Structure of Bacteria.pptx

8/17/2019 Structure of Bacteria.pptx

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Structure of Bacteria related toPATHOGENESITAS

ANATOMI MORFOLOGIPROKARIOT


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Size of Bacteria Average acteria !"# $ %"! u& i' dia&"

• RB( i) *"# u& i' dia&" Surface Area +,% u&-% .olu&e i) +/ u& Surface Area to .olu&e i) 01, T23ical Eu4ar2ote (ell SA5.ol i) !"01, Food e'ter) t6roug6 SA7 8uic4l2

reac6e) all 3art) of acteria Eu4aro2te) 'eed )tructure) 9orga'elle)

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S6a3e) of Bacteria (occu)

• (6ai' : Stre3toccu)• (lu)ter :

Sta362lococcu) Bacillu)

• (6ai' : Stre3to acillu) (occo acillu) .i rio : curved S3irillu& S3iroc6ete S8uare Star

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Bacterial Structure) Flagella Pili (a3)ule Pla)&a Me& ra'e (2to3la)& (ell ;all Li3o3ol2)acc6arid

e)

Teic6oic Acid) I'clu)io') S3ore)

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Flagella Motilit2 $ &ove&e't

Scatio'• Mo'otric6ou)? , @agella• Lo36otric6ou)? tuft at o'e e'd• A&36itric6ou)? ot6 e'd)• Peritric6ou)? all arou'd acteria

O )erve Picture i' Micro La "

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Mo'o$ or Lo36otric6oru)


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Pili S6ort 3rotei' a33e'dage)

• )&aller t6a' @agella Ad6ere acteria to )urface)

•E" coli 6a) 'u&erou) t23e)

K 7 K 7 F/,7 etc"• A'ti odie) to


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F$Pilu) for (o'Cugatio'

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(a3)ule or Sli&e La2er Gl2cocal2D $ Pol2)acc6aride o'

eDter'al )urface Ad6ere acteria to )urface

• S" &uta') a'd e'a&el of teet6 Preve't) P6agoc2to)i)

• (o&3le&e't ca' t 3e'etrate )ugar)

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(2to3la)& ! ;ater %! Salt)$Protei')

• O)&otic S6oc4 i&3orta't =NA i) circular7 Ha3loid

• Adva'tage) of ,N =NA over %N =NA• More eJcie't? gro


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(6a3ter /

(ell ;all Pe3tido$gl2ca' Pol2&er a&i'o acid)

)ugar) 'i8ue to acteria Sugar)? NAG 9 NAM

• N$acet2lgluco)a&i'e• N$acet2&ura&ic acid

= for& of A&i'o acid) u)ed 'ot Lfor&• Hard to rea4 do


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(ell ;all Su&&ar2 =eter&i'e )6a3e of acteria Stre'gt6 3reve't) o)&otic ru3ture %!$/! of acteria 'i8ue to acteria So&e a'ti iotic) e ect directl2

• Pe'icilli'

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.ideo (li3 o' (ell ;all


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Teic6oic Acid) Gra& o'l2 Gl2cerol7 P6o)36ate)7 9 Ri itol Attac6&e't for P6age)

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Li3o3ol2)acc6aride LPS E'dotoDi' or P2roge'

• Fever cau)i'g• ToDi' 'o&e'clature

E'do$ 3art of acteriaEDo$ eDcreted i'to e'viro'&e't Structure

• Li3id A•

Pol2)acc6arideO A'tige' of E" coli7 Sal&o'ella

G$ acteria o'l2• Alco6ol5Aceto'e re&ove)


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LPS co't d Fu'ctio')

• ToDic? 4ill) &ice7 3ig)7 6u&a')G$ )e3tice&ia? deat6 due to LPS

•

P2roge'? cau)e) fever=PT vacci'atio' al


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LPS co't d" A33eara'ce of (olo'ie)

• Mucoid : S&oot6 lot) of LPS or ca3)ule• =r2 : Roug6 little LPS or ca3)ule

O A'tige' of Sal&o'ella a'd E" coli• %7!!! di ere't O Ag) of Sal&o'ella• ,!! ) di ere't O Ag) of E" coli

E" coli O,#* O Ag) di er i' Sugar)7 'ot Li3id A

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E'do)3ore) Re)i)ta't )tructure• Heat7 irradiatio'7 cold• Boili'g , 6r )till via le

Ta4e) ti&e a'd e'erg2 to &a4e )3ore) Locatio' i&3orta't i' cla))i>catio'

• (e'tral7 Su ter&i'al7 Ter&i'al Bacillu) )tearot6er&o36ilu) $)3ore)

• )ed for 8ualit2 co'trol of 6eat )terilizatio'e8ui3&e't

Bacillu) a't6raci) $ )3ore)• )ed i' iological


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Prokaryotic Cells


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BacterialStructure in

Relationship toPathogenicity

))e' a co&3o'e' ) o a ac er a


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))e a co&3o e ) o a ac er acell

