STRUCTURAL ORGANSTAION IN ANIMALSIN ANIMALS

ANIMAL TISSUES :- Are Classified in to four typesyp1.Epithelal Tissues2.Connective Tissues3.Muscular Tissues4.Neural Tissues

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1.Epithelial Tissues

Cells are arranged in one or more layersCells are held together by three types of Cells are held together by three types of junctions like tight junctions , adhering junctions and gap junctionsCells are compactly arranged.There are two types epithelial tissue

a. Simple epitheliumb. Compound epithelium

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Types of Simple Epithelium

Squamous epitheliumCuboidal epitheliumCuboidal epitheliumColumnar epithelium

SQUAMOUS EPITHILIUM

Single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries

They found in walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs.

COBOIDAL EPITHILIUMCells are cube like with single layer

Found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of pnephrons.

COLUMNAR EPITHILIUM

Cells are tall pillar lik like Nuclei are located at h bthe base

Free surface may h i llihave microvelli.They found in the li i f t h d lining of stomach and intestine.

CILIATED EPITHILIUM

The columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epitheliumcalled ciliated epithelium.Their functions to move particles or move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the direction over the epithelium.

GLANDULAR EPITHILIUM

Some of the l columnar or

cuboidal cells i li d get specialised

for secretion ll d are called

glandular ith li

MULTICELLULAR GLAND

epithelium

COMPOUND EPITHILIUM

It is made of more than one la erthan one layerThey provide protectionprotection

They found in the They found in the regions with rapid wear and tear wear and tear

CONNECTIVE TISSUEThere are three types of connective tissuesLoose connective tissues

Areolar and AdiposeDense connective tissues Dense connective tissues

Regular—Tendon and LigamentIrregular—present in skinSpecialized connective tissuespCartilage,bone and blood

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Macrophage

FibroblastCollagenFibresFibres

Mast Cell

ADIPOSE TISSUE

It store fats.Located beneath the skin.

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CARTILAGEIt is present in It is present in the tip of nose, outer ear, outer ear, vertebral coloumn, limbs coloumn, limbs & hands in adults.adults.

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BLOOD

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MUSCULAR TISSUES

Muscle is made of many long cylindrical fibres.

These fibers are composed of numerous fine fibrils are called myo fibrils.

There are three types of muscles.Skelital, smooth & cardiac

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SKELETAL MUSCLE

Skeletal Muscle (striated, voluntary)

Unbranched

multinucliated .

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SMOOTH  MUSCLE

They are involuntary, non striated, visceral muscles.They are spindle shaped having Nucleustapering ends. Nucleus

Uninucleate.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

They found in heartThey found in heartLight and dark bands are presentI l tInvoluntaryUninucleateThey joined end to end by flatdens, zig‐ zag  junctions calleddens, zig zag  junctions calledintercalated discs or booster rings

MULTIPOLAR NEURON

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The common Indian earthworms are 

Pheretima&LumbricusCylindrical body with

metamerismAnterior end  consits 

f  h   h &  hof the mouth & theprostomium(mouth cover h l  t     k  i  th  

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helps to open cracks in the soil)

Stomach contain calciferos glands neutralisethehumic acid presnt p

in the soil.Typhlosole(foldigsofdoTyphlosole(foldigsofdo

rl ll fi t ti )  

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salwallofintestine)  

Closed blood vascular system Consisting of blood vessels, capillaries &heart Blood glands produce &heart.Blood glands produce blood cells and haemoglobin is dissolved inhaemoglobin is dissolved in

blood plasma

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Annelida --> Nephridia

Nephridia are coiled ptubular segmentally arranged structuresarranged structures

Three types Septal(sides of inter

sgmental septa)g p )Integumentary 

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(body wall)Pharyngeal

Earth worm is hermophrodite(bisexual)Th       i   f     i  There are two pairs of testes present in the 10th &11th  segment .One pair of i  i   h d    h  i   l ovaries is attached at the inter segmental 

septum of the 12th &13th M    &    ll   d segments.Mature sperm & egg cells and 

nuetritive fluid are deposited in cocoons d d b   h   l d  ll   f produced by the gland cells of 

clitellum.After three weeks each cocoon d    b b   D l  

Vikasana - CET 2012produce 2‐20 baby worms.Development 

is direct. Friends of farmers.

MORPHOLOGY OF COCKROACH

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MOUTH PARTS OF COCKROACH

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

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f kRespiratory system consists of a net work oftrachea  that  opens through ten pairs of 

ll h l   ll d   i l    small holes called  spiracles.Nervous system of cockroach consists of a series of fussed  

ll    d   li   d   d bl  segmentally  arranged  ganglia and a double ventral nerve cord.Nerve cord bears nine 

li   h  i   h   h   d  i  i   h  ganglia ,three in the thorex and six in the abdomenThe nervous system of cockroach is 

d  h h    h  b d   h  h d h ld  spread through out the body. the head holds a bit of a nervous system so that the head of 

k h i     ff  i   ill  ill li  f    acockroach is cut off  it will still live for as long as one week.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMAbdomin is narrow anal Abdomin is narrow ,anal styles are presentA pair of testes-A pair of testesvasadeferens opens in to ejaculatory duct through ejaculatory duct through seminalvesicle.Sperms are stored in the Sperms are stored in the seminal vesicle which are discharged during

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discharged during copulation.

Each ovary is formed of 8 ovarian tubules.Firtilized eggs are encased in capsules called oothica

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Excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys.Ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder., yDark red bean shaped kidneys situatedposteriorly in the body cavity on either sides of the vertebral the body cavity on either sides of the vertebral column.Structural and functional units called nephrons Frog is a ureotelic animalnephrons.Frog is a ureotelic animalThe system for controle and coordination is highly evolved in the frog  It includes both neural system evolved in the frog. It includes both neural system and endocrine glands.Nervous system consists of CNS PNS and ANS Brain is divided in to fore brain  

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CNS,PNS and ANS Brain is divided in to fore‐ brain, mid‐brain and hind‐brain

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