafg ~gox g xb`~|r fcbfs~f b g s~ x`ra

arc|r|gaj| `cj`kr| ~jf|b. Cr|fkra s r b c`n ~bob|f|! c`n

|b{j`flga. ~gb s |g~b g s igb ` fcbafg ~gox srlkrm ij| bab

`f~r|gg! sb{jf`bab! ifr`f g iaj|f. Nf| ofg fabs f g`yb`~f~~bd`gcf! cf|b g/f nbyb`g~ fagf~ fscra~ ~jf|b.

` fsbob`bf cj`ng gg! igaj{jigf sf `r xjf~b ig nbc~

yjar`~f|gs~ . Ba c|bnb c ~j~ra b xjsglga! b jx~gogs~ ` `c|bnb|bf

xb cf|b j fcj|n ij| baj| sfab! c|bnb ` aglb|~f~b! ofg ora~! `

aglb| f|lg~|r! xb`~|r c |b{gs~b` f nb~b|og`gsorarg j|l j `yg`mb

cr xr~b|bf ` babxcgr`gg sfab5 ij| bf{ byb`gob`~bab x|g yjg` f

sf nb ~|groi. G ngygnrfagsora b! i | `njgfa ! gnbfara s r ra~go.


13/91

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14/91

3

OBSFKRA J\GB@^RARG

Njcrob`~ j|gmg`fa


15/91

3

` J|gb`~! fo y {r~! g`ngygnra `r cj`~|glrgf af nb{yja~f|bf

sjcgb~ gg. Fcbfs~f b|f `c|bob g~ ` s~|rc~r|f bg babf~ 5 `gogc

`r/g xr~bf scdgolf if~fag~f~bf xb cf|b j xr|~f cr bf! nb af

`cbxr~ra ~goxr|gaj|. Cj`ng ggab ob`~fag~ gg j|gb`~fab fr srmb|f~!

lf cdgf| fr goxrs! sg`mr|ra bij|~ xjsglga! ` ox|bkr| |gab

fcbs~bf! xb cf|b xr~bf s /a ifc jora; bij|~rarg g`ngygnrarg

fsrx|f arg `srg! nb{yja~f|bf arg! `r x|g` cjabc~gyg~f~bf ng` cf|b

i cbf xf|~b! cg x|g` x|jx|gf arg ij| . J|gb`~ra f cb|cb~f~ ofg

xr g` |fxj|~r|gab jorarg cr jfob`gg sfr cr `f~r|f fcbs~bf fr

ijs~ btx|gof~b x|g` ij|ob jnf~ xb`~|r ~j~nbfr`f c~ ofg

fabs |fxj|~r|gab jorarg cr sg`b `sr g! btgs~b` f sf g

xjsglgag~f~bf ng|bc~ nb |gngcf|b f g`ngygnrarg x|g` x|jx|gf arg

ij| . ` fcbs~ sb`s! bij|~ra j|gb`~rarg b|f ng|bc~ g yb|~gcfa.

Nf| igg nc bij|~r|gab g`ngyg{gaj| nb fr~jfig|of|b cj`~|glrgb x|g` x|bf xr g` af `fg`~f|bf job`g|gg! fcbfs~ `fg`~f|b `r sb

ifcb sgo g~ nb g`ngygn nbc~ af g`~b|yfab nb ~gox ijf|~b of|g.

^|blrgb nb fcbbf cf g`ngygnra s sb xabcb g fsrx|f arg `srg.

@bmagk`nr/sb xb sg`b! ba f i cr~ r` fc~ nb kb|~i 5 nf| xb ba s/f

|bnrs af r` sgoxar ifc~j| ` coxra nb or`c f job`g|gg `~|bmg.

Fmg~f gf btfsxb|f~ f jccgnb`~rarg of`gibs~ ~jcofg fcbfs~ agxs nb bcdgagl|r g`~b|gj| fa g`ngygnrarg! ~jcofg fcbfs~ agxs ng

x|jx|ggab arg x|bjcrx |g.

J|gb`~ra f `cbxr~ s igb s~rngf~. Xb a`m or`cf jfob`gaj|

nb ~gg` ! cf|b fr c r~f~ s ifc cr`jscr~b! ` agolgab

br|jxb`b! cra~r|gab j|gb`~fab! dgb|jmagigcb b~c.! ofg btgs~ j sb|gb

nb cb|cb~ ~j|g b`~r{gf~g cf|b! nbx g g nb r` f`rob ag|gso!


16/91

3

cj`sgnb| c sg`mr|f sjar gb bs~b g`~bm|f|bf g`ngygnrarg `

ob`~fag~f~bf j|gb`~fa ! ` sxbcgfa ` cbf dg`nrs . Cbbf cb bs~b

bsb` gfa g xb cbbf cb ~|blrgb xrs fccb`~ra bs~b ifx~ra c `

cra~r|gab j|gb`~fab! of|gg m`ng~j|g ir`nbf{ ` babxcgr`bf xb

cr`jf~b|bf jorarg! g ` `gcgr` cf{ xb gnbgab xb cf|b ab

x|jibsbf{ sfr cf|b f| ~|blrg fnjx~f~b nb g`ngygn. J|gcb

njmo bs~b `jcgy ! sc|gb ^cdrf`m/~sb! g `c ; Obng~f gf

sjag~f| bs~b cfabf r gc f cr`jf~b|gg xr~b|gg. F cr`jf~b xb

fa~ra `r bs~b nbc~ ~gg` 5 f ~b cr`jf~b xb ~g`b `sr g

`sbfo` f ` babmb.

@r xr~bo krnbcf J|gb`~ra nrx cra~r|f ofsbaj|! cg nrx

cbbf cb fr |brg~ s |bfag{b{b! ` cfn|ra fcbs~bg ob`~fag~ g!

of|gg m`ng~j|g fg \ s |g~rarg.

Btgs~ ! ffnf|! j | s~r|`f|b nb xb|sxbc~gyb! ` cbab njr

yg{gr g; m`ng|bf br|jxbf` xabfc nb af jo ff cro bs~b! cf r` nf~ nbig`g~gy5 m`ng|bf j|gb`~fa `n|bfx~ ~jf~b bij|~r|gab bg!

cbab ofg `fa~b! fsrx|f jorarg! xb`~|r f/a ~|f`sij|of g f/a

|gngcf ng`cjaj nb ~jf~b sa lgcgr`gab. Xb`~|r `jg obsfkra

J|gb`~rarg `r xjf~b cj`s~f ng` x|jxj{g gf Gf~ jora! cg ng

Cb|cb~f g jora. Xjf~b c cbbf cb fr i cr~ j|gb`~fagg ` fcbfs~

ng|bc gb s `b igb nb y|br` ijajs.

Xb|sj`fag~f~bf job`bfsc sb xjf~b x|barc|f! sb xjf~b

ij|of g |bij|of x|g`~|/j fc gr`b ng|bc~ fsrx|f bg `s g. `

Jccgnb`~ sr`~bo jlg`rg g cf sjcgb~f~bf! `y o`~ra! ifogagf

s ij|ob{b btcarsgy g`ngygnra. ` J|gb`~! of|gab xb|sj`fag~ g sb

`fsc x|g bab `sbab! x|g` fr~jbnrcf gb g x|g`~|/r` fr~jbij|~.


17/91

3

Xb`~|r j|gb`~fa! x|jlabobab bsb` gfab sr`~ x|jlabobab

jorarg5 `r c r~f ` fif|f ~f! yj| |bcjof`nf ~jf~b ~bt~bab.

\b{jay`n c~ nb xr g` x|jlabof sf! jora |b{jay ~j~ f~~ g

x|jlabof job`g|gg. Fgcg sb |bybabf{ of|bf sf|cg` f

Jccgnb`~rarg! `bcr`jscr~ cra~r|gaj| ofg ybcdg. Xjf~b c f~r`cg

c`n job`g|bf g yf ig sjar gj`f~ ~jf~b x|jlabobab! bf sb yf

cjoxj|~f cf r` sg`mr| g`ngygn! g `gogc ng` cb yf ifcb `r j yf

x|gyg btcarsgy. J|gcro f| ig! sxg|g~ra jccgnb`~fa `r xjf~b fccbx~f

irmf nb rof`g~f~b! xb cf|b j |bfag{bf{ m`ng~j|ra dg nrs.

Fnby |f~f aglb|~f~b f sxg|g~rarg `r cj`s~ ` bagog`f|bf cj`ng ggaj| fx s ~jf|b cr cf|b `b cjxabb~b sjcgb~f~bf! c~ `

`yg`mb|bf aj|. Barnf|bf fcbs~j| cj`ng gg `r `sbfo` j

|b{jayf|b f x|jlabobg! cg j irm nbxf|~b nb j|gcb sjar gb. Nb

fcbbf Sxg`j{f fybf s sxr` g` B|dgcf sf; Jora cf|b bs~b

cj`nrs nb |f gr`b bs~b ofg aglb| ` cb~f~b! r`nb ~| gb~b nrx

abmgab cjor`b! nbc~ ` sjag~rng`b! r`nb `r fscra~ nbc~ nb ba `srg.

Nfc |bnrc x|jlabof af g`ngygn! bmjgsora obr f bagog`f~!

xrayb|g{`n/j ` njob gra gar{gbg! job`g|bf5 nfc |bnrc

x|jlabof btcarsgy af cjabc~gyg~f~bf rof` ! fo `bcf~ `

jcbf`ra lgjajmgc fa sxb bg g`ngygnra. X|gof b|jf|b f ijs~ i cr~ !

` mb`b|fa! nb J|gb`~5 f njrf f ijs~ cjogs ` lr` xf|~b nb

Jccgnb`~. Fcbs~b x|jlabob xj~ nbyb`g cjoxabob`~f|b; cbab

njr of|g Igg` b! Jora g Job`g|bf! xj~ cjafl|f x|g gnbfara aj|!

x|g` fc~gyg~f~bf aj| aglb| . C cg cbbf cb `r b i cr~ aglb| `r f|b

`gcgj yfajf|b. Bij|~ra g`ngygnrarg fx|b rof g~f~b g bij|~ra

rof`g~x gg sx|b g`ngygn `~|/f~~ cj`~bf{ cf n |rg|b f r`j|


18/91

3

ljm gg! xb cf|b g ab ifc |bcgx|jc! `~|rc~ sr`~ aglb|b. @r bs~b

nf| fcbaf cf|b `r bs~b i cr~ aglb| g m|f~rg~.

JCCGNB@^RA

Srls~f`~gyra jccgnb`~ nb`rob~b of|mg`bf j|g{j`~rarg

r`nb fxr`b sjf|bab! x|bcro g sxf gra mbjm|figc fib|b`~! ng`

cb`~|ra! ybs~ra Br|jxbg g Fob|gcf nb @j|n5 xb c`n

srls~f`~gyra j|gb`~ nb`rob~b xr`c~ra cf|ng`fa sg~rf~ `

ng|bc gf nb r`nb | sf|b sjf|bab g! x|g` bt~b`sgb! ~b|g~j|gra sg~rf~

af bs~ if nb xf|~bf jccgnb`~fa f Br|jxbg! crx|g {`n J|gb`~ra

Fx|jxgf~ g Bt~|bora J|gb`~.

` igaj{jigf cra~r|gg! `j gr`gab j|gb`~ g jccgnb`~ fac ~rgbsc |bxb|bab sxf gfab ef cj`iarb` f c |j|f sb `~a`bsc

njr r`g~x g sxg|g~rfab f`~g~b~gcb g c |j|f ab cj|bsxr`n njr

ob`~fag~ g lf{f~b xb igaj{jigg ngib|g~b! nrx cro cj`s~f~f

F`~j` Nrog~|gr ` arc|f|bf J|gb`~ g Jccgnb`~ $67>3'. ` fcbs~

sxf gr nb i|j`~gb| ! r`nb sb fia Br|jxf nb Srn/Bs~ g Xb`g`sraf

Lfacf`gc ! s/fr cj`~r|f~ ra~b|gj| `j gr`gab nb lfacf gso! cr yfab` bab arg ag~b|f|b! g lfacf gs~gc ! f`sfolar nb s~rngg g

cb|cb~ |g |bib|g~jf|b af agolf! ijacaj|ra! b~`jm|figf g gs~j|gf

xjxjf|baj| lfacf`gcb.

F`fag{`n fsxbc~bab lfacf`gsorarg ng` xb|sxbc~gyf

gs~j|gcrarg! @gcjafb Gj|mf |fxj|~f f|f `jfs~| af sxf gra lfacf`gc

x|g` ~|bg f|mrob`~b; r`ra gs~j|gc srls~|f~ra ~|fcj/gag|gc5 fa~ra


19/91

3

ag`mygs~gc ngfabc~bab agolgg |jo`b! f|jo`f g obmabj|j``f!

ngsbog`f~b ` Lfacf`g! gf| ra~gora! mbjm|figc x|g` Njl|jmbf

fybo j abm ~r| ng|bc~ cr sxf gra lfacf`gc $ Dgs~jg|b nbs B~f~s

Lfaef`rvrbs! 676>'. Of`gibs~`n ob|br j fsxg|f gb `f~gy sx|b

Jccgnb`~! nf| abmf g nb oj{fgcra b~`gc fa |bmgr gg! |jo gg!

`bfo cf|xf~gc! fr fsgogaf~ ~|fng ggab lfacf gcb! fac ~rg nr/g j

s~|rc~r| g`ngygnrfag{f~ ` |jof g~f~bf br|jxbf` .

^rnj| Ygf`r srlag`gf{ cjoxj`b`~f lfacf`gc ng` ig|bf

|jo`rarg! ofg cr sbfo f yfafdrarg nb af Nr` |b. Nf| fnrcb

g j fa~ `rf` . Xsgdjajmgf |jo`rarg! ff cro s/f cj`~r|f~

~|/r` ybfc g ofg lg`b nb ag~b|f~r| cra~ ! f xrs ` yfajf|b

` {rg` f arg c ~|b Jccgnb`~ra af~g` ` cf|b ~| gbsc `bfor|gab

`|rng~b cr ba! igb srls~|f~ra arg xf~|gf|dfa g |r|fa! cf|b g/f

`m nrg~ s sb x s~|b{b nb/f ar`mra f~~j| ybfcr|g `bx|gba`gcb.

Ba f nrs cr sg b! x|g` f`g! gnbfara r`bg nbo`g~ g c r~f~b igb

g`~bm|f|bf cra~r|gg jccgnb`~fab! igb ` xb|xb~rf|bf ybcdgrarg ij`n

fr~jd~j`! nbxj{g~ fa r`j| yg|~r g sgoxab g nr|flgab. Ng` fcbs~b

oj~gyb! lfacf`gsora f nbyb`g~ xb`~|r g ~babc~rfara g |f`ra

|jo` j cf~bmj|gb g`ib|gjf| ! nbo` ofg nbm|fl s igb

cjol ~r~ . $ Gj` Lf|lr! 6738'

Ff sb btxagc |baf~gyf agxs nb bcjr ` sxf gra ag~b|f| |jo`bsc f |fxsjnrarg j~jof` @fs| Cf`~bog| ` Gs~j|gf

Goxb|grarg J~jof`; lrij`ra ofsef|ae/ra sfr ofg lg`b

Bsjxra ~r|c. Iflrabab arg Edjnkf! ~gx |g~b af Cj`s~f`~g`jxja `

643=! fr ijs~ ~|fnrsb nb F`~j` Xf` ! cr`jsc ~j| fa agolgg

~r|cb~g! cf|b f fr~jd~j`g{f~ `robab fr~j|rarg ` yjarora

@ {n| y `ggab arg @fs~|f~g` Djmbf .


20/91

3

^|bx~f~! xjb{gf g x|j{f btxaj|bf{ yfab` bab f|~gs~gcb fab

ob`~fararg srn/bs~ br|jxbf` ng`~|/r` r`mdg xf|jngc cr fccb`~

xb nb|g{j|gr g xb cjoxj`b`~bab sfab cf|fc~b|gfab `bmf~gyb;

ab`b! nb{g`~b|bs! nj|g` nb xf|yb g|b /! g r` fa~ra ftf~ xb

babob`~bab sxg|g~rfag~ gg lfacf gcb; cj`~boxaf gf! ` babxcgr`bf

j|gb`~fa ! |biabc gf obng~f~gy .

