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Welcome to the World
OfTHE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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Phonemes
The sounds we described are phonemes Definition:
The smallest significant unit of speech Significance:
The speaker can hear the difference. We can hear the difference between [bın]
and [pın], [dın] and [tın], and [gın] and [kın]
Minimal Pairs
[bın] and [pın]: what’s the difference?
[tın] and [dın]: same question,
[gın] and [kın]: Again, what differs?
Short answers: the speech environment is identical Only the stops differ the [-ın] utterance is identical
Summary of Phonemic Stops in English
Notice that: English doesn’t have all possible stops:
labiodental, interdental, or palatal We do have labio-dental fricatives {f], [v] and
interdental ones [θ] and [ð] There are numerous others in the world’s languages
Example: The Russians have a palatal stop [tj].
Allophones An example:
key and ski What’s the difference?
The differences [k’] in key [k’i] is aspirated [k־] in ski [sk־i] is unaspirated
In English, [k’] and [k־] never form minimal pairs
Therefore, [k’] and [k־] are allophones
Allophones of Phonemes
Definition: Variations of the same phoneme
Our example: [k’] and [k־] are allophones of the phoneme
/k/ Notation:
Slash marks (/ /) indicate phoneme Square brackets ([ ]) indicates phone (and
allophone)
Allophones in One Language: Phonemes in Another
Old Sanskrit (from which Hindi and Urdu are derived): [k’il] and [k־il] form minimal pairs [k’il]: “parched grain” [k־il]: “small nail”
[-il] is identical as for speech environment
Therefore, /k’/ and /k־/ are phonemes in Old Sanskrit
Every language has its own phonemes
Morphemes Once the phonemes are identified:
They must be arranged for meaning
Morphemes and Syntax Morphemes:
The smallest meaningful unit of speech Syntax:
Rules and principles of phrase and sentence construction
Grammar: Entire formal structure of a language’s
morphemes and syntax
Morphemes Morphology:
Study of morphemes and their construction into words
Types of morphemes Free morphemes:
Morphemes that can stand unattached in a language: cat Bound morphemes:
Morphemes that cannot stand unattached in a language: cats
Inflectional bound morphemes: those that change number or tense, but not meaning: e.g.,
cat, cats Derivational bound morphemes:
those that change the meaning: e.g., part, party
Allomorphs
Allomorphs: Variants of a morpheme
Examples: plurals of dogs, cats, horses Others:
tooth/teeth; sheep/sheep Morphophonemics:
Study of allomorphs
THAT’S ALL AND THANK YOU!
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