struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan

8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan

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Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint Lectures forBio logy, Seventh Edit ion

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero

Bab 35

Struktur tumbuhan,

pertumbuhan danperkembangan


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Konsep 35.1: Tubuh tumbuhan tersusun atasorgan, jaringan dan sel.

Tumbuhan seperti pada hewan multiselular

mempunyai organ yang tersusun oleh jaringan

yang berbeda dan masing masing tesusun oleh

sel


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Tiga organ dasar tumbuhan : akar , batang, dan daun

Morfologi dasar tumbuhan berpembuluh

Menunjukkan sejarah evolusinya sebagaiorganisme terestrial . Suatu tumbuhan darat

harus menempati dua lingkungan yang sangat

berbeda : di atas permukaan dan di bawah

permukaan tanah.

Tanah menyediakan air dan mineral , udara

merupakan sumber utama CO2. cahaya tdk

mampu menembus tanah solusi

evolusioner ada diferensiasi tubuh tumbuhan

menjadi dua sistem : sistem akar dan sistem

tunas


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Tiga organ dasar yang terlibat : akar, batang dan

daun. Organ tersebut terorganisasi kedalam dua sistem

yaitu : sistem akar dan sistem pucuk

Figure 35.2

Rep

roductive shoot (flower)

Terminal bud

Node

Internode

Terminal

bud

Vegetative

shoot

Blade

Petiole

Stem

Leaf

Taproot

Lateral roots Root

system

Shoot

system

Axillarybud


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Akar

Merupakan organ yang menambatkantumbuhan di tanah

Menyerap air dan mineral

Kadang-kadang menyimpan bahan organik


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Secara umum tumbuhan

Penyerapan air dan meneral terjadi dekatujung akar, dimana banyak terdapat rambut

akar yang menambah area permukaan akar.

Figure 35.3


7/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai modifikasi

akar.

Figure 35.4ae

(a) Akar tiang (b) Akar

penyimpan

Cadangan

(c) Akar aerial

(d) Akar papan (e) Pneumatophores



Batang

Organ batang terdiri dari :

Sistem berselang-seling yang terdiri dari buku(nodus) , titik dimana daun melekat dan

Ruas (Internodus), bagian batang diantara

buku-buku.



Tunas aksiler

Struktur yang memiliki potensi untukmembentuk suatu tunas cabang

Tunas terminal

Dekat dengan ujung tunas dan menyebabkan

pemanjangan tunas muda. Adanya pucuk

sedikit banyak bertanggungjawab thd

terhambatnya pertumbuhan tunas aksiler suatu fenomena yg disbt dominansi apikal



Batang yang termodifikasi

Figure 35.5ad

Rhizomes.The edible base

of this ginger plant is an example

of a rhizome, a horizontal stem

that grows just below the surface

or emerges and grows along the

surface.

(d)

Tubers.Tubers, such as these

red potatoes, are enlarged

ends of rhizomes specialized

for storing food. The eyes

arranged in a spiral pattern

around a potato are clusters

of axillary buds that mark

the nodes.

(c)

Bulbs.Bulbs are vertical,

underground shoots consisting

mostly of the enlarged bases

of leaves that store food. Youcan see the many layers of

modified leaves attached

to the short stem by slicing an

onion bulb lengthwise.

(b)

Stolons.Shown here on a

strawberry plant, stolonsare horizontal stems that grow

along the surface. These runners

enable a plant to reproduce

asexually, as plantlets form at

nodes along each runner.

(a)

Storage leaves

Stem

Root Node

Rhizome

Root



Daun

Daun

Organ fotosintesis utama sebagian besartumbuhan berpembuluh

Daun umumnya terdiri dari :

Helai daun yang pipih dan tangkai daun

(petiol) yang menyambungkan daun dengan

buku batang.



Daun Monokotil dan dikotil

Berbeda dalam hal susunan tulang daunutamanya

Daun monokotil

Memiliki tulang daun paralel (sejajar) yang

menjalar sepanjang helai daun.

Daun dikotil

Memiliki banyak percabangan pd tulang daun

utama.



Klasifikasi angiosperm

Ahli Taksonomi menggunakan morfologi daun untuk membantu

mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi tumbuhan

Figure 35.6ac

Petiole

(a) Simple leaf.A simple leafis a single, undivided blade.

Some simple leaves are

deeply lobed, as in an

oak leaf.

(b) Compound leaf.In a

compound leaf, the

blade consists ofmultiple leaflets.

Notice that a leaflet

has no axillary bud

at its base.

(c) Doubly compound leaf.

In a doubly compound

leaf, each leaflet is

divided into smaller

leaflets.

Axillary bud

Leaflet

Petiole

Axillary bud

Axillary bud

LeafletPetiole


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Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai daun yang

termodifikasi

Figure 35.6ae

(a) Tendrils.The tendrils by which this

pea plant clings to a support are

modified leaves. After it has lassoed

a support, a tendril forms a coil that

brings the plant closer to the support.

