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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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Important Historical Background • Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism • War of 1812 • Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad •  Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper • Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child

labor laws.

Romanticism •  The name given to the schools of thought that value feeling

and intuition over reason. • Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover

truths that the rational mind could not reach. •  Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of

greater value than reason, logic, and sophistication.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. • Disregards the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled

nature. • Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

Characteristics of American Romanticism • Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral

development. •  Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts

progress. • Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. •  Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

Romantic Techniques • Remoteness of setting in time and place. •  Improbable plots. • Unlikely characterization. •  Informal writing style. • Experiments in new forms. •  Individualized form of writing.

Washington Irving The Father of American LiteratureWashington Irving 1783-1859 "  born in New York City "  youngest of 11 children "  parents were Scottish-English immigrants

Biographical Information

"  Was named after General George Washington "  his father became a wealthy merchant "  he trained as a lawyer but practiced only brief

First Genuine American Stories "  “Rip Van Winkle” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow "  contained distinctive American

settings and characters

"  incorporated German folktales and legends

Irving’s Literary Pseudonyms Dietrich Knickerbocker

"   Jonathan Oldstyle

"   Geoffrey Crayon

Irving’s Fame Spreads "  By the late 1820s, Irving had gained a reputation throughout

Europe and America as a great writer and thinker

Returns to America in 1832 "  returned from Europe to New York

"  established his home Sunnyside in Tarrytown, NY on the Hudson River

"  never married or had children

"  for next 25 years he shared Sunnyside with his brother Ebenezer and Ebenezer's 5 daughters

“The Devil and Tom Walker” ¡ A variation of the Faust legend wherein a man sells his soul to

the Devil for earthly benefits ¡ Many versions have been told involving a person trading his

soul for experience, knowledge, or treasure

Literary Terms ¡ Omniscient Narrator ¡ Means all-knowing ¡ The narrator stands outside the action and relates the

thoughts and feelings of all the characters

POETRY

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY SPEAKER •  The speaker of the poem is the “voice” of the poem.

SOUND EFFECTS Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

ONOMATOPOEIA •  Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ, CRASH, CLINK  

ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words

  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .

RHYTHM •  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

• Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same

line.

  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

  From “The Raven”   by Edgar Allan Poe

RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but

not always).

•  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words

 

ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.

REFRAIN • A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.   “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC POEM • A short poem • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Does not tell a story and is often musical

NARRATIVE POEMS • A poem that tells a story. • Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry; the poet needs

to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman”

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

IMAGERY •  Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the

senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.

The Fireside Poets American Literature

Who are The Fireside Poets? � First generation of popular American poets � Their works were read by the fireplace as family entertainment � All born and raised in New England � Notable for their scholarship and the resilience of their lines

and themes. � Preferred conventional forms of meter and imagery � Often used American legends and scenes of American life as

their subject matter.

Who were the Fireside Poets? � William Cullen Bryant � Oliver Wendell Holmes � James Russell Lowell � Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � John Greenleaf Whittier

William Cullen Bryant � 1794-1878 � Composed “Thanatopsis” when he was 19 years old � One of the founders of the Republican party and supporter of

Lincoln

Oliver Wendell Holmes � 1809-1894 � Was a descendant of Anne Bradstreet � Medical doctor with a degree from Harvard – invented the

term “anesthesia.” � Composed “Old Ironsides,” which saved the U.S.S.

Constitution from the scrapyard � Father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

James Russell Lowell � 1819-1891 � Of the prominent Boston Brahmin Lowell family � Founded The Atlantic Monthly with OWH � Lost 3 of his 4 children when they were infants; his wife died

on 1853 � Served as an American ambassador to Spain and Great

Britain � Promoted many liberal causes � Least popular of the Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � 1807-1882 born in Portland, Maine � Was a friend and classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne � His first wife Mary died of an infection � His second wife Frances was fatally burned in an accident

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow � His poetry had been criticized for being too optimistic and

sentimental � He was one of the most popular poets of his time � His bust is in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey

John Greenleaf Whittier � 1807-1892 � Composed Snow-bound and Legends of New England � Active in anti-slavery movement

Lasting Impact � They took on causes in their poetry, such as the abolition of

slavery, which brought the issues to the forefront in a palatable way.

