students-manuals.com€¦ · Web viewEssentials of Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Third Edition. Frank E. Hagan. Mercyhurst College. Prentice Hall. Boston Columbus

Essentials of Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology

Third Edition

Frank E. HaganMercyhurst College

Prentice Hall

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

i

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Prentice Hall is an imprint of

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-512101-6 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN-10: 0-13-512101-9

CONTENTS Preface iv

Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method 1 Chapter 2 Ethics in Criminal Justice Research 12

Chapter 3 Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations 22

Chapter 4 he Uniform Crime Reports and Sampling 33 Chapter 5 Survey Research: Questionnaires 39 Chapter 6 Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys 48

Chapter 7 Participant Observation and Case

Studies 57

Chapter 8 Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis and the Use of Official

Statistics 64

Chapter 9 Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies 72

Chapter 10 Scaling and Index Construction 79 Chapter 11 Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research 86

Assignments 101

ii

Answers 123

iii

PREFACE

The following materials are suggested test items. Each

chapter contains true/false, multiple choice, identification

items, completion, and discussion questions (essays).

It has been this writer's experience that many "pre-packaged"

test items are not very useful or tend to be "nit picking." Each

instructor has their own style and emphasis in presenting subject

matter, and for that reason unaltered and unquestioned use of

items from a test bank are likely to be confusing to students.

Therefore, it is hoped that the suggested items presented are

taken as just that--suggested--and that they be altered by the

instructor to fit their own personal style. The suggested items

are intended to provide a framework and act as a time saver when

the hapless task of constructing objective test items comes

around. Many of the questions have been classroom tested and

found to be useful. In addition, assignments corresponding to the

textbook chapters are included at the end of this test bank.

iv

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH METHODS:THEORY AND METHOD

True/False

1. According to the text, most criminal justice research findings are simply a matter of "common sense". T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 3Level: Basic

2. Our basic approach to criminal justice research in this course is supportive of the view that prediction is useless or impossible since all individuals are unique. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 5Level: Basic

3. Most of the research methods employed in criminal justice are borrowed from and shared with the other social sciences. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 6Level: Basic 4. Error is ever present even in the best of research in criminal justice. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 9Level: Basic

5. Generally, theory is concerned with questions of "why" while methodology deals with "what is". T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 10Level: Basic

6. It is standard practice in research to refer to the variable one wishes to predict as being the dependent or outcome variable. T / F Answer: TPage Number: 19Level: Basic

1

7. It is essential that all research projects follow the same specific steps and be quantitative in nature. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 22Level: Basic

8. Researchers universally agree that quantitative research is the only valid form of research. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 16Level: Basic

9. "Pure research" is a higher form of research than "applied research”. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 12Level: Basic

10. Theory is as necessary in the production of valid criminal justice research as method. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 9Level: Basic

11. Most criminal justice textbooks are overly theoretical and lack an applied quality. T / F Answer: FPage Number: 10Level: Basic

12. Concepts are converted into variables through operationalization. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 18Level: Basic

13. The null hypothesis is the predicted expected relationship and cannot be tested. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 20Level: Basic

14. The dependent variable is the variable one is attempting to predict. T / F Answer: T

2

Page Number: 19Level: Basic 15. A deductive process proceeds from general theories to specific facts. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 20Level: Basic

16. Methodological narcissists avoid subjects which do not lend themselves to their favored method. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 9Level: Basic

17. Theory devoid of method is preferable to method devoid of theory. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 12Level: Basic

18. Those concerned with good research should be objective, vigilant, and sympathetic. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 9Level: Basic

19. Martinson later retracted his "nothing works" critique of corrections research. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 8Level: Basic

20. Martinson’s review of criminal justice programs concluded that “nothing works”. T / F

Answer: TPage Number: 8Level: Basic

21. In predicting general patterns social scientists deal in probabilities and do not expect these patterns to hold in each and every case. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 8Level: Basic

3

22. Data gathering is the first step in the research process. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 30Level: Basic 23. Verstehen refers to a technique for studying German culture. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 16Level: Basic

24. Martinson felt that most criminal justice programs worked well in preventing crime. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 8Level: Basic 25. Common sense was described in the text as generally a poor guide for accurate criminal justice research. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 3Level: Basic

