Studies in Aleutian-Kodiak Prehistory, Ecology and Anthropology || Two Late Prehistoric Pottery-Bearing Sites on Kodiak Island, Alaska

Two Late Prehistoric Pottery-Bearing Sites on Kodiak Island, AlaskaAuthor(s): Donald W. ClarkSource: Arctic Anthropology, Vol. 3, No. 2, Studies in Aleutian-Kodiak Prehistory, Ecologyand Anthropology (1966), pp. 157-184Published by: University of Wisconsin PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40315630 .

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TWO LATE PREHISTORIC POTTERY^BEARING SITES ON KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA

DONALD W. CLARK

INTRODUCTION

In April 1805 Captain Lisianski (1814) visited, among other locations, two Konyag Eskimo settlements on Kodiak Island from which he obtained especially valuable ethnographic notes. One hundred fifty-six years later we excavated at these places which had been abandoned within a few decades after Lisianski1 s visit. The study of which this report is a part provides the ethnohistorical baseline for Kodiak prehistory.1 This interim report will cover only the excavations and artifactual remains.

The sites described here are at Rolling Bay on Sitkalidak Island, one of the Kodiak group, hence- forth "Kodiak," and at Kiavak Bay 11 miles distant across Sitkalidak Strait. In 1961 the University of Wisconsin tested a late prehistoric Eskimo village site at Rolling Bay, and in 1962, after finishing work elsewhere in the vicinity, it continued excavations at this site for one week. In 1963 several sites were tested and one excavation at Kiavak Bay is described here.2

McHugh (1962) has briefly described the Rolling Bay site (survey No. 420). To his description I wish to add a map (Fig. 2) and a few comments. Prior to excavation, the site was visited in I960 by

J. B. Jtfrgensen and W. S. Laughlin who had heard of it from Old Harbor residents. It is divisible into three semi-contiguous areas and one separate area. This site is unusually large for Kodiak, covering roughly 10 acres, but not all areas were necessarily occupied at the same time.

Area I, a sandy eroded remnant between the lake and beach, was tested in 1961. Cultural deposits reached a maximum thickness of 2 meters.

Area II (combined with former Area III) was tested in 1961-2 by Trenches 2 (Hillside) and 3 (Lakeshore). Trench 2 lay entirely within a large buried house structure. Because of concentration on the structure and excessive ground water this trench did not adequately expose the base of the site which appears to be about 215-235 cm. deep. Trench 3 was a discontinuous one-meter-wide excavation transect- ing the narrowest portion of the site. It was planned to show the relationship of a midden accumulation to other parts of the site.

Area III (formerly IV) between the lake and stream contains shallow deposits and artifacts similar to those found elsewhere in the site.

Area IV, which is atop a low bluff across the stream, has the sharpest house outlines but corn-

Fig. 1. The Old Harbor sector of Kodiak Island.

^he archaeology of Kodiak Island is briefly summarized on page 170.

Participating archaeologists at Rolling Bay were graduate students Donald W. Clark, Carter Denniston, William McHugh (1961 party chief), Peter Storck, Kenneth Taylor, Morgan Usadel (1962 party chief), and William Workman. Members of the 1963 field party were Norman Bauer (University of California at Berkeley), Donald W. Clark (party chief), Becky Sigmon Storck, Diena Van Eynsbergen (University of British Columbia), and William Work- man. Dr. William S. Laughlin administered the archaeological investigations. All participants were from the University of Wisconsin unless otherwise indicated. Earlier preparation and analysis of 1961 materials by McHugh was helpful.

157

Arctic Anthropology III-2, 1966



158 Arctic Anthropology 111-2

Fig. 2. Site 420, Rolling Bay. Area IV is off the map to the south. Locations of trenches 2 and 3 are numbered. The first contour line is one half interval above the lake.

Fig. 3. Map of site 418, Kiavak Bay.



Clark: Pottery-Bearing Sites on Kodiak Island 159

pletely lacks cultural refuse, and the houses may be without well-defined floors and hearths.

Historic occupation is attested by numerous trade beads and other contact items in the top 25 cm. of Area II. Also, early in the Twentieth Cen- tury and several decades after the site had been generally abandoned, Area II reportedly was occupied seasonally by trappers. This, most likely, is the Cape Bay village which Lisianski (1814) visited in April 1805 on Salthidak Island. At Old Harbor, Laughlin was told that the Rolling Bay settlement had been called "Saataq. "

At Kiavak Bay we excavated parts of two sites: 418 and 419. The historic Kiavak village site, 418, with which we are concerned here , is located on a sand and gravel bar at the entrance to Kiavak lagoon, and part of the site fronts the tidal river con- necting the lagoon with the bay. This site is 130 meters long with a small curved extension of another

70 meters, and in places it is up to 50 m. wide. In the 2 by 20 m. trench by which it was sampled we encountered deposits up to 2 m. thick, but most of the site appears to be considerably shallower.

Hrdlicka visited the Kiavak site in 1932 and collected four skulls, evidently from the channel face, which then as today was being undercut and washed away (Hrdlicka 1944a: 118). Rolling Bay and Kiavak are contemporaneous; they contain crude pottery from top to bottom and were occupied into the first half of the Nineteenth Century. Both were win- ter (permanent) villages judging from the timing of Lisianski' s visit. Geographically they are close to each other and culturally they show many cross- ties. Nevertheless, the differences between the sites are striking and include common traits like fish hooks and projectile insert blades. It is appropriate and instructive that the two components be presented jointly.

Fig. 4. View of the Rolling Bay site looking northwest. Area IV is in the middle left foreground, and other site areas may be determined by reference to Fig. 2.



160 Arctic Anthropology III-2

COLLECTIONS

We have attempted to group the artifacts into functional categories (household, tools, hunting and fishing and minor categories) although this could be achieved only imperfectly. Sample size is given in parentheses, RB for Rolling Bay and K for Kiavak 418. Collections from all trenches and exposures have been lumped. It is believed that at Rolling Bay trenches 2 and 3 correlate well with each other and that Area I is slightly earlier but not sufficiently different to be a separate component. Many of the bone artifacts and scraps show definite to possible hack marks from metal tools. Most pieces which are conclusively cut by metal are from the top 25 cm. of Kiavak and Area II of Rolling Bay; hence they probably are historic. Ma- terials that had to be imported from a distant source at Rolling Bay were antler, basalt, obsidian, colorless chalcedony, quartz crystals, amber, jet (coal), and copper; at Kiavak, antler and limestone or marble. Items of these materials were, however, uncommon.

Wooden and fiber artifacts were localized in the Hillside trench of Rolling Bay where their preser- vation was due to a high water table and encase- ment in a thick layer of compressed vegetal matter formerly the floor and roof of a structure. Detailed analysis of the collections will be reserved for the final report (in preparation) but a few comments and comparisons will be made for some items. Figures have been limited to Rolling Bay material except for new, variant, or especially fine specimens in the Kiavak collection.

Household

Lamps (RB 9, K 3; Fig. 12). Most of the Rolling Bay lamps were found on the surface or at erosion exposures. One finished and two unfinished lamps are on hemispherical sandstone concretions. A sandstone formation at the site contains these concretions, and thus these lamps made on concretions are probably of only local significance. Two additional lamps have distinctive flat upper borders (Type I.A.I, Heizer 1956), and, of the remaining 4, one is a fragment and 3 are nearly natural basins although one has a petroglyph (-^) on the base. They range from 10 to 24.5 cm. in external length excepting one slightly larger natural specimen.

One Kiavak specimen 14 cm. long is merely a large flat cobble with a shallow, artificial depression. Another oval specimen 16 cm. long is carefully worked overall and has a prow at the fore end. The third lamp is a large segment of a specimen with wide, flat rim and vertical overhanging upper border (sides). It is carefully worked overall, and

it probably weighed 40 lbs. complete. A lamp that was found on the beach and has 2 knobs in the bowl is a well documented Uyak Intermediate (late pre-Konyag) type, and the writer believes that it came from a component not represented in the excavation.

The Type I.A. 1 lamp with broad flat rim is a late prehistoric index trait and has been found over a large area including Prince William Sound (de Laguna 1956; PI. 24 4); however, most Konyag lamps are of less distinctive forms.

Hollowed whale vertebrae (RB 7, K 2). The hollowed whale vertebrae are extremely crude and show little or no external modification. They are not the cylindrical vertebra pots and "tobacco mortars " known ethnographically for the Konyags. Outside diameters of 4 complete Rolling Bay specimens range from 15 to 28 cm. and are greater than their height. Both Kiavak specimens were in too poor a condition to be recovered intact. One 40 cm. giant was found buried in an old house pit. Also from Kiavak is a vertebral body slightly cupped at each epiphyseal surface. I suspect that some pieces were not containers and that the cancellous interior was extracted for dietary purposes.

Basketry (RB). Each of two tiny fragments of twined basketry from Trench 2 have 14 weft elements down to the right and 7 warps per centimeter.

Pottery (Vessels represented: RB Area I at least 50, RB Area II at least 87, Kiavak 418 at least 59; Fig. 7). Pottery was found throughout both excavations. Only one vessel form was. recognized, that with flat-bottomed inverted conical lower half and cylinderical, sometimes slightly concave or tapered, upper wall. However, one vessel of a different form, with a rounded base terminating in a knob, was found in a component of the older Kiavak site No. 419, and the form of pot represented by some sherds from Area I is not exactly determined. Many pots were of substantial size. One representative and complete specimen from Rolling Bay measures externally 33 cm. high and 25.5 cm. wide at the mouth. Curva- ture of rim sherds indicates that a maximum diameter of 37 cm. may have been reached.

Heizer1 s (1949) description of Kodiak ceramics is remarkably complete considering the small size of the sample with which he worked. Aside from brief ethnographic accounts, the first description of Kodiak pottery was given by de Laguna (1939). For the present intra- and intersite variation are discussed, and I hope to give a more complete description at a later date.

When the collections are divided into four units, Rolling Bay Area I, Rolling Bay Area II, Kiavak 418 Trench C lower half, and Trench C upper half (an exactly 50/50 arbitrary split), the following differential distribution obtains:



Clark: Pottery -Bearing Sites on Kodiak Island 161

Rolling Bay Kiavak 418

Area I Area II Lower Upper Lip complexity 4% 32% 4 l/2% (N= 1) 32 l/2% B-3 lip form 50% 3 l/2% 26% 3% (N= 1) Rim thickness below lip 10 mm. 8.4 mm. 8.9 mm. combined Temper VC sand common uncommon rare rare

(also gravel) (usually gravel, some over 10 mm.) "Hairlines" common rare absent absent

Lip complexity reflects the grouping of several classes of lip form into two major groups: simple and complex. The B-3 lip form is a simple, non intruded or extruded, flat, horizontal (straight) lip. The exact duplication of certain percentages between the two sites is undoubtedly a coincidence. How- ever, the trend indicated of greater complexity of lip forms in later times should be replicable in these sites and probably elsewhere.