Xb fcbfs~ igagb| x ~|r`nb r`gyb|sra igc gj`fa xf|yb`g~ra;

Ng`r X ~r|gc ! `fsb Scf~gr! S~ `gc \f gr.

\bi c`n btgs~b` f cj~gngf` ~gxra r`rg orcfag~ j|gb`~fa g lfacf`gc! Gj` Arcf Cf|fmgfab f ijs~ f~|fs ` xjybs~g|bf arg Eg|

Gf`rbaf nb cbfafa~ if f lfacf`gsorarg. ` xb|gjfnf g`~b|lbagc

sb fccb`~rbf{ ngyb|sg~f~bf s~gags~gc g ~bof~gc . Mfaf

Mfafc~gj` `cag` sx|b r` lfacf`gso b~gc g |bagmgjs! Xf`fg~ Gs~|f~g

sx|b fsxbc~b sjcgfab! Of~bgr Cf|fdgfab byjc j arob njog`f~

`c nb g`iarb` bab if`f|gj~b. ` xjb{gb! Gj` Lf|lr |bc|bbf{ x|g` xjbobab nb xg~j|bsc lfacf`gc sxg|g~ra ybcdgg Bafnb.

+++

` Xjybs~bf yj|lgg! F`~j` Xf`` f

sg`~b~g{f~ ~bof~gc x|jyb|lbab f~rd~j`b g

ab/f btboxagigcf~ x|g`~|/j `f|f gr`b `

yb|sr|g. Ba sf~g|g{bf{ ~| s ~r|gab

cf|fc~b|gfab `bmf~gyb fab cj`~boxj|f`gaj|;

ab`bf! lb gf! x|js~gf! a cjogf .f.! nf|


21/91

3

bajmgf{ ! ` bmfa o sr| ! g {bs~|f|bf g`~babc~rfa f igg` bg

rof`b.

F`~j` Xf``

NBSX\B @Y ^R\

Cb yb g ~g b|b b! fcbbf ~gg af l ~|`b b!

Jora ` cjxga |gb abs`b/`yf j|cb igb.

Ob~brmra af jo b l| f| nb fr|.

@gcg r` ob~brm `r b | r! cg jfob`gg sr`~ | g.

Cg`b `yf af ~g`b|b b sb jngd`b~b af l ~|`b b.

Cfara l ~|` `r sb yf ` lrgbs~|r.

Cg`b ~gb cf|b f|b xf~|r jcdg.

Nf|

J|cb cr l ~fgb nb cfx sb njl`nb~b!

Xb n|ror|g `r sb m sb~b!

X|jcjxsbfaf `r sb crox | cr lf`g! cg s c~gm cr f`g!

Lf`gg `r fnrc x|jcjxsbfaf! cg x|jcjxsbfaf fnrcb lf`gg!


22/91

3

Jora c~ ~| gb~b yf g ~j~ ojf|b `b`y f~.

@gob`g `r xjf~b s {gc ; fcro ab ~gr xb ~jf~b.

XJYBS^BF YJ\LGG

Njg x|bcrxbg ~g b|g sb/`~jy | g|

g nrx `bmj r/g x|g` f| gb g| .

Cjag`n`n x|g` sf~b ` ar`mf aj| cfab!

Jnf~ /`sb|f| af r` sf~ x/j yfab!

g s ogb `jfx~b fr ~|fs gox|br`

Af j cfs cf|b ab/fr x |r~ ofg lr` !

R`nb/` l ~ ~r| ab gb g/`fg`~b

R` l ~|` nb ~|bfl g ijf|~b nb cg`s~b.

g x|ggog lg`b! g l m ` cfs !

g bg g cb|r| `~g g/`~g ofs .

[gc nr/g; ~r & s`~bo ia o`{g ~f|b!

I lg b!/`m|gkb ~b nb cbyf o`cf|b.

L ~|`ra ab {gsb; bnbg! igg ` xfcb!

C nbsx|b o`cf|b yjo ifcb cb/jo ifcb.


23/91

3

X c`n nf| ofsf oj ra s ab xrgb!

Nb y|j ybs~b `jr `~|bl s /g sxrgb.

Yj|lg`n r`f/fa~f cr ~jgg/ox|br` !

Cf g r`gg/fagg c nyf c`n s/fnr` !

Gbg`n ng` bg r`ra fif| af ~|bfl !

Ojra m sg`n y|bob xb cbaafa~ `~|bfl

[gc`nr/g; Krx`b& yjg i|fg s`~bg xjf~b!

C y y { x|bf lg`b sbo ``n af ~jf~b:

^jyf|r/g {gsb cr sc|l `~|/`sra;

F& `/f ofg y|bf i|f~b s fo g cf n`sra!

C f~~ njf| f|b! cdgx g ~|rx cf jora!

Nf| xjg s /g nfg xfgb cf g af ~j~ ljra.

Yj|lg`n bg! sjsb~b cba gbg~ fif|

g `nf~ yj|lf `~|b bg scdgolf| .

Xrg` nfcf ~|bcb g fcbs~afa~ gbsb!

Ojra gf|g! cf|b cr|gjs irsbsb!

Fsbob`g /fcbs~rg ifcb `~|blf|b;

Krx`b& {gc`nr/g i|fg s`~bg og xf|b:

C sbo `f g! rg~b! af cdgx cr/`~|bmgob!

Xj~|gygg `~jcof g af ` a gob.


24/91

3

/fcbs~ gf| | sxr`b; Fg m|b fa ! ~f~ !

S /og igb ba i|f~b /f y|bf gcgjnf~ !

C b o mf| of|b! cf|b r ofg sgo~b!

S /g xrg s o ``cb ~ | b/`fg`~b.

Fr{g`n l ~| ra fcbs~b cryg`~b!

C ~|b r`ra/fa~ra `bn`nr/ g bg cg`s~b!

Sb scjfa `nf~ ! cfr~ cjxfgb!

Ob|mb g j roxab x srs cr xfgb!

Ofg gf c r` ! sb nrcb cr n`sf!

Fxrc g xr`b ~ | b `~|/`sf!

g cr fo`njr g`~|`n ba ` cfs

Ab xrsb/`fg`~b xb xf~ i | ofs .

Bg! y { n fcbfs~f! a ~|bl njnf~ ;

Nb cb `b xrg fs~b `fg`~b! ~f~ :

Xji~gg! ba | sxr`sb c y nfr br `c !

Ljra g o mf|ra nb fs~b o ``c .

Gf| bg `cbxr| /` jcdg s sb x|gybfsc

g r`ra nb fa~ra iff s / g |jfsc .


25/91

3

L ~|`ra f~r`cbf mr|f/ g `~|bobf{

g `y ~r|f fs~iba g r|obf{ !

[gc`n; Cjxgg ~g`b|g& | r s `r y xf|

Nb fcbfs~ maro cb/j ifc fs~ /sbf| !

C ! c~ f|b jora ` arob ygf !

^j~ ob|br `yf g `r sb `yf 5

g yjg nb fcbfs~f fybg ~|blrg` !

@rofg n/fg arf/j cr lr` yjg .

Nbg r/s f~~ ` babx~! crog`~b!

Nf| ~j~ xjcg f {gcb njr /~|bg cryg`~b.

Nb s`~bg ~jyf|jg j| i|fg! br `/fo ~|bfl

Cro y|bg xr~bg {gcb af cg`b y / ~|bfl .

Nbc~ {gc! b lg`b c jora y|jnf~

X/fa~ s `r nbifgob! s /g xrgb y|j xf~ !

g ofg ora~ x/fcbaf cf|b/a `sjb~b

Sfr fa~iba cr n`sr/ox|br` ~| gb ~b.

C cg`b/g nb ~|bfl cr x|js~ `r s/fnr` !

Cg`s~bf cr jcf|f `r xj~ ig/ox|br` .

Cg`b g nbifgo cj`~jyf|j gf

g f|f~ `sr g `bcrygjgf.

Cf ba x|g` r|of|b arobf/a x|brgb~b.


26/91

3

F rolaf xb sg`b ofg lr` s sb ifc !

Nbi go`n xb fa~ra `r xjf~b s xafc .

C b j {gcfa ofg nb ~j g yj|lg~ ;

Jora af jo ~|fmb g yg~f af yg~ .

F~r`cg ar`n ojra cjx gab nf~b!

Ab xrsb/`fg`~b xg`b g lrcf~b

g g cg`s~g lg b nrx crygg` !

I c`nr/g ba fs~iba m|b faf s / g sgo~ .

Cf|gg c~ ~| g| ~j~ a xjob g|

g fcbfs~f `srg bg j xjybs~g| .


27/91

3


28/91

3

C\G[F JCCGNB@^RARG

Njcrob`~ j|gmg`fa


29/91

3

@r ofg bs~b j cdbs~gr`b nb obng~f gb igajsjigc cj`s~f~f|bf

c Br|jxf ~|bcb x|g`~|/j c|g{ . J nb{j|gb`~f|b cjoxab~ s/f

g`sg`rf~ ` sriab~ra jorarg xf`gc! ` g`gof lr|mdb{rarg cjojn!

cf g ` og`~bf fcbaj|f i| o`~f g! ` mb`b|fa! nb `~|bl |g.

^jf~b cf~bmj|ggab sjcgfab! jfob`g nb fifcb|g g igajsjig! gm`j|f` g

g `y f g! xjag~gcgb`g g ~bj|b~gcgb`g fr ijs~ x|g g nb xf`gcf

g`cb|~g~rng`gg. @gogc `r ofg xf|b sgmr|! ~j~ra bs~b iargngc! j|gcb

f|b r` cf|fc~b| nb `sx go`~ ~j| x|jyg{j|f~; gnbbf cf g ygf f

`jfs~| cbf nb ~jf~b {gabab. Nboj`ra ngs~|rmb|gg njog` ~jf~b

fc~bab `jfs~|b! ` j|ng`bf fls~|fc~ sfr ` cbf cj`c|b~ . g xbs~b |rg`bab fcroraf~b ` ~jf~b njob ggab! r` sbo` nb

`~|blf|b sb |gngc ! cf j gob`s xgf~| ir`b|f| ; cf|b bs~b

~b|ob`ra ig`fa fa fcbs~bg ~|fmbngg: Sx|b cb flgs sb `n|bfx~

job`g|bf: C ~|b cb of|b f oj| gg g ifcb ajc iarygra ~r|lr|b cb

f g`r`nf~ Jccgnb`~ra:

Bs~b fnby |f~ c ` sxbcgfa cbab njr of|g | {ljfgb cf|b

fr {mrnrg~ Fxrsra fr srmb|f~ gnbbf nb c|g{ f Br|jxbg. ` bab sb

jmag`nb~b! gox|bsgj`f`~ g ofg lg`b nbig`g~ ! gofmg`bf

Sjf|barg `s`mb|f~! cf|b fxr`b! xjf~b! nbig`g~gy! xb`~|r {grf

br|jxbf` . Gobngf~ nrx x|gora | {ljg oj`ngfa! ` 6764! r`

kfxj`b{! Of|cdg{ra Jerof! sc|gf ` Fob|gcf; ,` if f r`j| ifx~b

nb fcbfs~ `f~r| `r xj~ ifcb nbc~ s o `~|bl nfc

cgygag{f gf br|jxbf` `r bs~b xb of|mg`bf r`bg |rg`g nbig`g~gyb:

O `~|bl nfc fcbfs~ s~| arcg~ cgygag{f gb br|jxbf` `r f

fkr`s af fcbafg xr`c~ r`nb sb m sbfr fcbabf fabf M|bcgbg!

\jobg! Bmgx~rarg! Lflgaj`rarg sfr G`ngbg! `fg`~bf ngsxf|g gbg aj|.

^jf~b arc|r|gab ng` arobf fcbfs~f sr`~ srxrsb nbcfnb` bg g

|rg`gg. Nrx cb fr fkr`s af {b g~! `cbx s nbcag`b `cb~ra cr


30/91

3

`cb~ra! nf| bmjgsora bs~b x|gof cfr{ f |rg`gg aj|,. Gf~ ~bof

bsb` gfa f cbaj| cf|b s/fr jcrxf~ nb c|g{f Jccgnb`~rarg!

sjcj~g`n/j j xb|gjfn cf~fs~|jigc ! nb nbc nb|b! r` nbcag` fa

rof`g~ gg. F ig ~b`~f~ s cg~b{ r` `ro | `bsi|g~ nb fr~j|g!

cf|b `cbx x|g f cj`sgnb|f bxjcf fc~rfa cf r` fxrs! cf j

nbcfnb` g j nb{fm|bmf|b ir`cgf| f cbbf cb f nf~ ofg lr`

job g|bf x` fcro; cra~r|f g cgygag{f gf jccgnb ~fa . Fs~iba!

r` Js}fan Sxb`mab| yf sc|gb j arc|f|b ofsgy ! ` scjxra fcbs~f!

R`~b|mf`m nbs Flb`naf`nbs! ` cf|b! r` art nb f|mrob`~b

r`bj|g ngscr~flgab! yf cfr~f s f|f~b c igbcf|b cra~r| f|b r` nbs~g` cg|craf|! cf g jora; sb `f~b! fkr`mb af of~r|g~f~b! fxjg

sb f`cdgaj{bf{ g ojf|b. Cra~r|f `jfs~| f| ig fkr`s ` ra~gof

if{ ! fcbbf f l ~|`b gg5 fs~ {g bf sb m sb~b `~|/j s~f|b nb

ngsjar gb g `r yj| ofg | o`b ng` bf nbc~ ybs~gmggab! ff cro

fr | ofs! nb xgan ! Bmgx~.

R` Arn}g`m Lfrb| `b yf `i gf Fmj`gf r`bg arog! xb cf|b

r` Db`|g Ofssgs g yf x|jxr`b s j fxb|b ` Nbib`sb nb

a-Jccgnb`~! nb xb|gcjara ogs~gcgg fsgf~gcb5 r` \b` Lrb`j` yf

ybnbf C|g{f arogg ojnb|`b ` agxsf nb ~|fng gg g nb fnby |r|g

|bybaf~b! xb cf|b ab yf c r~f ` J|gb`~5 r` Lb|ngfbii yf ybnbf

gbg|bf ng c|g{ x|g`~|/r` @jr By Obngr5 gf| r` Ebwsb|ag`m yf

x|jxr`b r` `jr gnbfa nb ` babxcgr`b! g{yj|~ ng` cb|b|bf

m`ng|gg j|gb`~fab.

Nf| ~|blrgb s o jx|bsc5 `r bs~b `byjgb s `g sb

nboj`s~|b{b c btgs~ j c|g{ ! bf bs~b x|b{b`~ x|b~r~g`nb`g!

fybo cj`~gg f n|fof~gc f bg; `jg j ~| go.

+++


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Cb bs~b j c|g{ : Nrx Sxb`mab|! c|g{f cra~r|gg jccgnb`~fab

s~ ` | s~r|`f|bf yfar|gaj| . Nbcag`ra r`bg cra~r|g sb of`gibs~

x|g`~|/j c|g{ f yfar|gaj| c|bf~b g fccbx~f~b nb mb`b|f ggab

f ~b|gjf|b. ` if{f c|g~gc! fcbs~b yfar|g sr`~ cj`~bs~f~b!g`~b|x|b~f~b! c|g~gcf~b g |bsxg sb. J fs~iba nb |byjar gb `bmf~gy

f| ig `cbxr~ra! ` Jccgnb`~! jnf~ cr Kbf`/Kfcvrbs \jrssbfr g

`gdgagsora br|jxbf` s/f| ig fccb`~rf~ x|g` Scdjxb`dfrb|!