(6ro&o)o&e Ri o)o&e) (2to3la)&ic

3rotei') (2to3la)&ic

&e& ra'e (ell


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,u&

Sc6e&atic =ra


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Bacterial Anatomythree architectural regions of a bacterium

appendages (proteins attached to the cellsurface) in the form of flagella and fimbriae

cell envelope consisting of a capsule,

outer membrane (in Gram-negativebacteria), cell wall and plasma membrane

cytoplasmic region contains the cellgenome (DNA) and ribosomes andvarious sorts of inclusions, as well asen ymes and metabolic intermediates

Th I f h B i l S f


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The Importance of the Bacterial Surface

!urface properties of a bacterium are determined by the e"act molecularcomposition of its membrane and cell wall, including #$! (outer membrane),various uni%ue and shared cell wall proteins, and the other surface structures suchas flagella, fimbriae and capsules&

A dividing pair of streptococci


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Bacterial Surface A33e'dage)

Flagella $orga'elle) for)


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Salmonella enterica, li+e mostenteric bacteria, is capable ofswimming movement bymeans of flagella&

Flagella

Flagella are lo'gla&e't)co&3o)ed of 3rotei't6at origi'ate i' t6e cell&e& ra'e"

Flagella rotate a'di&3art )


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Proteus mirabilis )


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=etecti'g Motilit2 i' Bacteria

B2 direct &icro)co3ico )ervatio' uic4Ti&e a'd a

Gra36ic) deco&3re))orare 'eeded to )ee t6i) 3icture"


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B2 u)i'g @agellar )tai') to detect t6e3re)e'ce a'd di)tri utio' of @agella

Bacillus cereusVibrio choleraeBacillus brevis

$olar flagellum$eritrichous flagella


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B2 i'oculatio' of t6e acteria i'to&otilit2 te)t &ediu&

Staphylococcusepidermidis

Non motile

E. coli

motile


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Ho< Flagella ;or4

Fila&e't i) rotated2 a 3rotei'Q&otor i' t6e cell&e& ra'e

Motor i) 3o


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Ecological Adva'tage) to S


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0he !tructure of the Bacterial !urface1 2lagella !ummary

2lagella filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide swimming movementfor most motile bacterial cells&

0he flagellar filament is rotated by a motor apparatus in the plasma membrane allowing the cell toswim in fluid environments&

tactic behavior or motility is the ability to move (swim) in response to environmental stimuli&

/hemota"is1 a bacterium can sense the %uality and %uantity of certain chemicals in its environmentand swim towards them (if they are useful nutrients) or away from them (if they are harmfulsubstances)&

Aerota"is1 bacteria swim toward or away from 3motility as a determinant of virulence1 e&g& Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Helicobacter,Pseudomonas


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Pili or Fi& riae

Pili al)o called>& riae are )6ort6air$li4e )tructure)co&3o)ed of3rotei' o' t6e cell)urface"


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Fu'ctio') of Pili a'd Fi& riae

Attac6&e't to a)urface or)u )trate

Shigella dysenteriae uses itsfimbriae to attach to the intestineand then produces a to"in thatcauses diarrhea&

Neissera gonorrhoeae, the cause of the gonorrhea,uses pili to attach to the urogenital and cervicalepithelium when it causes disease


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Fu'ctio') of Pili a'd Fi& riae Re)i)ta'ce to P6agoc2tic e'gulf&e't

$hagocytosis of streptococci by a macrophage

/hain of streptococci protected from engulfment by fimbrial (4) protein


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Fu'ctio') of Pili a'd Fi& riae

A )3ecial t23e of 3ilu) called t6e )eD3ilu) i) u)ed i' &ati'g et


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0he !tructure of the Bacterial !urface1 $ili and 2imbriae !ummary

2imbriae and $ili are interchangeable terms used to designate short, hair-li+e structures onthe surfaces of bacterial cells&

A speciali ed type of pilus (always called a pilus), the 2 or se" pilus, mediates the transfer ofDNA between mating bacteria&

/ommon pili (almost always called fimbriae) are usually involved in adherence (attachment)of bacterial cells to surfaces in nature& 6n medical situations, they are ma5or determinants ofbacterial virulence&

B i l ( ll E' l 3


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Bacterial (ell E'velo3e

(a3)ule) $ forad6ere'ce7re)i)ta'ce toe'gulf&e't7)torage

(ell


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(a3)ule) (a3)ule) are co&3o)ed of 3ol2)acc6aride)

occa)io'all2 3ol23e3tide) de3o)itedout)ide t6e cell


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T23e) of (a3)ule) True ca3)ule) are di)crete la2er) e'clo)i'g a cell or

grou3 of cell) t6at ca' e readil2 vi)ualized&icro)co3icall2"