The rim thickness given is the average minimum thickness for the upper wall. The average of the minimum plus the maximum thickness of the upper wall is slightly over 10 mm. for Area II and slightly under 12 mm. for Kiavak Trench C. A good series of measurements could not be obtained for Area I, but, in spite of the greater minimum thickness, Area I pottery as a whole does not appear to be thicker than that of Kiavak 418.

Attention is called to the use of very coarse sand tempering in several Area I sherds because of :he overwhelming use of gravel in the other collec- :ions.

Hair lines look just like short curly hairs. They appear as the negative impression of burned-out lairs on the surface of several Area I sherds, but no .ndication of hair tempering could be discovered, ["heir noteworthiness lies in their differential distri- mtion, and they may indicate that earlier vessels vere finished with a hair swab.

On Kodiak pottery is limited generally to the southern half of the island, and certain problems of his distribution have important bearing on dating of he sites and on Konyag origins.

Spoons (RB 5; Fig. 11, Q, R). Two complete and hree fragmentary scoop-like spoons were recovered, 'hey are 5.8 to 14.5 cm. long. The two larger speci- lens are of porpoise mandible (tentative identifica- ion), and cut-off tips of mandibles were also found.

Tools A Secondary Implements

Maul heads (RB 2, K 2). Two cobbles with equa- orial grooves are battered on the ends and may have een hammer or small maul heads. Two D-shaped aul heads found on the beach at Kiavak could be-

long to an older, undiscovered component since at the Uyak site this implement style was reported for the Lower Levels but not for the Upper Level (Heizer 1956:48).

Pointed bones (RB 24, K 5). The 38 cm. long pointed end of a large rib is from a so-called (probably correctly) digging stick (RB). Also in the collection are about 24 nondescript elongate pieces of bone with smoothed, bluntly pointed ends from Rolling Bay and 5 from Kiavak.

Paddle (RB 1; Fig. 8). A thin wooden paddle, 46 cm. long, found in Trench 2, has a small hole near the handle. Its function is not known.

Ulo blades (RB 111 + , K 58+; Fig. 9, A-F, K). Sample size just indicated refers to blades not less than 50% complete; all probable ulo blades and fragments amount to 313 and 145 for the two sites respectively. Highly curved semilunar blades were not common at Rolling Bay. Most blades there had but slight curvature, and concave cutting edges are not unknown. Most blades are symmetrical, but a few edges turn up rapidly towards one end. A large portion, nearly half of the complete blades at Rolling Bay, are either absolutely long, up to 26 cm., or relatively long, that is narrow, or both. Such blades usually have the straighter cutting edges. Three large, asymmetrical and highly curved blades from Rolling Bay and one from Kiavak were evidently hafted at one end.

Both sites contain a relatively high percentage of perforated ulos; 30% (30 drilled, 2 sawn, 1 pecked) at Rolling Bay, and 24% at Kiavak (9 drilled, 4 sawn, 1 pecked). In the Uyak Upper Level only roughly 8% of the blades were perforated, probably to facilitate attachment to a handle. Several specimens have stemmed backs. At Rolling Bay stemmed blades were strictly localized in Trench I and usually were of the long, narrow form, but at Kiavak stemming was just as often found on blades with highly curved cutting edges. At both sites the modal length and median is between 13 3/4 and 15 3/4 cm. The two collections appear to differ only in the slightly greater curvature and higher incidence of sawn perforations at Kiavak, and I do not think that this difference would have appeared had all Rolling Bay blades come from Area II.

Many ulos are blunt or battered and wiH^nth/




had been used for some secondary purpose, probably to scrape hides. Flaked ulos are described under scrapers.

Consideration of the length and perforations of ulo blades appears to have value in comparative studies. Long, narrow, straight blades are more common in late sites as are perforated specimens and, in the local area involved, stemmed ulo blades.

Ulo handle (RB). One elongate wooden ulo handle from Trench 2 has a groove for the blade and an equatorial lashing groove.

Double-edged slate knife, lance, spear blades (RB 10, K 3; Fig. 9, L-N). Large, unbarbed, double- edged ground slate blades range from 11 to 20 cm. long. Three specimens (RB) are too fragmental to be discussed. Seven Rolling Bay specimens have long stems, but the Kiavak specimens lack distinct stems except that the edges are blunted near the base. Three specimens have drilled holes near the stem (RB). Four artifacts are blunt at the end, three have sharp tips, and 3 more are broken at the end. Two additional large double-edged blades, one of them barbed, and the other an exact duplicate of small end blades, are discussed under projectile points.

The writer is uncertain of the use to which these blades were put. They do not resemble known whaling points.

Flaked bifaces (RB 2 + ; Fig. 10, P). Two small bifacially-flaked leaf-shaped blades are made of a fine-grained dark gray stone, probably basalt. Also found were two fragments of roughly flaked obsidian biface blades. Excepting slate scrapers, no flaked artifacts were found at Kiavak 418.

Tools B Processing and Fabricating (Primary) Tools

Ulo-shaped scrapers (RB 9, K 18; Fig. 12, M- O). Blunt-edged, flaked, ulo-shaped specimens of slate have been identified provisionally as scrapers by others (de Laguna 1956:151), and similar flaked blades were used as hide scrapers among some Athabascans. The problem is complicated by well finished ground ulo blades that appear to have been used as scrapers, by ulo cutting edges that are flaked, and by intergrades. One unusually large specimen from Rolling Bay is roughly flaked and slightly ground. It measures 28 by 16 cm.

Boulder flakes (RB 27, K21+). These are the teshoas described by Leidy (1873; I am indebted to Heiztr 1956 for leading me to this reference), but these differ considerably from most of those described by Giddings except for 10 fragments of boulders from Ekseavik (1952:80 ff.): Most boulder flakes were not modified, but many are blunted and battered through use. Not all such items were collected.

Stone saws (RB 4). Four small slabs of gritty stone with a smooth, straight "cutting edge" are very tentatively identified as stone saws. None were found at Kiavak.

Abrasive stones (RB 41, K 13; Fig. 10, R-T, Y). Tabular slabs of local fine grained, occasionally coarser grained, sedimentary rock were used as abrasive stones. They range from a few cms. to over 12 cm. in their maximum dimension. Also, a few abrasive stones are irregularly shaped lumps, and a small number of short rectangular blocks and bars came from Rolling Bay. Three utilized lumps of pumice and scoria came from the same site.

Burnishing stones (K 14; Fig. 12, E-F). Soft, green-colored pebbles frequently were variously ground on the edges, sometimes to a chisel-like edge. A description of rubbing tools from a site near Angoon, southeastern Alaska, by de Laguna (1960:106) is partially applicable to the Kiavak specimens. The Angoon pieces are somewhat different in their symmetry and other minor aspects; hence, although probably related, the Kiavak pieces are not the same as the Angoon specimens (F. de Laguna, written communication in 1964).

Hammerstones (RB 140, K 21+). Most of the hammerstones are battered chert and hard sandstone cobbles. In a strong minority are elongate pebbles and cobbles with battering on one end. Highly distinctive are several former greenstone adze bits which had been relegated to use as hammerstones.

Pointed slate rods and splinters (RB 3 + 12, K 12; Fig. 12, H and Fig. 9, G, J). Fragments of three small carefully ground slate rods up to 7 cm. long might have been pointed at one or both ends. In addition to these several slate splinters with ground tips were found at both sites. From Kiavak came 11 fragments of slate slivers up to 10 cm. long with irregular to rectangular cross sections. Six specimens are ground to a blunt asymmetrical ter- mination at one end, and one to a sharper symmetrical point.

Bone awls (RB 19, K 13; Fig. 11, H-K and Fig. 13, O). Bone awls are in most cases sharpened bird long bones, with or without an articular end, in the order of 6 to 13 cm. long. Exceptions are a few tiny bone splinters and one delicate bird bone piece from Kiavak that is 2 3 cm. in length. Two Kiavak specimens were cut from larger bones, one of which was antler.

Bone wedges (RB 47, K 36; Fig. 1 1 , A, C). The wedges are roughly fashioned and vary considerably in length, width, and proportions. Most specimens are from 7.5 to 16 cm. long and 3.6 to 6.5 cm. wide. Only one wedge (RB) has a so-called drill indenta- tion.

Planing adzes (RB 26, K 8; Fig. 10, A1, C'-E1; Fig. 12, L). This is a sorting category consisting of bits roughly chipped to shape and ground to a cutting




edge. At Rolling Bay all but three are of a tough green stone; this is also the case for all but one or two Kiavak specimens. They range from relatively thin flat blades through moderate sized thick bits with an arched back to massive pieces often larger than grooved splitting adzes. Four massive blades from Rolling Bay are 13 to 19 cm. long and one from Kiavak 418 is 28 cm. long. The smaller forms are 5 to 12.5 cm. long. In profile the cutting edges range from ideal adze asymmetry to perfect celt symmetry. Most specimens are battered from use or misuse.

Grooved splitting adzes (RB 4, K 4; Fig. 10, B1). The splitting adzes found in these sites are atypical due to their small size, with lengths of 10 to 15+ cm., and to their variability. Three specimens are flat, as are planing adzes, but they are grooved and are made of tough, dark gray meta-, sedimentary rock which is frequently used for splitting adzes but only exceptionally for planing adzes. Conversely, greenstone of the varieties often used for planing adzes is not used for splitting adzes on Kodiak. The smallest specimen (K) is flat with 3 grooves on each side and two rudimentary exten- sions over the back.

Small slate bits (RB 2; Fig. 10, Z, F1). Two small, thin slate blades have angled cutting edges at one end.

Miniature ulo-shaped blades (side blades) (RB 7; Fig. 9, H, I). Seven ground slate blades 2.8 to 4.6 cm. long are identical in outline to ulo blades and could be toys; however, the writer prefers to identify them as inset side blades for crooked knives. No handles for such blades were found.

Engraving tool handle (RB; Fig. 11, F). A delicate engraving tool handle ca. 13 cm. long is itself decorated with several encircling rows of puncta- tions. The eroded ends evidently were so small that only a tiny tip, possibly metal, could have been accommodated.

Gravers, drills, quartz crystals (RB 6). Of three quartz crystals from Rolling Bay, each about 3 cm. long, one shows attrition at the tip probably due to use as a graver; another is only lightly and possibly accidentally chipped at the end, and the third shows possible light use as a drill bit. Three roughly pointed pieces òf chalcedony appear to have been used as gravers or as drill bits.

Net shuttle (RB). Part of a small wooden shuttle came from Trench 2.

Single notched stone slabs (scrapers?) (RB 1?, K 21; Fig. 10, N; Fig. 12, B-D). A beach pebble from Rolling Bay with a small, deep, smooth notch may be a concave scraper. Specimens from Kiavak are pieces of beach shingle with battered and smoothed broad U-shaped notches. Their identification as scrapers is tentative. In size and proportions the stone may vary considerably, but the width of the

notch is fairly constant at 4 to 5 cm. near the top and 3 to 4 cm. near the bottom. The notches vary in depth from 0.7 to 3 cm.