Dbllba! ]fm`b|! @gb~{scdb! Glsb`! S~|g`nlf|m b~c. ` bxjcf nb

`iaj|g|b f r`bg cra~r|g / c|bnb Sxb`mab| / `j|obab g yfar|gab sr`~

~| g~b g`s~g c~gy. Nbcfnb` f bs~b j xb|gjfn nb ~bj|b~g{f|b! ` cf|b yfar|gab sr`~ sxbcraf gg fls~|fc~b! ~jcofg igg`nc `r btgs~

` cj`c|b~. ` njob`gra b~gc! nb xgan ! ` ajc s sb xabcb nb af

yfaj|gab oj|fab! xb cf|b ygf f ab goxr`b j|mf`gc g `bcbsf|!

fcbs~bf sr`~ i m nrgbagab r`j| sgs~bob ~bj|b~gcb g ygf f sb

nbsi jf| i | sriab~! i | cb|~g~rng`gab ng|bc~b fab g`s~g`c~rarg!

srl cj`nrcb|bf g`~babc~rarg; ygf f fybf r` sriab~ g! srl ~r~baf g`~bagmb` bg fls~|fc~b! fcbs~f f or|g~.

Bs~b fnby | g b|jf|b ` fig|of gf arg Sxb`mab|.

Sgoxara ifx~ `s ! nb f | s~r|`f yfaj|gab g`s~fr|f~b `

~|bcr~! `r xjf~b cj`s~g~rg r` nbcag`5 ba `r xjf~b x|gog! ` sb`s

xbgj|f~gy! `gcg `robab nb c|g{ . Nfc x|gygo job`g|bf! ` f`sfolara bg! cf j sg`mr| igg` ! xr~bo cj`s~f~f c bf g/f

scdgolf~ cj`~g`rr ojnfag~f~bf ygb gg nb af x|gog~gyg g x`

fs~ {g. ` xf|~gcraf|! Jccgnb`~ra xjf~b ig |bcj`s~g~rg gs~j|gc! cf j

|bfag~f~b xb|of`b`~ scdgol ~jf|b5 s/f c|b{r~ ~j~nbfr`f c gnbg

sfr njc~|g`b! ij|ob g g`s~g~r gg `ybcdg~b xj~ ig ajcrg~b x|g`

fa~bab ofg lr`b g ofg xj~|gyg~b cr ob`~fag~f~bf r`bg bxjcg. F|ig! fs~iba! job`g|bf ` xb|of`b`~ nbcag : J fs~iba nb fig|of gb


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`r xjf~b ig srs g`r~ ! igg`nc f| xr`b xb|ibc gr`bf ` jfob gg

x|gog~gyg! ` `rng~f~bf cj`cbx~rfa f g`~babc~rarg. Bs~b fnby |f~

c Sxb`mab| c|bnb c ngib|g~bab cra~r|g! cf|b fr btgs~f~ sfr

btgs~ fs~ {g! sr`~ `cdgsb! c `r fr `gcg j cjor gcf gb ~|b bab!

g c `r xj~ ig ` babsb cf s~fngg ngib|g~b g gb|f|dgcb fab byjar gbg

rof`g~ gg. Nf|! ` ibara fcbs~f! ` cfn|ra r`bg fcbabgfg cra~r|g!

jora / cf g c|g~b|ggab ygb gg arg / f| ig r` nf~ cjoxab~ g nbig g~gy!

`bsrscbx~glga nb xb|ibc gj`f|b! sfr r` sgoxar obcf`gso

g`s~g`c~gy! f c |rg c|b~b|b f| ig sf|cg`f btcarsgy f `f~r|gg! r`

baf` yg~fa sfr xsgdgc! g`cj`~gb`~ g jlscr|... Fc gr`bf cj`~gb`~ f g`~bagmb` bg f| fybf r` cf|fc~b| `bifs~ g nbs~|rc~gy; x|g` bf

yfaj|gab s/f| xrayb|g{f g `njgfaf s/f| g`~|jnrcb ` j|gcb

njob`gr. Btfob`ra c|g~gc! sxbcgigc ob`~fag~ gg br|jxb`b! f|

cj`s~g~rg! x|g` ba `srg! j if{ nb nbcag ! gf| fabmb|bf aglb| f

c|g~b|ggaj| ygb gg f| nrcb! if~fa! c|g{f ` g`gof bg.

J c|g{ `s `r xjf~b ig j sgoxa | s~r|`f|b nb yfaj|g5 bf

cj`s~ ! ` x|gora |`n! ` ifx~ra / g fgcg bs~b m|fyg~f~bf / c sb

à ~r| yfaj|g cf|b fr fyr~ j cg|craf gb! i | f ig àjcrg~b cr

fa~bab. Nfc r`rg s~f~! cf|b `r f fyr~ j cj`s~g~r gb! g n o r`f!

fngc ! nfc ng`~|/r` s~f~ cf|b f fyr~ j s~|rc~r| f|lg~|f| g

cjìr{ ifcbo r` s~f~ cr j s~|rc~r| cj`s~g~r gj`fa ! `r xjf~b ig

yj|lf nb j c|g{ ! cg nb r` x|jm|bs. Nfc ` f|~ g`~|jnrcbo fa~b

x|g`cgxgg! cr à ~r|f|bf cbaj| ybcdg! `r `b fia o ` if f r`bg

c|g{b! cg ` if f r`bg scdgol |g ofg fnbcyf~b ob`~fag~ gg

ojob`~rarg. g ff g ` fa~b njob`gg5 scdgolf|bf r`j| yfaj|g!

x|g` fa~bab! `r cj`s~g~rgb! g`byg~flga! r` ojob`~ nb |bcra. S/f|

xr~bf | sxr`nb! ~j~rg! c btgs~ j gb|f|dgb f yfaj|gaj|! g c

srls~g~rg|bf r`j| yfaj|g `jg cbaj| ybcdg xjf~b `sbo`f j c|g{ !


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f~r`cg c`n x|gobab sr`~ g`ib|gjf|b ra~gobaj|. R` c|g~b|gr nb

j|ng`b xb`~|r yfaj|g `r btgs~ `s x` fcro! gf| j byfarf|b f

yfaj|gaj| `sbg bs~b j jxb|f gb |baf~gy ! cf|b nbxg nb nb c|g~b|gra

fabs. Yfaj|gab fr r` cf|fc~b| srlgbc~gy! bab ,sr`~ f|~gigcgg g j

sf~gsifc gb nf~ r`j| ~b`ng` b fab jfob`gaj|,! sc|gb S.

Fabtf`nb|. Jlgbc~gyg~f~bf aj| `r f| cj`s~f `~|/j jf|bcf|b

cj`s~|`mb|b f `f~r|gg fsrx|f sxg|g~rarg! sxr`b fcbafg fr~j|!

`~|/j cjb|cgyg~f~b g`~|g`sbc f arc|r|gaj|! f jlgbc~gyrarg! cg `

cj`s~|`mb|bf btb|cg~f~ nb fcj|nra g ~bagmb` baj| fsrx|f og` gg

g`ngygnrfab. Fc gr`bf sxg|g~rar g`s~fr|bf{ |bm`ra r`j| yfaj|g! g `r fc gr`bf aj| ng|bc~ g jlgbc~gy fsrx|f `jfs~| .

A s`n af j xf|~b ngscr gf yfs~ ! cf|b xjf~b ig r|o |g~

g`nbig`g~ ` njob`gr ftgjajmgc! nrx `jg! `rofg j fx|bcgb|b nb

j|ng` xr| ij|ofa f yfaj|gaj| yf xr~bf fybf! sg`mr| ! j mf|f` gb

` bf `s g. Ng` fcbs~ xr`c~ nb ybnb|b! j yfajf|b `r bs~b nbc~

r` cb`~|r j|mf`g{f~j| fa r`j| fc~gyg~ g! sb`~gob`~b sfr gnbg.

Yfaj|gab! cf|b njog` ! af r` ojob`~ nf~! cra~r|f g cgygag{f gf!

nb`j~ ! fs~iba! j f`rob j|mf`gcg~f~b g cr c~ fcbfs~

j|mf`gcg~f~b bs~b ofg cjoxab~ ! cr f~~ yfaj|gab sr`~ ofg yfs~b.

Sg`mr|f gb|f|dgb xjsglga g jlgbc~gy f yfaj|gaj| bs~b fcbbf

f yfs~g~ gg njob grarg xb cf|b/a j|mf`g{bf{ . Fs~iba! lg`bab r|o |g~ nb r` g`ngygn xb`~|r sg b bs~b j yfajf|b og`j| if nb

lg`bab cf|b sb fn|bsbf{ r`bg m|rxb ng` cb ` cb ofg of|g nb

jfob`g. g ~j~ ff! fnby |ra ~gg` gigc! igg n fccbsglga j|gc |bg

g`~bagmb` b! cfx ~ j yfajf|b r`gyb|sfa ! sx|b nbjsblg|b nb

fnby |r|gab fig|of~b g`ngygnrfa! g`cfxflgab s j|mf`g{b{b arobf

gnbgaj|. Cdgf| g ` f|~ ! ` xjag~gc ! ` sjcgjajmgb b~c.! yfaj|gab yj| fybf r` cf|fc~b| ofkj|! cr c~ s~|rc~r|gab xb cf|b ab yj| `igg f


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yj| ig ofg foxab g ofg |gmr|js j|mf`g{f~b. Nb fcbbf! sb xjf~b

flsb|yf c àjcrg|bf r`j| yfaj|g ybcdg x|g` fa~bab `jg! xb`~|r f

`r cj`nrcb af j c|g{ g r` nbcag ! ~|blrgb s cjj|nj`b{b cba

xr g` bmfa! nfc `r ofg ora~! njob gra xb cf|b/a s~|rc~r|fr

cbab ybcdg. Cr fa~b cryg ~b! nfc r` sbc~j| fa cra~r|gg sfr fa

cgygag{f gbg bs~b `mrs~f~ nb g`~b|yb` gf yfaj|gaj| `jg! nfc `jrf

arg s~|rc~r| afs fif| r` sbmob`~ nb fc~gyg~f~b g m`ng|b! xb

cf|b `r/a ofg ir`nbf{ ! `b m sgo gf| g ` c|g{ ! nbjf|bcb! x|g`

nbig`g gb! ng ~|/r` njob`gr fo btcars r`bab yfaj|g. Xb scr|~!

c|g{f btgs~ ! nfc btcarnbo! xr| g sgoxar! yfaj|gab ybcdg! i | f ab ajcrg5 sfr nfc ab srlbs~g~rgo fa~bab `jg! ofg |bs~|`sb

nbc~ cbab ybcdg.

S btfog` o sg~rf gf Jccgnb`~rarg. cbbf cb sb xjf~b

jlsb|yf! nb af `cbxr~! bs~b j s~f|b nb cjìr{gb ~r|lr| ~jf|b. `

njob`gra sjcgfa sb cfr~ x|g cgxggab r`bg sjcgb~ g `jg! nf| s/f

`cbxr~ bagog`f|bf cbabg ybcdg. Cdgf| nfc sb ij|orabf{ r`bab

x|g`cgxgg sjcgfab! bab sr`~ xf|~gcraf|b igbc |bg cjabc~gyg~ g. `s !

ofg ora~ sfr ofg xr g`! s~f~bab br|jxb`b b|fr cj`s~g~rg~b xb j

s~|rc~r| cjor` g bs~b goxj|~f`~ ifx~ra c fybfr r` fcbafg

sgs~bo gnbfa nb yfaj|g. Sb |bsxg`mb fs~ {g cbbf cb ij|of r`

x|g`cgxgr ofg yfs~! ` ijajsra r`rg x|g`cgxgr ofg |bnrs.

Cjìarc~ra bs~b g`byg~flga. Sb cfr~ f sb ir`nf j igajsjigb f c |bg

`f gr`g! j f|~ `f gj`fa sfr! ` mb`b|fa! r` gnbfa cf|b s `r igb

gnbfara fa~j|f. Bs~b j mjf` `blr` nrx x|g`cgxgg! cf|b sb

gox|jyg{bf{ ! `bfy`n nbc~ j yfajf|b xf|~gcraf| . C|g{f! `

mb`b|fa! sb nbig`b~b x|g`~|/j agxs nb yfaj|g sfr x|g`

g`~|jnrcb|bf r`j| yfaj|g xf|~gcraf|b! xb`~|r cf|b arx~ o cf g

cro f| fybf j sbo`gigcf gb r`gyb|sfa .


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Gf~ ! srof|! ` cb cj`s~ c|g{f Jccgnb`~rarg. Bf sb

cf|fc~b|g{bf{ `r f~~ x|g` | s~r|`f|bf yfaj|gaj|! cro c|bnbf

Sxb`mab|! `r f~~ x|g` ifx~ra c yfaj|gab `r ofg ifc xf|~b ng

`s g btg~b` f `jfs~| ! cg ofg cr|`n x|g` g`btgs~b` f yfs~baj|

yfaj|g! srscbx~glgab s j|nj`b{b! s cj`cb`~|b{b `~|bfmf

fc~gyg~f~b f jorarg! ` ifogagb! ` sjcgb~f~b! ` job`g|b sfr `

cjsojs. @r igg`nc `r ~| go xb lf{f r`j| yfaj|g b~gcb nf~b `b

{lf~bo fcbfs~ cj`iafm|f gb! cf|b f crx|g s `~|bfmf arob! cg

igg`nc fo xgb|nr~ ng` ybnb|b yfaj|gb gnbfab! sg`mr|bab cfxflgab

s |biabc~ b{b j f|oj gb g j j|mf`gcg~f~b ` m`ng|b! sgo g|b sfr fc gr`b. Nbsgmr|! j yfajf|b gnbfa `r xjf~b ig |bfag{f~ cj`c|b~!

x|g` ogkajfcbab goxb|ibc~b nb cf|b ngsxr`b jora. Nf| btgs~b` f

bg cf r` xr`c~ cf|ng`fa fa ` {rg` baj| `jfs~|b f| c a r{g

sxb|f` bab! yjg` f! cb|~g~rng`gab g g`cb|~g~rng`gab ygb gg. J

fsbob`bf s~bf xjaf| f j|gc |bg fc~gyg~ g `r btgs~ ` Jccgnb`~.

Cj`nrg~f `jfs~| bs~b mdgnf~ nb ob~bj|gg bibob|g fg ~r~r|j| gnbjajmggaj| xf|~gcraf|b sg obscdg`b! ajc s j r gigcb.

` sxbcgfa ` arobf gnbgaj| r`nb fr sbo`gigcf gf nb

x|g`cgxgg yfaj|gab fr nbyb`g~ ng` cb ` cb ofg |bs~|`sb.

Nfc x|g`cgxgr ofg `sbfo` g cbbf cb bs~b bsb` gfa!

xr~bo ybnbf `~|bm cj`iagc~ra arogg fc~rfab ` ngsxf|g gf ~|bxf~f~ f bsb` gfararg. Ljm gf nb |b{ra~f~b xb cf|b ab/fr

`sc|gs or`cf g bij|~ra bt~|fj|ng`f| fa Jccgnb`~rarg g/f ijs~! `

ojn xf|fnjtfa! if~fa ; Jccgnb`~ra s/f xgb|nr~ ` nb~fagg! c`n `r

s/f | ~ cg~ cjoxab~5 ba g/f xgb|nr~ j|g{j`~ra ng` x|gcg` c s/f

fir`nf~ ` fn`cgogab fo `r`~rarg. Nf| `rofg nb xb of|gab

` a gog! yg{gr`bf nbyg`b ofg foxa 5 jcdgra cf|b x|gyb~b nb xb xgscra or`~barg xjf~b sc|r~f of|gab nbx |~ |g...


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Fs~iba g/f xgb|nr~ Jccgnb`~ra of|gab x|jlabob! g ` fcbfs~f

cj`s~ c|g{f arg.