� Through their scholarship and editorial efforts, they paved the way for later Romantic writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

The War of 1812 and “Old Ironsides” Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald

Causes of the War l Provoked by unresolved conflicts between US and Britain: l British trade restrictions on US l British support of Indians in Northwest Territory l British impressment of US citizens into British naval service l US declared war

Battles l Maritime battles were central to the eventual American victory

of Britain l East Coast (Delaware River, Chesapeake Bay) l Battle of Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) was the inspiration for

Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” (1813) l Washington, DC was itself burned (1814) l Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson

The Star-Spangled Banner

Post-War l Ended with the Treaty of Ghent l War of 1812 followed by the “Era of Good Feelings” when old

pro-British / anti-British sympathies of US citizens died away. l This lasted from 1816-1824 under Monroe. l JQ Adams presidency and its problems led to the election of

Andrew Jackson in 1828--a romantic figure who reminded Americans of their struggle and victories during the War.

The USS Constitution l The Constitution— was called “Old Ironsides” because

cannonballs could not pierce the tough oak sides. l The Constitution was one of the first of the 6 frigates that

made up the U.S. Navy. l The ship was scheduled to be scrapped in 1830, but Oliver

Wendell Holmes’s poem “Old Ironsides” inspired a public movement to save it.

Old Ironsides Today l The Constitution is the oldest commissioned vessel afloat in

the world today

Political Poems and Songs l For centuries, artists, writers, and musicians have used their

talents to express their personal and political views l The Fireside Poets were no exception l Modern artists and celebrities continue to be advocates for

various political issues

The Stages of Grief Honors American Literature

Denial s Shock and numbed disbelief s Denies the reality of loss as a means of protection

Anger s Fury at the person who inflicted the loss s Anger at the world for allowing the loss s Anger with himself or herself, and even God

Bargaining s Searching for a way out of sadness s “What if I do this? Will the loss be taken away?” s Making bargains with God

Depression s Sad reflection s Numbness s Feeling hopeless s Isolation s Problems sleeping s Weight gain or loss

Acceptance s Sadness and mourning have tapered off s Person accepts the reality of the loss s It is not instant happiness, but it is a way forward

Final Thoughts on Grief s We are so often unprepared for grief s Some can get stuck in one of the stages s Denying grief can be harder on the mind and body than working through grief

s Healthy habits can help a person get through the stages

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Vocabulary List 1 “The Devil and Tom Walker”

EXTORT (v) •  to obtain by threat or violence

OSTENTATION (n) •  boastful display

USURER (n) • moneylenders who charge very high interest

PARSIMONY (n) •  stinginess

ENTREATING (V) • STRONGLY REQUESTING; BEGGING

VOCABULARY « THE RAVEN » BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

OBEISANCE (N) GESTURE OF RESPECT

DECORUM (N) RESPECTABILITY; GOOD MANNERS

COUNTENANCE (N) FACE; EXPRESSION

CRAVEN (ADJ) VERY COWARDLY; GUTLESS

MELANCHOLY (ADJ) SAD AND GLOOMY

OMINOUS (ADJ) WARNING, THREATENING

IMPLORE (V) TO BEG SOMEONE EARNESTLY OR DESPERATELY TO DO SOMETHING

UNDAUNTED (ADJ) NOT INTIMIDATED OR DISCOURAGED BY DIFFICULTY, DANGER, OR DISAPPOINTMENT

Vocabulary List 3 American Romanticism Unit Honors American Literature Mrs. N. Fitzgerald

SEPULCHER (n) • A tomb

VENERABLE (adj) • Worthy of respect

GLOAMING (n) • Evening dusk; twilight

EFFACE (v) •  To erase or wipe out

EARNEST (adj) • Serious; determined;

FLEETING (adj) • Passing quickly

BIVOUAC (n) •  Temporary encampment

SUBLIME (adj) • Noble; inspiring

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