Copper blade (RB; Fig. 10, K). A thin symmetrical copper blade, 8.5 cm. long, is pointed at one end and convex at the butt end. Corrosion may have oblit- erated details such as edging and stemming. It does not resemble copper projectile tips from central Alaska (cf. Rainey 1939; Fig. 3 l_0_, 1£_, 14).

Discussion. Failure to recover more saws is un- explained. Only one saw was collected at the Uyak Site (Heizer 1956:46). This may be in part a problem of definition and recognition; however, several saws were found in the Three Saints collection which predates the materials considered here.

As noted by Heizer (1956:74), late wedges were not as carefully fashioned as Uyak Lower Levels wedges, or, in the case of our observations, as Three Saints phase specimens. No grooved bone picks and mattocks were recovered, yet there must have been related tools for excavating house pits. Possibly some of the larger bone wedges could be blades for excavating tools unless wood was used for that purpose.

In this paper the term splitting adze has been extended beyond the bounds set by de Laguna (1956: 117, 110) to include all grooved adzes. This grouping for Kodiak specimens is sanctified by unity of raw material as has been explained. Many of the "types" used here are sorting categories; that is, they are an attempt to organize the data. So be it with splitting adzes. Keithahn (1962) indicates that this category includes a variety of morphologically related but functionally differentiated tools.

Many burnishing stones might have been overlooked during excavation as some specimens are only slightly worn and most of these would have been missed had not special attention been given to green-colored stones. Only a few similar specimens have been reported from other Eskimo sites.

Kiavak specimens tentatively identified as concave scrapers are relatively new to Alaskan archaeology. Four large, flat, single-notched stones from the Uyak Lower Levels appear to be the same type of artifact (Heizer 1956:43 and PI. 29 a).

Hunting and Fishing

Ground slate projectile points and blades (RB ca. 43, K 4). Of about 47 blades represented, only 32 specimens in which the basal portion is intact are classified. They have been sorted into stemmed (tanged) (N= 1) and unstemmed (N = 20) groups. Some of the previously described double edged knife blades may also be projectile points.

Stemmed points are subdivided into barbed (RB 4, K 3; Fig. 9, O and Fig. 12, K) and unbarbed (RB 4; Fig. 9, V-W) specimens. The unbarbed stemmed



164 Arctic Anthropology I1I-2

specimens are small, about 4 cm. long, and the tangs are rudimentary. Two are like unstemmed specimens but with the sides indented at the base by battering and grinding. Crudely made stems and large size characterize the barbed points. The only complete barbed specimen from Rolling Bay is 13.3 cm. long and it is nearly identical to two 16 cm. long points found together at Kiavak. A fragmentary specimen (RB) estimated to have been 15.5 cm. long is drilled some distance above the stem and bears the mark: /^.

Of unstemmed points three (RB) are not further classified, and the others are semi-leaf-shaped (contracting towards the base) (RB 6, K 1; Fig. 9, X), or lancet arch-shaped without basal contraction (RB 11; Fig. 9, P-U). In either case, disregarding basal contraction, they are characteristically thin and lancet arch-shaped, but sometimes they are short and nearly triangular. The single Kiavak specimen is an exception as it is thick, relatively long, and amorphous.

Blades without basal contraction are 3.7 to 7 cm. long excepting a massive 10 by 4.5 cm. blade identical in form to the smaller specimens. They show a variety of butt treatments ranging from thinning, i.e., grinding of a facet, slight fluting, pronounced fluting, carbed bed, or no preparation at all. A few points have a flattened lozenge cross section which sometimes is concavely (hollow) ground.

Flaked projectile points (RB 2; Fig. 10, H-I). A 5 cm. long, elongate-triangular, convex edged, flaked tip has well developed shoulders and a contracting stem. Also in the collection is a roughly flaked leaf-shaped blade of the same length made of red chert. A very roughly flaked leaf- shaped greenstone blade 10 cm. long is not necessarily a projectile point (Fig. 10, J).

Bone projectile heads (RB 16, K 15). Thirty-one bone heads are complete enough to'be classified as toggle harpoon heads, simple barbed harpoon (dart) heads, spear prongs, slender barbed points, and unbarbed arrow point with blade slit. Slender tanged objects which may be points, foreshafts, awls or otherwise are described later.

Toggle harpoon heads (RB 2, K 3; Fig. 11, E1- F1; Fig. 13, G-H). The two toggle heads from Rolling Bay are 6 and 7 cm. long, bilaterally barbed in the plane of the line hole, bladeless, and have closed sockets. One has a bifurcated spur while the other has a slightly cleft spur. Those from Kiavak are 6.6 to 8 cm. long, and two heads are barbed without end blades and have bifurcated spurs. The other specimen has a simple spur and neither slot for end blade nor barbs. All have closed sockets and round line holes.

Simple barbed harpoon heads (RB 9, K 5; Fig. 11, D\ H1; Fig. 13, A, K). The simple harpoon heads carry 2, sometimes 1, 3, or 4, barbs on one side.

All have a line hole which almost invariably is off- set to the barbed side of the head. They are 5 to 18 cm. long. Most specimens belong to what may be a single type 7.5 to 16 cm. long that is fairly uniform in stock and barb size but which varies considerably in length through the extension of the barbed portion of the head, i.e., the addition of more barbs.

Slender barbed points (RB 5, K 2; Fig. 11, A'- C; Fig. 13, I). The slender barbed points have conical or cylindro-conical tangs. None shows any means of line attachment. One point is bilaterally barbed, the others unilaterally. Lightly incised lines run along the sides of 4 specimens and on a fifth the lateral line is a groove. Three are cam- shaped in cross section. One specimen (RB) lacks the tang end but has been placed in this group on the basis of other characteristics although it also has a blade bed. These points range from ca. 7 cm. to 11.4 cm. in length, and within the group there is considerable morphological variation. The Kiavak specimen (Fig. 13, I) is atypical.

Spear prongs (K 3; Fig. 13, J_5^ _1_8). Among the grave goods that accompanied a historic burial at Kiavak were two bilaterally barbed prongs, ca. 18.5 cm. long, probably from a salmon spear. A small fragment is classified with these.

Unbarbed slender points (see also slender tanged objects below) (K; Fig. 13, B). An unbarbed specimen from Kiavak bears a slit for an end blade. The base is damaged but it appears to have had a conical tang.

Unbarbed slender tanged objects (RB 9, K 10; Fig. 11, S, Y, J1, and Fig. 13, D,F). Most of these objects have conical or cylindro-conical tangs except one roughly worked specimen (K) that has an angled wedge-shaped stem. A massive specimen (RB) is 14.5 cm. long and a more delicate antler piece (K) is nearly the same length, however, most specimens are considerably shorter, down to 6.6 cm. In cross section they are circular, rectangular, and irregular. At the end they may be cut off squarely or pointed. These pieces may be unbarbed arrow points, blunt arrow heads, harpoon foreshafts, prongs, awls, and in some cases rejects.

Harpoon foreshafts (RB 4, K 1; Fig. 11, G1, I'; Fig. 13, E). Four foreshafts for toggle harpoon heads have a hole drilled close to one edge near the base (Heizer's Type Ha, 1956:56). They range from 7+ to 11 cm. long. A prong with tapering butt and triangular side notches, apexes pointed outward, resembles Heizer's Type I foreshaft (RB). The distal end of the Kiavak specimen is similar to the conical tangs on some of the slender tanged objects just described.

Harpoon socket pieces (RB 1 1 , K 2 or 3; Fig. 1 1 , Z, K'; Fig. 13, 9). All the sockets complete enough to be classified are single pieces with closed socket and bifurcated base. They range from ca. 7.5 to




25 cm. long except a very delicate 4.2 cm. specimen (RB). Nearly all belong to Heizer1 s Type I (1956:55) but many sockets are too fragmentary or too badly eroded to be further classified.

Float or water bag valve (RB). A 5.3 cm. long wooden spool with axial perforation and encircling flanges at each end may be a valve body.

Fish hooks (RB 15 barbs & 9 shanks, K 1 barb?; Fig. 11, V-W). Only the two-piece compound fish hook has been recognized in the collections. Each barbed part bears a single barb near the tip and resembles curved barbed parts from other late Paci- fic Eskimo sites. Excepting the Kiavak specimen which is a barbed bone splinter, these specimens are carefully worked. The butt end may be cut off squarely and flattened on the sides. Several specimens have a small lug on the lower, external side, but many show no special preparation at all. None have grooves encircling the base. The hooks range from 3.3 to 8 cm. long and the 5 largest specimens are remarkably uniform in length and form although they came from different parts of the site. They resemble the iron prongs used historically for Siberian spring torsion traps on Kodiak.

Most of the hook shanks are made from ribs, and, although nearly all are fragmentary, they were from ca. 5 cm. to more than 12 cm. wide across the arc. Only one shank came from Area I Rolling Bay and none are from Kiavak. The barbs do not in any manner make a good fit with these shanks and the writer is not convinced that they go together.

Notched and grooved stones (RB 168, K 24). The notched and grooved stones are described here in the belief that most of them were weights for fishing apparatus although some of them, including 2 evident hammer heads, were used otherwise. Their typology and distribution are as follows:

RB, K

Type 1 (15, 2) Notched or grooved over one end. Type 2 (16, 6) Grooved lengthwise.* Type 2a (31,4) Notches at ends are extended to

partially encircling grooves* Type 2b (81,9) Notched at each end* Type 3 (5,1) Grooved crosswise (around

middle). Type 3a ( 4, 0) Notches at each side are ex-

tended to partial grooves around middle.

Type 3b (14, 1) Notched at each side. Type 4 &

others ( 4,1) Mostly notched or grooved over one end and notched on each side.

Half the Kiavak specimens and about a third of those from Rolling Bay were picked up on the surface, mostly at erosion exposures. Collections from the two sites are similar although the small sample from Kiavak prevents detailed statistical comparisons.

The Rolling Bay notched and grooved stones are characterized by their large size, averaging 9 to 9.5 cm. long, and by their well rounded thick form which is reflected in their weight of usually a little under one half kilogram. Stones with notches tend to be flatter than those with grooves, as would be expected. Excepting Type 1, they are generally carefully prepared. Plots of the weight and length distribution do not peak but level off to a "plateau. " The weight intervals between 330 and 670 grams are nearly equally represented, and only 4 stones are heavier than 670 grams. For length the intervals between 8.5 and 10.5 cm. are nearly equally represented although tails are more noticeable in the length distribution. Apparently there was selection for length, but any cobble within this 2 cm. range was good and quite a few others would do. For Type 2b the coefficient of variation for weight is 30% but for length it is only 13.4%. A few specimens are almost miniature and were not used in these calculations as I think that they probably were of a different functional grade.

