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WRRC Bulletin 84
Studies on the Effects of Thermal Additions on Selected Zooplankton Populations
By
Wayland R Swain
Rohert M Wilson
It Peter Neri
School of MedicilHl
Vniversity of Mimwsota Duluth
J~-r~~ ~f~ shy
1~Ot
bull I bull ~ _ 1~
n i~~f+
The work upon which this publication is based was sU[lported in part by funds provided by the United States Departmcnt of the Interior as
allthorizt~d under the V]ter Resources Research Ad of 1~64 Public Law 88-379
November 1975
Minneapolis Minnesota
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
GRADUATE SCHOOL
TAGLE OF CONTENTS Page
Lst of figures ii
List of tahles
Foreword vi
Introduction
Non-invasive remote monitoring system for invertebrate populations
Design of experimental chambers 7
Vertical movement studies of mysids 21
Lake confirmation of light studies within selected thermal regimes
Methods and materials 44
Results and discussion 54
Horizontal temperature gradient experiments 61
Determination of activity ranges of selected zooplankton 67
Studies of the effects of thermal additions on reproductive potential of 7~
Summary Rl
Bibliography R
i
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 1 Generalized block diagram showing the arrangement of components in the Impedance Conversion System
Figure 2 Early needle-electrode chambers as compared with later d models n
Fi gure 3 Masking effects of radio interference and exshytraneous unfiltered o
Figure 4 Characteri s tic signatures of and In
Figure 5 Characteristic impedance signature for
Figure 6 Characteristic signature for 1
Figure 7 A minute chamber designed to monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species
Figure 8 The respiratory activity of In(Lr shortly after introshyduction into the test chamber
Figure 9 Effect of gross body movements on impedance conversion tracings at high sensitivities 1(
Figure 10 Photograph of the modified sample chamber showing the inclusion of the Clark Electrode for dissolved oxygen determi na ti on
Figure 11 A sequence of ratory responses of one 1na1 naiad over a range of ssolved oxygen tensions In
Figure 12 A continued sequence of respiratory for one naiad over a range of dissol
9 mgl to 21 mgl n
Figure 3 Generalized block diagram showi the arrangement of comshyponents in the Impedance on System
Figure 14 Photograph of the mental column designed for remote monitoring of the cal movements of mysids
Figure 15 A r of bi ar electrode grids of type 304 stainless steel
1
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Fi gure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Figure 33
Photograph of the heating element located equidistantbetween electrode grids
A of the vertical mi column
Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position
of the light source in position above the column orifice with a light filter in position
Acclimatization activities of mysids in the column prior to testing
An example of negative thermotaxis demonstrated by mysidsmigrating from 126deg to 48degC
An example of the return of mysids to relatively warmer waters
Negative thermotaxis demonstrated by mysids with heating element situated between grids I and 2
by mysids at 114deg C when heating element is between grids 1 and 2
A representative curve for white light at higher intensities utilized in the vertical migration column
Reactions of five mysids to the white light
Diagram of the vertical grati on col umn
A side view of the top a middle and the bottom section of the vertical migration column
A close-up view of the bottom portion of three sections of the vertical migration column
Circuit diagram of the photometer
Photometric calibration curves
Wave length sensitivity of the photocell
Sampling site location
iii
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Fi gure 37
38
Fi gure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
Page
Light extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
Comparison of the extinction curves for water column and the interior of the sampler
Distribution of dark-adaoted ~~sis in the sampler [)7
Distribution of light-adapted
Distribution of dark-adapted in the sampler
Line diagram of the horizontal temperature gradient chamber
A generalized line diagram showing the arrangement of elements in the low temperature studies on zooplankton
Time (in days) to 100 per cent mortality of test populations (f)
Mean recovery time in minutes for adult
Per cent mortality of premature by d 7)jundergoi ng short-term
Length of time (days) for development of eggs
of time (days) between clones of F2 generation at various temperatures 7f)
Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VI
Tab1e VI I
Table VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Variations in the respiratory characteristics of with decreasing oxygen tensions 21
Accl imatization of letieia to increasing intensities of 640 - 700 nm light
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - low temperature
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature (5
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature 180deg C
Mean responses of organisms acclimatized at 19deg C 7)
Survivorship of premature progeny expelled by gravid
Amount of second generation on in 77
v
iv
lroj cct Li L I e
-Ii
rrlncipal InvcLi~ator
Project Began ProieeL Fndecl Tune
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gwaj liJ nll
ti onally certain order point
of C01Jntry ~
vi vi
1
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
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ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
r()Y
clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
1(m~) (
lLi i -rj (il
llc J err )