Tendrils are typically modified leaves,

but some tendrils are modified stems,

as in grapevines.

(b) Spines.The spines of cacti, such

as this prickly pear, are actuallyleaves, and photosynthesis is

carried out mainly by the fleshy

green stems.

(c) Storage leaves.Most succulents,

such as this ice plant, have leaves

modified for storing water.

(d) Bracts.Red parts of the poinsettia

are often mistaken for petals but areactually modified leaves called bracts

that surround a group of flowers.

Such brightly colored leaves attract

pollinators.

(e) Reproductive leaves.The leaves

of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe

daigremontiana,produce adventitious

plantlets, which fall off the leaf and

take root in the soil.


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Tiga sistem jaringan: Dermal, Vascular, dan jaringan dasar

Setiap organ tumbuhan

Mempunyai jaringan dermal, vaskular, dasar

Figure 35.8

Dermal

tissue

Ground

tissue Vascular

tissue


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Sistem jaringan dermal

Tersusun oleh epidermis dan periderm


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Sistem jaringan vaskular

Tranpor materi jarak jauh antara akar danpucuk

Terdiri dari dua jaringan yaitu, xilem dan

phloem


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Jaringan dasar

Meliputi sel-sel yang terspesialisasi sebagaifungsi penyimpan, fotosintesis, dan penyokong


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Tipe sel tumbuhan

Seperti organisme multiselular

Tumbuhan ditandai dengan diferensiasi selular ,sel yang terspesialisasi dalam struktur dan

fungsi


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Beberapa jenis sel tumbuhan yang utama :

Parenkima

Kolenkima

Sklerenkima

Sel pengangkut air - xilem

Sel pengangkut hasil fotosintesis - phloem


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Parenkima, kolenkima, dan sklerenkima

Figure 35.9

Parenchyma cells60 m

PARENCHYMA CELLS

80 m Cortical parenchyma cells

COLLENCHYMA CELLS

Collenchyma cells

SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

Cell wall

Sclereid cell

in pear25

Fiber cells

5 m


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Sel pengangkut airxilem dan sel pengangkut

hasil fotosintesis - phloem

Figure. 35.9

WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM

Vessel Tracheids 100 m

Tracheids and vessels

Vessel

element

Vessel elements with

partially perforated

end walls

Pits

Tracheids

SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM

Companion cell

Sieve-tube

member

Sieve-tube members:

longitudinal view

Sieve

plate

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Companion

cell

30 m

15 m


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Konsep 35.2: Meristem menghasilkan sel-sel

untuk organ baru

Meristem Apikal

Terletak di ujung akar dan ujung tunas

Memperbesar tunas dan akar melalui

pertumbuhan primer


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Maristem Lateral

Menambah tebal kayu melalui pertumbuhansekunder


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Petumbuhan primer dan sekunder

Figure. 35.10

In woody plants,

there are lateral

meristems that

add secondary

growth, increasing

the girth of

roots and stems.

Apical meristems

add primary growth,

or growth in length.

Vascular

cambium

Corkcambium

Lateral

meristems

Root apical

meristems

Primary growth in stems

Epidermis

Cortex

Primary phloem

Primary xylem

Pith

Secondary growth in stems

PeridermCork

cambium

Cortex

Primary

phloem

Secondary

phloemVascular cambium

Secondary

xylem

Primaryxylem

Pith

Shoot apical

meristems

(in buds)

The cork

cambium adds

secondary

dermal tissue.

The vascular

cambium adds

secondary

xylem and

phloem.


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Pada tumbuhan berkayu

Pertumbuhan primer dan sekunder terjadisecara simultan tetapi berbeda lokasi

Figure 35.11

This years growth(one year old)

Last years growth

(two years old)

Growth of two

years ago (three

years old)

One-year-old side

branch formed

from axillary bud

near shoot apex

Scars left by terminalbud scales of previous

winters

Leaf scar

Leaf scar

Stem

Leaf scar

Bud scale

Axillary buds

Internode

Node

Terminal bud


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Konsep 35.3: Pertumbuhan primer panjang

akar dan tunas

Pertumbuhan primer menghasilkan tubuh

primer, bagian yang dihasilkan sistem akar dan

tunas yang dihasilkan oleh meristem apikal

P t b h i k


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Pertumbuhan primer akar

Ujung akar ditutupi olfh tudung akar, yang secara fisik

melindungi meristem yang rapuh pada saat akar

memanjang menembus tanah yang abrasif

Figure 35.12

DermalGround

Vascular

Key

Cortex Vascular cylinder

Epidermis

Root hair

Zone of

maturation

Zone of

elongation

Zone of cell

division

Apical

meristem

Root cap

100 m


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Pertumbuhan primer akar

Menghasilkan epidermis, jaringan dasar,

jaringan pembuluh


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Organisasi jaringan primer akar muda

Figure 35.13a, b

Cortex

Vascular

cylinder

Endodermis

Pericycle

Core of

parenchyma

cells

Xylem

50 m

Endodermis

Pericycle

Xylem

Phloem

Key

100 m

VascularGround

Dermal

Phloem

Transverse section of a root with parenchyma

in the center.The stele of many monocot roots

is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma

surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.