Discussion. Lancet arch-shaped slate blades may be end blades for toggle harpoons and large arrows; however, only one possible carrier (bone point) for these blades was recovered and it is from Kiavak where no slate end blades were found. Both toggle heads and arrow heads with inset end blades are known from adjacent areas (cf. Birket-Smith 1941, Fig. 19) but are poorly represented in ethnographic collections from Kodiak. The writer is not aware of what type weapon used the barbed tips but would suggest that they are associated with a nonharpooning hunting method. Nothing resembling ethnographic whaling spear blades was recovered (see Birket- Smith 1941, Fig. 16; also in Heizer 1956, PI. 62). This is surprising considering the abundance of whale bones at the sites investigated but is explainable in terms of whaling ritual. Recently (1961?) several non- fitting fragments of long slate spear heads were found by local residents at the base of the hill behind Old Harbor village reportedly not in a site deposit but buried in bedrock clefts.

Evidence at hand indicates that the end blades with deep channels and carved beds are protohistoric and historic and among the Eskimo are restricted to southwestern Alaska (Larsen 1950; Cressman and Du- mond 1962, PI. 1-1). Triangular to lanceolate ground slate blades with less specialized butt treatment including shallow channeling are more widespread but in general are characteristic of the less ancient Eskimo cultures, especially those of the second millenium A.D.

The large unilaterally barbed bone harpoon head is widely known among the Pacific Eskimo and Indians of northern North America.

*Types 2, 2a and 2b include specimens in which length equals width.




The writer feels that group 2 (Types 2, 2a, 2b) and Type 3a notched and grooved stones comprising about 80% of this category were used as weights for deep sea fishing lines. Other stones may have been used likewise or for the many applications suggested by others. The Konyags are known to have fished for cod, halibut, and sculpin with kelp lines and stone sinkers. Heizer (1952b, PI. 2,i) shows fishing tackle with a grooved stone 9 cm. in diameter as a weight. An alternative explanation that I do not favor is that these large notched stones were net weights. Inhabitants of southwestern Alaska are regarded as having been without large seines and gill nets until one or the other of these was introduced by the Russians about 1790. Smaller notched stones belonging to an earlier time may actually have been net weights.

Minor Categories (Personal adornment, Ritual, Toys, Miscellaneous)

Labrets (RB 6, K 3; Fig. 10, D-G and Fig. 13, L-M). Of three wooden specimens (RB) one is plug shaped with flange, another is shaped like a low dome with encircling groove, and the third specimen has a thin flat blade with flange. The only other complete specimen from Rolling Bay is carved from compact bone and is ovoid with inner encircling flange but without groove. An ivory labret from Kiavak is shaped like a claw, and at the same site we found a damaged marble specimen portraying whale flukes. The third Kiavak labret is a bear or sea lion canine cut off and flanged near the root.

Pin ornament (K). A damaged small bone object having the appearance of a nail may have been a nose pin or a form of labret. It has a very small hole drilled through the shaft 11 mm. from the "head."

Beads (RB 2 + 5, K 12; Fig. 11, T). A large spheroidal jet bead came from Area 1 Rolling Bay and a small amber bead was found there in Trench 2. Seventeen tubes 1.4 to 6 cm. long, cut from small bones, may have been beads. There is considerable variation in the diameter of these tubes. Glass trade beads are described later.

Discoid (RBi'Fig. 11, O). A thin, centrally perforated bone discoid 3.5 to 4 cm. in diameter has on both sides a roughly cut groove encircling the central perforation.

Figurines (RB 2; Fig. 1 1 , P). A small, well exe- cuted ivory carving 4.8 cm. high depicts a human figure down to and including the hips except that the arms are omitted. Male sex may be represented on this and on a slightly larger figurine of the same format that is too badly weathered for details to be discerned.

Incised slate figurines (RB 3). Three incised figurine tablets are similar to those described by Heizer (1952a). None were found at Kiavak 418 but an earlier ceramic component of Kiavak 419 yielded

a few incised slates. These are described elsewhere (Clark 1964).

Vertebrae on ribs (RB 3 or 4). At least 3 ex- amples of 2 to 4 ribs threaded through two or three matched vertebrae were recovered from Area II. The bones are those of hair seal, fur seal and porpoise. Ribs inserted through the foramen of vertebrae have a wide temporal and areal distribution in the Arctic. Two specimens were found during the brief test of a ceramic site at Three Saints Bay. They are well represented in Birnirk materials from Point Barrow (Ford 1959; Fig. 112 £ and Table 23), by fewer specimens from Jabbertown near Point Hope (James L. Giddings, written communication in 1962) and at a recent component at Native Point on Southampton Island (Taylor I960; PI. VII f).

Hollowed vertebra (RB; Fig. HE). A small vertebra 2.9 cm. high has been hollowed and the proc- esses have been roughly removed.

"Miniature lamps" (RB 5; Fig. 10, Q, U). Five pebbles and small cobbles 3.7 to 6.8 cm. long bear slightly to moderately deep rough depressions. Two also bear semblances to the wick shelves seen on lamps, and hence it is suggested that they are miniature, non-functional lamps, possibly toys. No mineral pigment staining was found on these objects.

Bear molars (K 2). Two bear molars (preliminary identification) are not modified except that one root carries a small cut mark. Lisianski (1814) reported that at Kiavak head rests or sleeping area dividers were ornamented with sea otter molars.

Cordage (RB 2). Two specimens of coarse 3- strand cordage are made of a whole grass that has not been identified but which is considerably finer than beach rye (Elymus,).

Epiphyseal plates (RB 3, K 3). Six epiphyseal discs from whale vertebrae show trimming of the edges but no marked degree of surface preparation.

Among unidentified objects from Rolling Bay are an open-socketed bone piece (Fig. 11, G), five cylinderical to flattened-ovoid grooved and knobbed bone specimens 6.3 to 9 cm. long (Fig. 11, L-N), a stone artifact possibly related to the foregoing (Fig. 10, X), five small dowel-like, plug, or conoid objects of bone, wood, and stone (Fig. 10, V, W), an odontoid object (Fig. 11, X), and a carefully worked block of very 'dense bone (Fig. 1 1 , D). A possible mandible artifact consists of half a carnivore mandible with a canine tooth. The other teeth have been removed partially by cutting out most of the alveolar region. Among wooden items from Trench 2 are three canoe- shaped objects 9 to 10 cm. long with trianguloid cross sections (Fig. 10, A-C). Each bears a broad groove across the "keel."

From Kiavak 418 a rod-shaped pebble 7.8 cm. * long is grooved at one end leaving a small knob

(Fig. 12, I), and a flat beach pebble the same length has a pair of opposed notches at one end. A nicely finished pointed bone blade with serrated, wedge-




shaped stem may be an implement (Fig. 13, N). In the collection there are 2 antler tines. A small, 5 cm.

long slate triangle is blunted along the edges and has a dull, thinned tip and two rudimentary opposed notches l/3 of the way up from the base (Fig. 12, G).

Contact Period Trade Items

Many of the previously described artifacts were found in the top 25 cm. in association with trade goods, especially at Rolling Bay. No attemp has been made here to separate aboriginal artifacts manufactured after contact, i.e. to set up the contact period as a separate taxonomic unit. Some

obviously modern items, like 30-06 rifle cartridges, were found in good association with glass beads and aboriginal artifacts, and so caution is called for when we deal with near surface materials. At

Rolling Bay all contact items came from Area II with the exception of one spherical light blue bead from Area I. Most contact period items found at Kiavak were associated with Burial 4 and are listed later. The evidence of metal cut bones should be noted too.

Kiavak 418: Light blue spherical glass bead (1) Some iron pieces found close to Burial 4 are de-

scribed later in this paper. Rolling Bay 420:

Glass beads, circa 12 varieties (73) Flat, clear or yellowed glass, irridescent surface

(2 roughly cut sheets and fragments) Flat, clear non-irridescent glass (a few fragments) Curved glass, light green, dark green, white (1

frag, each) Coal (1) Scrap of riveted iron (1) Iron door latch hook, large (1) Lock key, iron ( 1) Stemmed iron knife blade (1) Iron spikes, small and large (1 each) Tent gromlet half? , brass (1) Brass sheet, small scraps (2) 30-06 cartridge case (2) Muscovite mica (1 diffused find) Bone Chinaware bowl and dish fragments, ca. 9

vessels represented, plain or with deep blue

designs. One is drilled, probably for repair.

STRUCTURES AND FEATURES

Rolling Bay

Because of intensive summer overgrowth it was not possible to survey the sites for surface features. After several foot traverses, however, we determined

that, excepting Area I, the surface was replete with features associated with houses. Rectangular stone slab boxes were often found on the surface of Areali and these boxes usually occurred in sets. For in-

stance, three boxes at about 2 meter intervals would be set in a row, and 3 to 4 meters to the side would be another row of boxes. Several stone boxes were found in the excavations but we do not know if they belonged to this type of pattern.

A feature in Area I consisted of two slab boxes, slab covers, a cache of 9 items, and a very select

granitic boulder (Fig. 5). The floored box to the left contained desiccated lumps of an organic material. Under the oversized lid of this box was a cache of several artifacts severely used and probably no

longer functional. Under an adjacent horizontal slab we found a select granitic boulder. The box to the right was covered by one bone and two stone slabs and contained loosely packed burnt cobbles and at the bottom a small amount of ash.

Fig. 5. Stone cist feature at Rolling Bay Area 1. A. With horizontal slabs in place. B. With slabs removed. C. Section A-A'. The cache contained 4 adzes, 1 slate tip, 1 natural cobble, 2 notched stones, 1 abrasive stone.




The most interesting structure was found in Trench 2 (Fig. 6). The full 8 meter extent of this trench intersected a layer of compressed vegetal matter, sometimes exceeding 50 cm. thickness, which is interpreted as the roof and floor layers of a large house. The top of the vegetal layer was irregular, rotten, soily, and in places rocky. Then a considerable distance down through better preserved compacted grasses and moss there was a persistent thin sand layer followed by several inconsistant thinner sandy partings between more moss and grass layers, and finally a sand layer overlying rubbly site deposits and midden. Within and reaching to the base of these vegetal layers were two rectangular slab fire boxes (one no longer used when the other was in service), and a pit extended a little deeper. The pit contained rotten wooden slabs which may have been liners but more likely had fallen in from a caved in cover. The structure floor was slightly inclined parallel to the ground surface. The upper end of the trench uncovered possible stone slab flooring and intersected some cobbles suggesting that a side of the structure had been reached.

A fire pit with a complex history at the base of Area I was exposed by erosion and the remaining portion was excavated. A circular pit had been lined with about a dozen small stone slabs slightly inclined outward. It measured about 80 cm. across the interior of the slabs. Probably later the height of the hearth was raised by the addition of a ring of cobbles and blocks. A slightly higher, stratigraphically, later rectangular s tone- s lab firebox lay only half within the old enclosure. It measured 60 cm. across the complete dimension. Charcoal formed a lens up to 50 cm. thick and had spread out beyond the stone enclosures. Part of this spread of charcoal may have been from an original, earlier, larger and very shallow hearth without any recognized remaining stone enclosure.

