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Students Spreading Awareness
Human Genome Project
William Chan, Chirayu Chokshi, Daphne Ng, Afshaan Purvez, Vijitha Shree Rajkumar, Authi
Seevaratnam, Ashneet Singh
"Today we are learning the language in which God created life."
US President Bill Clinton
TEAM
Result ofImplicationResult of
Implication
Designed to map and classify the genome (all genes) of the Homo sapiens species
Completion in April 2003 Gave scientists the ability to map out the procedure that goes into creating a human being
Completion of this project provided the discovery of more than 1800 disease genes
Human Genome Project
Purpose
Benefits
Genomics Background Information
• Study of genes• Genes are found on 23 pairs of chromosomes in
the nucleus of every human cell• An organism's complete set of genes is called its
genome (Human Genome Project)• Gene identifies the unit of DNA that contains the
information to make a specific or set of proteins• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a chemical
compound which holds the instructions to create and control actions and activities of all living organism.
Research Question
What are the societal and global implications that arise from the procedures, practices and implications of the Human Genome Project?
Human Genome Project: Societal Issues
Stigmatization and psychological
impacts, confidentiality and
privacy, acceptance into the community, and fairness in the use of the genetic
information.
Define the legal issues that will
occur due to the implications of the Human Genome
Project on the Judiciary Branch of
the U. S. A government
Explore the ethical issues that result from the practices
and uses of genetic information of
individuals
Social Ethical Legal
The potential business
opportunities and economical growth
due to the implications of the Human Genome
Project on lifestyles
Economical
Define the legal issues that will
occur due to the implications of the Human Genome
Project on the Judiciary Branch of
the U. S. A government
Environmental
Social IssuesMain Points
Discrimination likely to increase once others are able to view the genetic information of an individual, leading individuals to be alienated
Individuals in countries without a proper health care system (such as USA) might have to face difficulties in being granted health insurance
The patient-physician relationship might change in response to the added knowledge for the physician, regarding the genetic information of the individual.
Even family members might change their behaviour around the individual once they know that a certain abnormality exists or is likely to exist in the individual.
Ultimately, the individual is likely to change his/her activities and behaviour around others, and thus will perceive him/herself to be different and abnormal.
Detailed information can be found here.
Legal IssuesMain Points
The genome project would cause many uprisings in the judiciary branch of the United States
Many questions will arise and here are a few:1. Who would use the information from the
project?2. Who are allowed to access it ?3. If the project was used for improper reasons,
who would stop them?4. Can humans be patented ?5. When we fully understand each parts of the
genome, will scientists be allowed to use it? If so, who would monitor them? Who should they work for?
Detailed information can be found here.
Legal IssuesAnswers
Scientists made the genome project available for everyone. This decreases the chances of the project being used to discriminate individuals or communities who aren’t able to access it.
United States Patent Office forbids the patenting of human being; the law protects citizens from generically altered people
Detailed information can be found here.
Genetic fingerprinting is 95-99 percent accurate, but with the genome project completed, the percentage is nearly 100%; allows judiciary to accurately identify a person
HGP aided the court with their rulings, but as more information about the genome is uncovered, more questions need to be answered and ultimately more laws need to be passed
The Civil Rights Acts of 1964 protects job discrimination on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin therefore protects people from discrimination according to their genetics.
Ethical IssuesMain Points
Some believe it is wrong to alter the natural code of living things while opposing side think that if experimenting with our DNA can cure diseases, it is right
To investigate, ELSI (Ethical, Legal and Social Issues) was created by Human Genome Research Institute
ELSI has 4 categories: - Privacy and Fairness in the Use and Interpretation of
Genetic Information- Clinical Integration of New Genetic Technologies- Issues surrounding Genetic Research and - Public and Professional Education
ELSI showcases ethical, legal and social rules and regulations that concern the practices, procedures and use of genetic information of individuals and communities
Detailed information can be found here.