inf fl]()J]itoriYl nr- (1)nV(I~ Lon (Trl
aDuthCr (r ie monil shy
(rlsinp (111 tp
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be canrlhle or Chl1ItHter-1 j (
now(r clf -tne mU~-3t
of sm
)i
111 Ll ~ h~r
-)
Ii 11
II
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
TAGLE OF CONTENTS Page
Lst of figures ii
List of tahles
Foreword vi
Introduction
Non-invasive remote monitoring system for invertebrate populations
Design of experimental chambers 7
Vertical movement studies of mysids 21
Lake confirmation of light studies within selected thermal regimes
Methods and materials 44
Results and discussion 54
Horizontal temperature gradient experiments 61
Determination of activity ranges of selected zooplankton 67
Studies of the effects of thermal additions on reproductive potential of 7~
Summary Rl
Bibliography R
i
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 1 Generalized block diagram showing the arrangement of components in the Impedance Conversion System
Figure 2 Early needle-electrode chambers as compared with later d models n
Fi gure 3 Masking effects of radio interference and exshytraneous unfiltered o
Figure 4 Characteri s tic signatures of and In
Figure 5 Characteristic impedance signature for
Figure 6 Characteristic signature for 1
Figure 7 A minute chamber designed to monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species
Figure 8 The respiratory activity of In(Lr shortly after introshyduction into the test chamber
Figure 9 Effect of gross body movements on impedance conversion tracings at high sensitivities 1(
Figure 10 Photograph of the modified sample chamber showing the inclusion of the Clark Electrode for dissolved oxygen determi na ti on
Figure 11 A sequence of ratory responses of one 1na1 naiad over a range of ssolved oxygen tensions In
Figure 12 A continued sequence of respiratory for one naiad over a range of dissol
9 mgl to 21 mgl n
Figure 3 Generalized block diagram showi the arrangement of comshyponents in the Impedance on System
Figure 14 Photograph of the mental column designed for remote monitoring of the cal movements of mysids
Figure 15 A r of bi ar electrode grids of type 304 stainless steel
1
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Fi gure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Figure 33
Photograph of the heating element located equidistantbetween electrode grids
A of the vertical mi column
Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position
of the light source in position above the column orifice with a light filter in position
Acclimatization activities of mysids in the column prior to testing
An example of negative thermotaxis demonstrated by mysidsmigrating from 126deg to 48degC
An example of the return of mysids to relatively warmer waters
Negative thermotaxis demonstrated by mysids with heating element situated between grids I and 2
by mysids at 114deg C when heating element is between grids 1 and 2
A representative curve for white light at higher intensities utilized in the vertical migration column
Reactions of five mysids to the white light
Diagram of the vertical grati on col umn
A side view of the top a middle and the bottom section of the vertical migration column
A close-up view of the bottom portion of three sections of the vertical migration column
Circuit diagram of the photometer
Photometric calibration curves
Wave length sensitivity of the photocell
Sampling site location
iii
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Fi gure 37
38
Fi gure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
Page
Light extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
Comparison of the extinction curves for water column and the interior of the sampler
Distribution of dark-adaoted ~~sis in the sampler [)7
Distribution of light-adapted
Distribution of dark-adapted in the sampler
Line diagram of the horizontal temperature gradient chamber
A generalized line diagram showing the arrangement of elements in the low temperature studies on zooplankton
Time (in days) to 100 per cent mortality of test populations (f)
Mean recovery time in minutes for adult
Per cent mortality of premature by d 7)jundergoi ng short-term
Length of time (days) for development of eggs
of time (days) between clones of F2 generation at various temperatures 7f)
Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VI
Tab1e VI I
Table VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Variations in the respiratory characteristics of with decreasing oxygen tensions 21
Accl imatization of letieia to increasing intensities of 640 - 700 nm light
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - low temperature
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature (5
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature 180deg C
Mean responses of organisms acclimatized at 19deg C 7)
Survivorship of premature progeny expelled by gravid
Amount of second generation on in 77
v
iv
lroj cct Li L I e
-Ii
rrlncipal InvcLi~ator
Project Began ProieeL Fndecl Tune
Oj-C
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gwaj liJ nll
ti onally certain order point
of C01Jntry ~
vi vi
1
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
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ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
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clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
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fc
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BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 1 Generalized block diagram showing the arrangement of components in the Impedance Conversion System
Figure 2 Early needle-electrode chambers as compared with later d models n