Near the surface of Area I we found a pit filled with stone, mostly cobbles in a sandy matrix, about half of which was burned. The pit fill was nearly 2 meters in diameter and about three quarters meter thick. This could be a pile of sweat bath rubble.

Kiavak

No small structural features were encountered at Kiavak 418. The layers of kitchen refuse and rubble from heated stones are in themselves features, but they require too detailed a presentation to be discussed here. The trench intersected a large but poorly outlined house pit represented by a surface depression slightly over one meter deep. This structure was reflected in the layering of the deposits but no elements such as floors or hearths were recognized. The pit had been used secondarily for bur-

Fig. 6. Plan of Trench 2, Rolling Bay, at a major sand parting in the structural floor (95-115 cm.). Minor deeper features are not shown excepting a corner that appeared from 120 to 130 cm. (light dashed lines).

ials of which 2 flexed burials and 3 crania (2 crushed) were encountered.

BURIALS Rolling Bay

Five nearly complete burials were recovered and the skull and a few bones were secured from a burial which had been partially removed by erosion. Four burials were tightly flexed on their back, one was loosely flexed on its left side, and the other one was semi-extended on the right side. One of the




tightly flexed burials was enclosed in a boulder and slab surround. There was no preferred orientation. An isolated skull (carnium plus mandible) was associated with the ivory figurine previously described and with two halves of a large split tooth of about the same size as the figurine. Ulo blades were associated, either fortuitously or as grave goods, with some burials.

An additional burial, of which only the crushed skull and a few long bone fragments had survived, was surrounded and covered by more than 1 3 boulders and several whale bones. An isolated humérus and a cache of 3 ulo blades were found at the edge of the boulder pile. A fetus or neonate, several isolated bones, -2 crushed crania, and small groups of human bones were also collected. In addition, in I960 Laughlin and Jtfrgensen recovered three skele- tons which had been partially exposed on the beach at the eroded edge of the site. Most burials were covered with rotten wood which sometimes was in direct contact with the bones. All came from Area I, but a displaced cranium was found on the beach adjacent to Area II.

Of cultural interest are three crania showing moderate to pronounced lambdoidal flattening.

Kiavak

At Kiavak we found five flexed burials, two crushed crania, and a few isolated bones in the excavation, and two skulls and other human bones at an erosion face along the channel. Three burials were on their right side, although in one case the upper part of the body was on its back, and two were on their left side. There was no preferred orientation. The housepit burials were covered with boulders, although in one case incompletely, and traces of rotten wood were found with one of them. Needless to say, the bones under the boulders were badly crushed. Two burials, one of those in the house pit and the other a contact period inhumation, were so shallow that part of their skulls were within 15 to 20 cm. of the surface.

Of special interest are the goods accompanying a historic burial, No. 4 (Fig. 13, 2.-28J. Surprising- ly, there were no trade beads. By the head of the deceased there had been placed:

2 spear prongs (previously described) 1 harpoon socket piece, 8.7 cm. long (previously

listed) 1 fragmentary and 4 complete roughly worked

unidentified bone objects 1 large iron spike 16.2 cm. long 1 narrow iron bar 15 cm. long 1 large iron spoon 1 unidentified iron object with spatula te end

(Fig. 13, 8) 1 iron frizzen (flintlock rifle part)

1 unidentified iron object (Fig. 13, 7) 3 nondescript pieces of iron 1 gun flint 1 2 -sided bar shaped whetstone 10 cm. long 1 small battered roll of thin sheet lead 1 hard rubbing stone (not the soft type burnishing

stone) 1 quartzitic beach pebble 5.5 cm. long 3 gray metallic sulphide (arsenopyrite?). One

has a relatively fresh worn surface, the other two are covered with red oxide patina.

3 large canine teeth (no roots) 5 to 6 cm. long Elsewhere with the burial:

1 base of a wine glass or similarly shaped object, broken stem area ground

1 slender barbed bone point with conical tang and one barb

About 30 cm. to one side: 1 battered metal hammer-head with traces of a

wooden handle (Subtotal: 31 items) A few feet from the burial:

2 iron nails, one is bent to a U- shape and had adhering wood

1 iron strap 9 to 1 1 mm. wide, 9.5 cm. long Probably fortuitous:

1 potsherd (aboriginal) The skull from burial 4 shows moderate lamb-

doidal flattening, and one of four skulls recovered from this site by Hrdlicka in the 1930' s was also deformed (1944b)4.

Discussion

Pinart (1873) noted deformed skulls among the Konyags and cradles were reported ethnographically, but Hrdlicka (1944a) reported no deformed skulls in his large series from the Uyak site although several crania showed slight unilateral deformation not great enough to affect measurements. In his catalogue of crania (1944b) he does list occipitally deformed skulls from various Kodiak sites. It was not realized until 3 or 4 deformed skulls were found at Rolling Bay and Kiavak and several more were collected from blowouts on Chirikof Island in 1962-3 (analysis in progress) that lambdoidal flattening was a Konyag characteristic although probably found in only a minority of the population. Perhaps this deformation was accidental rather than intentional. It seems to have been most common among the protohistoric and early historic inhabitants of the southern half of the island.

Boulders associated with shallow burials, of which there were three occurrences, suggest a prac- tice related to cairn burial, a method of disposal common in the Bering Sea area. Graves covered with wood and boulders have been reported ethnographically for Kodiak. Hrdlicka found burials both below




and above slate slabs in the Uyak Lower Levels, but no older burials covered with piled stones have come to my attention. Evidently elements of cairn burial are late on Kodiak.

Kiavak burial 4 may, judging from associated goods, belong to a time slightly later than the deposits excavated.

CURRENT SUMMARY OF KODIAK ARCHAEOLOGY

By way of a summary of Kodiak archaeology I will introduce at this point background information to facilitate further discussion. A more detailed account has been given elsewhere (Clark 1966).

Excavations at the Uyak site on the west side of Kodiak Island by Hrdlicka (1944a) in the 1930's revealed two sequent phases with two correlated physical types. The archaeological materials obtained by Hrdlicka have been described by Heizer (1956 and elsewhere). Three seasons of field work in the Old Harbor sector of Kodiak (Fig. 1) by the Aleut-Konyag Project have revealed 5 phases of prehistoric culture.

The latest phase, that described here, is a pottery-using variant of the historically known Konyag Eskimo culture. It is closely related to the non-ceramic Konyag of Hrdlicka 's Uyak Upper Level although it is possibly slightly younger.

The second youngest phase, found at Three Saints Bay, correlates closely with the Uyak Lower Levels, especially with Hrdlicka 's Intermediate or later pre-Konyag, and it has been designated the Three Saints phase.

There is a temporal hiatus between the Three Saints Bay site and the base of the two ceramic Konyag sites, Rolling Bay and Kiavak 418, described here. The net result is that the change-over to the Konyag phase from the phase preceding it has not been documented by our work except possibly by some minor work still in progress and not discussed here.

At Kiavak 419, adjacent to site 418, we found material related to Three Saints yet older and sufficiently different to belong to a different phase (in the sense of a stage). This phase, called Old Kia- vak, is represented by a collection that is impov- erished in bone work probably due to poor preserva- tion. It bears a slight resemblance to Kachemak II (de Laguna 1934) and the Uyak Lower Levels. A low order of grouping would include Kachemak II and III, the Uyak Lower Levels, Three Saints, and Old Kiavak in one unit, and it will be called the Kachemak tradition. For most purposes Kachemak III, Three Saints and part of the Uyak sequence may be regarded as belonging to a single phase with geographic variants. At times, however, I am inclined to think of them as a horizon.

Artifacts belonging to the two oldest phases were found in the Sitkalidak Roadcut site which was tested briefly at the end of the 1963 field season. This site is located on an old shoreline of Ocean Bay. Ocean Bay I artifacts from the deeper part of the site are largely flaked from cryptocrystalline rock, but a few ground slate artifacts were found to the base of the site.

In Ocean Bay II, higher in the Sitkalidak Roadcut site, flaking ceases entirely giving way to artifacts of ground slate. There is a brief temporal hiatus between Ocean Bay II and Old Kiavak although some artifacts suggest cultural continuity. These sites belong to a temporal span of about 5000 years ac- cording to a small series of radiocarbon dates.

INTRASITE DIFFERENCES

Collections from the three trenches and the surface have been grouped as belonging to one component with a contact period horizon. The main unifying factor is pottery, which is thought to be late on Kodiak and was found throughout all three trenches, and a general similarity of artifacts. In the preliminary study some differences between Areas I and II were noticed:

1. Historic occupation was on the hillside Area II.

2. The variety and complexity of pottery lip forms is greatly increased in Area II.

3. No burials were found in Area II although a cranium found on the beach evidently came from there.

4. Quartz crystals, "miniature stone lamps," vertebrae strung on ribs, toggle harpoon heads, most fish hook shanks, a slate end blade with carved bed, and spoons were limited to Area II. However, the sample size for each of these artifacts is very small.

5. Most of the long, narrow ulo blades with associated stemming came from Area I as did 1 1 of 1 3 roughly chipped slate leaf- shaped blades and the three incised slate figurines.

It appears that Area I was abandoned before the contact period. A blue glass trade bead found there, although probably of de Laguna 's Cook Type which she has shown to have reached the Pacific Eskimo before the full historic period ( 1956:60 ff. ), is then, for the present, regarded as inexplicable.

No problem of intrasite varation arises from the excavation at Kiavak 418, but other considerations may indicate that the trench collection does not represent the total occupation span of the site. A lamp with knobs (breasts) in the bowl and possibly D-shaped maul heads are thought to be earlier.




Burial 4 is thought to be later and slightly intrusive. It was very shallow. Kiavak had been occupied into the contact period until sometime after 1805, yet only one trade piece, a large light blue bead apparently of de Laguna 's Cook. Type, was found there aside from the burial cache. Burial 4 was close to the erosion face, and Hrdlicka found glass beads with a burial at this site, probably at the erosion face (1944a: 11 8) which was active more than 30 years ago. I suspect that the most recently occupied portion of the site has been washed away.

INTERSITE VARIATION

Major artifact classes in the assemblages from the two sites have been tabulated here. The Kiavak x 2 column is to facilitate direct comparison in consideration of the smaller sample size from Kia- vak (N = 444 adjusted to exclude scrap and natural items), about half that from Rolling Bay (N = 919 adjusted and less wooden artifacts). Items for which the difference between Rolling Bay and Kiavak x 2 exceeds 100% are underscored.