(b)Transverse section of a typical root.In the

roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as

well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular

cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem

with phloem between the lobes.

(a)

100 m

Epidermis


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Akar Lateral

Muncul dari perisikel, lapisan terluar darisilinder pembuluh

Figure 35.14

Cortex

Vascular

cylinder

Epidermis

Lateral root

100 m

1 2

3 4

Emerging

lateral

root

P t b h i k


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Pertumbuhan primer pucuk

Meristem apikal pucuk

Sutu massa sel berbentuk kubah yangmembelah pada ujung tunas terminal

Figure. 35.15

Apical meristem Leaf primordia

Developing

vascular

strand

Axillary bud

meristems

0.25 mm

O i i j i b t


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Organisasi jaringan batang

Pada gymnospermae dan sebagian besar

dikotil

Jaringan pembuluh membentuk berkas pembuluh

yang tersusun seperti lingkaran

Figure 35.16a

XylemPhloem

Sclerenchyma

(fiber cells)Ground tissue

connecting

pith to cortex

Pith

Epidermis

Vascular

bundle

Cortex

Key

Dermal

Ground

Vascular1 mm

(a) A eudicot stem.A eudicot stem (sunflower), withvascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue toward

the inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward the


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Ground

tissue

Epidermis

Vascular

bundles

1 mm

(b) A monocot stem.A monocot stem (maize) with vascular

bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such an

arrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and

cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Figure 35.16b

Batang monokotil

Berkas pembuluh tersusun tersebar diseluruh jaringan dasar dan tidak tersusun

dalam lingkaran

Organisasi jaringan daun


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Organisasi jaringan daun

Epidermislapisan pertahanan pertama yangmelawan kerusakan fisik dan organisme

patogen.

Terdapat stomata, - memungkinkanpertukaran gas

Jaringan dasar daun

Diapit oleh epidermis atas dan bawah

Jaringan pembuluh

Sambung menyambung dengan jaringanpembuluh batang


36/54


Key

to labels

Dermal

Ground

Vascular

Guard

cells

Stomatal pore

Epidermal

cell

50 m

Surface view of a spiderwort

(Tradescantia) leaf (LM)

(b)Cuticle

Sclerenchyma

fibers

Stoma

Upperepidermis

Palisade

mesophyll

Spongy

mesophyll

Lower

epidermis

Cuticle

Vein

Guard

cells

Xylem

Phloem

Guard

cells

Bundle-

sheath

cell

Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues(a)

Vein Air spaces Guard cells

100 mTransverse section of a lilac

(Syr inga) leaf (LM)

(c)Figure 35.17ac

Anatomi daun


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Konsep 35.4: pertumbuhan sekunder

menambah tebal akar dan batang tumbuhan

berkayu

Terjadi pada batang dan akar tumbuhan

berkayu

Tubuh sekunder tumbuhan

Tersusun oleh jaringan yang dihasilkan

kambium pembuluh dan kambium gabus

Kambium pembuluh dan jaringan pembuluh sekunder


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Kambium pembuluh dan jaringan pembuluh sekunder

Kambium pembuluh

Sel meristemselapis tebalnya

Berkembang dari sel parenkim


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Vascular cambium

Pith

Primary xylem

Secondary

xylem

Vascular

cambium

Secondary

phloem

Primary

phloem

Periderm

(mainly cork

cambia

and cork)

Pith

Primary

xylem

Vascular

cambium

Primary

phloem

Cortex

Epidermis

Vascular cambium

4 First cork cambium

Secondary

xylem (two

years of

production)

Pith

Primary xylemVascular cambium

Primary phloem

2

1

6

Primary

xylemSecondary xylem

Secondary phloem

Primary phloem Cork

Phloem ray3

Xylem

ray

Bark

8 Layers of

periderm

7 Cork5 Most recent

cork cambium

CortexEpidermis

9

In the youngest part of the stem, you can see the primary

plant body, as formed by the apical meristem during primary

growth. The vascular cambium is beginning to develop.

As primary growth continues to elongate the stem, the portion

of the stem formed earlier the same year has already started

its secondary growth. This portion increases in girth as fusiform

initials of the vascular cambium form secondary xylem to the

inside and secondary phloem to the outside.

The ray initials of the vascular cambium give rise to the xylem

and phloem rays.