26. Sound criminal justice research must eliminate all sources of error in order to be acceptable as accurate and valid.

T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 11Level: Basic

27. Variables are converted into concepts through the process of operationalization. T / F


28. Quantitative research is of a higher order and is superior to qualitative research. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 16Level: Basic 29. All criminal justice research is empirical in nature. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 16

4

Level: Basic

30. Many myths in criminal justice research were described as being rooted in common sense. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 4Level: Basic

31. Method is more important in the research process than is theory. T / F Answer: FPage Number: 20-21Level: Basic

32. The independent variable is the variable one is attempting to predict. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 19Level: Basic 33. Induction is a process of moving from general theories to specific facts. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 20Level: Basic 34. Induction is a process of moving from specific facts to general theories. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 20Level: Basic 35. The study of research methods primarily has to do with studying statistics. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 6Level: Basic 36. The dependent variable is identified by the letter Y and is the outcome variable. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 19Level: Basic

37. Deduction is a process of moving from the general to the

5

specific. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 20Level: Basic

38. The androcentric bias in criminology refers to the fact that females have been neglected in the field. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 23Level: Basic 39. Serendipity refers to an unexpected discovery. T / F Answer: TPage Number: 10Level: Basic

40. A paradigm shift refers to a major change in a basic model or theoretical framework. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 11Level: Basic

41. The Project of Human Development utilized an accelerated panel design. T / F


42. Crime analysis is a systematic, analytic process aimed at providing practical information related to crime patterns. T / F


43. There is unanimous agreement that the cause of the crime dip in the 1990s was due to application of the “broken windows” approach to policing. T / F


44. Concepts are variables that have been operationalized. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 18

6

Level: Basic

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following was not suggested as necessary for the improvement of criminal justice research by Bayley? a. the need for interdisciplinary approaches b. the attacking of practical problems in criminal justice c. the use of the experimental model in all projects d. avoidance of "methodological narcissism" Answer: CPage Number: 8-9Level: Basic

2. Which of the following was not suggested by Hirschi and Selvin as advice for either doing or critiquing the research of others? a. use objectivity b. use statistics c. be vigilant d. be sympathetic Answer: BPage Number: 9Level: Basic

3. Research concerned with addressing and providing solutions to immediate problems is called: a. applied research b. pure research c. secondary research d unobtrusive research Answer: APage Number: 12Level: Basic

4. Any criminal justice research: a. is applied in nature b. contains some error c. is theoretically grounded d. is empirical in nature Answer: BPage Number: 9Level: Basic 5. A concept which has been operationalized is referred to as: a. a theory

7

b. a hypothesis c. a variable d. an empirical generalization Answer: CPage Number: 18Level: Basic

6. Which of the following was not mentioned by Williams as a factor in "The Demise of the Criminological Imagination"? a. an overabundance of theory at the expense of research b. an overemphasis upon "empirical scientism" c. a critical intellectual environment nurtured in the sixties d. the rise of criminal justice as a disciplineAnswer: APage Number: 12Level: Basic

7. Which of the following was not listed as a step in empirical research in criminal justice? a. problem formulation b. a classic experimental design c. data gathering d. analysis and presentation of findings Answer: BPage Number: 22Level: Basic

8. In the text the point of view taken regarding common sense and research was: a. sometimes common sense is nonsense b. common sense is more useful than research c. research conclusions should make common sense d. common sense should be our guide in conducting research Answer: APage Number: 3Level: Basic 9. Which of the following was not mentioned by Comte as part of the progression of knowledge? a. theological b. astrological c. metaphysical d. scientific Answer: B

8

Page Number: 7Level: Basic 10. What was not mentioned by the Ad Hoc Committee on Justice Research as a role of practitioners in the setting of a federal research agenda? a. practitioners should have an equal role with academi- cians in establishing research agendas b. practitioners should play a role in peer review of proposals c. practitioners should have a role in disseminating the results of research d. practitioners should insist that all research be policy relevant Answer: DPage Number: 12Level: Basic

11. Methodological narcissism refers to:

a. specification of the research problem b. preference for a single type of research method c. generalization from specific facts d. investigation of concept operationalization Answer: BPage Number: 9Level: Basic 12. Concepts are: a. abstract tags put on reality b. general statements regarding the relationship between variables c. the variable one is attempting to predict d. specific statements regarding the relationship between variables Answer: APage Number: 18Level: Basic 13. The dependent variable in a study: a. is the variable which causes other variables b. determines or precedes in time other variables c. is denoted by the letter X d. is denoted by the letter Y Answer: D