+++

Bs~b bygnb`~ c `b m sgo ` if f r`bg nb{fm|bm |g. Btgs~

cbyf ygcgf~ ` fcbfs~ arob. Fo |bcr`jscr~! `~|/r` x|go

btfob` mb`b|fa! cfr{f fcbs~bg c|g{b! ` agxsf nb yfaj|gfr~b`~gcb! ` `cdg`f|bf af yfaj|g xf|~gcraf|b! ` cj`ir{gf g

flsb` f x|g`cgxggaj|. Fcbfs~f sb ~|fnrcb! ` cj`c|b~! x|g`~|/j

sg~rf gb ng`~|b cbab ofg lg{f|b. Kjcra nb ifx~b g nb fc gr g!

fc~bab g`ngyg{gaj| cf g fab sjcgb~ gaj| `r sr`~ njog`f~b nb

x|g`cgxgg ng|bc~jf|b. Btxagc`n fc~bab `jfs~|b x|g` oj~gyb g

yfaj|g xf|~gcraf|b! `r ofg bs~b gnbbf cf|b krs~gigc fc~ra! cg fcbs~f krs~gigc gnbbf . Obcf`gsora arogg s/f `~j|s. Btxagcf gf! g

cr fcbfs~f oj~gyf|bf r`rg arc|r! sb ifcb g`~bm|`n arc|ra `~|/j

gnbb mb`b|fa ! nbkf fnogs . Fcbs~f bs~b ob|sra `j|ofa fa

|f gj`fob`~rarg! cf|b xabfc nb af mb`b|fa af xf|~gcraf|.

Krs~gigc`n fc~gyg~f~bf arg x|g` gnbg xf|~gcraf|b! m sg~b fn djc!

Jccgnb`~ra f | s~r|`f~ x|jlabof5 `r ofg bs~b yj|lf nbsx|b f

f| ~f `~|rc~ j fc gr`b sb g`~bm|bf{ `~|/r` sgs~bo nb gnbg g

bs~b cjoxf~glga cr ba! cg nb f m sg gnbg xf|~gcraf|b cf|b s

btxagcb j f`rog~ fc~gyg~f~b. F`~bcbnb`~ra x|jlabobg bs~b

scdgolf~; fc~ra x|bob|mb x|g`cgxgrarg. Fasj go F`if`m }f| ngb

^f~! yf cj`cdgnb arobf jccgnb`~fa ! jnf~ cr Mjb~db.


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Nbjf|bcb sb xj~ m sg gnbg xf|~gcraf|b cf|b s sx|gkg`b

fccgnb`~fa j|gcb fcg~gyg~f~b! fcbfs~f s/f nb{a ` rg~ j|l! ~jcofg

igg`nc `r ofg bs~b s~ x`g~ nb x|g`cgxgg.

Sb xjf~b cj`s~f~f j dgxb|~|jigb|b f fc~gyg~ gg! j x|bjcrxf|b

nboj`gc nb f ifcb. X|gof~ra ifx~rarg! gf~ cb cj`nrcb fs~ {g

ygf f g`ngygnrarg. Fo nb{a ` rg~ sb`~gob`~bab g |bsb`~gob`~bab

`jfs~|b g fo c r~f~ s ab n o cr|s ` ifx~bab cbab ofg lg{f|b!

cf|b `bcbsg~ njc~|g`bab cbab ofg flsr|nb g cj`~|f|b. Gnbgab:

Bab `r sr`~ nbc~ f`btb sjigs~gcb! g r`bj|g cdgf| nb `f~r|

x|jxfmf`ngs~gc sfr |b~j|gc . J ajmgc oj|lgn cj`nrcb

nbsi r|f|bf ygb gg `jfs~|b. Cr`jscr~ra xsgdjajm \glj~ f

f`fag{f~! ` ngyb|sb cf{r|g xf~jajmgcb! fsxbc~bab obcf`gsorarg

ajmgc5 ba f cj`s~f~ j ajmgc sxbcgfa ! j `a ` rg|b cr|gjfs ! xb

cf|b f nb`rog~/j ajmgcf sb`~gob`~baj|. ` ajmgcf jlg`rg~ sb

nfr x|bogsbab g sb cfr~ fxjg cj`car{gf. ` ajmgcf sfr ofg

lg`b {gs! gajmgcf sb`~gob`~baj| sb n ! ofg `~g! cj`car{gf g sb

cfr~ x|bogsbab cf|b g sb xj~|gybsc. Cj`car{gf bs~b nj|g~ !

c r~f~ g sb goxr`b x|g x|bogsb f|~gigcgfab sfr xf|~gcraf|b.

Fcbfs~ ajmgc s~|f`gb mryb|`bf{ fc~gyg~f~bf Jccgnb`~rarg;

r`rg fc~! cf|b bs~b nj|g~! g sb cfr~ x|bogsb krs~gigcf~jf|b. Nf|

fcbs~ fc~ bs~b j|l.

Bs~b cj`~gg` f xb|of`b ~ ~|fmgc f Jccgnb ~rarg! cf|b

c|bnb c srib| ofg ora~ nbc~ srib| ` |bfag~f~b. Cj|jaf|ra

fcbs~rg sb`~gob`~ bs~b nj|g` f nb f scdgolf! nb f ifcb xb|ibc~b

~jf~b arc|r|gab ng` arob; sjcgb~f~bf cf g jora. Nb fgcg r|obf{

j fmg~f gb xb|xb~r ! j `bag`g~b xb|of`b`~ ! cf|b `cf|c


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sriab~ra br|jxbf`rarg cr r` ng fogso lg{f|! sr|sf ~r~r|j|

sjar ggaj| xb|ibc~b! xb cf|b ab cj`s~|rgb~b xb`~|r f ab

flf`nj`f! g f `cbxb nb af cfx ~ gf| g! g ff af `bsi|g~.

Jccgnb`~ra bs~b ` c r~f|bf r`bg j|ng g x|g`cgxgfab x|g`

sxbcraf gg fyb`~r|jfsb! nf| og`r`f~b. Sg`mr|bab bxjcg

br|jxb`b ` cf|b j fsbob`bf j|ng`b f ijs~ `cb|cf~ ` ojn

bibc~gy fr ijs~ fcbbf lg{f`~g` g fcbbf cf~jagc ! goxb|gra

Lfsgabgaj| g goxb|gra Xfxgaj|. Nf|! njc~|g`f c|b~g` ! igb cbf ng`

\ s |g~! igb cbf ng` Fxrs! b|f j ` ~r| flgf ` ij|of gb! cf|b

g c r~f bf `s g ir`nfob`~bab. C|b~g`gsora x|barfsb j arob

` cf|b `r sb ` scrsb! j arob x ~|r`s nb cra~r|f m|bcbfsc .

Xr~bo cj`cdgnb c |bmf~ra ~goxr|gaj| ~|bcr~b! xb cf|b/a

cj`s~f~ o gs~j|gc! bs~b! ofg cr|`n! `js~famgf ygg~j|rarg.

Btx|go o m|bg~! |fxj|~`nr/`b af ~|bcr~! nbcfnb` f Br|jxbg5

~|gs~b bf cj`~boxj|f` bs~b! ` ij`n! |bcr`jf~b|bf r`rg gnbfa oxag`g~! f r`rg ygg~j| ofg lr`! xb cf|b ij| f g`~bagmb` bg

Jccgnb`~rarg xr~bf s /a |bfag{b{b g `r a/f |bfag{f~. Bs~b ` ~jf~

\b`f~b|bf g ` ~jf~ xb|gjfnf gs~j|gc nb af bf g x` af `jg!

r` sb`~gob`~ nb `b~b|og`f~. Cro sb oxag`b~g jxb|f `cbxr~

f~r`cg: Gf~ sg`mr|f x|jlabo |bfa ! cf|b sb |gngc ` ojn

jlgbc~gy g cf|b f|f~ c `r xjf~b ig yj|lf nb r` nbcag` fa Jccgnb`~rarg

CRA^R\G NGIB\G^B


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\b ~jf|cb|bf af j|gmg b bs~b x|b{b`~ ! srl ngyb|sb

fsxbc~b! af ofg ~j g m`ng~j|gg cdg`b{g. ` fxb`ngcbab af Cf|~bf

or~f ggaj| ! cf|b bs~b! nrxf cro fo yf{r~! r`ra ng`

njcrob`~bab nb lf{f fab g`~|bmgg igajsjigg f`~gcb cdg`b{b! mfsgo

j sb|gb nb fnfmgj cf|b btboxagigcf |bg`~jf|cb||bf ; cf`n

sjf|bab sjsbs~b af xr`c~rfa craog`f`~! ba nbcagcf! sgc f`n ar`f f

nbyb`g~ xag`f! bf nbsc|bs~b.5 Cf`n cfanr|f yg`b! i|gmra xabfcf5

X|g` g`~jf|cb|b! `jg ybnbosxg|g~ra Cb|rarg sg Xfof`~rarg! b~c.6

Cj`ircgrs sg scjfaf arg! cro fo sxrs! fr g` ybnb|b! ofg

fabs! xb|sxbc~gyb sjcgfaf f r`bg |bs~fr|f|g. Bs~b j |bfag{f|b fjorarg g` sjcgb~f~bf rof`f! x|g` cra~gyf|bf! g` x|gora |f`n f

yg|~r~gg $~b'. Ij|~f jorarg bs~b g` r`g|bf ~r~r|j| ij|~baj| rof`b!

sg x|g |bmabob`~f|bf ir`c~gj`f|gg aj| g` cjor`g~f~b! igbcf|b

xjf~b sf nbyg`f r` g`~babx~ $wr'. Nf| xb`~|r f nbyb`g r` wr!

Cj`ircgrs xr`b j cj`ng~gb! sg f`rob ! sf sb cr`jfscf yjg`~f

cb|rarg $og`m'; Cg`b `r cr`jfs~b yjg`~f Cb|rarg `r xjf~b ig r`wr


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cr`jfscf x|jx|gf sf `f~r|f! fcbaf cf|b sb cr`jfs~b xb sg`b!

cr`jfs~b Cb|ra. Jora nbyg`b r` fjo fnbyf|f~! `rofg g` lf{f

`j|obaj| sjcgfab. Nb fgcg gnbf nb ag! cf|b! g` mb`b|fa! bs~b

~|fnrsf x|g` |bmrag nb cj`nrg~! nf| cj`~g`r~ra bg bs~b ora~ ofg

foxar! crx|g`{f`n gnbf nb cb|boj`gg! |g~rfar|g! or{gcf!

b~c. Cdg`b{ra `r cj`sgnb|f g`sf fcbs~b |g~r|g b~gcdb~b sfr

cb|boj`gg cf sgoxab cj`yb`~gg sfr ~|fng~gg. F ab x|fc~gcf

g`sbfo`f sf ~b |bfag{b{g cf jo! fngcf sf ~b g`~bm|b{g g` j|ng`bf

btgs~b`~.

Nf| g` fif|f nb fcbfs~f xb|ibc~gj`f|b btj~b|gcf btgs~f!nrxf cro fo yf{r~! xb`~|r ~fjgs~g! sg j |bfag{f|b rof`f nb

j|ng` bsj~b|gc. Ygf~f jorarg r|obf{f r` cgacr cf|b cj`sgs~f

ng`~|/j g`nbxf|~f|b nb ^fj sg j g`~jf|cb|b af ^fj. Fcbs~f bs~b

sb`sra fnfmgrarg; Cf`n r` arc|r fkr`mb af bt~|bog~f~bf arg!

~|blrgb sf sb g`~jf|cf g`fxjg. G` ^fj/~b/eg`m mfsgo yb|sb~ra5

Ogscf|bf arg ^fj bs~b g`~jf|cb|bf. X|g` |bm|bsgr`b f fxf|r~cr`jfs~b|bf sg g`~bagmb`~f sg of|bab f|~gigcgr f g`cbxr~.

Fcbfs~f ig|of~gb! cf|b xjf~b fxf|bf xf|fnjtfaf! bs~b cb`~|f~f

g` mf`ng|bf arg Afj/~sb sg f cbaj| cf|b a/fr r|of~. Nrxf ~bj|gf

aj|! g`nbxf|~f|bf nb s~f|bf j|gmg`f|f nrcb `rofg af j f`rog~f

cr`jfs~b|b f arc|r|gaj| ~|f`s`g~j|gg. ^cdrf`m/~sb! ngscr~f`n

fcbfs~f x|jlabof sxr`b; Cf`n bs~b ygf~f! bs~b sg ojf|~b5cf`n btgs~f xjsglgag~f~b! btgs~f sg goxjsglgag~f~b5 igg`ncf btgs~f

nbyf|ra! btgs~f sg ifasra. Fngcf j|gcb xr`c~ nb ybnb|b goxagcf sg

cj`~|f|gra arg. Cj`s~gg`~f sb nb{yja~f fs~iba xb ngs~g`c~gr`g

fccgnb`~fab sg `r f~g`mb bsb`~gfara. Nb fcbbf bf `r ifcb xb jo

g`~babx~. Afj/~sb cb|b cdgf| jfob`gaj| sf fglf ofg xr~g`f s~gg`~f!

igg`n sg bf j nj|g`~f.


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G`~babx~gg `r sr`~ g`yf~f~g

Cbg cb sr`~ g`yf~f~g `r sr`~ g`~babx~g.

J fsbob`bf fig|of~gb sb xjf~b g`~fa`g sg g` M|bcgf f`~gcf!

af Db|fcag~. Sg ba sxr`b; Xjawof~dgf `r nrcb af g`~babxcgr`b!

Xjawof~dgf igg`n g`~babfsf cf ora~f cr`jfs~b|b! b|rng~gb!

s~gg ~f ora~j| arc|r|g! f ora~j| nb~fagg. Arc|r|gab igg`n ngyb|sb cf

fsxbc~! xj~ ig srs~g`r~b ora~b jxg`gg fsrx|f r`rgf sg fcbarfsg

arc|r! nb r`nb ^cdrf`m/~sb cj`cdgnb cf ~|blrgb sf igb fnogs r`

xr`c~ nb ybnb|b ofg babyf~! j cr`jfs~b|b g` arog`f Cb|rarg.

G` cfxg~jara cg~f~ ng` sc|gb|bf fcbs~rg igajsji! mfsgo fig|of~gf cffcbfs~f sg fcbaf ij|obf{f r` sws~bo nb fnbyf|f~ sg ifas!

r`nb fcbbf! ij|of`n r` cb|c f cf|rg |byjar~gb ob|mb af

g`ig`g~. G` ojob`~ra g`sf cf`n sb fkr`mb af bsb`~b sg xjsglgara

bs~b xjsglga sg goxjsglgara bs~b goxjsglga. Nf| cf`n ~jf~b

fcbs~bf sr`~ r`gigcf~b nb ^fj bab nbyg` r`ra. Afj/~sb xjf~b sf

`b sxr`f g` yb|sb~bab Cg`b g`~babmb ^fj fcbaf xf|b nb`bg`~babs. BA sb |bib|f f~r`cg af j s~f|b btgs~b`~gfa g` sg`b.

Cf|b bs|b n|rora xb cf|b jora ~|blrgb sf/a r|ob{b xb`~|r

f fkr`mb af j fs~iba nb cr`jfs~b|b srxb|gjf|f: Bs~b |bfag{f|bf

r`bg s~f|g nb rg~f|b f fcbs~j| ngs~g`c~gg. Fcbfs~f s~f|b nb

rg~f|b! fsrx|f cf|bgf |byg sg ~fjgs~gg sg cj`ircgf`gs~gg g`

ngyb|sb ~bt~b! bs~b cdgf| r`f ng nb`rog|gab ob~jnbg nb ffkr`mb af g`~babxcgr`b. G`srsg Afj/~sb `b sxr`b g` r|of~jf|bab

yb|sb~b cb xjf~b g`sbo`f fcbfs~f s~f|b nb rg~f|b;

Cg`b sb nbngcf g`yf~f~r|gg! cfs~gmf {ga`gc

Cg`b sb nbngcf arg ^fj! xgb|nb {ga`gc U ng` bra arg_

Xgb|{f`n sg rg~f`n sf g`yb~b ba fkr`mb

^|bx~f~ xf`f af f `r ofg ig fc~gyb


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Sg U~j~rsg_ `gogc `r |fof`b `bifcr~.