Fi gure 3 Masking effects of radio interference and exshytraneous unfiltered o
Figure 4 Characteri s tic signatures of and In
Figure 5 Characteristic impedance signature for
Figure 6 Characteristic signature for 1
Figure 7 A minute chamber designed to monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species
Figure 8 The respiratory activity of In(Lr shortly after introshyduction into the test chamber
Figure 9 Effect of gross body movements on impedance conversion tracings at high sensitivities 1(
Figure 10 Photograph of the modified sample chamber showing the inclusion of the Clark Electrode for dissolved oxygen determi na ti on
Figure 11 A sequence of ratory responses of one 1na1 naiad over a range of ssolved oxygen tensions In
Figure 12 A continued sequence of respiratory for one naiad over a range of dissol
9 mgl to 21 mgl n
Figure 3 Generalized block diagram showi the arrangement of comshyponents in the Impedance on System
Figure 14 Photograph of the mental column designed for remote monitoring of the cal movements of mysids
Figure 15 A r of bi ar electrode grids of type 304 stainless steel
1
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Fi gure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Figure 33
Photograph of the heating element located equidistantbetween electrode grids
A of the vertical mi column
Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position
of the light source in position above the column orifice with a light filter in position
Acclimatization activities of mysids in the column prior to testing
An example of negative thermotaxis demonstrated by mysidsmigrating from 126deg to 48degC
An example of the return of mysids to relatively warmer waters
Negative thermotaxis demonstrated by mysids with heating element situated between grids I and 2
by mysids at 114deg C when heating element is between grids 1 and 2
A representative curve for white light at higher intensities utilized in the vertical migration column
Reactions of five mysids to the white light
Diagram of the vertical grati on col umn
A side view of the top a middle and the bottom section of the vertical migration column
A close-up view of the bottom portion of three sections of the vertical migration column
Circuit diagram of the photometer
Photometric calibration curves
Wave length sensitivity of the photocell
Sampling site location
iii
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Fi gure 37
38
Fi gure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
Page
Light extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
Comparison of the extinction curves for water column and the interior of the sampler
Distribution of dark-adaoted ~~sis in the sampler [)7
Distribution of light-adapted
Distribution of dark-adapted in the sampler
Line diagram of the horizontal temperature gradient chamber
A generalized line diagram showing the arrangement of elements in the low temperature studies on zooplankton
Time (in days) to 100 per cent mortality of test populations (f)
Mean recovery time in minutes for adult
Per cent mortality of premature by d 7)jundergoi ng short-term
Length of time (days) for development of eggs
of time (days) between clones of F2 generation at various temperatures 7f)
Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VI
Tab1e VI I
Table VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Variations in the respiratory characteristics of with decreasing oxygen tensions 21
Accl imatization of letieia to increasing intensities of 640 - 700 nm light
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - low temperature
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature (5
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature 180deg C
Mean responses of organisms acclimatized at 19deg C 7)
Survivorship of premature progeny expelled by gravid
Amount of second generation on in 77
v
iv
lroj cct Li L I e
-Ii
rrlncipal InvcLi~ator
Project Began ProieeL Fndecl Tune
Oj-C
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gwaj liJ nll
ti onally certain order point
of C01Jntry ~
vi vi
1
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
I] fel I1PCef)--i
ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
r()Y
clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
1(m~) (
lLi i -rj (il
llc J err )
inf fl]()J]itoriYl nr- (1)nV(I~ Lon (Trl
aDuthCr (r ie monil shy
(rlsinp (111 tp
I be 11 hi I-fl
be canrlhle or Chl1ItHter-1 j (
now(r clf -tne mU~-3t
of sm
)i
111 Ll ~ h~r
-)
Ii 11
II
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Fi gure 37
38
Fi gure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
Figure 43
Figure 44
Figure 45
Page
Light extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
Comparison of the extinction curves for water column and the interior of the sampler
Distribution of dark-adaoted ~~sis in the sampler [)7
Distribution of light-adapted
Distribution of dark-adapted in the sampler
Line diagram of the horizontal temperature gradient chamber
A generalized line diagram showing the arrangement of elements in the low temperature studies on zooplankton
Time (in days) to 100 per cent mortality of test populations (f)
Mean recovery time in minutes for adult
Per cent mortality of premature by d 7)jundergoi ng short-term
Length of time (days) for development of eggs
of time (days) between clones of F2 generation at various temperatures 7f)
Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VI
Tab1e VI I
Table VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Variations in the respiratory characteristics of with decreasing oxygen tensions 21
Accl imatization of letieia to increasing intensities of 640 - 700 nm light
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - low temperature