9

Page Number: 19Level: Basic 14. Which of the following is correct regarding criminal justice research? a. criminal justice research is simply a matter of common sense b. criminal justice researchers expect absolute determinism c. criminal justice researchers assume their subject matter is probabilistic d. criminal justice researchers assume their relationships will hold in each individual case Answer: CPage Number: 8Level: Basic 15. Methodological narcissism involves: a. methods for methods sake b. another word for feminist research methods c. qualitative data gathering d. common sense in researchAnswer: APage Number: 9Level: Basic

16. Which of the following is usually the first step in the research process? a. research design b. data analysis c. data gathering d. problem formulation Answer: DPage Number: 22Level: Basic 17. Research which is intended to advance knowledge with less concern for practical implications is called: a. applied research b. evaluation research c. pure research d. descriptive research Answer: CPage Number: 12Level: Basic 18. The repeating of a study using the same methodology is known

10

as: a. replication b. operationalization c. elaboration d. specification Answer: APage Number: 7Level: Basic 19. The independent variable in a study is: a. the variable which causes the other variables b. the variable which is caused by the other variables c. sometimes called the outcome variable d. denoted by the letter X Answer: APage Number: 19Level: Basic 20. Specific statements or predictions regarding the relationship between two variables is known as a: a. variable b. concept c. theory d. hypothesis Answer: DPage Number: 20Level: Basic 21. "Abstract tags put on reality" is a definition of: a. concepts b. variables c. theories d. methods Answer: APage Number: 18Level: Basic 22. The variable that one wishes to predict is known as the: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. intervening variable d. predictor variable Answer: BPage Number: 19Level: Basic

11

23. The variable that explains or predicts the outcome variable is known as the: a. elaboration variable b. conceptual variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable Answer: CPage Number: 19Level: Basic

24. The process by which a concept is converted into a variable is called: a. replication b. operationalization c. elaboration d. specification Answer: BPage Number: 18Level: Basic 25. Attempts to provide "plausible explanations of reality" is a description of: a. theory b. method c. a concept d. deduction Answer: APage Number: 20Level: Basic 26. Attempts to answer the question "what is" is a description of: a. theory b. method c. hypothesis d. variable Answer: BPage Number: 10Level: Basic

27. A new model or revolutionary scheme with which to view reality is described by Kuhn as: a. paradigm shift b. manifest function c. Matthew effect d. operationalization

12

Answer: APage Number: 10Level: Basic

28. What type of research design was featured in the Chicago "Project of Human Development"?

a. ex post factob. Solomon four-groupc. classical experimental design

d. accelerated longitudinal designAnswer: DPage Number: 13Level: Basic

29. Hypotheses are derived from: a. theory b. method c. data analysis d. variablesAnswer: APage Number: 20Level: Basic

30. Which of the following represented a “paradigm shift” in American criminal justice:

a. the UCRb. the NCVSc. drug use forecasting

d. broken windowsAnswer: DPage Number: 11Level: Basic

Identification Items

Briefly define or explain the meaning of the following: Methodological Narcissism Historicism Scientism Concepts Operationalization Variables

13

Theories Hypothesis Dependent Variable Independent Variable Pure versus Applied Research Qualitative versus Quantitative Research List the General Steps in Empirical Research Induction Deduction Methodology Steps in Research Problem Formulation Researchese Replication Matthew effect Paradigm Androcentric bias Serendipity

Completion 1. is the repetition of experiments or studies utilizing the same methodology. Answer: ReplicationPage Number: 7Level: Basic

2. is the confirmation of the accuracy of findings or attainment of greater certitude in conclusions through additional observations. Answer: VerificationPage Number: 7Level: Basic

3. represents an attempt to develop plausible explanations of reality; to explain, predict, and understand how and why events occur. Answer: TheoryPage Number: 9Level: Basic

4. involves the collection of accurate facts or data regarding the nature of crime and criminal justice policy. Answer: Methodology

14

Page Number: 10Level: Basic

5. is a type of research concerned with acquiring new knowledge for the sake of science. Answer: Pure researchPage Number: 12Level: Basic

6. is practical research concerned withsolving immediate policy problems. Answer: Applied researchPage Number: 12Level: Basic

7. is Max Weber's term for a research strategy in which researchers immerse themselves in the subject matter and develop "sensitizing concepts." Answer: VerstehenPage Number: 16Level: Basic

8. are abstract tags put on reality. Answer: ConceptsPage Number: 18Level: Basic

9. defines concepts by describing how they will be measured. Answer: OperationalizationPage Number: 18Level: Basic

10. are concepts that have been operationalized or that can take on different values. Answer: VariablesPage Number: 18Level: Basic

11. are specific statements or predictions regarding the relationship between two variables. Answer: HypothesesPage Number: 20Level: Basic

15

12. involves generalizing from specific findings to general laws. Answer: InferencePage Number: 20Level: Basic

13. The variable is the variable one is attempting to predict. Answer: DependentPage Number: 19Level: Basic

14. Methodological refers to a fanatical adherence to a preferred method at the expense of substance; the view that there is a one and only best method for doing research. Answer: NarcissismPage Number: 30Level: Basic 15. involves deriving a specific hypothesis from a more general theory. Answer: DeductionPage Number: 20Level: Basic

Discussion Questions

1. Some people feel that "common sense" is the best guide to criminal justice research and much of the more formal criminological research is either obscure jargonizing, academic intimidation, or simply a detailed elaboration of the obvious. React to this view and discuss the role of scientific research in criminal justice. Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 3-5Level: Basic 2. Much research in criminal justice has been criticized as being virtually worthless due to the large amount of error it contains. Comment upon the role of research in criminal

justice and the proper conduct of criticism of such

16

research.Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 6Level: Basic

3. Discuss the role of pure research and applied research in the development of criminal justice. Is applied research more useful in addressing the real problems in criminal justice? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 12-16Level: Basic

4. How does operationalization serve as a critical link between theory and method? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 18Level: Basic

5. Discuss the "Model of the Research Process" discussed in the first chapter. Utilizing any study or piece of research with which you are familiar discuss how this process operates. Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 20-22Level: Basic

6. Describe this same research study in terms of how it follows the "General Steps in Empirica1 Research in Criminal Justice."

Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 22Level: Basic

7. Discuss some ways one might go about the process of selecting a research problem. Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 22-23Level: Intermediate 8. Discuss the various types of elaboration. What is its purpose and logic? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 2-3Level: Basic 9. What are some factors affecting problem formulation? Answer: Answers will vary

17

Page Number: 22-29Level: Intermediate 10. Discuss Durkheim's study of Suicide and how it illustrates the Model of the Research Process.Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 20-22Level: Intermediate

18

CHAPTER 2

ETHICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH

True/False 1. Polsky supports the view that the scientific role in research takes precedence over the citizen role in the short run. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 45Level: Basic 2. In reality science itself is amoral, ethically neutral. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 72Level: Basic 3. There has been no attempt to develop a code of ethics in either criminology and criminal justice. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 47-48Level: Basic 4. Since HEW supports both physical and social sciences, their original guidelines applied equally to each. T / F Answer: TPage Number: 48Level: Basic 5. Weppner feels that a strict interpretation of the old HEW guidelines would have made street ethnography impossible. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 48Level: Basic 6. The text takes the point of view that some privacy invasion is inevitable in criminal justice research. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 49Level: Basic 7. NIJ has no regulations governing the research of those who have been contracted to perform research for it. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 56-57Level: Basic

8. Laws enacted by Congress grant the right of privileged communication to contracted HHS researchers in criminal proceedings. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 67Level: Basic 9. A code of ethics governing research practices must, if it is to be worthwhile, require strict abidance by all with no exceptions. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 47Level: Basic 10. Since until recently there has been no professional code of ethics governing research in criminal justice, it is safe to assume that most criminal justice researchers do not conduct themselves ethically in performing research. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 47Level: Basic

11. The text takes the point of view that deception is not permitted under any circumstances in research. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 60Level: Basic

12. The notion of reciprocity involves a mutual trust and obligation between researcher and subject. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 61Level: Basic 13. According to Klockars the researcher-subject model in bio-

medical research is analogous to criminal justice research. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 61Level: Basic 14. In order to conduct research with ethical responsibility, criminal justice researchers should limit their targets of research to volunteers. T / FAnswer: F


15. According to Soloway and Walters' examination of Pennsylvania statute, researchers would actually have had to

assist, aid, or abet actual commission of a specific criminal act in order to be libel under statute. T / F


16. According to Soloway and Walters, once summoned to testify, researchers have no legal recourse but to divulge information or face a contempt citation. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 64Level: Basic

17. Federal procedures for prior review of human subjects research is evidence of failure of professional associations to have won public trust. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 47Level: Basic

18. The most important source of social science research regulation is the Department of Health and Human Services guidelines. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 56Level: Basic

19. Institutional Review Boards are formed and run by the federal government. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 55Level: Basic

20. The Belmont Report recommended the alteration of the HEW informed consent requirement in the case of field research. T / F

Answer: TPage Number: 50-51Level: Basic

21. Under the HHS guidelines most research involving survey or

interview procedures is exempt from regulation. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 51Level: Basic

22. Research involving the observation of public behavior is not exempt from HHS guidelines. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 54Level: Basic

23. The Department of Health and Human Services has not been responsive to the unique needs of social science research in regulating research conduct. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 54Level: Basic

24. NIJ uses its own entirely different guidelines than HHS for regulating research conduct. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 56Level: Basic

25. Subjects of NIJ research are protected by statute from the use of any research or statistical information identifiable to an individual. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 56Level: Basic

26. Shield laws are intended to protect researchers from being sued by subjects for malpractice. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 57Level: Basic

27. The new code of ethics of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences governs research in criminal justice. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 47Level: Basic

28. Confidentiality of government-sponsored research is guaranteed in the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1973. T / FAnswer: T

Page Number: 63Level: Basic 29. Reynolds' research indicated that it is quite common for social science researchers to be subpoenaed to appear in court. T / F Answer: FPage Number: 65Level: Basic 30. During and after World War II the U.S. military exposed their own soldiers to mustard gas and nuclear radiation as part of scientific experiments. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 34Level: Basic 31. While a number of examples were given in the text of unethical biomedical experiments, there have fortunately been no such examples in the social sciences. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 37Level: Basic 32. The primary danger in Milgram's "Obedience to Authority"

experiment was that some subjects might get electrocuted. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 37Level: Basic 33. Zimbardo prematurely canceled his "simulated prison study" rather than risk harm to the participants. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 38Level: Basic 34. Humphreys in his "Tearoom Trade" study avoided ethical problems by seeking informed consent of the subjects. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 39Level: Basic 35. Project Camelot was a study of decision-making in the Kennedy Administration. T / FAnswer: F

Page Number: 39-40Level: Basic 36. Plagiarism is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else as his or her own. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 42Level: Basic 37. Polsky advocates the point of view that in participant observation it is very important for researchers to take a moralistic stance. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 45Level: Basic 38. There is no official professional code of ethics governing research within the field of criminal justice itself. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 73Level: Basic 39. The code of ethics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the

primary guideline utilized in criminal justice research. T / F

Answer: FPage Number: 48Level: Basic 40. Shield laws protect researchers funded by the National Institute of Justice from having to reveal their confidential sources in a court of law. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 57Level: Basic 41. A major ethical concern regarding Milgram's experiment was

the deceiving of subjects into believing they were physically harming other human beings. T / F

Answer: TPage Number: 37-38Level: Basic

42. The text took the point of view that research such as that on mothers with aids in Africa is clearly unethical. T / F


43. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) currently have very little influence on the conduct of research in American College’s and Universities. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 46Level: Basic

44. In 1998, the Department of Health and Human Services concluded that Institutional Review Boards were overburdened, poorly staffed and subject to conflict of interest. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 36Level: Basic

45. Since the Belmont Report, most of the decisions regarding protection of human subjects in research is under the control of Institutional Review Boards. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 50-51Level: Basic

46. The “common rule” (of federal policy on human subjects) requires that informed consent include a statement as to how the researcher will maintain confidentiality. T / FAnswer: TPage Number: 57Level: Basic

47. Rik Scarce, author of Eco-Warriors while threatened with incarceration for refusal to reveal subjects was never actually jailed. T / FAnswer: FPage Number: 69-70Level: BasicMultiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not contained in the HHS Guidelines on the Protection of Human Subjects? a. a fair explanation of the procedure to be used b. an offer of remuneration to any subject requesting it c. a description of any benefits reasonably to be expected d. an offer to answer any inquiries regarding procedure