Rolling Kiavak Kiavak Bay x 2-

Lamps 9 3 6 Excavated whale vertebra centra 7 2 4 Pottery common common Spoons 5 0 0 Ulo blades 111 58 116

sawn hole in ulo blade 2 4 8 Double edged knife, lance, etc. 10 3 6 Ulo-shaped scrapers, flaked slate 9 18 36 Boulder flakes (not all collected) 27 21+ 42+ Stone saws 4? 0 0 Abrasive stones, all forms 41 15 30 Burnishing stones 0? 14 28 Hammer stones (not all Kiavak collected) 111 26+ 52+ Bone awls 19 13 26 Bone wedges 47 36 72 Planing adzes 26 8 16 Splitting adzes (qualified in text) 4 4 8 Miniature ulo-shaped side blades 7 0 0 Concave scrapers on stone slab 1? 21 42 Quartz crystals 3 0 0 Flakes from colorless chalcedony

(also 2 drills?) several 0 0 Slate projectile points 43 4 8

barbed points 4 3 6 unstemmed end blades 20 1? 2?

Stone slab structures several 0 0 Grooved & notched stones (all) 168 24 48

same obtained by excavation only 101 12 24 Bone projectile points 18 15 30

Toggle harpoon heads 2 3 6 Simple barbed harpoon dart heads 9 5 10

Harpoon fores hafts 4 1 2 Harpoon socket pieces 11 2 or 3 4+ Fish hooks, barbs 15 1 2

shanks 9 0 0 all 24 1 2

Bone tube "beads" 5 12 24 Labrets 6 3 6 Vertebrae on ribs 3 or 4 0 0 Epiphyseal plates 3 3 6



172 Arctic Anthropology I1Î-2

For artifacts with combined sample size above 8 the following differences stand out. Some less

outstanding differences are also statistically significant.

Rolling Kiavak Kiavak Bay x 2

Ulo-shaped scrapers, flaked 9 18 36 Burnishing stones 0? 14 28 Concave scrapers on stone slab 1? 21 42 Ground slate projectile points 43 4 8

unstemmed end blades 20 1? 2? Grooved & notched stones (excavated) 101 12 24 Stone slab boxes (RB 5 in excavation,

many surface) 0 0 Fish hooks 24 1 2 Bone tube "beads" 5 12 24

The writer had anticipated greater correspon- dence between these sites. We know that they were approximately contemporary from radiocarbon dates and from the historic record. The same historic record indicates that they were permanent villages both occupied in the spring, so it is doubtful if the differences observed are due to seasonal variation. The two localities are separated by only 1 1 miles of water, hence isolation and geographic variation do not enter the problem.

Certain observations may be correlated and hence do not constitute new and independent data. For instance, a reduction in the number of hammerstones may be correlated with a reduction in the number of notched and grooved stones made by these hammers, and, as these stones probably were deep sea fishing line weights, this evidence is in con- gruence with the lack of fish hooks at Kiavak. How- ever, fish bones, including those of cod which would have been taken by deep sea apparatus, were very abundant. Absence of compound V-shaped bone hook pieces could be explained by the use of other types of hooks as were known ethnographically. Burnishing stones and concave scrapers on stone slabs could have been overlooked during excavation at Rolling Bay but this is unlikely as the writer worked at both sites and recognized them at only one. Furthermore, most intrusive stone other than rubble was collected at Rolling Bay whether artifactual or not. The scarcity of unbarbed projectile blades at Kiavak may involve basic hunting equipment and is extremely difficult to explain. Evidently there was a similar scarcity of triangular- lanceolate end blades in the Uyak site Konyag component. In this respect, Rolling Bay resembles late sites about Bristol Bay (Larsen 1950; Cressman and Dumond 1962) even in the blades with carved bed.

The most reasonable explanation for these

intersite differences is that there was a high level of variability from community to community. It follows, then, that the Konyag phase, especially the ceramic variant, cannot be defined very concisely through the study of a single site. A further impli- cation, based on a reasonable extension of this ob- servation, is that considerable deviation must be allowed within taxonomic units defined on the basis of what usually is informally thought of as a type collection in order to allow for newly excavated materials that might be refered to the same unit.

DATING

Through its ethnohistoric tie-in and from cross ties with late Eskimo materials elsewhere, the Konyag phase, to which the collections described belong, is thought to persist through the greater part of the second millenium A.D. As far as the sites described here are concerned, closer dating is provided by radiocarbon assays and historical records.

For terminal dates the only positive record that has come to my notice is that of Lisianski's visit in 1805. Neither settlement is listed in the Tenth Census report of 1880 and most certainly they were generally abandoned by that time. I suspect (for several good reasons) that they may have been de- populated before the middle of the Nineteenth Cen- tury and that very little of our archaeological material postdates 1800. Intensive historic contact began here in 1784 when a Russian post was founded at nearby Three Saints Bay.

Two radiocarbon dates for the base or deeper parts of Area I Rolling Bay are on charcoal from the hearth previously described.3 No. P-1048 on charcoal

3See Appendix for further information on radiocarbon dates for Kodiak sequence.




from within the hearth gave a date of 368 ± 44 B.P. or 1597 A.D. No. P- 1047 for charcoal from the lens extending beyond the hearth is 408 ± 40 B.P. or 1557 A.D. From the base of Kiavak 418 two dates for charcoal are P-1044 at 295 ± 44 B.P. or 1670 A.D. , and P-1045 at 406 ± 48 B.P. or 1559 A.D. Although it came from the base of the site, sample P-1044 was stratigraphically above P-1045, but it is very doubtful if this stratigraphie difference is sufficient to account for 111 years. Roughly, then, Kiavak 418 and Rolling Bay are of the same age dating from about 1550 A.D.

This is borne out by the parallelism in ceramic elements discussed earlier in this paper. However, finer consideration of the ceramic attributes shows that the hair lines and very coarse sand tempering of Area I Rolling Bay sherds are not shared with the lower part of the Kiavak 418 midden. From the evidence of two, as yet poorly dated, small ceramic collections from the Crag Point site (No. 241) at Anton Lars en Bay and the B component of Kiavak 419, I suspect that these attributes indicate relatively greater antiquity for the base of Rolling Bay Area I. It follows that the 1550 A.D. date can be taken as the age of only one of the sites. I prefer to give this date to Kiavak 418 and suggest that perhaps 1450 would be more appropriate for Rolling Bay. If one went the other direction with these adjustments he would have midden deposits accumulating at the rate of nearly 2 m. per century. This would be excessive and, as it is, a rapid rate of deposition is indicated.

At one time the writer thought that the date for the appearance of pottery on Kodiak would give a rough indication of the age of these sites. This does not appear to be the case. The ceramic B component of site 419 has been dated at 952 ± 49 B.P. or 1013 A.D. (P-1041). At the time of this writing I am wary of this date and hesitate to use it as a major prop in the study of Kodiak prehistory. Never- theless, there are other lines of evidence to support the proposition that pottery in the region predates the settlements of Kiavak 418 and Rolling Bay. The physical appearance of the ceramic component at site 419 differs from site 418 in a manner that would suggest greater age for the former. Sherds found at site 241 were associated with late Kache- mak tradition and possibly transitional Konyag artifacts and may also date to the beginning of the second millenium A.D. This Crag Point site occur- rence is a special case, however, as it appears to represent an unsuccessful attempt to introduce pottery to the northern part of Kodiak. Also, the sherds there have traces of fiber tempering. Pottery does seem to have been spreading from the southern end of the island (cf. Heizer 1956:30), but the picture is complicated and evidence for spread may be seen in our data only for the very edge of the pottery-using area.

CULTURAL PLACEMENT

Three questions need to be examined here: how are the ceramic Konyags distinguished from other Konyag variants, from their antecedents, and how does this relate to Eskimo prehistory and the place of the Konyags among the Alaskan Eskimos?

Aside from pottery, Rolling Bay and Kiavak have few or no traits that are not found in non ceramic Konyag components (cf. Heizer 1956; Univ. of Wis- consin and other field work). However, there do appear to be several quantitative differences. The incised slate figurines (Clark 1964), splitting adzes, and cobbles notched on 2 sides and one end of the non-ceramic Konyags are rare to the southwest of the ceramic boundary. Cranial deformation, some attributes of ulo blades, and abundant bone wedges are ceramic Konyag features although these are found sometimes in the northeast. Kodiak has always been treated as a single ethnographic unit, and I would keep it a single archaeological unit.

This amount of variation can be accommodated within the Konyag phase if we allow for the proba- bility that opposite ends of the Konyag territory were subjected to differential influence from contrasting areas: from the Northwest Coast to northeastern Kodiak, and from the Bering Sea to western Kodiak. We might surmise that as old differences were leveled new ones would arise.

Moreover, many of the differences observed may be temporal rather than due to regional variation. The idea that there was a general development on Kodiak into the Konyag phase which later differentiated into ceramic and non ceramic variants through the arrival of a new trait, pottery, will perhaps have to be abandoned. We just cannot find any pre- ceramic Konyag sites on the southwestern part of the island, and some of the pottery that we have (site 419) might go back to the "beginning" of the Konyag phase. Nevertheless, Rolling Bay and Kiavak 418 are late and temporally they probably represent only the second half of the Konyag phase. I suspect, on the other hand, that some non-ceramic materials that have been used for comparison, the Uyak Upper Level for instance, belong to the first half of the Konyag phase.

The beginning of this phase is not dated and I am not certain how it is represented in our archaeological sample. A stop date in one direction is provided by the 1550 A.D. or extrapolated 1450 A.D. for Rolling Bay. In the other direction the upper part of the Three Saints Site is dated at 1134 ± 49 B.P. or A.D. 831 (P-1043). This could be extrapolated to about 900 A.D. for the end of the occupation at Three Saints and possibly for the end of the Three Saints phase. There is, then, a 500 to 600 year hiatus in our record if we do not use the 1013 ± 49 A.D. Konyag or transitional date for site 419. The Konyag phase probably did begin about 1000 A.D., although our




evidence is weak and I will not attempt to defend my position here. If, then, the Konyag (Upper Level) component at the Uyak Site is sequent on the Lower Levels, much of the Upper Level would belong to the period 1000-1500 A.D. The Uyak site lacks ethnographic tie-ins and we do not know when it was abandoned. Perhaps it was deserted not long after the Rolling Bay settlement was occupied.

Undated Konyag materials are also available for comparison from sites near the town of Kodiak. The upper part of one Konyag component, at site 22 3 Monashka Bay, has been dated at 313 ± 44 B.P. or 1652 A.D. (P-1049). This is sufficient to show that there is some temporal overlap between the ceramic- and non-ceramic associated materials that have been used for drawing comparative conclusions. There must, then, be a geographic component to the variations that we have discussed.

As for comparing ceramic Konyag materials to the antecedent Three Saints-Kachemak III horizon of the Kachemak tradition, the writer does not wish to compare over a 600 year hiatus. Since, however, certain undefined terms have been introduced into this discussion, we will have to consider briefly the problem of Konyag origins. Phases or stages antecedent to the Konyag phase have been grouped into the Kachemak tradition. The tradition is best known from the Kachemak Bay stages I, II, sub-III, and III (de Laguna 1934) and it also includes the Uyak Lower Levels, Old Kiavak, and the Three Saints phase. No name was given for the sequence as a whole, but it would appear that de Laguna envisioned it as a local developmental sequence of what might have been called a Pacific Eskimo tradition. In fact, she later suggested that Kachemak I belongs to a Pacific Eskimo I stage (1947:11).