Cr fa~b cryg`~b! rg~f|bf g`sbfo`f j s~f|b nb g`cj|nf|b f

cj`s~gg`~bg! cf|b |fof`b igtf~b xb bssb`~gfa! ~jf~b ngs~g c~ggab

fccgnb`~fab igg`n bagog`f~b ng` cfoxra bg. Bs~b r` iba nb f nbs/

g`yf~f! cbbf cb fg g`yf~f~. Afj/~sb sxr`b cf g`~babx~ra ~g`nb sf

nbyg`f r` Wr! r` gm`j|f`~! fngcf f`r ofg fybf cr`js~g`~b. Nf|

nrxf cro |bof|cf Ir`m Wr/Gf` bs~b j nbjsblg|b g`~|b f `r

fybf cr`jfs~b|bf sg f fybf `j`/cr`jfs~b|bf$'. X|gof bs~b r`

nf~ nb af `f~r|f! g` ~gox cb f njrf bs~b j xb|ibc~gj`f|b f

sxg|g~rarg. Fcbfs~f s~f|b btgs~b`~gfa sxbcgfaf sb cf|fc~b|g{bf{f~jcofg x|g` flf`nj`f|f cr`jfs~b|gg sg nb fcbbf Afj/~sb {gcb cf

g`~babx~ra gsg |b~|fmb bra g`fxjg. \b~|fmb|bf fcbfs~f ifcb ng`

jo r` Cdb`m kb`! r` jo yb|g~flga! r` jo fr~db`~gc. J

fsbob`bf |bfag{f|b! sxr`b ^cdrf`m/~sb! nbxfsbs~b

ngs~g`c~gr`gab ng`~|b br sg `j` br! ng`~|b og`b sg arob. Ba

s/f baglb|f~ nb cj`ng~gf gngygnrfag~f~gg rof`b! f nbyb`g~ r`g`sb~f~ nb rg~f|b! cro sxr`b fcbafsg mf`ng~j|! r`

`bngib|b`~gf~. Nf| fcbs~ `bngib|b`~gf~ `r f f~g`s g`cf xr`c~rfa

craog`f`~ fa cfaf~j|gbg sfab. Rg~f|bf ~|blrgb sf obf|mf xf`f af

ra~gof bg agog~f! rg~f`nr/sb cdgf| sgx b bf gsfsg.

Btgs~f g` fcbfs~f cj`cbx~gb j |bfag{f|b f g`~babx~rarg cf|b

ob|mb ofg nbxf|~b nb cj`ng~gf rof`f sx|b j s~f|b nb`rog~f/jora sxg|g~rfa. Gf~f cro ga nbsc|gb ^cdrf`m/~sb; G`ig`g~ nb ogc

bs~b fcba cbyf x|g` cf|b ba bs~b g`cf r` jo! g`ig`g~ nb of|b bs~b

fcba cbyf x|g` cf|b ba bs~b r`f cr Cb|ra. G`~|/fnbyf|! ~|blrgb

sf x|bcg{fo cf jora yb|g~flga f|b g`cf j fc~gyg~f~b! cf|b af

jora ~|f`scb`nb`~ bs~b `j`/fc~gyf! $|rdb`nb ^f~gmebg~!

cro sxr`b Dbmba'.Jora xb|ibc~ `r f|b br! jora sxg|g~rfa `r


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f|b r~gag~f~b! g`~babx~ra fnbyf|f~ `r f|b `rob cf sg ^fj! cr cf|b

bs~b r`ra. Fnbyf|f~ra g`~babx~ cfafj|bs~b xb ij|~bab cj`s~f`~

fab r`gyb|srarg sg njog`f ~|f`sij|of|gab cbaj| cg`cg babob`~b.

Fcbfs~f g`sbfo`f cf g`~babx~ra g`~b|m|f`nr/sb g` r`gyb|s! g`

of|bab R`r! cfaf~j|sbs~b g` cbbf cb `r xjf~b xgb|nb sg ba

|fof`b gox|br`f cr fcbs~f. G`~babx~ra f fkr`s af cfxf~ra

cfaf~j|gbg x|g` g`ig`g~ sg f fkr`s af of|bf nbs~bx~f|b ; Sg g`~|/

j {g sb yf gyg of|bf nbs~bx~f|b sg yjo g`~babmb f~r`cg cf ygf~f

g`sfsg f ijs~ r` of|b ygs

Ng` cbab sxrsb xf`f fgcg fo xr~bf cj`cdgnb nbsx|bigajsjigf cdg b{f x|g yj|lbab r`rg igajsji `bjcj`ircgf`gs~ ng`

ng`fs~gf Sj`m; Bf `r sb nbxf|~bf{f nb fc~gyg~f~bf

jlgs`rg~f!cj~gngf`f! sg cr ~jf~b fcbs~bf sb g`n|bfx~f n|bx~ sx|b

cbbf cb afsf sf sb x|bsgo~f Cb|ra.

Igbcf|b cgygag{f~gb f fyr~ r` s~ga x|jx|gr sg ofg fabs r` ~gx

rof` gnbfa! xb cf|b f cfr~f~ sf/a |bfag{b{b x|g ogkajfcb

xf|~gcraf|b! sxbcgigcb ~goxrarg sg ajcrarg g` cf|b cgygag{f~gf

|bsxbc~gyb s/f nb{yja~f~. Cdg`f f`~gcf f gofmg`f~ xb jora

yb|g~flga ! cdb`m/kb`! ~gx gnbfa fa cgygag{f~gbg c|bf~f nb bf! cf

g`sb|f~ g` j|ng`bf cjsogc sg x|g` fcbfs~f sg g` j|ng`bf nb xbXfof`~! g` fcbbf sjcgfaf. Gnbfara nb g`~babxcgr`b fa cdg`b{rarg

f`~gc b|f sf g`~|b g` f|oj`gb!ofg g`~fg cr obngra g`cj`kr|f~j| sg!

xf`f af sif|sg~! cr g`~|bfmf arob. Cdb`m/kb` ~|blrgf sf

g`~babfmf arobf sg j|ng`bf bg 5 f~r`cg ba sb g`~bm|f g` ojn ig|bsc

g` bf sg fs~iba gsg jcrxf ajcra arg `f~r|fa. Bs~b j g`~babxcgr`b


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cfaof ! nb g`~babmb|b ng|bc~f f |bfag~f~gg! f j|ng`gg sg f |g~orarg

ng` r`gyb|s.

@g sb xf|b cf fcbs~ ojn nb |bfag{f|b f| xr~bf sf igb

cfagigcf~ cba ofg lg`b! nfcf ifcbo fxba af j ngs~g`c~gyb xb cf|b f

ifcr~/j Lafgsb Xfscfa. Xb`~|r fcbs~ mf`ng~j| btgs~f njrf ibar|g

nb sxg|g~b; sxg|g~rfa mbjob~|gc sg sxg|g~ra nb ig`g~b///absx|g~

mbjob~|gvrb b~ absx|g~ nb ig`bssb. X|gora sxg|g~! {gcb Xfscfa!

f|b ybnb|g ab`~b!nr|b!g iabtglgab5 ra~gora f|b j srxab~b nb

mf`ng|b cf|b ifcb cf sf xf~|r`nf nb af jcdg xf`f af g`gof! sg

x|g` ogscf|bf ng` fif|f cr`jfs~b cbbf cb sb xb~|bcb g`fr`~|r.Sxg|g~bab nb x|gora iba xabfcf g`~j~nbfr`f nb af r` ogc `rof|

nb x|g`cgxgg |f~gj`fab! cbafafa~ nb af r` of|b `rof| nb g`~rg~gg.

Sxg|g~bab mbjob~|gcb sr`~ cj`s~|f`sb nb cj`sbcg ~bab cb

r|obf{f ng` ogcra `rof| nb ftgjob fnogsb5 sxg|g~bab nb ig`g~b

g`~babm ng|bc~! sg if|f `gcg j cj`s~|f`mb|b! x|g` g`~rg~gyb! sg `rofg

nrxf fcbbf cfr~f btxagcf~gg.^jcofg g` fcbfs~f nbjsblg|b cj`s~f! og sb xf|b!

sxbcgigcg~f~bf sxg|g~rarg f`~gc cdg b{! cf|b nbsxf|~b cgygag{f~gf

cdg`b{f nb jng`gjf|f nb j|gcf|b fa~f cgygag{f~gb. Sxg|g~ra cdg`b{

b|f r` sxg|g~ nb ig`g~b! cf|b `r fybf `byjgb nb nb{yja~f|g

f`fag~gcb yfs~b! nb cj`sbcg ~b nboj`s~|f~b! btxrsb g` ~bj|gg

igajsjigcb! cf g` M|bcgf sfr cdgf| g` G`ngf! nb btboxar! cg nb jg`~babmb|b g`~rg~gyf f f|oj`gbg sjcgfab sg r`gyb|sfab. Fcbs~ nf| fa

g`~rg~gbg! fa bcdgagl|rarg! xb cf|b cdg`b{gg f`~gcg a/fr fyr~ g` ojn

btcbx~gj`fa! g/f ifcr~ sf |bfag{b{b j cgygag{f~gb f |fig`fob`~rarg!

f srl~gag~f~gaj|. Cdb`m/kb`! jora yb|g~flga! bs~b g` |bfag~f~b r`

jo srl~ga! cf|b! fsf cro sxr`b Xfscfa! f|b g` ybnb|b ng|bc~f

f arc|r|gaj|! f g`ngyg{gaj| b~c.! cf f r`j| cjoxabtb g`ngyg{glgab.


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Fo sxr`b ofg sgoxar! cf g` cgygag{f~gf m|bcbfscf! G`ngf`f sg ofg

fabs br|jxbf`f! jora f ijs~ srxrs cfxrarg! xb cf`n cdb`m/kb`/

ra cdg b{ f ijs~ r` jo fa g gogg $g sb`sra xfscfagf` fa

cryf ~rarg'. X|g cgxggab sb sgo~ sxr`b Xfscfa. G ~|bfmf

cgygag{f~gb f Cdg`bg f`~gcb bs~b! nb ifx~! j cgygag{f~gb f g`~rg~gbg.

Nb fcbbf `b fxf|b ijf|~b `f~r|fa cf bf bs~b ijf|~b m|br nb

g`~babs xb`~|r sxg|g~bab sbcjrararg TT/abf! |f~gj`fags~g cf|~bsgb`g

sfr cdgf| dbmbagb`g! f cf|j| x~rb|b nb g`~babmb|b sb lf{bf{f xb

og r~gjfsb f`fag{b. C|bn cf af goxjsglgag~f~bf nb f ifcb sf

cjg`cgnf cbab njrf ibar|g nb |f~gr`b! sxbcgigcf~b nb Xfscfa! sbmf`nbf sg I.@j|~d|jx cf`n sxr`bf cf btgs~f njrf ~gxr|g ofkj|b

nb cj`cbx~b! fcbaf |bfag{f~ x|g` g`~rg~gb sg fcbaf cf|b bs~b

|bfag{f~ x|g` xjs~raf|b. R` cj`cbx~ x|g` g`~rg~gb bs~b r` cj`cbx~

f cf|rg sbo`gigcf~gb bs~b cjoxab~f sg gobngf~f5 r` cj`cbx~ x|g`

xjs~raf|b bs~b fcbaf f cf|rg sbo`gigcf~gb cjoxab~f bs~b

|b{ra~f~ra r`b ~bj|gg cf|b sb nb{yja~f ng` xrs~raf~bab bg. Nbfs~iba! fcbbabfsg fsxbc~b fab nbjsblg|gaj| ng`~|b cbab njrf

ij|ofb ob`~gs! cba br|jxbf` sg cba f`~gc cdg b{! fr ijs~

sr|x|g`sb sg nb fa~g cb|cb~f~j|g! cro bs~b nb btboxar mf`ng~j|ra

cdg`b{ cj`~boxj|f` Agr Egf/e}fw! cf|b sxr`b cf btgs~f r`

sxg|g~ f`fag~gc br|jxbf` sg r` sxg|g~ sg`~b~gc cdg`b{. Cbab njrf

ojnr|g nb f mf`ng `r sr`~ srxb|xj{flgab! `r sb xj~ ~|fnrcbif|f |bs~ r`ra g` fa~ra5 `r xj~ btx|gof f`fag~gcra x|g` sg`~b~gc sfr

g`yb|s! nbe~ fx|jtgof~gy sg xf|~gfa. Fcbfs~f bs~b sb`sra x|jir`n

fa mf`nrarg arg ^cdrf`m/~sb! cg~f~ nbkf; J& nfcf fs xr~bf yj|lg

cr cg`byf cf|b f g`cb~f~ sf sb mf`nbfscf af cryg ~b& Fcbfs~f

gnbb f is~ btx|gof~f nbsbj|g g` sc|gb|gab cdg`b{b! gf| xjb~ra ^fj

^sgb` $3=


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sb`s x|jir`n fa arc|r|gaj|5 Nf| nfcf y|bo sf/a btx|gofo l|rsc!

yj|lbab `b agxsbsc.

NBSX\B BXJC

!! Xj|~ra `f~gj`fa fa ljgb|gaj| `r sb x|bf nbjsblbs~b nb cba

fa ~r|cgaj| ng` cafsbab cbab ofg g`fa~b ! f~f~f njf| cf g` ajc nb

~r|lf` ! xjf|~f r` iba nb cfcgraf `bofgxjob`g~ nb of|b ! cf|bgfbg gg {gc cfaxfc ! ng` laf`f nb Fs~|fdf` sg g` ij|of nb xf|f.

Cfcgraf fcbfs~f bs~b mjfaf cf~ b bf nb of|b ! f|b y|bj ~|bg

xgcgjf|b nb kr| gox|bkr|ra xf|~gg cbabg ofg roiaf~b ! g`fa~gobf

igg`n sg bf xb ofsr|f 5 nfcf `b mf`ngo lg`b ! bs~b ~f|b r|f~f sg

~f|b cf|fmdgjfsf ! `gcgnbcro xj~|gyg~f cr i|rorsb~bf sg ljmf~gf

cjs~rorarg . R` ~f`f| babyb~gf` ! I|f`cjgs \bcj|nj` ! sbc|b~f|fa arg Cf|fmbf ! g`m|jfsf arc|r|gab ! sxr`f`n cf r` cfaxfc bs~b j

cfcgraf ifcr~f ng`~|/j xgbab cr xf|ra ijf|~b scr|~ sg c|b~ ! nb

ij|of fx|jfxb sib|gcf ! sj cf|b f|b cba xr~g` cg`cg xgcgjf|b nb

kr| gox|bkr| $srla . ` . ' . J|gcro yf ig ijs~! g`m|j{g~jf|bf

cfcgraf g` ij|of nb njyabfc sfr nb xf|f |fs~r|`f~f b|f f~f~ nb

of|b ! g`cf~ njg ljgb|g nb |f`mra g`~fg / of|gobf cfaxfcrarg b|f

xb xj~|gyf |f`mrarg xb|sj`fkrarg `r xr~bfr s~f faf~r|g g`

fcbbfsg cfabfscf if|f sf/sg nbscjxb|b cfxra . Ng` ib|gcg|b ! g`

xj|~|b~bab afsf~b r|ofsgaj| sg xb cf|b ab/fr cjof`nf~ ! cba ofg

fnbsbf ! r`j| xgc~j|g yb`g~g !! ng` Br|jxf ! ljgb|gg `jfs~|g gsg

xr` xb cfx gsagcra ! nbjf|bcb !fsf cro fiafo nb af fcbafsg

\bcj|nj` ! !! g` ~goxra of|gaj| cb|boj`gg ! fr xb cfx j fa~f

cfcgraf ! ng` sfor| ! nb ij|of r`rg cgag`n|r r` xgc ~r|~g~ ! xf|~bf


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nb srs igg`n fcjxb|g~f cr r` xjs~fy nb crajf|b |jsgb ! `gcgjnf~f

falf ! fcbfs~f igg`n crajf|bf |b{b|yf~f njo`g~j|gaj| ! `rofg bg

fyf`n n|bx~ra s/j xjf|~b ! nrxf cro ~j~ `rofg bg xj~ xr|~f

~r|lf`ra .

