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Structure and Functionof Living Things
Part II: ANIMALS
You know that plants have special structures that perform specific functions...
So do people and animals!
You know that all living things are made of cells.
Cells form tissue,
tissues form structures.
cell tissue structure: leaf
There are also many different kinds of animal cells,
tissues,and structures.
Plants and animals both have structuresfor moving oxygen and carbon dioxide
in or out of their cells;
Plants and animals both have structures for absorbing nutrients and energy from food;
Plants and animals both have structures for circulating water, sugar and nutrients
to all of their cells;
Plants and animals both have structures for moving in response to physical needs
or changes in the environment.
I. Respiration
The act or process by which an organism
exchanges gases with its environment.
You know that plants give off oxygen (O2)that animals need,
And animals give off carbon dioxide (CO2)
that plants need.
Plants have stomatathat allow CO2 to enter the plant and O2 to exit the plant.
CO2
O2
The stomata also allow water to be released from the plant in transpiration.
H2O
Like plants transpiring, we breathe out water, too.
That’s why you see fog in your breath on a cold day.
In a process called respiration, many animals use either
lungs or gillsto absorb oxygen
from air (lungs) or water (gills).
gills
lungs
The lungs or gills put O2 into the blood
that will be circulatedto all the cells of the body,
and remove carbon dioxide (CO2)from the blood.
O2
O2
CO2CO2
Tell your neighbor:How are these things alike?
How are they different?
TEACH IT!
Gills allow animals to absorb O2 from water;
Lungs allow animals to absorb O2 from the air.
Stomata allowplants to absorb CO2 from air.
Did you say...
Alike: they all move O2 and CO2 in or out of an organism.
II. Digestion
The process by which food is broken down
and absorbed by the body.
You know that a plant uses its choloroplasts to make food (sugar)
through photosynthesis, and its
roots, xylem and phloemto absorb water and nutrients
from the soil.
Plants are called autotrophs, which means self-feeder.
Animals must eat other organisms to get energy.
They are called heterotrophs, which means other-feeder.
Show on your fingers how many heterotrophs are pictured:
Heterotrophs: 4 (Autotrophs:2)
Whether it eats plants, other animals, or both,
an animal’s digestive systembreaks down its foodinto usable nutrients
and energy for its cells.
The process works like this:
1. Food is collected in the mouth,where digestion begins mechanically, by chewing, and chemically, with saliva (suh LIE vuh).
1.
2. The food goes down the esophagus(ee SOF uh gus) to the stomach, where more chemicals break down the food further. 2.
3. The food passes through the intestines, (in TEST ins) which absorb nutrients and water from the food before it passes out of the body.
3.
TEACH IT!
Tell your neighborhow these two picturesshow similar activities.
How are they different?
Did you say...
The person (a heterotroph)must eat something else and absorb the nutrients
and energy through her
digestive tract.
The plant (an autotroph)makes its own food
through photosynthesis;
Both organisms are feeding their cells.
III. Circulation
The continuous motion by which
the blood travels through all parts of the body
under the action of the heart.
A plant’s xylem and phloemare special vascular tissues
that transportwater, nutrients and food to all the cells of the plant.
Your own body has vascular tissue, too.Veins and arteries in people are like
xylem and phloem in plants.
Just as xylem and phloemrun different directions in plants,
veins and arteriesrun different directions in our bodies.
veins travel TO the heart,
arteries travel FROM the heart.
You’ve heard of sap in trees and other plants.In Vermont, maple tree sap is made into maple syrup.
It’s full of sugar!
Just as sap containswater and sugar and nutrients for the plant,
blood contains all of the things that our bodies need to stay alive.
WARNING:if you are squeamish,
don’t look at the next slide!
Blood and sap collection...
But in even the tallest tree, sap rises through the xylem and descends through the
phloem without help.
Animals need something to keep their blood moving.
They need a pump.We call it a heart.
Try and find your heartbeat...Can you feel it?
If not, try your pulse.You might feel it best on your neck.
The heart pumps blood through
arteries (red) to bring oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body;
veins (blue) bring used blood back to the heart.
Tiny capillaries connect arteries to veins to keep the cycle going.
TEACH IT!
Tell your neighborhow the circulatory system
is similar in both pictures and how it is different.
Did you say...
veins arteriescapillariesbloodheart
XylemPhloemsap
Both plants and animals have systems to circulate water, food and nutrients to their cells.
IV. Locomotion
The ability to move from one location to another.
Every living organism responds to changes in its environment, or its own physical needs, by moving in some way.
Plant movement includes phototropism,
hydrotropism, and geotropism.
Plants can’t walk around in search of sunlight or water,
but auxin in the tissues of the roots, xylem and phloem
allows the plant’s parts to turn or grow towards the things it needs.
auxin, a chemical
Animals also have structures that allow them to move
when they need to.
muscles bones
Bones provide protection and support, while muscles allow movement.
A human skeletal systemhas a variety of bones
including the skull, which protects
the brain,
the ribcage, which protects
the heart and lungs,
and a segmented spinewhich protects the spinal cord
while allowing the body to stand upright.
knee
Different bones meet at joints, which are places where our body can bend and twist.
Muscles pull the bones back and forth to make them move.
FINAL WRAP-UP
Can you match the structure with its function?
A. Circulation
B. Respiration
C. Digestion
D. Locomotion
1
1
2
3
A. Circulation
B. Respiration
C. Digestion
D. Locomotion
1
1
2
3
Answers:
The End