Economical IssuesMain Points
Up to $2 billion spent on funding HGP research in the public sector and private sector
Craig Venter, the ex-president of Institute for Genome Research formed a private corporation, Celera Genomics, attempting to exploit its economic potential
Wall Street Journal catalogued over $1 billion worth of IPO filings that would augment of the bio-engineering companies applying HGP concepts in the marketplace.
Hypothetical economic influences of the HGP on health/life insurance companies due to research implications of the HGP. E.g: Estimating life span of a person.
Average worker's health and life expectancy improves by HGP output; production losses, due to sickness and morbidity, should decline which enhances economic productivity
Detailed information can be found here.
Environmental IssuesMain Points
Genome Project has an agricultural aspect to it called the Environmental Genome Project
Both concerned with biogenetics and bioengineering; similar processes used, except one is on humans, while the other is on plants and animals
Grow crops and animals that are more disease resistant, and profitable
Reduces the waste to a large extent, which in effect does help in the reduction of air pollution on farms because of healthier farmland
Example: Genetically engineered tobacco plants produced to break down certain explosives such as TNT
Detailed information can be found here.
Students Spreading AwarenessHuman Genome ProjectThe website can be found here.
A website dedicated to spreading awareness about the societal issues to the world through the world wide web
Communication through internet is booming in the 20th century; Internet provides a definite form of spreading awareness
Conclusion• The Human Genome Project provokes many societal issues
such as discrimination, use of genetic information, research implication on plant and animal genes, etc.
• Overall, implications of the Human Genome Project’s societal issues depend on a community’s ethics, economics, judiciary system
• No one answer can apply for all communities due to different morals and ethics
• Developed and non developed countries will have equal access to genetic information
• It is likely that there will be a difference between the time of
use and implications of the data gathered
References
• Social• Altman, Russ B., et al. "Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human
Genome." International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 15 February 2001: 860-921.
• Boon, Kevin A. The Human Genome Project: What Does Decoding DNA mean For Us? New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, 2002.
• Drell, Daniel. DOE ELSI Program Emphasizes Education, Privacy - A Retrospective (1990-2000). 8 May 2002. 22 November 2009 <http://genome.gsc.riken.go.jp/hgmis/resource/elsiprog.html>.
• Murray, Thomas H., Mark A. Rothstein and Robert F. Murray. The Human Genome Project and The Future of Health Care. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1997.
• The Finished Human Genome - Wellcome To The Genomic Age. 14 April 2003. 21 November 2009 <http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Press/2003/030414.shtml>.
• Toriello, James. The Human Genome Project. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003.
References
• Legal• Boon, Kevin A. The Human Genome Project: What Does Decoding DNA mean For
Us? New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, 2002.• Economic
Boon, Kevin A.. The Human Genome Project: What Does Decoding DNA Mean for Us? (Issues in Focus). Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, 2002. Print.
• Davies, Kevin. Cracking The Genome: Inside The Race To Unlock Human Dna. New York City: Free Press, 2001. Print.
• Ethical• Boon, Kevin A. “Issues in Focus.” The Human Genome Project: What Does Decoding
DNA Mean for Us?. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, 2002. 68-71.• "genome.gov | ELSI Research Program." genome.gov | National Human Genome
Research Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2010. <http://www.genome.gov/10001618>.• Human Genome Project Institute. genome.gov [homepage on the Internet]. United
States of America: Human Genome Research Institute; 2009 Oct. 20. [cited 2009 Dec. 15]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/HumanGenomeProject.pdf.
• The National Human Genome Research Insititute, “Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ILSI): Program Areas,” National Human Genome Research Insitute, n.d.,
• http://www,nhgri.nih.gov/About_NHGRI/Der/Elsi/High_Priority.html (May 20, 2001)
References
• CSH Press Genome Research. "Segmental Duplications: Organization and Impact Within the Current Human Genome Project Assembly." CSH Press Genome Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2010. <http://genome.cshlp.org/content/11/6/1005.abstract >.
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). "Environmental Genome Project." National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2010. <http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/programs/egp/>.
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory. "Benefits of the Human Genome Project." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2010. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/benefits.shtml>.