G` fcbfs~f ng` r|of x|gyg`~f ! \bcj|nj` sb g`sfaf !

nbjf|bcb ! cdgf| nfcf ! af Cj`s~f`~g`jxja ! ~r|lf`ra bs~b g`~b|{gs

mdgfr|gaj| srl fob`g`~f|bf xbnbxsbg cr ojf|~bf ! af Lrcr|bs~g

ojnf arg sb |fsxf`nbs~b af g`cbxr~ra sbcjararg fa TGT/abf . G`sf !

g` fif|f ifogagbg njo`g~j|rarg ! njf| cf~gyf of|g ljgb|g sb

g`crob~f sf sg/a xr`f xb cfx ; bs~b yj|lf nb fcba ~f|fljars !

~r|lf` ifcr~ ng`~|/r` sfa j|gb`~fa ijf|~b scrox sg cf|b/sg ~|fmb

`robab nb af ^f|flrars ! `robab f|fl fa j|fsrarg ^|gxjag . G`

64


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Ojnf fxrsbf`f f ijs~ g`srsg~f ! ofg g`~fg ! nb cf~|b

ibobg . Af g`cbxr~ ! af Gfsg ! g` ~goxra |f{ljgrarg frs~|j/|rsj/

~r|c ! ng` 6=4=/6=76 $ g` r|of cf|rgf ! x|g` xfcbf nb af Gfsg 7

gf`rf|gb 6=7< \rsgf nbyb`bf xb`~|r x|gof jf|f ybcg`f

`bogkajcg~f f Ojanjybg ' . G`sf !! of|bab sfa~ sb ifcb ! g`

folbab X|g`cgxf~b ! g` ~goxra jcrxf~gbg|rsbs~g ng` 6489 646< .

Af`mb|j` sc|gb g` kr|`fara sfr ;

!! G` 6489 ! fo g`~fa`g~ ora~b ibobgxr|~f`n gol|fcfog`~bf

j|gb`~faf ! ~|fg`n g` cfsb if|f ojlgaf sg cr lf|lf~g mbajsg `byjgb

of|b . G`sf |byjar~gf cf|b s/f xb~|bcr~ f~r`cg af Gfsg ! fxjg af

Lrcr|bs~g sg g` x|jyg`cgb ! f ijs~ xb cf~ nb |fxgnf xb ~j~ f~f~ nb

cjoxab~f ; nrxf r` f` ! ~jf~b ibobgab ng` Ojanjyf sg ng` ^f|f

\jof`bfscf fr arf~ xj|~ra br|jxbf` .Nb x|b~r~g`nb`g ! fr sjsg~

! g` cbab njrf cfxg~fab ! `bmrs~j|g nb ojnb ! c|jg~j|bsb !

c|jg~j|g !gf| x|fyfaggab nb af Ygb`f sg nb af Xf|gs fr scfxf~ nb

~jf~b ybcdg~r|gab cf|b ! af Gfsg fr xf|r~ `jr/`jr~b sg fr ijs~

xaf~g~b ijf|~b scrox . Cr|f`n ! s/f yf{r~ sg ojlgaf ! cbyf ofg

ybcdb ! fnrsf nb af Ygb`f cr of|b cdba~rgfaf. ^|fsr|gab cf|b !

ofg g`fg`~b ! f|f~fr cf `gs~b lg|kb ybcdg ng` Ygb`f ! fr ijs~

g`ajcrg~b cr ~|fsr|g sg cfabs~g babmf`~b.Cfsbab s/fr roxar~ nb

sb|yg~j|g s~|fg`g ! nb lrcf~f|g i|f`cb{g sg ! x|g` sfajf`b sg gf~fcr|g

! `r s/f ofg yj|lg~ nbcf~ i|f`~r{bs~b . Fiaf`n cf ! g` ~f|gab

cgygag{f~b ! r`bg ibobg gg sbnbf lg`b sf fglf r` fof`~ !

njfo`bab ng` Ojanjyf sg/fr arf~ cf~b njg ! cf sf igb cf~ ofg af

ojnf. @gcg Xb~|r G `/f scdgolf~ g`if~gsf|bf goxb|grarg sfr ofg

gr~b nbcf~ f scdgolf~/j xb cbf f Ojanjybg sjsg|bf `jfs~|f

fcjaj . Cf~gyf ~g`b|g fr g`cbxr~ sf xjf|~b i|fc 5 g`sf lf~|f`gg sg


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lf|lf~gg cr sarklb sg/fr xr|~f~ ofg nbxf|~b lf|lf sg f`~b|gra ar`m

xf`f af mab{`b .

Nf`sra f ~|bcr~ sg ba x|g`~|/j |byjar~gb.Nf`sr|gab `f~gj`fab

fr ijs~ g`~b|{gsb sfr ofcf| ! ngsx|b~rg~b . Arobf f g`yf~f~

nf`sr|gab xjaj`b{b! b`mab{bs~g ! yfasr|gab ! nf`sr|gab i|f`~r{bs~g

sg ! cro njfo`bab fcbs~bf fr of|b fxabcf|b xb`~|r ~j~ cb fr

bab cdbi sf g`yb~b ! fr fkr`s ! g`~|/r` sg`mr| f` ! sf nf`sb{b

og`r`f~ 5 cf`n fo sjsg~ `jg g` Ojanjyf ! `r s~gfr `gcg sf

obf|mf . S~go ng` fa~f sr|sf cf ! af cb|b|bf ljgb|gaj| !lf~|f`ra

x|g`~ X|j{j|j}seg ! cjof`nf`~ra/sbi fa js~g|gaj| |rsbs~g ! gg cb|rsb

ofbs~|rarg nb cb|boj`gg @f|gseg` nb af Sf`e~/Xb~b|slr|m sf

~|gog~f r` ofbs~|r nb nf`s . F ijs~ ~|gogs af Gfsg ! xb`~|r r` f` !

r` f`rob Gyf`jy ! g`sf ! nrxf r` f` ! `/f ijs~ afsf~ sf ofg

|fof`f ! fsf cro f| ig nj|g~ njfo`bab

G` 6463 ! cj`~bab nb Afmf|nb ! af |f`nra sfr ! `j~bf{f cf !af Lrcr|bs~g ; Ybsof`~ra ibobgaj| sb fsbfof`f cr cba fa

njfo`baj| m|bcjfgcb nb af Cj`s~f`~g`jxja! f~f~ cf/sg xr` ofg

ora~b mgryfgb|r|g5 g`sf `rofg ibobgab g` yf|s~f sg `bybs~bab

ljgb|gaj| nb |f`mra fa ~|bgabf ga ofg xjf|~f . Cbabafa~b sb ~g` nrxf

ojnf nb af Xf|gs sg nb af Ygb`f ! sg sb g`~|bc g` lr`/mrs~ sg

cjcdb~f|gb cr babmf`~bab ng` cfxg~fabab `jfs~|b.

Gf| cf~gyf f`g ofg ~f|{gr ! Afr|b`cj` ! g` fab sfab @jrybaabs

jlsb|yf~gj`s sr| af Yfafcdgb ; \fofg rarg~ yf{f`n cf~ nb ora~

sb cdba~rgbs~b xb ~jfab~b sg cf~ nb of|b bs~b artra aj| ! cf|b ! cr

sgmr|f`~f ! g` ora~b x|gyg`~b ! ga g`~|bcb xb cba fa njfo`baj| ng`

cbab ofg of|g cfxg~fab ! cfcg ngfof`~bab sg |jcdggab nb cfsog|

sr`~ xjnjflbab aj| jlgs`rg~b.Ojnf nb af Xf|gs bs~b r|of~f cr


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sig`~b`gb ! gf| c|jg~j|bsbab yb`g~b ng s~|fg`f~f~b `r sr`~

nbmbflf.

Sb xf|b g`sf cf bnrcf~gf ! cra~r|f mb`b|faf `r fr g`fg`~f~

af iba nb gr~b. Afr|b`cj` gsg btx|gof xf|b|bf nb |fr nrxf cro

r|obf{f ; Bs~b xfcf~ cf sbtra i|rojs! g`{bs~|f~ g` ~f|f

fcbfs~f cr j ig|b f~f~ nb xafcr~f sg cr ij|ob f~f~ nb

ib|obcf~jf|b ! `r x|gobs~b `gcg r`f ng` lg`bifcb|gab bnrcf~gbg .

Njfo`bab ng` Or`~b`gf ! xb af`mf og`~bf xb cf|b ab/f nf~/j ng`

xag` `f~r|f ! sr`~ ijf|~b ygjfgb sg! cr xr~g`f js~b`bfaf ! s/f|

xr~bf g`i|r`~f cr cbab ofg ngs~g`sb ibobg ng` Br|jxf .

Nbsx|b oj|fyr|gab sjcgb~f~gg ojanjyb`bs~g g` ~goxra

jcrxf~gbg |rsbs~g ! mb`b|fara cj`~b nb \jcdbcdjrf|~ $ cf|b ga

g`sj~gsb g` 648= ! cf ~f`f| jig~b| g` f|of~f |rsf ! xb nrcbab nb

\gcdbagbr ! xb y|bobf fcbbf mryb|`f~j| fa Jnbssbg ! g`~|/ j

cfaf~j|gb g` Ojanjyf ' fybf sf sc|gb ! ofg ~f|{gr ! g` oboj|ggabsfab ; Sjcgb~f~bf ng` Gfsg ! cf sg cbf ng` Lrcr|bs~g ! jib|bf xb

f~r`cg r` sxbc~fcja |f| ; lf|lf~gg xr|~fr dfg`b ar`mg ! lf|lg ar`mg

! xb cfx fybfr j cfcgraf `rog~f cfaxfc ! fsbof`f~j| cr ~jcf

ofmgs~|f~gaj| nb xb af `jg ! cr ~r|lf`ra sfr cr scrig~f roxar~f

cr cfa~g xr|~f~f nb cjxggg `js~|g 5 b|fr gol|fcf~g cr s~jib ng` cbab

ofg scroxb ! g`cfa~f~g cr xfxrcg ~r|cbs~g ! g` sif|sg~ ! f|f~fr cf`gs~b j|gb`~fag 5 b|fr g`sf cr ~j~gg jfob`g fabsg x|g` g`yf~f~r|f sg

xr|~f|gab aj| br|jxb`bs~g ! cbg ofg ora~g yj|lbfr j i|f`~r{bfscf

nbsfyf|sg~f sg cr btx|bsgg ng` cbab ofg i|rojfsb 5 njf| g` ibara

nb f rolaf ofg fybfr cbyf ng` m|fyg~f~bf xagc~gsg~jf|b f ~r|cgaj|

! arc|r cb `r/g x|g`nbf nbajc ! g`~|/r` sfaj` ! faf~r|g nb njfo`b 5

cf sf `r xf|f mbajsg sg cf sf ifcf xb br|jxb`gg cgygag{f~g ! afsfr! goxj~|gyf yjg`~bg sg jlgs`rg`~bg aj| ! j aglb|~f~b if|f of|mg`g


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scroxbaj| aj| krof~f~g ! cf|b ab srxr`bfr i|r`~bf af m|bab

g`cb|cf|g ; njfo`bab r|of`r ojnf cbf ofg `jrf nb af Xf|gs sg

Ygb`f ! f~f~ g` gol|fcfog`~b ! cf|b `r ofg fybf `gogc fsgf~gc !

cf~ sg cf`n b|f yj|lf sf/sg ojlgab{b sjox~rjfsbab aj|

fxf|~fob`~b.F|f~fr cf `gs~b crcj`g~b ng` cbab ofg babmf`~b !

cr xr|~f|gab cb sb g`~fa`bfr xb y|bor|g af cr|~bf I|f ~bg U_.Xb

nb fa~f xf|~b ! y|bj {bcb i|rorsb~g ! `r ofg xr~g` gsxg~g~jf|b ! gsg

btb|cg~fr xr~b|bf if|obcbaj| aj| g|b{gs~glgab fsrx|f

s~|farcg~j|gaj| jig~b|g nb af cf|~gb|ra mb`b|fa ! g`cf~ ofg igbcf|b

cfyfab| gsg fybf n|fmr~f sf. Krnbcf`n nrxf ~jf~b fcbs~bf! `bxr~bo abs`b g`cdgxrg cf~ nb i|rojfsf b|f ygf~f ! g` fcbfs~f

`jrf Cfxrf ! xb`~|r |jgra fcbaf nb jig~b|g g`sb~f~g nb xafcb|g ! sg

cf|b ! fx|jfxb ~j~g ! sg/fr afsf~ fgcg g`gof ! j xf|~b ng` sf`f~f~b

sfr ng` fyb|b ! r`gg ng`~|b bg cdgf| aglb|~f~bf.

Of|b nbjsblg|b if~f nb ib~bab xb cf|b ! cr ofg xr~g` nb

njrf{bcg nb f`g g` r|of ! x|g`~ra nb Agm`b ab ybnbf ! g`

mg`bcbr ! x|g`~|b {fl|bab fr|g~b sfr `r &

^j~rsg cf sf igo n|bx~g ! sf/a cg~go fcro xb oboj|gfags~ra

\fnr \jsb~~g 5 af g`cbxr~ra ybfcrarg `js~|r ! ba |bnf xf|b|bf

lr`gcgg sfab $ cf|b xb`~|r `gogc g` arob `r f| ig y|r~ sf fglf r`

mg`b|b |rs ' nbsx|b ib~bab ljgb|gaj| ojanjyb`g cb sb of|g~fsb|fcr jig~b|g |rsg 5 `gs~b `bib|gcg~b cf|b ! nb xb r|of fcbs~j| sj~g cr

~g~ar|g sg nbcj|f~gg ! nf| if|f g`yf~f~r|f sg if|f bnrcf~gb ! sg cf|b

sb ~g`bfr `rofg nb lb~gg ! `r s/fr fabs nbcf~ cr lf~fg sg cr

fyb|bf ~jcf~f ! cf ofg fxjg sf igb xf|fsg~b.

Fnbyf|ra bs~b cf ! ijf|~b cr|f`n ! ojnf fxrsbf`f

fccb`~rbf{f ! af fcbs~b njfo`b ! mrs~ra xb`~|r art ora~ ofg


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ora~ nbcf~ af lf|lf~gg aj|. R` ljgb|`fs cf|b ! nrxf 6438 ! fybf

sf igb jig~b| g` f|of~f ojanjyb`bfscf |bcj`s~g~rg~f ! xjybs~bs~b

! cr jf|bcf|b fc|bfaf ! g` fog`~g|gab sfab! g` cb iba ~f~fa sfr ! r`

jo cb `r fyrsbsb cg`b s~gb cb fyb|b! irsbsb goxg`s nb ~f`f|f

cr cf|b sb g`sr|fsb nrxf cb |fofsbsb yfnry af `gs~b cdba~rgbag

`bsflrg~b ; Irsbsb c|bscr~f af xb`sgj`f~ ! af Jnbssf ! cr

i|f`cb{f sg xgf` f sb |bof|cf cbab njrf c|g~b|gg & !! cf|b sg

yf|fsb g` cfx sf/a xr`f xb ~f~f sf croxb|b j cfsf af Nj|jdjg !

sf nbf xb~|bcb|g ! sf/g croxb|b j ~|fsr|f `rofg xb`~|r bf ! cr

xf~|r lgngygg ! yg{g~gr ! yfab~ sg j ora~gob nb sark`gcb ! cfcg ~|fgfcf j njo`g~f

Af lf|lf~g ! scdgolf|bf bs~b g`~|/fnbyf| ofg g`cbf~f. Sg !

ofg fabs ! ag sb g`~foxaf sf sb g`~jf|cf af cb irsbsb fa~fnf~f.R`gg

~g b|g cf|b xjf|~f dfg`b br|jxb`bs~g $ s~|fgb `bo~bs~g ' g`

~goxra jcrxf~gbg |rsbs~g ng` 6489 / 646< sb m|flbsc sf gol|fcb

ybsog`~bab j|gb`~fab nb g`nf~f cb ~r|cgg yg g`fxjg.Cr y|bj

cf~gyf f`g g`fg ~b nb B~b|gb ! cfaf~j|ra l|g~f`gc ]gaagfo Ofc

Ogcdfba fig|of cf g` ~goxra ra~gorarg |f{ljg ojanjyfafdgg

xf|fsgsb|f dfg`bab cbab af|mg sg sb gol|fcfr nrxf ojnf

i|f`~r{bfscf! nf| ! cf`n fr fkr`s gf| srl s~fxf`g|b ~r|cbfscf

fr ijs~ sgag~g sf gol|fcb ng` `jr 11f`~b|gra00 sg sf/sg xr`f

11cfaxfcra00 xb cfx .