Negative stain of Streptococcus pneumoniae outlining itsnotorious polysaccharide capsule

7sually, if a bacterium forms a capsule, it willgrow on certain media with a gummy or mucoidtype of colony, such as these colonies ofBacillus anthracis &

T23 ) f ( 3) l )


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T23e) of (a3)ule) Microca3)ule)7 or gl2cocal2D7 are a


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T23e) of (a3)ule) A )li&e la2er or io>l& i) a di u)e &atriD of

3ol2)acc6aride


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Fu'ctio') of (a3)ule)

Protectio' agai')t 36agotro36ice'gulf&e't Mediate ad6ere'ce to )urface) Protectio' agai')t dr2i'g Re)erve of 'utrie't) Bio>l&) for 3rotectio' a'd

&eta olic co&&u'icatio' a&o'g&icro e)


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F ' ti ') f ( 3) l )


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Mediate ad6ere'ce to )urface)

3ral streptococci use their capsular slime to adhere to the the surfaces of the teeth and gums&

F ' ti ') f ( 3) l )


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Re)erve of 'utrie't)

/olonies of oral streptococci growing on mitis-salivarius agar& 0he mediumcontains ; sucrose& Streptococcus salivarius (left) stores e"cess sugaras


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Fu'ctio') of (a3)ule) Bio>l&) for 3rotectio' a'd

&eta olic co&&u'icatio' a&o'g&icro e)

Biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa & 2igure from1 >olter, 9& and 9&#osic+& '??@& 3ne for all and all for one& !cience @ 1 - & After the bacteria formthe biofilm, they are protected from antibiotics, detergents, disinfectants, etc&, whichcannot penetrate the slime&


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(ell ;all)

(ell


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(ell ;all)

;62 )tud2 acterial cell le of t6e acterial cell


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Pro>le of t6e acterial celle'velo3e

Gra&$3o)itive cell


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(6e&ical 'ature of acterial cell


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(6e&ical 'ature of acterial cell


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(ell c2to3la)&ic &e& ra'e (o&3letel2

e'clo)e) t6eacterial cell

3roto3la)t

(o&3o)ed of !3rotei' a'd /!36o)36oli3id

Arra'ged a) aila2er

!ection of a cytoplasmic membrane

Me& ra'e )tructure a'd a))e& l


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Me& ra e )tructure a d a))e& l

T6e 3rotei') a))ociate


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T6e c2to3la)&ic &e& ra e of E. co

2unctionsC permeability barrier C transportC electron transport and

energy generationC coordination of nuclear replication and cell divisionC speciali ed en ymatic

processes

Fu'ctio') of t6e &e& ra'e duri'gD3 ))i ' f i l '


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eD3re))io' of virule'ce

2unctionsC permeability barrier (to antibiotics or host defensins)C transport of nutrientsC e"port of to"ic substances

C sensing the environmentC speciali ed en ymatic processes


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ndospores are produced as intracellular structures within the cytoplasmof certain bacteria, most notably Bacillus and Clostridium species&

ndospore forming bacteria left to right1 Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus brevis,

Bacillus thuringiensis


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Pro3ertie) of E'do)3ore) Re)ti'g dor&a't

cell) $Qcr23to iotic i"e"7)6o< 'o )ig') oflifeU""3ri&aril2due to lac4 of


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Pro3ertie) of E'do)3ore) Several u'i8ue

)urface la2er) 'otfou'd i'vegetative cell)1eDo)3oriu&7 )3orecoat7 corteD7 a'd

core


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Pro3ertie) of E'do)3ore) Hig6l2 re)i)ta't to

6eat oili'g 7acid)7 a)e)7 d2e)

do' t )tai'irradiatio'7di)i'fecta't)7

a'ti iotic)7 etc"


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7nder favorable nutritional and environmental conditions, and ll


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endospore germinates into a vegetative cell&

A germinating spore

E'do)3ore$for&i'g


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) gBacteria

Bacillus anthracis cau)e) a't6raD Bacillus cereus cau)e) food 3oi)o'i'g Clostridium tetani cau)e) teta'u)

Clostridium botulinum cau)e) otuli)& Clostridium perfringens cau)e) food3oi)o'i'g a'd ga) ga'gre'e

Clostridium di cile cau)e) a'ti iotic$

i'duced diarr6ea a'd 3)eudo&e& ra'ou)coliti)


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G v)" G$ G

• T6ic4er cell


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Pro4ar2ote) v)" Eu4ar2ote) (ell ;all Teic6oic Acid) LPS E'do)3ore) (ircular =NA Pla)&id)

(6a3ter /

Eu4ar2ote (ell


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Structure

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Structure of Bacteria.pptx