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature (5
Temperature exposure - horizontal chamber - high temperature 180deg C
Mean responses of organisms acclimatized at 19deg C 7)
Survivorship of premature progeny expelled by gravid
Amount of second generation on in 77
v
iv
lroj cct Li L I e
-Ii
rrlncipal InvcLi~ator
Project Began ProieeL Fndecl Tune
Oj-C
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gwaj liJ nll
ti onally certain order point
of C01Jntry ~
vi vi
1
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
I] fel I1PCef)--i
ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
r()Y
clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
1(m~) (
lLi i -rj (il
llc J err )
inf fl]()J]itoriYl nr- (1)nV(I~ Lon (Trl
aDuthCr (r ie monil shy
(rlsinp (111 tp
I be 11 hi I-fl
be canrlhle or Chl1ItHter-1 j (
now(r clf -tne mU~-3t
of sm
)i
111 Ll ~ h~r
-)
Ii 11
II
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
lroj cct Li L I e
-Ii
rrlncipal InvcLi~ator
Project Began ProieeL Fndecl Tune
Oj-C
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gwaj liJ nll
ti onally certain order point
of C01Jntry ~
vi vi
1
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
I] fel I1PCef)--i
ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
r()Y
clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
1(m~) (
lLi i -rj (il
llc J err )
inf fl]()J]itoriYl nr- (1)nV(I~ Lon (Trl
aDuthCr (r ie monil shy
(rlsinp (111 tp
I be 11 hi I-fl
be canrlhle or Chl1ItHter-1 j (
now(r clf -tne mU~-3t
of sm
)i
111 Ll ~ h~r
-)
Ii 11
II
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
1
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
I] fel I1PCef)--i
ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
r()Y
clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
1(m~) (
lLi i -rj (il
llc J err )
inf fl]()J]itoriYl nr- (1)nV(I~ Lon (Trl
aDuthCr (r ie monil shy
(rlsinp (111 tp
I be 11 hi I-fl
be canrlhle or Chl1ItHter-1 j (
now(r clf -tne mU~-3t
of sm
)i
111 Ll ~ h~r
-)
Ii 11
II
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
must ccnslstently nrodllce s
in an c~1)abl c nuou~ Plori tori Eg
tITovide slgnific~nL de~~i r~necl for reploLc
any (nt t 1lt
I] fel I1PCef)--i
ell ternt of
thp lttrill un
~) lHl
i 1 rovid for fhard yCtri
urfer
ecannnL be dencndcnt for () (r
r)h~I~iologL(~ fllll(~t iOll
r()Y
clercIHlcnL (Irtrli~ and 1(ij fC
i 1)1]( 1(51) (][ClItVt
i ndlJ(((l i)(l(~Llilt i()i(nL
rl) Jdm1l arid 1n1)crg(r
1(m~) (
lLi i -rj (il
llc J err )
inf fl]()J]itoriYl nr- (1)nV(I~ Lon (Trl
aDuthCr (r ie monil shy
(rlsinp (111 tp
I be 11 hi I-fl
be canrlhle or Chl1ItHter-1 j (
now(r clf -tne mU~-3t
of sm
)i
111 Ll ~ h~r
-)
Ii 11
II
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
fc
c
Ir_lhus
(iX)
BI-POLAR GRIDS IN SAMPLE CHAMBER
FOUR CHANNEL
RECORDER
IMPEDANCE
UNI T
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
Figure
~
)
Ii
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
aquacic cxnerirlental some renera 1 cnrLh
DESIGN OF EXPERHIENTAL CHAMBERS
As was noted in the introductory section impedance conversion que has been used as a standard procedure for certain mecIical and physiologi cally related problems date no application of this met hod had been made to invertebrate organisms residing in the i c environment
Since most aquatic invertebrates arc small relatively active forms a series chambers were required in order to al low for a complete range of motion of the organism and retain the test animal in fairly close nroximitr
one or both of the sensing electrodes
Characteristically impedance measurements in mammalian are made with implanted needle el ectrodes Initial studies in chambers construded to receive needle electrodes proved fruitless Figure 2 an early column 25 x 10 x 105 rlllU (ID) which was constructed to monitor copepod and cladoceran movements is method of construction was abandoned since the needle electrodes when used in sequence acteltl antenna resulting in the amnllfication of levels of radio frequency ) interference and raisinF the signal to noise ratio to an unslltisfactorr level This masking effecL is shown in Figure Several other chambers utilizing needle were constructed with simishylar limited success In these installations even the use of or the construction Faraday Cage dill not allow for the reduction an acceptable level
Studies by Spoor and Drummond (197raquo) rellOrLed using stainless grids in a direct current system utilizing amplified T)otentials reasoned that such suecess in a direct current system might also have cabili Ly to an alternating current system increased sensitivity
A seri es t es t and organi sm specific chambers were then constructed using type 304 stainless steel wire cloth as sensing electrodes rhese wire grid electrodes were cemented with non-Loxic plastic polymer to opposing walls of the chamber While configurations were tried this arranement of electrodes seemed to provide the most stable and consistent results Coaxshyial cable was utilized to construct five-Tlin shielded leads to further minimize extraneouG RF signal noise from poor electrical contacts
Test results from Lhe use of experimental chambers constructed according to this patLern gave excellent results From this arrangement it was posshysible to monitor 1JoLh gross locomotor activity and smaller appendage movements of a invertebrates including Daphnia op MlfoU fle)ic)a and maCfLUJU~ ~~igurc 4 shows the differences in the characteristi base signature between and Mlou Identification of various portion of signature for Vaphvua and Mlfoi-fgt is provided in Figures 5 and 6 respectively
The distance between grids was found to l)e a critical factor the recept ion of clear accurat e signal It wa~ learned that signa] input could be maximbed if the disLance between electrode pairs exceeded the overall body
7
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I
II
~
signal
Early needle-electrode chambers (right both top and bottom)Figure 2 as compared with later grid models (left both top and bottom) Figure 3 Masking effects of radio freluency
Single chamber (top) le(l to the development of z and extraneous unfiltered 60H
col~mns f~~~+~~ tn nh~P~vP v~rtical movements 9
8
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I d-~
Figure Characteristi imDedance signature for Vapinua 11ajor spikes rCpresent gross whole body movements and lesser Deaks are response second antennae movements (Sensitivity OO~) chart 5 mmsec)
Figure 4 Characteristic impedance signatures of and (bottom)
11 10
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
~~k~~wJ~AlUL_-J~
Figure 6 Characteristic impedance siGnature for lilfgti) r~(Qta Major spikes represent whole body movements smaller peaks were causetl by tail movements (Sensitivity OO~ chart speed 25 romminute)
12
length 1middot(5 times These values tend grid than the other maxishy
imnedance unit Grids closer to above confi ned the organism Loo severely Further sensinp F~ri in
gross motor movements in physica-l the gri nroducing masive recorder-pen when
a hi ~)en~)itlvity ing was used
Single grids were in variety of size and shape confiF11rashytions with J Lle or interference However in vert leal found extraneous interference increased proportionately in grid size Jiurther if vertical gr-id sequences Wl~re situ~1ted proxi m ty to ca h interference increased
vert movement studies of mY3ids was 0 rum Effective gri sizes this column
ranged from]O x liT mm with minimum vertical distflnce 30 mm between each Thi between Gri wa~
a infJuence above and below eaeh Grid withtn r) mm v0rtlcally antenna obviatinp the receipi
of acceptal11e signals test (rpani vertical prld spacinp careiu11y organi sm could be cont Lnuousl throughout the lengL h of the (~ollUnn judicious acemerrL of allowed animrd to from the snhere of influence grid pair into that rrid nair without ci thcr unnecessary intcrf(~tence or the creation dead where detect would be avo
The maxlmu11l grid s izp in movement experiment s 100 rom s arrangement produ(~ed lent signal clarity of grid allowed the construction of column with verti electrodes to monitor vertical movemcmt of organl rhis wi be discussed in detflll in a sct
specific relative phenomenon A was constructed incushy
bation time~ of e~gs of ( sequenc e Wa used monitor naiads general Ai1ax to cm in USing the generali in FiF1lTe it was reasoned that major conseuenc increasing temnerature in the aquatie environment i~ a dimunitlon of dissolved oxygen that data be avai lablf with regard to oxygen consmnpt ion at east Some of the lanwr sneeies in 1r4ke Sunerior Basin
As a consequence it was decided that dragonfly would be utiJized because of the iollowing characteri sties
13
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
Iw Ii
I
Figure 7 A chamber designpd monitor emergence behavior of aquatic species Internal of this chamber are 10 x 6 rom
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I f~=~~--------
--gt
I
I
~
~
~
~1 7ishylt ~
-=_=F==- W
I
I ~ ~
gure The respiratory activity Anax ~p gure 9 Effectintroduction into the chamber reads
AR
s convers1 tracings HIGH]t] to L1TFT ~RIC][T curve GM gross automati c resetE expiratory fraction of the curve
1716
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
l Figure] O Photogranh of llodifierl samele chamber showing the
inclusion of Electrode for di ssolved oX)rgen determination
18
66 mg II BA
~
FmiddotO45 A 105
c bull~ ~
Itmiddot~I III F050 A 195
E
59mgl o
55 mgl F
bull 1 t f ~ ~ I
G H45 mg II
33mg I J
F 085 A 110
11 A sequence of respiratory responses of one Anax 611 naiad over a rangedissolved oxygen tensions from 66 mpl 33 mgl Paired strip
charts are identical at different chart ACEGT = tracings recorded BDFHJ recorded at 5 mm sec F = respiratory frequencr in cycles second = respiratory8l1l1)litude in sC8~e units Art = artifact Tnstrument sensitivity for all tracings was 0005 19
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
F 10
~lTI I
A 29mgJl TABLE 1
Variations n the Respi Characteristics of AnaJ with Decreasing Tens ions
A = 8 Ampl itude
Frequency in C1cl e Uni ts
10566 045
59 050 95
55 053 150B 24mgl
52 055 140 1-_ f V r
y
45 075 85 F 14 A 7 38 080 65
33 085 11 0
29 10 80
24 140 7 (from 5 mmsec records)
c 22 mgl 22 095 4 (from 5 mmsec
records)~~Iv~
2 (from 5 trllIIsecFO95 records)A 4
D 21 mgll
F shyAI 1
Figure continued of respiratorr responses for one Af11lX gt~r 21 a range dissol ved oxygen from 2 to 21
tracing recorded chart sneed 1 mm sec tracings recorded chart frequency
respiratory ampli t1lCle in scale units all tracings was
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
OilS
110VEMr~rr OF
a well of
it
(In
away desiGned this illuminator capable
of an iri irht ftvRilshy
focus was always arranged to proride optimal illuminat i for the inL of the COlumIl
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
11H~Ii
e
GRIDS IN WATER COLUMN
PRE-AMP
PRIMARY AMP
FOUR
CHANNEL RECORDER
AU[)IO
AMP
gure 13 Generali zerl block di agram the arrangement gwpjJI in Impedance Converr scns()rin(~
the vertical movements the
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I
~
4~
Figure 16 Photograph of the heating element located equidistant
Figure A pair of binolar electrocle grids of t)rpe 304 stainless between electrode grids
steeL The horizontal distance between these grids is approximately 5 cm while the vertical diltance hetween electrode pairs was cm
27 26
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
b
c
b l
a
rigure 18 Louvered light-tight shield opened with illuminator in the open position to allow access to the column orifice
29
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
the ight ource were dull reflected iRht re-entering
containirw
hours
l-]e ronmental
In
contrrl~~t when therrnd stress exceerl i n~ aTml mysids vaeoted the area of t hennol
Mlf~middot5
1s sipnature lJP 1iigure O)
was
W(l) ble
limnion time
B8deg C for by
s + ip_ nf~r
return when recording
heaLing element serving mysids
warm in a downward
that ~flfb ~eeuroActa wi
strip The
Figure 9 the Ii source in column light For purposes clarity the sourc been retracted from upper surface of filter
30
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
_1 i l ~
~ --=-yenshy
L~-shy
~-ishy_1 _J
d_d euro ~ ~ ~
0
~ -=i
i ~
-~4
~ - ~ ~
~~
2
1 j
Acclimitazation aetiviLi(~ of in the eolumn prior to testinr Note that the are clistributECd through-OuL the entire water IIlpoundH3S ~
]
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
T
I
~I
they may have been requi into relatively warmer areas Drior the 1raters below example in order to escape] 6deg c
ImI1etic H water Eit grid number necessary to move element in order to arrive at
the C waLer at
characteristic downward avoidshyi nborn forced movement
unconfirmed with La other ial dimensions Lhl
avoi dance reaction has been termed i ve thermotaxis It that much additional work in this area is required
As noted mysids characteristically refused to ro-enter a warmed rater mass unt ternneratuTes 114deg C Thi temDshyereture was regariled as the critical thrcshold this organism Figure
shows Il1sids UDper strata of the test as tempshyeratures reach after shut-down of the heating system
res11Jts were obtained when heating element bctween grirl[ and was utilized 23 shows the negative thermotaxis
by my~lds C and Figure 21+ the ir re-entrl 11 C It is imDoltant note mysid freely in proxilli to
surrounding waters reached lS so in Lhe test mysirls
1mlformly water mass darkened between and
ow the thermal heating unit between grids ) and it ra uti]-i
thermal source even though five organi 30 em vertical
C as apparently sufficient to and res-r)onse
Reynold sand De(raeve 1970 a C 10 rnaximulI temnerature
These values closely anproximate the criti this Beeton 960)
do high as 190deg migration
this but do confi ob~ervatlons the column experiments
light also on lteJcta Five dark aced in Lake Sunerior waLer under condi tions ident ical thos
above Again organisms were in 4 C waLer during the of observation Organisms then subj to increasing or illumshyination in the 610 - middot(00 run portion of he spectnull and to various I evels white liflht reil portion the spectrum was because Beeton (1960 suggests t be the sensitive portion the mrsidri visual Thes e fin(l1 ngs ere confirmed by rej)ort ed here vr1cn
3)1
I--~~J --~-- _AH ~f-JVmiddotmiddot--_ rr----_middot- middot~--middot-middotmiddot~---middot--
Ii I i i~~ ~IW~lJWLrA)~l~~)Jt-vj~~-~I~~
to relatively warmer waters Temperature at grid 4 was
Figure 22 An example the return and 114degC the other
grids Chart reads right to left (chart spccil 25 mmsec sensitivity 005
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
--L~
~
~gt
lt _1
I
l~
~ 3
7
~ ~
~
~
~ -1J i
t -4lt )
lt
)
~ lt ~ ~
) (
~
C] +gt bull--1
8
Ieshyrr
Qj
H
S rl Ic
middot---1
+ f bull -4
H C
~ E~
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
lIl1
ranged from no effec L aL jve phototaxjs in the lons
general temlency hlation time appeared to exi Tl betwccen t established llht gradient
ttd) TO me a
chamber t hE- ~urfae (~a
acclimatized
mi rate
ty
TABLE II
Acclimatization of ng intensities 0
Intensity of Light Time (wa~~lIete~
03 000
092 000
45 024
88 048
3 072
58 30
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
N~ln
)
j
I ~
~T 1 ~ 3 J
1 J J
N 0U 1amp110 i1- 1amp1 I l-z 1amp1 0 VJ Jl-
I Ishy
-0 $2
~t~I lib ok 1 -l iswnN 01 0
the white light regime shown indicates the of illumination
005 chart chart speed
curve for light at higher intensiFigure A vertical migration column
11 i1 o I
II
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I 1I(II11
cmWIR11ATION
Introduct ion
t ~ie that
HEv-i(w (Jf thc LiL(-~l~aturp
II
4
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I~middot
Am
HydroI
B
Serbullbull of BoIling Cloth [ 1
Icarbont
Tubing ---II
~
1 Pin
Thred
YIII Rt
crbullbull Sprlng-IO
8en VIbullbull RIbullbullbullbull Arm
flgur 25 DIOIg of Vlleal IIIlgrllon Column
Amiddot Top ScIIOft butlrf ele otMft
- C r ocliOll (one of thrbullbull1t bullbull1bullbull cld
e- Iott_ 811000 bin bullbull bullbull __ for _Itt
c PVC FilII
___---FUOlllng Cloth
8ell Veha
WIlght -Harne
Vly
Wlght
[i-
tecot were tured
HI6 is ~eJcJa 1
Figure 27 Diagram of the vertical unm A top sectiI butterfly valve B ion of three)I vaJve closed and C bottom sect1 on bal valve openedI
I for
45
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
--
-----
I
JIllpI
Ii
--II
~ = ~~__ - _ 11
I
Pi PiltZ
FiguriO 2il A side of on the
I from
and the hottom Note hydrovire
is (22 kilograms
II suspended one meter in length 47 46
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
PHOTOTRANS ISTOR CL 505L
14 VDC
2fl
o 0 S
2
~ ~
22
0- 50 Microamp
o o Sd ri
Yigure
Figure 30 Circuit diagram of Photometer
h9
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
80
flO
40
10
4000 8000
ANGSTROMS
tivity the
IPr
lOOt
gtshy gt z
l ~ bull
o
10 r
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
c
~
- 0 c
CJ CJ rC ~ S ~
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
i~
55
I11III1 I r
I
(f)
ri t 1( LIlt (middot11
ex III Ishy E
Z
J Ishy0
Q II lUil iLIln I i
111111 I k I i ~ 1 [] ~ [ i i 1middot I
) I~ 1) till
Inl 1
11 1 )1(
i (1 1 ] j
1([
IN TE N SIT YIN W A T T S I MET E R
5
10
20
30
40
50
55
80
1
I Fipure pht extinction curve and Secchi Disc transparency
c I i
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
i
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
INTENSITY IN WATTSI METER2
35 40 45 60 5
------_
10
15
20
III 25 a w gtshy 30 w I 35 z
r 40 gtshy0
451w 0
5degll55 60
Figure Comparison column and
-middot-CO LUMN
--WATE R
(f)
i 2a
LU l- Iw
3
I
Z
Ishy0 111 0
50
55
110
5
of the ext inction curves for the water interi the ampler
FiGure Dictribution of rlark-urlapted MrJl5 freiicta in the sampler
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
t i
WATTS METER2INTEN SITY IN
10
15
20
() 25a
IU I shy
30IU
Ii 35
Z
40 I shy0
35 40 45 50 55
I~ oS
0
50
55
60
of magnaFiGure
i I
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
I r
INTENSITY IN W T T S I loll E T E R2
10 111 20 25 30 35 I I I 1
11-1 ~I 2
10-r-shy
15 ~ i20 i25bull
II w I shy 30w III
z
40
I 8r
l shy0 W Q
50 55
80-1
ll0 shy
In a~ the
Distribut of dark-adauted maqrW In
sampler Fiflire
60
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
gt-zj 1-
~ j ()
vJ
() t-lt r f- ~ ~ ~ rr ltD ~ 1-
qIII
5 0 H
C )
T 0
1- N 0 s d III -
-C (1)
(3 (1)
1 ill c+
~ (tl
)l
lgt 1- (1)
Wrj-ckitt
01fl~-7tt)~ ) I II II
-- -II II II
~lJ~poundJ-
Wr t tube
-1 Table III
Temperature Exposure Horizontal Chamber
Low Temperature Adaptation - 7Joc Organism introduced at 70oc
Duration in
9
5 7
10 10
15 6 4
20 4 3 2
25 3 2 2 2
30 3 3 2 2
35 0
40 2 3 3
45 3 2 3
50 2 4 2
55 2 3 2
60 3 2 2
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
( 2 09
2 2 2 55
2 C 05
2 pound Z 517
Z 2 2 017
Z Z pound Sf
C as 52
17 Z E 02
8 S l
L Z OL
Z S
6
Uf uoqena
)oO8L ft ) 00 8 l - U0-7------=7r~
UJS Lue5JO G6~H
W +J Cl cD ~j
~I
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
Table V
Te~Jerature EXPosJre - Horizontal Chamber ~lJJiln~rlE
High Temperat~re Adaptation laOoc Initial Introduction into a5 0 c Water
Duration in
10
5 9
10 4
15 7 2
20 5 2 2
30 3 2 3
35 3 2 4
45 3 2 4
f-
sectl
lt
--
lt
~ T
~
J
~
D
-
gt-----
gt -cJ bullbullj
-2
Js - gt
sect-~ -
c~ --~I -3lt lt-lt - _J
~ u~ J -2 -]
lt
lt
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
---
----
r ~
bull il ~
~ f sect bullg
11
i ~
~ c ~
l~ IL1Jlorbull l5 I
in the studies on zoo~
the nrranpment
+laquogt
+1)
III I I ti
L- Lshy~ eigt If lt) ~ ~ ~ gt0 111 8JOlIUtodW8J
41
j i ~l~
~ ~ I
- ~J bull _
- ~ ~ Jt ~ -shy8 ~ ampil H ~
bull iii
bull _~
= I ~ u
~-Lfrure )~ 0 ~
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
s
-shy
(
I I
0 00 0 cO 0 -- J ul Jn~l
]lt~ilSllre 1+2 recovery time in mi for adult exposed short-tern thermal shock at various temperature tncreTftents
71
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
Acclimatized at
r
50
40
39
38
w 37 0
~ CD ~
f- 36 z w u U) w 35 wcr CD w Cl 34 z
w cr gt 33 - shy
~ W 0shyE 32 w fshy
31
30
29
28
Table VI
MEAN RESPONSES OF TO SHORT DURATION
Vlab
pd H1 C Onset of HorizJntal Circling
Fi
RESPONSE OF DAPHNIA
sms
Immediate
Delayed
Organism
Onset of Heat Coma I
Heat StuporI
Intermittent Inactivation 1 Ie Young Expelled from Brood
I Pronounced Vertical Tumbling
Onset of Vertical Tumbl
Pouch
Table VII
SURVIVORSHIP OF PREMATURE PROGENY EXPELLED BY GRAVID DAPHNIA UNDERGOING SHORT TERM HEAT SHOCK
Maximum Exposurein
5
I D1 n=lO 365 29 0 34
D2 n= 10 370 27 185 222
D3 n= 10 390 25 666 708
D4 n=10 395 818 818
D5 n=lO 400 2 00 100
2068 757 793 827
5185 888 926 962
708 720 760 800
818 818 818 818
100 100 100 100
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
Figure 43
IJgfi
othpr
0gt
ltII L ~ E E Li V(i=
r)
Al U-JJQIII
(-enL
hrve
chamber
orpani ~3m~)
1lodel 117
premature nropeny bv hort-term thermal
14
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
period controlled by which increments and dark
When were nroduced s were and p]aced in separate narental gcnerat ion brood date bi birth order 0 TABLE VIII
to follow Amount of Second Generation
were transferred a Reproduction in Daphnia were then followed generati by Test Temperature
ince they scribed Hacfythur and
Results
The temncraturc at which a pODulation reached Further it was at thls the
F~ f(eneration memhers mean nUPlher (I f
si the
higher observed 2li-~~5degC here
of the greatly
the dfvcioDment 0 r in the brood clOuch gcnerati DarYtiUfl is Llhown in j-igure JIll
the amount of time required from days 7 to i (laYCo at )I
rel onship with ronnect temperature was observed when length of time between clones was examined At 7 were between clones while at oll i were an increase in the thermal environment tends fe an inverse function of ongevity
It interesting note that Pratt (1943) renorts that he was unab] to of V magvu1 at that after
dwindled to extinction n reported here While length between broods and 1ength of Lme required for egg production was greatJy expanded survivorship nresenteo no nroblem eV(n at 75degC pt the time of writing temnershyutures have been continuously mai It is
77
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
Temperature C
GIl
11
0shy2 3 bull
~ e to bullE
obull ~
~
IIgt II
2 Ii 10= gt enedeJ
Ftrure h~) Figure )14 Length of time ) for the deve1oPl1ent of egps i
the brood pouch of pravid generation f)(Wllnil1 at variom temperatures
various
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
7 Li 3
to
i
T
SUMMARY
A non-invasive remote nunitoring system for aquatic invertebrates population is described
2 The evolution and design of e of controlling various physical parameters
chambers (1 ) while monitoring
behavioral effects on aquatic
3 Results of laboratory ments designed to measure the effect of heat and liqht on the verti gration of is included
4 A sampler for determi ng the orientation depth of planktonic organisms is described
5 A photometer for measuring irradiance of both water and air is described
6 The light regimes at 58 meters (3 X 10- watts per square was found to be excessive for dark-adapted
rlitillll migrated to high light intensities of between square meters This was very close to acclimation
38 watts per square meters
to low light intensities of between
9 The findi a relationship exists between total flux and waveshyength at as a factor influencing vertical migration
10 A chamber designed to maintain a horizontal temperature gradient is described including test results using both JkliiiUO andMiiiD
11 The description of apparatus used and results obtained in determining the effects of extreme beat and cold exposure on IWIlna activi ty
2 Experiments to measure the effects on reproductive potential at various temperatures for a prolonged period are described
8 102 to 6
ill
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
- -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bainbridge R 1952 Underwater Observations on the Swimming of Marine ankton Jour Marine Biol lJS 31 107-112
Bainbridge R and T Waterman 1957 Polarized Light and the Orientation of Two Marine Crustacea Bermuda Station Contribution No 231
R 1957 Diurnal Migration of Plankton Crustaceans ~~=-c7~ Physio 109Y University of
Beeton A M 1959 Photoreception in the Shrimp rclicta Lov6n Biol Bull 116L04-2l6
Beeton A M 1960 The Vertical in Lakes Huron and Michigan J Fish Res Bd
Biesinger K E and G M Christensen 1972 Effects of Various Metals on Survival Growth Reproduction and Metabolism of J Bd Canada 291691-1700
Camougis G 1960 Recording Bioelectrical Potentials from Aquatic Animals Turtox News 38156-1
S 1 and 1 D Panasyuk 1965 Distribution of Daphma under the Conditions of Temperature Oxygen and Light Gradi
Zhurnal431715-116
Clarke G 1933 Diurnal Migration of Plankton in the Gulf of Marine and its Connection with changes in Sub-marine Irradiation 65402-436
Cushi H 1950 The Vertical on of Planktonic Crustacea Rev 26158-192
Cushing D H 1951 Some on the Vertical of Zooplankton J Animal 137-166
1973 Some Short-Term Indicators of Subl on Brook Trout
Jour 30698-701
Drummond R A W A
cal Cells Cold Harbor Symposia o~ Quantitive
Fricke H 1933 The Electric Impedance of
Goodman D A and N M Weinberger 1971 Submerged Electrodes in an Aquarium Validation of a Techni for Remote Sensing of Behavior Behav Meth 3281
Hardy A C and N Paton 1943 on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals
A C 1953 Some Problems of Pelagic Life Essays ll Biology Edinburgh
Hardy A C and R Bainbridge 1954 Experimental Observation on the Vertical Migration of Plankton Animals J Mar Biol UK33409-448- -~ -~
Harris J E and P Mason 1958 Vertical Mi in ess Soc Lon ~280-290
Harris J E and U K A Laboratory Study ot Vertical Migration Proc ~ 144329-354
Heath A G 1972 A Critical son of Methods for Measuring Fish Respiratory Movements 61-7
Heberdey R F 1948 Das Unterscheidungsvermogen von Helligkeiten farbiger Lichter Z Vergl Physiol
Heusner A A and J T Enright 1966 Long-Term Activity Recording in Small Aquatic Animals Science 1 532-3
Liebman F M 1970 Electrical Impedance Pulse Traci Blood Flow in Rigid Tubes and Volume Restricted Theoretical Explanations Ann New Acad ~
MacArthur J W and W H T Bail lie 1929 Metabolic Activity and Duration of Life E~ 2l2Ll-268
McNaught D C 1971 Plasticity of C1adoceran Visual Environmental Changes Trans Soc_
t D C and A D Hasler 1964 Rate of Movement of ations of in Relation to Changes in Light Intensity J Fi
Canada 21291-317
McNaught D C and A D Hasler 1966 Crustacea in Lake Michigan
Michael E L 1911 Classification and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego Reqion Univ Calif Public Berkeley ~21-186
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
1 I
Miller D 1961 A Modification of the Smal Hardy Plankton Sampler for Viaud P G 1951 Le phototropisme chez les Cladoceres les Rotiferes Simultaneous High Speed Plankton Hauls Hull Bull Mor-Ecol 5 et les anaires Am BioI r 365165-172
Wells l 1960 Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movement of PlanktonicMiller T A 1973 Measurement of Insect Heartbeat by Crustacea in Lake Michigan US Fish Fish Bull 60Conversion Physiology Teacher pound1-3 343-369 - -- -- __ _
Nyboer J 1970 Electrorheometric Properties of Tissues and Fluids Ann New ~410-419
Pratt D M 1943 Analysis of Population Development in at Different Temperatures 116-140
Reynolds J B and G M DeGraeve 1970 Seasonal Population Charactershyistics of The Opposum Shrimp Zicta in Southeastern Lake Michigan 15th Great 117-131
Rueger M E T A Olson and J I Scofield 1969 Oxygen Requirements of Benthic Insects as Determined by Manometric and Polarographic Techniques ~ater I99-120
Russell F S 1927 The Vertical Distribution of Plankton in the Sea BioI Rev pound213
Smith F E and E R Baylor 1953 Color Responses in the Cladocera and their Ecological Significance Amer Natur 49-55
Smith To 1 erance of 1dlJic to Thermal Shock and LightSoc 99
Spoor W A and R A Drummond 1972 An Electrode for Detecting Movement in Gradient Tanks F Soc lQl714-715
Spoor W A T W Neiheisel and R A Drummond 1971 An Electrode Chamber for Recording Respiratory and Other Movements of Free Swimming Animals Trans~ Amer Fish Soc lQQ22-23
Stavn R H 1971 The Horizontal-Vertical Distribution Hypothesis langmuir Circulation and Distribution Limnology ography 453-466
Swain W R R W Magnuson J D Johnson T A Olson and T O Odlaug 1970 Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in Western lake Superior Proc 13th Conf Great lakes Internat Assoc Great ~ 619-639 - shy
Swain W R R M Wilson R P Neri 1974 ished data
Ullyott P 1939 Die tagkichen Wanderungender planktonischen susswasser shyCrustacean ~ Rev Hychobiol 38262
0)