Answer: BPage Number: 48-51Level: Basic

2. Regulations regarding maintenance of confidentiality in criminal justice research: a. are required of any NIJ-funded research b. are solely the responsibility of the researcher c. are not necessary d. are required in exceptional cases Answer: APage Number: 56Level: Basic 3. NIJ's Confidentiality of Research and Statistical Data (1979) does not require which of the following? a. that all original data be destroyed once the final report is completed b. upon completion of research, identifiers are either destroyed or separated and secured c. identifiable data is immune from administrative or judicial process d. identifiable data may be used for statistical purposes Answer: APage Number: 63Level: Basic 4. Which of the following was not suggested in the text as appropriate in guiding ethical conduct in criminal justice research? a. the adopted code should be rigidly adhered to by all in order to be effective b. avoid procedures which may harm respondents c. respect reciprocity d. protect confidentiality and privacy Answer: APage Number: 60Level: Intermediate 5. In performing research, the text takes the point of view that the researcher's primary role is that of: a. citizen b. humanitarian c. scientist d. criminal justice practitioner Answer: C


6. Which of the following was not described as one of the three forms that the regulation of ethically acceptable research conduct may take? a. enforcement by state and local police b. codes of ethics and institutional review boards c. procedures imposed by the federal government d. legal regulation in the courts Answer: APage Number: 46Level: Basic 7. Which of the following roles of the researcher was identified in the text as the researcher's primary role? a. criminal justice practitioner b. scientist c. citizen d. academician Answer: BPage Number: 72Level: Basic 8. Which of the following was not identified as a key element in the "classic professionalism model"? a. knowledge b. service c. autonomy d. cynicism Answer: DPage Number: 46Level: Basic

9. Since 1980, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the U.S. has been: a. Health and Human Services b. National Criminal Justice Reference Service c. Criminal Justice Archive and Information Network d. National Institute of Justice Answer: APage Number: 48Level: Basic 10. Shield laws refer to: a. protection for respondents against unobtrusive measures

b. government immunity from research c. state-guaranteed right to confidentiality for researchers d. reciprocityAnswer: CPage Number: 57-58Level: Basic 11. The new HHS guidelines regulating social science research was a frank recognition that: a. there has been little documented harm associated with such studies b. there was abuse and need for more strict regulation c. the social sciences were not prepared to regulate themselves d. growing liability required legislation Answer: APage Number: 61Level: Basic 12. Hagan's description of his inept handling of a participant observation study in Columbia, Maryland, "illustrated": a. violation of reciprocity b. violation of informed consent c. violation of confidentiality d. violation of objectivity Answer: BPage Number: 62-63Level: Basic

13. Longmire's survey of ASC members found that their major ethical problem in research was: a. pressure to engage in undesired research b. confidentiality problems c. reciprocity d. informed consent Answer: APage Number: 65Level: Basic 14. Reynolds' review of research on subpoenaed social science researchers found: a. an increase in such cases since 1980 b. dismissal of most cases due to lack of evidence c. release under the Freedom of Information Act

d. less than a dozen such cases mostly involving newspersons Answer: DPage Number: 65Level: Basic 15. The group filing suit in the Ofshe case was: a. Federal Government b. Synanon c. University of California, Berkeley d. Hare Krishnas Answer: BPage Number: 67Level: Basic

16. The Belmont Report advocated: a. elimination of Internal Review Boards b. tighter federal regulation of research c. alteration of informed consent in case of field research d. elimination of federal regulation of research Answer: CPage Number: 50Level: Basic

17. The new HHS guidelines did not: a. apply only to social science research b. apply only to HHS-funded research c. exclude most field studies d. continue Institutional Review Boards Answer: APage Number: 54-56Level: Basic 18. Which of the following was not discussed as an example of a social science study with ethical problems?

a. Obedience to Authority Study b. The Simulated Prison Study c. Kansas City Experiment d. Tearoom Trade Answer: CPage Number: 37-44Level: Basic

19. What did Project Camelot deal with? a. student and peasant insurgency movements in Chile b. Sandinista election fraud in Nicaragua c. decision-making in the Kennedy administration d. homosexual behavior in public restrooms Answer: APage Number: 39-40Level: Basic 20. Which of the following lack a fully recognized state right to confidentiality? a. physicians b. lawyers c. social researchers d. clergy Answer: CPage Number: 57Level: Basic 21. Research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research are: a. College Senates b. Faculty Policies Committees c. Rank and Tenure Committees d. Institutional Review Boards Answer: DPage Number: 48Level: Basic