Ra~gof g`~b|ngc~gb ; af


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br|jxb`g cf~ sg j|gb`~fag. ^j~ ~g`b|b~ra ! ljgb|g sg lr|mdb{g !

gol|fcf i|fcra sg xf`~faj`gg ! cr f~f~ ofg ora~ cr cf~ r` `rof|

~j~ ofg of|b nb ~g`b|g sb nrcb g` Jccgnb`~ af g`yf~f~r|f . @gcg

yj|lf sf sb ofg gol|fcb ! ~r|cbs~b f~r`cg cf`n sb g`~j|c g`

~f|f &

Xb`~|r ljgb|gg ofg g` yf|s~f ! j fa~f jx|bags~b bs~b x|bs~gmgra

abmf~ nb dfg`bab aj| cbab scroxb.Nfcf `r ab/f| ofg ig gol|fcf~ !

f| ig g`sbo`f~ sf sb cjljf|b g` |f`nra `bmrs~j|gaj| sg fa

obs~bsrmf|gaj| `bo~g ! xb cf|b `gcg ofcf| sarmgab `r/g |bsxbc~fr

Gf~f nb cb fr~j|gg ng` y|bobf fcbbf `robsc

gol|fcfog`~bf jccgnb`~faf gol|fcfog`~bf bmfag~f~gg. G`sf

~|fng~gj`fags~gg cfcg ofg sr`~ sg ng` fcbs~gf / f| ig `rog~/j ofg

cr|f`n gol|fcfog`~bf Ngfyjararg . R` cjkjcf| ! fkr`s ~f|cjy`gc !

Gj` igra arg Njl|b! sfr Gj` Njl|bscr ! ~r`f sg iramb|f ! g` `j~babsfab ! goxj~|gyf xfcf~baj| cf|b ! nrxf xf|b|bf arg ! sr`~ x|gcg`f

~r~r|j| |babaj| cf|b xbnbfxsf nro`b{bgfscf & s/fr flf~r~

fsrx|f fcbs~bg `bib|gcg~b ~f|g 5 |f{ljfgb ! ijfob~b ! cgrof !

cr~|bor|b nb xfof`~ Gf| x|g`~|b xfcf~b ! af ajc nb i|r`~b sb

fiaf xr|~f|bf `b|rsg`f~f f ibobgaj| ! cf|b rolaf nbsxrgf~b

xf`f af l|fr ! sg f lf|lf~gaj| cf|b sg/fr afsf~ dfg`bab aj| cbablr`b cf sf rolab gol|fcf~g cf `gs~b xfcf~jsg ! `bo~bs~b !

i|f`~r{bs~b &

G` f`gg 6438 ! gol|fcfog`~bf br|jxb`bfscf s/f

mb`b|fag{f~ af ~g`b|gg ng` cafsbab g`s~f|g~b . Sfg`~/Of|c Mg|f|ng`

`j~bf{f g` fab sfab Sjryb`g|s nb yjwfmbs b~ nb~rnbs ; Nrxf

g`bmfag~f~b! arc|ra cba ofg g{lg~j| xb`~|r r` s~|fg` ! af Gfsg sg af


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Lrcr|bs~g! bs~b fobs~bcra sg ngyb|sg~f~bf dfg`baj|.R`gg lf|lf~g

fr xfs~|f~ xj|~ra j|gb`~fa 5 fa~gg rolaf gol|fcf~g br|jxb`bs~b 5

gf| fcbs~b njrf xj|~r|g xj~ ig yf{r~b g` fcbbfsg ifogagb 5 ~f~fa

bs~b gol|fcf~ ljgb|bs~b ! igra i|f`~r{bs~b 5 U_ `r fo yf{r~ xb

`gob`g srl xf~|r{bcg nb f`g sf xjf|~b dfg`b j|gb`~fab . Ibobgab

g`sf ! nb ora~f y|bob ! sb gol|fcf ~jf~b br|jxb`bs~b Sb s~gb

lg`b cf ibobgab sr`~ g`~j~nbfr`f x|gobab cf|b xfsbsc xb cfabf

cgygag{f~gbg

Xb y|bobf if`f|gj~gaj| ! cfsbab ljgb|bs~g ! g` mb`b|fa ! ofg

xfs~|fr j jf|bcf|b sgoxag~f~b ~f|f`bfscf ! `r `rofg afsf~b !

nf| sg af j|fs .G` Ojanjyf ! af ~f|f ! cj`fcbab b|fr `gs~b cafng|g

of|g ! cr r` sg`mr| cf~ ! cfo cf ajcrg`~bab `jlgagaj| xjaj`b{g . G`

Or`~b`gf ! cr nbjsblg|b cf~|b or`~b sg g` Ja~b`gf ! r`nb fcbs~b

cj`fcb b|fr `rog~b crab $ ng` ~r|cbscra eraf ! ~r|` ! gox|ror~f~

sg nb lramf|g ! sg nb sf|lg ' ! fybo g`cf r` cf~ ! cr r` x|gnyj|

of|b g` if~f ! goxjnjlg~ cr cjajf`b ! cba ofg fnbsbf scrax~f~b

sfr ifcr~b ng` s~rc i|rojs ojnbaf~ . Af xf|~b| ! xf|~gfa r` iba nb

srlsja ! sb mfsbf cfof|f cr x|jyg{gg ! xb af`mf y|bj cf~byf jnfg

nb ajcrg~ .

G fcbs~b cafng|g ! sc|gb Njfo`f \bg df|n g` 6489 !

goxf|~g|bf g` g`~b|gj| bs~b xbs~b ~j~ fcbbfsg ; j sfaf ijf|~b of|baf ogkajc ! ~jf~b cbabafa~b jnfg nf`n g` bf ; fgcg s~fr sarmgab cbab

ora~b ! xb kjs sfr g`~g`sb xb ngyf`r|g ! sg ~j~ fgcg fr ajc of|gab

xb~|bcb|g cf`n bs~b y|bj sf|lf~jf|b. Gf| \bcj|nj` ! g` 6462 !

sc|gb ; J sjif of|b ! nb y|bj xf~|r/cg`cg xgcgjf|b! jcrxf r`

cfxf~ fa sfagg 5 j ofsf of|b ! cf~byf crib|b agxg~b nb xb|b~gg nf~g

cr yf| nb srs xf`f kjs ! sg cf~byf scfr`b facf~rgbsc ~j~ojlgagb|ra ng` g`cfxb|bf fcbfs~f.X|g`~ra nb Agm`b ! yj|lg`n


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nbsx|b ajcrg`~bab ng` Gfsg ! cf|j|f ba ab sxr`b fsf cro fo

yf{r~ srxb|lb xfaf~b ! irsbsb ofg g`mfnrg~j| g` nbsc|gb|bf

ojlgagb|rarg ; Ngyf`r|gab cbab ofg af~b sr`~ fcjxb|g~b cr `gs~b

srxb|lb ~bsf~r|g ~r|cbs~g 5 {fl|bab fr|g~b ! xf|ofcagcr|g scr`nb !

cjyjf|b og`r`f~b ! xb|`b crsr~b cr ig| nb fr| sg nb f|mg`~

goxjnjlbsc nb kr| gox|bkr| fxf|~fob`~bab cf|b ! xb af`mf

~jf~b fcbs~bf ! fr ~fyf`bab ifcr~b ng` abo` x|b~gjs sfr sr`~

xgc~f~b cr |fig`fob`~.

Cfsbab b|fr ng` cf|fognf ! cr {gnr|gab ijf|~b m|jfsb . Af

~f|f ! ofg fabs craf ja~b`bfscf ! b|fr cj`cbxr~b cf `gs~b ogcg

ij|~f|b~b ! cr nbscdg{f~r|g g` {gnr|g ! cf sf sb xjf~f ~|fmb fsrx|f

dfgnrcgaj| xrsg xb kfi sfr fsrx|f cb~baj| nb ~r|cg irmg~g ng`

f|of~f . Gj` Mdgcf ! cf|b cr`jscrsb ora~b ng` fcbs~b |bsbng`~b

ljgb|bs~g g` cjxgaf|gb ! `b yj|lbs~b nbsx|b bab g` oboj|ggab

sfab ;

!!Cfsbab ljgb|bs~g fybfr {gnr|g ~f|g cf nb cb~f~b ! g` cf~b

xf~|r sg sfsb cf|fog{g ! cr jnfg ora~b sg of|g ! cr xgy g~b

fnf`cg sg lja~g~b ! cr lbcgr|g sg r` |f`n nb jnfg nfsrx|f ! cr xjn

ng` s~|bfsg f xf`f/` s~|bfsg`f 5 m|g`{gab b|fr cf r|sgg nb xjn nb

m|jfsb 5 af cdb|bs~bfrf r`bg sg`mr|b cfsb ob|mbf r` xf|cdb~

nb xfnr|b sbcraf|f g`~|bm 5 xf|njsbfaf sfagaj| sg f ~g`{gaj| b|f nbcf|fognf xrsf xb orcdg ! g`ybag~jf|bf nb sg`n|gaf lf~r~f xb

sfx~b sg xb `jrf ! g`fa~f fx|jfxb nb njrf j|g cf~ cfsf! cf sf `r

~gb {fxfnf sg cf sf sb xjf~f scr|mb fxf ofg abs`b. U_

Cj|xra x|g`cgxfa sb cjoxr`bf nb j sfaf of|b nb fcjaj

xf`f fcjaj ! cr jnfg g` n|bfx~f sg g` s~f`mf ! cr ~g`{g g` c|rcg

x|g` cf|b sb cjor`gcf cr cbabafa~b xf|~g fab bngigcgrarg ! cfsb cr


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scjsr|g g` ~jf~b xf|~gab sg cr sfc`fcsgr ! igbcf|b jnfgb cr

ib|bs~|b sx|b ~|bg xf|~g fab arobg ! ~fyf`r|gab b|fr nb s~bkf| !

s~|bfsg`f scjfsf nb j krof~f~b s~f`kg` cf sf/g ~gb yf|f rol|f !

s/j fxb|b ~jfo`f sg x|gofyf|f nb xajg sg gf|`f nb ygscja sg nb

{fxfnf 5 cr|~bf b|f g`cj`kr|f~f nb {gn ljajyf`g~ g`fa~ sg m|js !

xjf|~f cr lja~f ! cr njrf |f`nr|g nb rsg nb s~bkf| ib|bcf~b ! cr

ijgsj| nbfsrx|f ! r`nb xf{bf {grf sg `jfx~bf f|`fr~gg 5 srl

mf`m b|f j jnfgb xb`~|r xf{f|ngmdbf` g` ~gox nb cgrof . Ng`

x|gnyj| ! j mfab|gb nbscdgsf nrcbf af lgsb|gcf ! cfcg igbcf|b cfsf

of|b fybf lgsb|gcf g` cr|~b sfr g` cj|xra cfsbg ! af cja~ .

J cfsf ljgb|bfscf ! sc|gb ba g` fa~f xf|~b !b|f j fnbyf|f~f

cb~f~b ! r` s~f~ g` s~f~ ! gcg xjag~gf ! `gcg krs~g~gf njo`bfscf `r

g`n|f{`bf sf ~|bfcf x|fmra xj|~gg r`rg lf` sfr r`rg yj|`gc ! nbsg

r` fsbob`bf n|bx~ `r b|f sc|gs `gcfgb|g5 af ~|blrg`~f ljgb|ra

xr~bf sf g`cdg{f xj|~gab sg sf ~|fgfscf ar`g nb {gab cr ifogagf ! cr

sarmgab sg cr jfob`gg cfsbg ! jx~{bcg sg j sr~f nb sriab~b ! if|f sf

fglf cbf ofg ogcf ~|blrg`~f nb cbg ng` fif|f . Fybf ofafg sg

ifg`f g` folf|b ! cfof|f arg mbobf nb ~j~ ibara nb lfcf`gg sg nb

sf|f~r|g ! g` ~gmf`gb fybf i|f`{baf|g ! c|jg~j|g ! cg{of|g b~c. U_ !

af cf{ xr~bf cr jfob`gg ng` cr|~b sf sb fxb|b cj`~|f xr~b|bg

njo`bs~g ! cf`n bf `r b|f sx|gkg`g~f xb y|bj xj|r`cf nb af

^f|g`m|fn.

Ifcf`n nbsc|gb|bf fcbfs~f ! af xbs~b j krof~f~b nb ybfc

ofg ~f|{gr ! Gj` Mdgcf gsg fog`~bf g`nbjsblg nb cfsf r`cdgrarg

sfr of|b ! of|bab ajmjif~ Cj`s~f`~g Nrnbscr ! cj`~b fa

Sif`~rarg Goxb|gr ! xb|sj`fk xg~j|bsc sg |gsgxg~j| ! j|gmg`fa sg

mb`b|js xf`f af bt~|fyfmf`~f .


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Afmf|nb ! cf|b g` 6463 ! cfaf~j|bs~b cr ba af Ygb`f ! ga

x|b{g`~f cr roj| ! g`~|/j sc|gsjf|b cf~|b x|gb~b`ra sfr M|giig~d ;

O/fo g ~fa`gb fng`bfr|g cr ~jyf|fsra obr nb cfaf~j|gb !

cj`~bab Nrnbscr ! of|b ajmjif~ fa ^f|gg \jof`bsg ! cf|b ! xb

~goxra lfgaj| ! sb yf fiaf af Lfnb` ! sg xb cf|b/a yjg g`sj~g xf`f af

Ygb`f.Fcbs~ ljgb| xbs~b ljgb|g ! cr g`if~gsf|bf arg nb xjcg~f`gb !

cfcg `/f|b `gcg xf~|r xgcgjf|b g`fa~gob ! sg bs~b mdbljs cro `r

sb ofg xjf~b ! f|b j og`~b fscr~g~f sg! cf~bjnf~f ! x|jir`nf 5

lr` sg nf|`gc! sg/f g|jsg~ gob`sf arg fyb|b nf`nr/sg ora~f

js~b`bfaf cf sf ifcf lg`b r`j| `b|bcr`jscf~j|g.Fcro ! c|bn cf`r ofg xjf~b sxr`b nbcf~ cb sxr`bf F ~j`gr xb xf~ra nb

ojf|~b ; 11@r/og |fof`b nbcf~ cbbf cb fo nf~ fa~j|f 00 5

~|fg`n g`sf ng` ~|bcb|bf xb cf|b f fcr~/j cf`nyf ! cfaf~j|bs~b cf

r` sf~|fx ; njgsx|b{bcb f|`fr~g ga g`sj~bsc cfaf|b xf`f af

m|f`g~f ! cr j xjoxf nb xf|cf s/f| nrcb sf crcb|bfscf

^|f`sgayf`gf ; x|b~r~g`nb`g g sb ifc j`j|r|g ! nb cf|b f|b lr`ra/sgo~ sf `r sb sg`cdgsbfscf ! sg`mr|f arg nj|g`~f igg`n s/j s~bf|mf

cf~ ofg |bxbnb ng` ^f|f \jof`bfscf! sf xjf~f |bsxg|f r` fb|

cbyf ofg xr~g` sarmf|`gc .

Xb`~|r og`~bf arg sg xb`~|r cr`jfs~b|bf agolgaj| s~|fg`b !

