Struktur _ Fungsi Dna

8/12/2019 Struktur _ Fungsi Dna

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STRUKTUR & FUNGSIASAM NUKLEAT

Biokimia I

Kimia-Universitas Udayana

I N. Wirajana


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PENDAHULUAN

2. Mengapa Penting Memahami Struktur & Fungsi

Asam nukleat (DNA & RNA) ?

Hurper (2003) :

DNA, is the chemical basis of heredity and is organized into genes, thefundamental units of genetic information.

The basic information pathwayie, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA,

which in turn directs protein synthesishas been elucidated.

Genes do not function autonomously; their replication and function are

controlled by various gene products, often in collaboration withcomponents of various signal transduction pathways.

Knowledge of the structure and function of nucleic acids is essential in

understanding genetics and many aspects of pathophysiology as well as

the genetic basis of disease.


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PENDAHULUAN

2. Mengapa Penting Memahami Struktur & Fungsi

Asam nukleat (DNA & RNA) ?

Bagaimana pendapat Anda ?


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Aliran informasi genetika

Dogma sentral menunjukkan aliran umum informasi melalui

replikasi, transkripsi, dan translasi (Francis Crick).

Istilah dogma kurang tepat karena ada proses yang dapat

terjadi dari RNA menjadi DNA (lihat gambar di bawah ini).

Gen secara biokimia didefinisikan sebagai segmen DNA (atau

dalam sedikit kasus berupa RNA) yang mengkode informasi

yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu produk biologi

fungsional (produk final biasanya suatu protein).

DNA

RNA

Perkecualian:

virus tertentu

mempunyai enzim

reverse transkr iptase


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Asam Nukleat yang dipelajari :

Asam Deoksiribonukleat (AND/DNA)

Asam Ribonukleat (ARN/ RNA)

Fungsi utama asam nukleat:

sebagai tempat penyimpan dan

pemindahan informasi genetika.

Apa maksudnya???


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KROMOSOM

Kromosom tdd : protein dan molekul-molekul asam

nukleat tempat menyimpan informasi genetik

organisme merupakan molekul terbesar dalam sel dan

mungkin mengandung ribuan gen begitu juga DNAintergenik.

Kromosom bakteri Hampir semua DNA kususnya

prokariot seperti E. coliterkandung dalam ukuran

tunggal besar/panjang yg terkompleks dg protein dan

berada bebas dalam sitosol, juga ada berupa molekul

DNA sirkuler superkoil yg jumlahnya sedikit (plasmid).


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KROMOSOM

DNA > panjang daripada sel (lihat tabel dan gambar)


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KROMOSOM

DNA yang tersusun amat kompak dalam kromosom eukariotik


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KROMOSOM


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STRUKTUR & FUNGSI DNA

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) is called the genetic material

because it contains the genetic information for every cell and

tissue in an organism.

DNAis a component of the chromosomes (proteins are theother component).

DNAis one of two types of nucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

is the other.

DNAis a polymer of deoxyribonucleotideslinked throughphosphodiester bonds


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Deoxyribonucleotidescontain threecomponents :

a phosphate group,

a modified sugar called deoxyribose, and

a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,cytosine, or thymine). Adenine and guanine

are called purinebases, whereas cytosine andthymine are called pyrimidinebases.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytosine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htm


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Deoxyribose(more accuratey named 2-deoxyribose) is a fivecarbon sugar contained in deoxyribonucleosides.

Deoxyribosediffers from ribosein lacking a hydroxyl atposition 2.

Deoxyribonucleotides are the monomeric units (buildingblocks) of DNA.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/ribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/ribose.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htm


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Adenineis a purinebase found in DNAand RNA. In nucleosides and

nucleotides, adenineis linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond

between nitrogen #9 of adenineand carbon #1 of the sugar.

The ribonucleoside containing adenineis called adenosine. The

deoxyribonucleoside containing adenineis called deoxyadenosine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dadenos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dadenos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/adenosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htm


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Guanineis a purinebase found in DNAand RNA. In nucleosidesand

nucleotides, guanineis linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent

bond between nitrogen #9 of guanineand carbon #1 of the sugar.

The ribonucleoside containing guanineis called guanosine. The

deoxyribonucleoside containing guanineis called deoxyguanosine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dguanos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dguanos.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/guanosin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/purines.htm


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Cytosineis a pyrimidinebase found in DNAand RNA. In nucleosidesand

nucleotides,cytosineis linked to the sugar moiety via a covalent bond

between nitrogen #1 of cytosineand carbon #1 of the sugar.

The ribonucleoside containing cytosineis called cytidine. The

deoxyribonucleoside containing cytosineis called deoxycytidine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytidine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dcytidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/dcytidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/cytidine.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucltide.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04rn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htm


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Thymineis a pyrimidinebase found almost exclusively in DNA. In

nucleosides and nucleotides, thymineis linked to the sugar moiety via a

covalent bond between nitrogen #1 in thymineand carbon #1 of the sugar.

The deoxyribonucleosidecontaining thymineis called thymidine.
http://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/thymidin.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/nucsides.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch04/c04dn.htmhttp://d/BIOCHEMISTRY/Biochem%20Methew%20CD/biochem/ch01/pyrimidi.htm


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nucleotides (nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates)

base

sugar

phosphate(s)


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Structure of a single strandof a DNA/RNA molecule

The Phosphate group (PO42-)

at the 5 of one nucleotide is

attached to the Hydroxylgroup (OH) at the 3 ofanother nucleotide


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base: thymine(pyrimidine)

sugar: 2-deoxyribose

monophosphate

no 2-hydroxyl

(5 to 3)

5

3

base:adenine

(purine)

12

4

3 linkage

5 linkage

Struktur untai tungal DNA


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Fundamental elements of

structure in the DNA

double helix.

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AsNu


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Discovery of the conformationalarrangement of the DNA:

the Watson Crick double helix theory

Cavvendish laboratory,

Cambridge April 2nd

1953


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AS Biology. Gnetic control of proteinstructure and function


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Struktur DNA Plasmid


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Struktur DNA dalam ruang

DNAis found in three predominant forms in cells - called B-DNA, A-DNA,

and Z-DNA. Of these, the B-DNAform predominates

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AsNu


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