22. Tierney’s study of Darkness in El Dorado dealt with:a. Mistreatment of orphan stutterersb. Schizophrenic youth being encouraged to discontinue

their medicationc. The death of a graduate student in the Himalayas

d. Unethical treatment of the Yanomami tribe in BrazilAnswer: DPage Number: 41

30

Level: Basic

23. Which of the following was not a basic principle of the Belmont Report (the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects): a. principle of equanimity b. principle of respect for persons

c. principle of beneficenced. principle of justice

Answer: APage Number: 50-51Level: Basic

Identification Items Briefly define or explain the meaning of the following:

List any three paradoxes of the informed consent requirement as applied to the practice of fieldwork. The Belmont Report List any three elements of a proposed code of ethics for criminal justice research. Risk/Benefit Ratio in Protection of Human Subjects HHS Guidelines Institutional Review Boards Shield Laws Informed Consent Confidentiality Reciprocity Lucifer Effect Monster Study Completion

1. are research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research. Answer: Institutional Review BoardsPage Number: 48Level: Basic 2. The Department of guidelines are the most widely followed regulations for social science research in the U.S. Answer: Health and Human Services

31

Page Number: 51Level: Basic 3. laws constitute a governmental immunity from prosecution, a state-guaranteed right to confidentiality for researchers if they are subpoenaed. Answer: Shield lawsPage Number: 57Level: Basic

4. In Project U.S. researchers studied student and peasant insurgency movements in Chile. Answer: CamelotPage Number: 39-40Level: Basic 5. is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else as his or her own. Answer: PlagiarismPage Number: 42Level: Basic 6. is the requirement that any information

obtained in research is to be treated as private and not

revealed in any manner that would identify or harm subjects.

Answer: ConfidentialityPage Number: 57Level: Basic 7. Ethical guidelines of the Department of _________________ provide a model for most other federal agencies with respect to informed consent and protection of human subjects in social and biomedical research. Answer: Health and Human servicesPage Number: 48Level: Basic 8. is a term for aliases used in research

reports to protect the identity of respondents. Answer: PseudonymsPage Number: 66

32

Level: Basic 9. refers to a system of mutual obligation

between subjects and researchers. Answer: ReciprocityPage Number: 61Level: Basic

Discussion Questions 1. What are the various roles that the criminal justice researcher must play? How do these relate to ethical issues in the conduct of criminal justice research? Do you agree that the researcher's primary role is that of scientist? Explain. Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 44-45Level: Intermediate

2. What is the current status of a "code of professional ethics" governing the conduct of criminal justice research? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 46-57Level: Basic

3. What problems for criminal justice field research are raised by federal grant requirements of "informed consent" of subjects? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 48-50Level: Basic

4. Discuss the issue of confidentiality and protection of subjects in criminal justice research. What legal liability and/or protections are attached to criminal justice research? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 56-60Level: Basic

33

5. According to the text, what are some basic elements of a code of ethics for criminal justice research? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 46-47Level: Basic 6. Should any type of deception in criminal justice research be avoided? Where does one draw the line? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 60-64Level: Intermediate 7. What does the term reciprocity entail in criminal justice research? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 61Level: Basic 8. How might ethical problems in criminal justice research be avoided? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 71-72Level: Basic

9. What hazards as well as victories were won by researchers in the Brajuha, Ofshe, and Hutchinson cases? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 64-71Level: Basic

10. Discuss and give examples of what the text calls "Ethical 'Horror' Stories." What attempts have been made to prevent a repeat of such incidents? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 34-45Level: Basic

11. Is informed consent necessary in all field research? Discuss and give some examples of where you think it is or is not necessary. Answer: Answers will vary

34

Page Number: 55Level: Intermediate

12. What ethical issues are raised by the project testing AZT on pregnant mothers with AIDS in Third World countries? Answer: Answers will varyPage Number: 37Level: Basic

35

Documents

students-manuals.com€¦ · Web viewEssentials of Research in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Third Edition. Frank E. Hagan. Mercyhurst College. Prentice Hall. Boston Columbus