Nrnbscr irsbsb nbsbo`f~ nb cf~|b xf|~gnf ljgb|gaj| `f~gj`fags~g

sf sb nrcf af Xf|gs cf sf/g f~|fmf f~b`~gf arg Lj`fxf|~b fsrx|f

sg~rf~gbg ng` X|g`cgxf~b.G`s~faf~ g`~|/r` xfaf~ ng` cf|~gb|ra Sfg`~/

Dj`j|b ! |gsgxgsb j fyb|b xb xb~|bcb|g s~|farcg~jf|b sg btcb`~|gcb

! nf~b g` cg`s~bf cbaj| cb ~|fgfr g` x|bfkof X|gorarg Cj`sra !

if|f sf ig fkr`s y|bjnf~f sf/a yfnf xb fcbs~f sfr sf/g ~|b{bfscf

g`~b|bsra xb`~|r sjf|~f X|g`cgxf~baj| nf`rlgb`b ! cf|b ! g`

xaf`r|gab arg @fxjabj` ! `/fybfr sf igb `gcgjnf~f fa~cbyf nbcf~


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jlgbc~b nb scdgol ! xb`~|r f cf|j| cbnf|b sb ~f|mrgf cf`n cr

|rsra ! cf`n cr frs~|gfcra .

Fsrx|f x|bmf~g|gg fcbs~bg ogsgr`g sbc|b~b g` cfsf

s~|flr`gcrarg sfr ! of|bab lf` Ngog~|gb Mdgcf {gs Nrog~|fcdb

lf`ra lf~|f`ra / ! Gj` Mdgcf `b/f afsf~ ! g`~|/r`f ng` sc|gsj|gab

sfab cf~|b Yfsgab Fabcsf`n|g ! j nbsc|gb|b xag`f nb ygjgcgr`b sg nb

xg~j|bsc ; G` sbf|f nb Orcb`gcg ! ljgb|gg cbg ofg cja~f~g b|fr

fnr`f~g af sif~ af lf`ra Nrog~|fcdb Mdgcf ! i|f~bab arg M|gmj|gb/

yjnf ! fsfsg f~ xb ~|r goxj~|gyg|bf cb ifcrsb af nf|bf

Lrcjyg`bg.

B|fr fnr`f~g af lf`ra lf~|f`ra ! cro gg {gcbfr cf sf/a

nbjsblbfscf nb njg igg fg sfg ! Cjs~fcdb sg Scf|af~ ! cf|g

fof`njg fkr`sbsb|f of|g lf`g sg bg. Cr|~bf lf`rarg Mdgcf b|f

cf~ j ojsgb nb of|b. Ljgb|gg b|fr ljmf~g ! ijf|~b ljmf~g ! nf|

fyb|gab aj| b|fr g` ojsgg ! g` scr~ba`gcg ! xjs~/sark`gcg sg ~gmf`g .Lf`g ! f|mg`~f|gg ! sfar|g sg scrab cf~b fyrsbsb|f ab yf`nr|f sg

cdba~rg|f g` lbkb`gg.@gcrafb Nrnbscr ! cf|b s~gf lg`b

i|f`~r{bs~b ! sb jib|bf sf sb nrcf af Xf|gs ! sf xabnb{b cfr{f

~f|bg cr cdba~rgfaf arg 5 nf| ! nbsg fyb|bf arg b|f cjajsfaf ! g`sf

`r b|f g` s~f|b sf mfsbfscf `gcg j ogb nb abg lf`g lf~r~g.Cb

l|rof oj`b~f ofg |fofsbsb xb gcg xb fcjaj nb/flgf fkr`mbfcf sf sb g`c|jxbfscf df|fcgra cf~|b Xjf|~f sg ! g` s~|fo~jf|bf

nb lf`g g` cf|b sb fiafr ! ~|gogsb|f sf fnrcf jb Lfa~f|b~r.

^|bcr|f njrf j|b nrxf sig`~g~ra sjf|barg ! sg cb|ra b|f if|f

ar`f sg if|f s~bab ! cf`n j lr~cf `rofg l|j`{r|g sg xjabgbag !

ng`fg`~b ! nb/f n|bfx~f sg nb/f s~f`mf cfx|bg yg{g~grarg ! cr njrf

sg|b`b fr|g~b ! cr cjfnbab g`cjafcg~b sg cr cfxb~bab cf~f`n sx|b


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njrf of|~jfmb nb cfg cr dfor|gab abmf~b cr sijf|f ! yg{g~gra cr

cjkjc xbs~b cfofsf ar`mf sg cr njg ibcgj|g ng`nf|f~ cr cfrcb xb

cfx cjlj|f af yfab sx|b cr|~bf lf`rarg Mdgcf ! r|of`n af xfs

nrxf nrxf r` ~gmf` nbscra~ sg {n|b`~r|js . cr j ofsfaf of|b xb

sxg`f|b .Xjnbabab krcfr cf cafxbab r`rg cafyg| srl |jf~bab lr~cbg

sg f|r`cfr g` srs ng` df{`f s~|jxg nb `j|jg fxf~js ! cf|b af

arog`f xfcr|bg arog`fr xf|c/f| ig ijs~ xgb~|b scroxb.Fcba

s~|f`gr bcdgxfk xr|~f r` iba nb ljgb cr cbfcsg|g sg cg{ob |jsgg ! cr

j mgrlbf sjgjfsf golaf`g~f cr `fib sg g` cfx cr r` gsagc g` xf~|r

cja~r|g 5 nbmb~bab ljgb|rarg b|fr xag`b nb g`bab nb |rlg` ! nbsof|fan sg nb ngfof`~.B|f fs~bx~f~ af sif~ra ljgb|bsc ! sg nb af

nf`sra nbxg`nbf |bfag{f|bf crmb~f|gaj| xf~|gj~gcb fab ljgb|gaj|.Ba

of`rgf lf`gg cb ofg |fofsbsb|f g` ~f|f.Ba fybf nf|fyb|g cr

^f|g`m|fnra sg cr Lbcgra 5 gscfag~r|f arg fkr`sbsb sf fglf ~|bcb|b

cdgf| sg ng`cjaj nb Agxscf.Sjx|jf`bab arg sg af{gab ng` xgo`g~f

mbobfr nb scrab ! sfar|g sg f|mg`~f|gg ! ~j~ fof`b~r|g nb xb afljgb|g . Lr~cf g` cf|b sb {n|r`cg`f ! fnrsf xb`~|r j `r`~f

of|b ! `r/g irsbsb xaf~g~f sg s~f fof`b~ g` sjx|j`ra sfr 5 gf|

g`babab ng` nbmb~b b|fr of|if nb yf`{f|b . U_

Nrxf ora~b |rmfog`~b sg ifmfnrgbag nb ~j~ ibara ! cf g sb yf

g abs`g arf|bf j~crxrarg yfogaj| ! fa jc`baj| s/fa xjs~baj| !

Lfa~f|b~r s/f g`nrxabcf~ g` sif|sg~ f gox|ror~f xb Nrnbscr cr =

af xr`mf xb ar`f $ 64"' ! x|gog`n fof`b~ ~jf~b ojsggab . Af

njlf`nf fnfjmf`n cjogsgj`ra lf`cdb|gaj| sg scdgolra lf`gaj|

cr Agxscf sg cr Ygb`f ! gox|ror~ra yb`bf af 38 " sg af >8 " xb

f`.


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Xb cf`n gbsgsb cajscf xb cb|! ljgb|gg g`~|fr r`ra nrxf fa~ra

g` lr~cgab aj| ! igbcf|b x|bcbnf~f nb njrf ofsfafab 5 Nrnbscr

g`~|f fcfsf cf sf/sg ifcf x|bmf~g|gab nb n|ro.@r ~|bcrsb|f ~|bg

f`g nb af fcbf sbf|f ! sg fyb|bf cbf of|b f Nrnbscrarg ! cfsb sg

ojsgg ! ~|bcrsb g` ofg`gab Lfa~f|b~rarg . Xb igbcf|b ar`f ! fcbs~

cfof~f| gg scj~bf cf~b j ojsgb af ob{f~ sg! `bmfsg`nr/sb

cj`cr|b`~g ! ojsgf |fof`bf xb sbfof arg ! xb `gogc ; ojsgg cf|b

nfr fs~f{g cg`cg sg sfsb ogg nb mfalb`g xb f` ! ab/f arf~ Lfa~f|b~r

nb af ob{f~ ! af Cjcdgg/Ybcdg ! xb ~|bg sg xf~|r ogg nb abg !

mfalb`ra yfaj|f`n sfx~b abg.

Ng xfcf~b ! `r ~j~g ljgb|gg gsg cdba~rgfr fyb|bf xb`~|r

lg`bab ~f|gg.Cfaf~j|gg s~|fg`g sr`~ rarg~g nb artra ljgb|gaj| ng` cbab

njrf X|g`cgxf~b sg nb cdba~rgbagab of|g xb cf|b ab ifc.Ofg g`~fg !

xb`~|r gol|fcfog`~b . Fo yf{r~ ofg srs cb mf`nbf x|g`~ra nb

Agm`b ! sfr \fgcbygcd ! Afmf|nb ! Afr|b`cj` ! nbsx|b artra

ybsog`~baj| ibog`g`b . G`sf `gcg cba fa lf|lf~gaj| `r b|f ofg

x|bkjs . G` 64


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Artra bs~b r`f ng`~|b cbab ofg cjs~gsg~jf|b xafcb|g fab

ljgb|gaj| xfof`~b`g ; gol|fcfog`~bf aj| bs~b ijf|~b scroxf ! fr

dfg`b cb |bx|b{g`~f r` cfxg~fa nb j sr~f cg`cg{bcg nb ogg nb

i|f`cg ! gf| r`gg cdgf| ofg ora~ . Nfcf ! af cdba~rgbagab xb`~|r

gol|fcfog`~b ! sb fnfrmf cbab xf~|r ~|fsr|g ! mgryfgb|r|g ! yfsb

sg ojlgaf ! `b xr~bo g`cdgxrg cfo cf~g lf`g kb|~ibsc njo`gg

fcbs~gf cf sf/sg ora~robfscf ~|rigf.

Ljgb|gg if`f|gj~g ! fkr`sg g` X|g cgxf~b g` r|of lfmfkbaj|

njo`g~j|rarg ! sg yb`g~g f`rob cf sf sb cfxf~rgfscf ! sr`~ ! af

g`cbxr~ ! gsxg~g nb art 5 nj|bsc ! nbsg `r sr`~ cr fnbyf|f~

ljmf~g ! nf| `rofg cf sf igb af g`fa~gobf of`n|gbg ~|b{g~b nb

|f`mr|gab nf~b nb njo`g~j| ! nj|bsc ! sxr`bfo ! sf sb g`~|bfcf

g` art cr ljgb|gg xfof`~b`g 5 sg if|f sf/sg lf~f x|bf ora~ cfxra

cr cb yf ig xb ygg~j| ! nrxf cro `r/sg fnrc fog`~b nb ~|bcr~ ! sb

g`yjgbsc ! afcjog cro sr`~ ! sf sb g`nf~j|b{b af `bmrs~j|g sg af

{f|fig ! g`cf~ ! cr|f`n ! fkr`m sf rol|bfscf g`~|rcf~yf ifs~ra

ljgb|gaj| xfof`~b`g.

Ora~gobf sg artra ~|fsr|gaj| ! cj`~|fs~f`n `r `rofg cr

og{b|gf sf~baj| ng` kr| ! nf| cdgf| sg cr g`if~gsf|bf mb`b|faf f

cfxg~fabg ! gg gox|bsgj`bf{f g` ojn nbjsblg~ xb s~|fg`g. Ygb`f

sc|gb Afr|b`cj` yg`nb g` ^f|f \jof`bfscf j ora~gob nbcfabs~g ng` cbab ofg babmf`~b U_ . C|bn cf ! nfcf ~g`bo sbfof

nb xjxraf~gb ! g` Br|jxf sr`~ xr~g`b j|fsb r`nb sf sb mfsbfscf

r` f~f~ nb of|b `rof| nb bcdgxfkb cf af Lrcr|bs~g . Igbcf|b

`bmrs~j| gsg f|b ~|fsr|f sf ! gf| ljgb|gg sg ab scdgolf g` igbcf|b

f` .


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R` cfaf~j| b`mab{ ! |byb|b`nra \jlb|~ ]fasd ! cf|b

s~|flf~b Lrcr|bs~gg g` f`gg 64


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nb artra ljgb|gaj|! cf|b g sb xf| babmf`~g ! cr j f`rog~f

`j`sfaf`~f $ m|fcbira cf|babs`bss ji ~db of``b|s ' .

^|fgbsc ! sc|gb ba ! g`~|/r` art sg g`~|/j ljmf~gb cf|b cr m|br

xj~ ig nbxfsg~b g` y|br`f ng` cfxg~fabab Br|jxbg . Lfar|gab sg

xb~|bcb|gab nf~b nb bg! cr |jcdggaab sg xgb~|bab scroxb xb cf|b ab

xjf|~f sj~ggab aj| ! g`~|bc j|gcb g`cdgxrg|b .

Fcbbfsg gox|bsgb nb babmf`~f sg nb art j f|b sg l|gmfngb|ra

mb`b|fa Sg| \jlb|~ ]gasj` ! cf|b ~|bcb x|g` X|g`cgxf~b g` 646< !

cr x|gabkra r`bg ogsgr`g ngxajof~gcb abmf~b nb ~|f~f~gybab nbxfcb |rsj/~r|cb xb cf|b F`magf f| nj|g sf ab yfnf nrsb cf~ ofg

m|fl`gc af lr` sif|sg~ . Nbsx|b |bcbx~gf nf~f g` cg`s~bf arg af

Lrcr|bs~g ! sc|gb ;

^db cjs~rob ji ~db }job` gs db|b yb|w mfw 5 f`n g ~dg`e

~df~ g dfyb `j~gcbn j`b j| ~}j ifsdgj`s ! }dgcd }gaa lb fnog|bn

g` B`maf`n.U_ G dfyb `byb| |bfn ji ]faafcdgfs lbfr~gbs ! lr~

~dbw f|b `j obf` |gyfas ji Yb`rss lb~~b| e`j}` f`n oj|b

yf`~bn bs~flagsdob`~s.Gi G ofw krnmb i|jo ow ng``b| ~jnfw !

]faafcdgf ors~ fasj lb f` Bxgcr|bf` fljnb.G dfyb sbanjo sf~

nj}` ~j f m|bf~b| yf|gb~w ! j| ~j ygf`ns lb~~b| n|bssbn. Af

Gfsg ! bs~b x|gog~ nb ljgb|ra x|g`cgxfa $ lfs/ljgb|ra :' g`~|/r`

g`~b|gj| sxab`ngn ! r`nb sri|fmb|gf fybf j ar`mgob nb j sr~f

njrf{bcg nb xgcgjf|b.

Nfcf obol|gg bag~bg jccgnb`~fab b|fr rarg~g nb artra g{lg~j|

fa ljgb|gaj| `js~|g ! bs~b rsj| nb g`cdgxrg~ cb bibc~ xr~bf ba sf

fglf fsrx|f `byjgfsgaj| ng` ~f|f. Xjybs~g|bf ! g`n|f{`bf~f sg

xg~j|bfscf afsf~f nb f|dgof`n|g~ra M|gmj|b ! cf|b fybf sf

fkr`mf bxgscjx nb F|mbs ! nbsx|b yg{g~f arg af of|bab sxf~f|


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Gb`fcdg~f Yfcf|bscr ! fkr~f sf `b ifcbo j gnbb.G`~|rcf~ ! g` fkr`

nb Xfs~g ! sig`~gf sf x|gogsb yg{g~f ljgb|rarg ! xb cf~ nb g`yf~f~ xb

f~f~ nb ljmf~ ! sb dj~f|fs~b sf g/j g`~jf|cf ; Nf| cf`n of

fx|jxgfg nb xjf|~f cbf of|b ! nbjnf~f of jx|gg ! yf{rg j

ora~gob nb jfob`g g`f|of~g cr ~j~ ibara nb f|ob! Sbgob`g !

Sarkg~j|g ! F|`fr~g ! Xf`nr|g 5 iba nb iba nb s~|gmf|g s/fr{bfr !

nbjnf~f |fsr`f`n ~|folg~bab ! sr|abab sg ~jlbab ! ora~gob nb cfg

! ora~g f|ofsf|g `bcdb{f`n ! xjyja`gcg ! gbnbcr|g cr df|sfab nb

srs xf`f kjs

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STUDIU DE CAZ - "Romania, Intre Orient Si Occident"