Excavations on Kodiak Island show a sequence that in part corresponds to the Kachemak Bay stages but which also includes the two scantily sampled phases, Ocean Bay I and II, that are earlier than Kachemak I, and a later, terminal, Konyag phase. The Kachemak stages, and on Kodiak the Kachemak- related phases, appear to hang together as a developmental series with regional variants, but preliminary considerations indicate that there may be major historical changes between the Konyag phase and the Kachemak phases. The term Pacific Eskimo is used here to designate probable Eskimo occupations (other than Aleut) on the Pacific coast, but I feel a need for subdivisions. Part of the Pacific Eskimo sequence would be the Kachemak tradition as indicated. A later part, at least in the historic Konyag area, would be the Konyag phase.

For the latter the term phase, rather than tradition, has been used as a relatively short time, 800 years or less, is involved. Also, it has not been demonstrated conclusively that the Konyag phase cannot be accommodated within the Kachemak tradi-

tion. As indicated, Konyag origins remain to be elu- cidated. There is a 600 year gap in the sequence in the Old Harbor sector that includes this critical period. Konyag change-over at the Uyak site was obscured by poor excavation methods. Other collections that might fit into or close to the transition remain to be dated and are small. As presently known, the differences between the Konyag phase and Three Saints- Kachemak III are of a magnitude and variety that would indicate a break in tradition and major historical change (cf. Heizer 1956; Clark 1966). Neverthe- less, there is fairly conclusive evidence of late Kachemak-Konyag continuity, and if the changes could have occurred gradually over several hundred years we would have cause to critically re-examine the proposition that there was a major break in tradition.

This problem can be reviewed profitably in a greater west Alaskan framework. Many differences, largely of artifact style and workmanship, obtaining between the Konyag phase and the late part of the Kachemak tradition are seen in the Bering Sea mainland area when sites of the second millenium A.D. are compared with those of the first millenium A.D. These include parallel changes in adze blades, preference for longer ulo blades, cessation of the use of notched pebbles and a switch to cobbles, some parallel changes in labret styles, arrival of the grooved splitting adze, partially paralleled changes in arrow tangs, and a late preference for unstemmed slate insert blades. This is only a rough comparison as these traits are not all of the same age and the Bering Sea mainland is not a uniform area. Nevertheless, a

significant Pacific-Bering Sea parallelism is indicated. If any change occurred in the language of the Pacific Eskimo, as proposed, for instance, by Dumond (1965), it probably happened during the inadequately known

Konyag "transition." However, Bering Sea-Pacific Eskimo correspondences are strong in relatively early phases as well as in the Konyag phase.

Kodiak Island-Bering Sea is only one axis of

comparison. Another axis of comparison lies along the Pacific Coast, especially the northern part of the North American side. Here and for most other com-

parisons we may properly use ethnographic traits as accounts of the"Konyags are based largely on the

people of the southeast side of Kodiak including the settlements excavated. Traits characteristic of two or more groups along the North Pacific axis include

spear whaling with the use of aconite and with other ritual practices, mummification with evisceration

(may interrelate with whaling), use of cradles, petro- glyphs and incised stone figurines, wooden cylinder arrow quivers, and grease-down-red clay coiffure. Additional elements include slavery associated with human immolation, art elements, and a characteristic

style of halibut hooks, all of which have at times been attributed to diffusion from the Northwest Coast.




Also characteristic are styles of barbed harpoon heads along with a preference for non toggling heads. Many items characteristic of the North Pa- cific, a form of woven spruce root hat for instance, did, however, penetrate into the Bering Sea region.

The late prehistoric remains from Kodiak bear out what is geographically evident - that the Pacific Eskimo are situated at the intersection of culture areas numbering three in the conventional Arctic (Eskimo), Northwest Coast, and Sub-Arctic (interior) schemes. To determine whether the relatively recent increments of traits that gave rise to the Konyag phase and its ceramic aspect represent influences more from the Bering Sea than from other parts of the Pacific Coast or are indigenous developments

requires more analysis than can be undertaken here. Also, our inadequate knowledge of prehistory on the Northwest Coast limits the comparisons and syn- thesis that can be made at this time. In race, language, and culture the late Konyags are firmly Eskimo. But in culture, and perhaps in history too, they also are strongly North American Pacific.4

4I have not attempted to document these conclusions. For many of the ideas expressed here I am indebted to several students of southwest Alas- kan prehistory, particularly to Kaj Birket-Smith, D. E. Dumond, R. F. Heizer, Frederica de Laguna, Mar- garet Lantis, and W. S. Laughlin.

APPENDIX

Radiocarbon Dating of the Kodiak Sequence

Through the courtesy of the Applied Science Center for Archaeology, the University of Pennsyl- vania, the following series of radiocarbon dates was run, after the foregoing article was prepared for publication (Robert Stuckenrath, Jr.; Written com-

munication to W. S. Laughlin in 1965). The dates are presented here as communicated but have been rearranged and some descriptions have been changed for clarification.

Libby Half-life Univ. of Penna. Half-life

P-1034 Sitkalidak Roadcut 438 site. Ocean Bay I, 5472 ± 67 base. P-l,P-lb. NaOH. 5564 ± 105

5518 ± 78 BP 3553 ± 78 BC 3719 ± 80 BC

P-1036 Sitkalidak Roadcut 438 site. Ocean Bay II, 3909 ± 93 middle. P-2. NaOH. 3978 ± 91

3944 ± 65 BP 1979 ± 65 BC 2097 ± 67 BC

P-1038 Kiavak 419 site. Old Kiavak C, 4718 ± 101 sub-base. P-4. NaOH. 4708 ± 108

4713 ± 71 BP 2748 ± 71 BC 2889 ± 73 BC

P-1039 Kiavak 419 site. Old Kiavak C, 3233 ± 86 P-5. NaOH, not base but higher where 3322 ± 76 artifacts become abundant. 3278 ± 61 BP 1313 ± 61 BC 1411 ± 63 BC

P-1042 Three Saints site. Three Saints, 2087 ± 68 lower, base. P-8. 1998 ± 60

2043 ± 55 BP 78 ± 55 BC 139±57BC

P-1057 Anton Larsen Bay 241 site. Three 2099 ± 75 Saints equivalent (see P-8). P-21. 1998 ± 75

2048 ± 52 BP 83 ± 52 BC 144 ± 54 BC

P-1043 Three Saints 401 site. Three Saints, 1141 ± 52 top. P-10. 1126 ± 70

1134 ± 49 BP 831 ± 49 AD 797 ± 50 AD




P-1041 Kiavak 419 site. Kiavak B, top. 923 ± 68 P-7. Ceramic Konyag. 981 ± 69

952 ± 49 BP 1013 ± 49 AD 984 ± 50 AD

P-1047 Rolling Bay 420 site. SW Konyag, 422 ±63 base. P-14a. 394 ± 61

408 ± 40 BP 1557 ± 40 AD 1545 ± 41 AD

P-l 048 Rolling Bay 420 site. SW Konyag, 349 ± 65 base. P-14b. NaOH. 386 ± 65

368 ± 44 BP 1597 ± 44 AD 1586 ± 45 AD

P-1044 Kiavak 418 site. SW Konyag, base. 288 ± 64 P-12. NaOH. 302 ± 63

295 ± 44 BP 1670 ± 44 AD 1661 ± 45 AD

P-1045 Kiavak 418 site. SW Konyag, base. 401 ± 67 P-13. NaOH. 411 ± 64

406 ± 48 BP 1559 ± 48 AD 1547 ± 49 AD

P-1049 Monashka Bay 22 3 site. N Konyag compo- 270 ± 50 nent. P-ll. NaOH. 357 ± 65

313±44BP 1652 ±44 AD 1643 ± 45 AD

These dates were used to revise the concluding sections of the present report. However, the Kodiak preliminary report (Clark 1966) was already set and made up when the dates became available.

The following emendations should be made to the sample descriptions that were supplied to the Pennsylvania laboratory.

1. Site 438 should be called Sitkalidak Road- cut site rather than Roadcut site to avoid confusion with other Roadcut sites.

2. We have changed Ocean Beach I and II to Ocean Bay I and II to conform with the map name of the locality.

3. As explained below P-1039 is not from the base of site 419 but from the base of a pro- ductive zone.

4. Site 241 at Anton Larsen Bay will be called the Crag Point site in order to avoid confusion with other Anton Larsen Bay sites and with Larsen Bay. The Uyak site (Heizer 1956) is located next to Larsen Bay village.

5. As explained below, the Monashka Bay sample does not apply to the base of the Konyag component.

6. Presently we are designating southwestern Konyag and northern Konyag respectively as ceramic and nonceramic Konyag.

Provenience and Significance

P-1034, Sitkalidak Roadcut site (No. 438) is a composite of 2 samples, our P-l and P-lb. P-l was charcoal from diffuse occurrences at the base of the

site in section X-4 and W-2, 125-150 cm. below ground surface. P-lb was charcoal from diffuse occurrences within 15 cm. of the base of the site in section T-zero. These date the earliest recovered Ocean Bay I materials. The date of 5518 B.P. is older than had been expected and should be approached with conservatism until confirmed by further dating. Other dates in the series indicate, however, that the base of this site has an antiquity considerably in excess of 4000 years, and this is sufficient to show that the dissimilar Arctic Small Tool tradition is not to be found on Kodiak.

P-1036, Sitkalidak Roadcut site (438). This charcoal sample came from a charcoal-rich band 55 to 75 cm. below ground surface in sections X-4 and W-2. In these sections Ocean Bay II extended nearly to 100 cm. below ground surface and most Ocean Bay II artifacts were located in the lower half of this interval. The dated charcoal band overlies a discontinuous volcanic ash ca. 3 cm. thick. The date of 3944 B.P. probably applies to the upper half or middle of Ocean Bay II. It appears to be consistent with P-l 050 for Chirikof Island site 9 which is 2079 ± 63 B.C. or 4044 B.P. (R. Stukenrath, Jr.; written communication to W. S. Laughlin in 1965). Site 9 has flaked stone and ground slate industries (W. Workman, this issue).

P-1038, charcoal from 180 cm. depth, section 6, trench A, site 419, Kiavak Bay. The sample is from a charcoal streak 20 or 35 cm. below the nominal base of the site (designation of nominal base of site in this section is fluid). No artifacts were associated with this particular sub-site layer, and else-




where in trench A only a large stone lamp and a notched piece of rock were found in the sub-site streaks. Although the date of 4713 B.P. does not date a very diagnostic collection it does give more credence to the early date for Ocean Bay I.

P-1039, charcoal from 70 cm. depth in section 7, trench A, Kiavak 419. The sample comes from the lower boundary of a zone in which artifacts become abundant.

Artifact F/25 cm. levels sec. A-7

The date of 32 78 B.P. should apply to the bulk of the Old Kiavak phase (C component) collection which appears to be related to Kachemak II. Arti- facts found below the dated level can be placed in the Old Kiavak phase and they probably date closer to P-1039 than to P-1038, especially as nothing found in these levels suggests the slate technology of Ocean Bay II. Elsewhere the writer (1966) has suggested that there was a temporal hiatus between Old Kiavak and Ocean Bay II as we know them. It remains to be seen if this gap contains a local equivalent of Kachemak I (de Laguna 1934). As of this writing the site 419 materials have not under- gone final analysis.

P-1042 was run on charcoal found 172 cm. below ground surface in section 1-S, trench A, Three Saints site 401. The sample was from the base of the site and was associated with a caved in hearth and a small clay lined basin, both at the very base of the site. The date of 2043 B.P. applies to the Three Saints phase. As predicted, it agrees very well with P-1057.

P-1057 was run on a charred plank found near the base of a component of the Crag Point site (241) that correlates typologically with the Three Saints phase and with Kachemak III. This component appears to be separated by an interval of weathering from lower undated layers equivalent to Kachemak I or II. Hence, the date of 2048 B.P. is not basal for the stage represented. It is doubtful, however, if the Kachemak Ill-Three Saints horizon is much older than 100 B.C. Geographically, and perhaps typologically, site 241 is situated near the town of Kodiak intermediate between Three Saints and Kachemak Bay.

P-1043 was run on charcoal from 75 cm. depth trench B, Three Saints 401. In the section involved a historic Russian component goes down to 50 cm. and a fragment of china was found in the 50-75 cm. level. The 75 cm. sample, which is not associated with any feature, should date near the end of the prehistoric component. By extrapolation from the date of 1134 B.P. (A.D. 831 ± 49) this component would have terminated about 900 A.D. This date may or may not be terminal for the Three Saints phase.

P-1041. In the upper part of Kiavak 419 there is a ceramic component (B) that in most places is not stratigraphically distinct from the Old Kiavak (C) component, and in places the two may be mixed. Because of this mixing there is some uncertainty as to just what the ceramic component contains but I am reasonably certain that pottery, incised slate figurines, and lenses of "burned" rubble belong with it and I regard it as belonging to the Konyag phase. The sample is from pottery scrapings (char) con- taminated by rootlets, from practically all sherds recovered during excavation. Because the carbon came from several sources in a mixed component, was not treated, and as I have not had experience with pottery- s craping dates, I am wary of the date of 952 B.P.

P-1047 , P-1048. Both samples came from a hearth located at the base of Area I, Rolling Bay. This hearth had a complex history that is briefly outlined in the foregoing article. P-1048 was taken in 1961 but as it had been placed in a sized cloth bag a new sample, for P-1047, was taken in 1962 from an end-wall lens that remained from the hearth. At this place the site surface was truncated by erosion, but when we dug back a couple meters it was seen that the hearth probably had been overlain by nearly 2 m. of refuse deposits. The dates of A.D. 1557 ± 40 and A.D. 1597 ± 44, discussed in the foregoing article, are slightly younger than had been expected.

P-1045 is from a thin kitchen refuse layer slightly more than 200 cm. below ground surface in section 4, trench C, site 418, Kiavak Bay. This layer dating at 406 B.P. or A.D. 1559 ± 48 is at the base of the site. P-1044 and P-1045 have been discussed in the foregoing paper.

P-1044 dates charcoal obtained from the base of site 418, trench C, section 2. Refuse deposits in this section were 215 cm. thick, and the bottom layer was a thick rubble band. The date of 295 B.P. or A.D. 1670 ± 44 applies to the base of the site but the writer considers the earlier date from P-1045 to be of more general applicability.

P-1049 is from level 4, section 20N-5W, site 223 at Monashka Bay near the town of Kodiak. The sample depth was 46-61 cm. below the base of the 1912 volcanic ash in a layer associated with a pit- like feature that intruded from the upper part of the B (Konyag phase) component into the A (Kachemak




tradition) component. The date of 313 B.P. or A.D. 1652 ± 44 should apply to the upper half of the non ceramic Konyag phase component. It applies to deposits apparently succeeding the period when most incised slate figurines were produced (Clark 1964).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Birket-Smith, Kaj 1941 Early Collections from the Pacific Es-

kimo. In "Ethnographical Studies," Nationalmus e ets Skr if ter, Etnografisk Raekke, Vol. I, pp. 121-163. Copen- hagen.

Clark, D. W. 1964 Incised Figurine Tablets from Kodiak,

Alaska. Arctic Anthropology , Vol. 2, No. l,pp. 118-134. Madison.

1966 Perspectives in the Archaeology of Kodiak Island, Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 3. Salt Lake City.

Cressman, L. S. and D. E. Dumond 1962 Research in Northwest Prehistory:

Prehistory in the Naknek Drainage, Southwestern Alaska. Final Report to National Science Foundation. University of Oregon Department of Anthropology, Eugene.

Dumond, D. E. 1965 On Eskaleutian Linguistics, Archaeology,

and Prehistory. American Anthropolo- gist, Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 1231-1257. Menasha.

Ford, J. A. 1959 Eskimo Prehistory in the Vicinity of Point

Barrow, Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1-272. New York.

Giddings, J. L. 1952 The Arctic Woodland Culture of the

Kobuk River. Museum Monographs, University Museum, Philadelphia.

Heizer, Robert F. 1949 Pottery from the Southern Eskimo Region.

American Philosophical Society, Pro- ceedings, Vol. 93, pp. 48-56. Philadelphia.

1952a Incised Slate Figurines from Kodiak Is- land, Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 266. Salt Lake City.

1952b Notes on Koniag Material Culture. Anthro- pological Papers of the University of Alaska, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 11-19. College.

1956 Archaeology of the Uyak Site, Kodiak Is- land, Alaska. University of California Anthropological Records, Vol. 17, No. 1. Berkeley.

Hrdlicka, A. 1944a The Anthropology of Kodiak Island.

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia.

1944b Catalogue of Crania, Non-Eskimo People of the Northwest Coast, Alaska, and Si- beria. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, Vol. 94, No. 3171, pp. 1-172. Washington.

Keithahn, E. L. 1962 Stone Artifacts from Southeastern Alaska.

American Antiquity, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 66-77. Salt Lake City.

de Laguna, F. 1934 The Archaeology of Cook Inlet, Alaska .

University of Pennsylvania Press, Phila- delphia.

1939 A Pottery Vessel from Kodiak Island, Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 334-343. Menasha.

1947 The Prehistory of Northern North America as seen from the Yukon. Society for American Archaeology Memoir 3. Menasha.

19 56 Chugach Prehistory. University of Wash- ington Publications in Anthropology , No. 13. Seattle.

I960 The Story of a Tlingit Community. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 172. Washington.

Larsen, H. 1950 Archaeological Investigations in South-

western Alaska. American Antiquity, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 177-187. Menasha.

Leidy, J. 1873 On Remains of Primitive Art in the Bridger

Basin of Southern Wyoming. Sixth Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, Territories , pp. 651-653. Washington.

lisianski, Uri 1814 Voyage Around the World, 1803-1806.

John Booth, London.

McHugh, William 1962 Archaeological Investigations on Kodiak




Island. Arctic Anthropology, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 113-115. Madison.

Pinart, Alphonse 1873 Eskimaux et Koloche, Idées Religieuses

et Traditions des Kaniagmioutes. Revue dr Anthropologie, Vol. 2, pp. 673-680. Paris.

Rainey, F. 1939 Archaeology in Central Alaska. Anthro -

pological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 36, Part 4, pp. 351-405. New York.

Taylor, W. E., Jr. I960 A Description of Sadlermuit Houses Exca-

vated at Native Point, Southampton Island, N.W.T. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 162, pp. 53-100. Ottawa.

University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin

Fig. 7. Typical Konyag pottery vessel, 33 cm. high. Fig. 8. Wooden patidle in situ on baleen sheet.




Fig. 9. Artifacts from the Rolling Bay site. A-F, K ulo blades; G, J, awl-shaped ground slate splinters; H-I, miniature ulo-shaped blades; L-N, large double edged blades; O-X, projectile points, O is barbed, P has a carved bed, Q-S were found together.




Fig. 10. Artifacts from the Rolling Bay site. A-C, unidentified wooden objects; D-G, labrets, G is bone, others are wood; H-I, flaked points; J, P, flaked blades; K, copper blade; M, wooden object; N, possible concave scraper; O, flaked object; Q, U, miniature stone lamps; R-T, Y, abrasive stones; V-W, peg-shaped objects of wood and stone; X, broken stone object; Z, F\ small slate bits; A1, heavy adze bit; B1 grooved adze; C'-E1, adze bits.



!82 Arctic Anthropology III-2

Fig. 11. Artifacts from the Rolling Bay site. A, bone V3dge; B, blunt object of bone; C, metal cut bone wedge; D, compact bone block; E, hollowed vertebra; F, engraving tool handle; G, socketed bone object; H-K, awls; L-N, S, X, unidentified bone objects; O, bone disc; P, figurine; Q-R, spoon; T, bone tubes or beads; U-V, fish hook barbs; W, fish hook shanks; Y, prong or point; Z, miniature socket piece; A'-C\ barbed points' with conical tang; D', harpoon head; E'-F1, toggling harpoon heads; G\ I1, probable harpoon foreshafts; H, barbed harpoon head; J\ probable prong or large unbarbed point; K', socket piece. (W inverted.)




Fig. 12. Artifacts from Kiavak. site 418. A, stone lamp; B-D, notched beach shingles, probably scrapers; E-F, probable burnishing stones; G, unclassified blunt-edged slate blade; H, awl-shaped slate rod; I, rod- shaped pebble grooved at end; J, flat pebble notched near end; K, barbed slate points, found together; L, large adze; M-O, flaked slate ulo-shaped scrapers.



1 84 Arctic Anthropology III-2

Fig. 13. Artifacts from Kiavak site 418. A, K, harpoon heads; B, slender unbarbed point with blade slit; C, pointed bone with thinned stem; D, F, N, tanged objects; E, harpoon foreshaft; G-H, toggling harpoon heads; I, slender barbed point; J, socket piece; L-M, labrets; O, awl. 1-28, objects found with burial 4; 1, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16-17, iron spikes, nails and unidentified iron objects; 2, hammer head; 3, iron spoon; 4, 23-24 metallic sulphide mineral; 6, frizzen; 9, harpoon socket piece; 10, roll of sheet lead; 11, 21, unidentified bone objects; 12, gun flint; 15, 18, spear prongs; 19, whetstone; 20, beach pebble; 22, slender barbed point; 25, probable rubbing stone; 26-28, canine teeth crowns.



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Studies in Aleutian-Kodiak Prehistory, Ecology and Anthropology || Two Late Prehistoric Pottery-Bearing Sites on Kodiak Island, Alaska