As the diameter of the vascular cambium increases, the

secondary phloem and other tissues external to the cambium

cannot keep pace with the expansion because the cells no

longer divide. As a result, these tissues, including the

epidermis, rupture. A second lateral meristem, the cork

cambium, develops from parenchyma cells in the cortex. The

cork cambium produces cork cells, which replace the epidermis.

In year 2 of secondary growth, the vascular cambium adds to

the secondary xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium

produces cork.

As the diameter of the stem continues to increase, the

outermost tissues exterior to the cork cambium rupture and

slough off from the stem.

Cork cambium re-forms in progressively deeper layers of the

cortex. When none of the original cortex is left, the cork

cambium develops from parenchyma cells in the

secondary phloem.

Each cork cambium and the tissues it produces form a

layer of periderm.

Bark consists of all tissues exterior to the vascular

cambium.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Secondary phloem

(a) Primary and secondary growth

in a two-year-old stem

Pertumbuhan Primer dan sekunder batang

Figure 35.18a


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Secondary phloem

Vascular cambiumLate wood

Early woodSecondary

xylem

Cork

cambium

Cork

Periderm

(b) Transverse section

of a three-year-

old stem (LM)

Xylem ray

Bark

0.5 mm0.5 mm

Figure 35.18b


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Potongan melintang kambium pembuluh

Silinder kambium pembuluh tampak sepertisuatu cincin, yang membagi menjadi inisial

fusiform dan inisial lempengan

Figure 35.19a, b

Vascular

cambium

C

Types of cell division.An initial can dividetransversely to form two cambial initials (C)

or radially to form an initial and either a

xylem (X) or phloem (P) cell.

(a)

Accumulation of secondary growth.Although shown here

as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually

produces much more xylem.

(b)


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Pohontumbuhan berkayu

Lapisan sekunder yang lebih tua heartwood,sudah tidak mengangkut air dan mineral

Lapisan luar - sapwood, masih mampu

mengangkut air dan mineral


43/54


Growth ring

Vascular

ray

Heartwood

Sapwood

Vascular cambium

Secondary phloem

Layers of periderm

Secondary

xylem

Bark

Figure 35.20


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Kambium gabus dan produksi Periderm


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Kambium gabus dan produksi Periderm

Kambium gabus

Menghasilkan lapisan pelindung tubuhsekunder - periderm


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Periderm

Tersusun oleh kambium gabus dan sel gabus

Tersusun oleh semua jaringan eksternal diluar

kambium termasuk floem sekunder dan

periderm


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Konsep 35.5: pertumbuhan, morphogenesis,

dan differensiasi

Pertumbuhan : pembelahan sel dan ekspansi sel


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Pertumbuhan : pembelahan sel dan ekspansi sel

Bertambahnya jumlah sel

Pembelahan sel meristem menambah potensiuntuk pertumbuhan

Ekspansi sel

Bertambahnya ukuran tumbuhan

Arah dan simetr i pembelahan sel


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Arah dan simetr i pembelahan sel

Arah dan simetri pembelahan sel

Penting dalam menentukan bentuk tumbuhan


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Bidang pembelahan sejajar dengan

pembelahan pertama

Terbentuk selapis sel

Figure 35.22a

Division in

same plane

Plane of

cell division

Single file of cells forms

Cube forms

Nucleus

Cell divisions in the same plane produce a single file of cells, whereas cell divisions in three planes give rise to a cube.(a)

Division in

three planes


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Bidang pembelahan random

Pembelahan asimetri

Figure 35.22b

Unspecialized

epidermal cell

cell division

Asymmetrical

Unspecialized

epidermal cellGuard cell

mother cellUnspecialized

epidermal cell

Developing

guard cells

(b)An asymmetrical cell division precedes the development of epidermal guard cells, the cells that border

stomata (see Figure 35.17).


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Orientasi cytoskeleton

Mempengaruhi arah pemanjangan sel denganpengendalian orientasi mikrofibril selulusa di

dalam dinding sel

Figure 35.24

Cellulose

microfibrils

Vacuoles

Nucleus

5 m


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Diferensiasi selular

Figure 35.28

When epidermal cells border a single cortical

cell, the homeotic gene GLABRA-2is selectively

expressed, and these cells will remain hairless.

(The blue color in this light micrograph indi-

cates cells in which GLABRA-2is expressed.)

Here an epidermal cell borders two

cortical cells. GLABRA-2is not expressed,

and the cell will develop a root hair.

The ring of cells external to the epi -

dermal layer is composed of root

cap cells that will be sloughed off as

the root hairs start to differentiate.

Cortical

cells

20 m


54/54

Perubahan morfologi

Leaves produced

by adult phaseof apical meristem

Leaves produced

by juvenile phase

of apical meristem

Figure 35.29

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struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan