Strophic Forms in the Bible

Strophic Forms in the BibleAuthor(s): Paul RubenSource: The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Apr., 1899), pp. 431-479Published by: University of Pennsylvania PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1450743 .Accessed: 23/05/2014 13:31

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STROPHIC FORMS IN THE BIBLE

STROPHIC FORMS IN THE BIBLE.

BY the following remarks I wish to impress strongly upon my readers the great amount of evidence which may be adduced in support of D. H. Miiller's theory as pro- pounded in his book, Die Propheten in ihrer urspriing- lichen Form, 1; and I shall try to show, that however much

may appear mistaken and is mistaken in that work, there remains a very solid substratum of fact, which is sufficient to form a substantial addition to our knowledge of ancient Hebrew literature.

I do not intend to be either original or definitive. On the one hand, I shall confine myself mostly to the examples already collected by Prof. Miiller and one of his followers, Dr. Felix Perles 2; on the other hand, I did not think it fair or sensible to wait till the Greek Kalends, by which time every corruption will be emended and every phrase explained in those texts, which I am placing before the

public. But I seriously hope to prove that the theory in question

does not depend upon superficial observations, but, as is

only right, can be firmly based upon exact philological exegesis and criticism.

After having finished my MS., I received, by the kind- ness of the author, Prof. Miiller's Strophenbau und Respo,i- sion. Yet I find no need to modify the tenor of my remarks, since we are widely at divergence with respect to several important points, notably to the restoration of the texts.

1 Vienna, I896; two volumes. 2 See Wiener Zeitschriftfiir Kunde des Morgenlandes, I896, pp. I03 ff.

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THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

All strophes in the O.T. consist of lines or o-rToL, and the or7xoL again of K3Xa or members, each of which contains three, four, or more words. In most cases two KG5Xa, connected by similarity of contents or by antithesis, form one line or crTLxos.

Sometimes a rn-Xos consists of three Kc6Aa, e.g. Ps. xv. 3, 4, 5; but in such cases we must be careful, for there exist also what we may call i/t(rCiXLa, i.e. lines (o-rrxot) that consist only of one KGOov; and where-as we usually find-such a OLto-rCLXov is preceded by a full o-TLXo,, one

may often feel inclined to join both together, the cTrxoS and the w/rTt^Xtor, and make the mistake of finding a line of three KcXa. E.g. in Is. li. I the words plmr' nmr, '1nm nDW i5n) [r nnn:l n na l~' lKl are not a rTlxos Trp&KoAos, but a common CrTxo? plus a ijuTrrixtov.

Very often a KiXov is subdivided; it then consists of four or five words with a little interpunction intervening, e.g. Nah. ii. io nit itn ID5 in; Is. xxi. 2 nrtmll nha 1lmnn 't'1W.

Massoretic verses exist of more than three KctXa, but in

my opinion, no real rhythmical verses of greater length are to be found.

Now scholars have lived who have tried to find in the

fragments still extant of Hebrew poetry a kind of real metre, similar to that which exists in classical literature, Syriac, Arabic, or Old German; but up to the present time their efforts have hardly been successful. Their theories have convinced very few, as they could not be generally applied without occasionally having recourse to very un- methodical conjecturing. It is, however, just possible that a kind of real metre underlies such pieces as Is. liii, Hab. iii, and Pss. lxxiv. 13-I7, lxxxix. 7-15. If we wish to survey quickly all the different systems, and to gauge their measure of wisdom, the best authority for us to consult is Kuenen's Einleituny, vol. III, pp. 12-26 (of the German translation)1.

In the midst of all the sleepers one man has remained Vide also Grimm in ZDMG. I896, pp. 529-584; 1897, pp. 683-7I2.

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awake: Budde, whom we may justly style the discoverer of the Qina-metre. His results are published in vols. II, III, XI, XII of the Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaft des Alten Testaments, and nobody, who really wants to grapple with the difficulties of O.T. criticism, can afford to neglect a careful study of these epoch-making articles.

In the Qina-KCSXa a shorter Kduoia always follows a

longer one; e.g. Ps. xix. 8 we: nwn I >nTzn = ,ml nrnn; but, simple and obvious though it seems that such KckAa form a group by themselves, it was not before Budde that their real nature and their widespread use was recognized. First of all these K(hAa form the link out of which the chain of the first four chapters of Lamentations has been

forged. Secondly, they appear nearly always where a

mourning song or a arp-to give the Hebrew term-is found in the 0. T., e.g. Amos v. 2. It is because of this use that these KGtAa are now generally called the Qina- metre. But it is not confined to so narrow a field of

poetry, having been applied to all kinds of lyrics. To

speak only of the Book of Isaiah, there are whole poems composed with this system as basis in chapters xiv, xv, xvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlvii, li, &c.

But I must add a few remarks:-

(i) The longer Kdo/a of the KWXov may be subdivided,

e.g. Nah. iii. 14 p:5o 'ptnmn [ mnon 'Dnm Dit?' n3.

(2) The caesura, which separates the smaller from the

longer Ko, a, may shift, so that it seems as if the former

part is the shorter, the latter part the longer; e.g. Is. xlvii. 3 a Insnn n^nn m I |lnry n; 9 b, c.-This shifting may lead to a very remarkable result. Isaiah's taunt-song against Sennacherib (chap. xxxvii. 22-32) clearly consists of Qina-K&)Xa ; but in ver. 23 the nature of the rhythm must be marked by the voice, because the length of the two

parts does not reveal it. nwrin nnn No no and 'n Vl eip nvlrn have nearly the same length; in one word: it

may occur, by this shifting of the caesura, that a Qina-

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KWXOV looks like an ordinary (rrTxos. Here are some more

examples, Is. xxix. 9, 10 (I discard what are evidently glosses):

Ci K^I 1Z I r | I 1n{'Wi fl f l' gw 'wywnfln irnni 1n,rnn : nD0 Dw:3K nm1I nsaN nr Dvn o II nntn nin I nrr nv: in3 4*

Jer. vi. 6-8 (beginning with minn; note the twofold p in 8 b, c); Is. i. 3; Jer. xlvi. 6 a.

(3) Originally, always two Qina-K3Aa appear to have been connected, so as to form one ortLXo. It is not sufficient to

say that this is borne out by a great number of examples. For sometimes three K)Xa are more closely connected, and sometimes every KWXOV stands by itself. But even in the latter case it occasionally occurs that one word of the smaller Kot a of these K4Xa is repeated in the longer KoJ/z/a of the next K(oAov. e.g. Is. xlvii. 2 ( ); li. 17, 22 (D1); lii. 7 (-nnr); Jer. iv. I9-2I (,1?, rn'). This can hardly be explained otherwise than by assuming that originally two KwiXa were connected.

(4) We sometimes find in pieces, that mostly consist of

ordinary rhythms, Qina-KCAa and r('xot, e.g. Nah. ii. 13; but when the poet desires to employ Qina-metre we hardly ever find that he reverts to the ordinary metre-one exception I must mention: Ezekiel's nvrp.

So much for the (rrTxo. Now if we read a psalm, or a chapter of Job, or a prophetic utterance, we shall at once notice that a certain number of or-TXoL belong together, being connected by their contents, and it is of no consequence how we call such a set of, say, five or six o-rtXoL. They are

generally called strophes. Ever since i831, when Koester wrote his article "Die

strophen, oder der parallelismus der verse der hebraeischen

poesie" (in the Theologische Studien und Kritiken) biblical exegetes have tried to discover strophes of more or less

equal length as the constituent parts of Biblical poems. Naturally scholars wanted to find strophes of equal length; for were it otherwise, the strophe would not be a form

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which governs and regulates the disposition of the poem, but the accidental result of how much or how little the poet has to impart upon the various topics of his

poem. Whilst Koester extended his theory over the prophetic as well as the poetic books, his followers-I name

only Schlottmann and Delitzsch - confined themselves mostly to the books of Psalms and of Job. They met with much contradiction; and it is well known how

eagerly Prof. Schlottmann's paper in favour of regular strophes was combated by two so competent scholars as Kautzsch and Budde at the International Congress of Orientalists at Leyden, in I883. The results of all investi- gations in this direction have been stated in a sober and

masterly way by Kuenen in the third volume of his Ein- leitung (p. 46 ff. of the German edition). If we dismiss so artificial a class as the alphabetic psalms-no doubt in Ps. cxix eight verses always form a kind of strophe-there remain first of all the psalms with a refrain, e. g. Ps. xlii, xliii, and lvi. But the refrain does not usually mark strophes of equal length; comp. e. g. Ps. cvii. Secondly, there exist some other psalms, where strophes of equal length are indicated by the disposition of the contents, comp. Pss. ii and lxviii. But, in general, the harvest is not very rich and the results are not very certain, because scholars often differ about the original disposition of a poem. This may be partly due to a certain weakness of the psalmists with regard to form.

It was, therefore, of great importance that research turned to the prophets, which, as we have seen, had already attracted the interest of Koester as early as 1831. At the end of I895 D. H. Miller published a book with the title Die Propheten in ihrer urspringlichen Form, in which he tried to show that something like a strophic corresponsio really exists in the remainders-or part of the remainders- of ancient Hebrew prophecy.

It is well known that strophic corresponsio is a term used in classical philology, where it is applied to Greek

VOL. XI. H h

435




choral poetry. For example, of all the strophes that formed a (TrTotfqov of a tragedy two were always more closely connected with one another, and are called arpoqb' and avrLa-rpoq pi; both had the same number of lines, and every line in the arol-rpo4p~ had the very same metre as the corresponding line of the arpoqrT . In addition to this rhythmic corresponsio there occurs sometimes a verbal corresponsio, the very same word being used at exactly the same place in the arpoof and the avrLtcrpoq71, e.g. Eurip. Heracles, vers. 679, 692 (ye'pov aotSbo)1. Following the

aTpoOrj and avrTlrpoq we frequently find what is called the E7r6)8', which consists of a number of lines standing by themselves with nothing to correspond to them.

As far as the O.T. is concerned we cannot at present think of a strict metre, neither did D. H. Miiller go so far. But the other characteristics which constitute strophic corresponsio in Greek poetry can all be found, according to D. H. Miiller, in a great number of Hebrew prophecies. Is he right ?

He has overshot his mark by claiming many more instances for his theory than he should have done. He has not shown the due respect for the element that constitutes the (TTpoq4, i. e. the line which is, as we have seen, generally a couple of KGtXa bound together by parallelism. He has not given Budde what is Budde's due; and he occasionally neglected the principles of textual criticism, neither showing the necessary regard for the old versions, especially for the LXX, nor for conjecture, that outcry of common sense and very often of congeniality with the ancient authors against the leaden burden of tradition.

So this theory has found very few admirers-and yet there is a great measure of truth in it. There are at least twenty-three examples, which will, I am sure, stand the severest critical test. Four of these are found in the historical books and not in the prophets, with which Prof. Miiller almost exclusively concerned himself.

1 Few as are the traces of verbal corresponsio in Pindar, they occur rather frequently in Bacchylides.

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I. Formulary speech.

In the examples which I collect under this head, the similarity of the different strophes is the result of the fact that the prophets who uttered them wanted to impress their hearers with the weight of their message by repeating the same words and phrases again and again almost in a liturgical way. In all these cases the strophe is a rhetorical form, similar to the epanaphora or the refrain.

In all these pieces the strophic arrangement comes out just as clearly, whether we write them in ariX'o or in KWXa. In fact, it is quite impossible to maintain the division into KwXa, as the parallelism of the members is everywhere evident.

1. Ezekiel xiv. 12-20 (Muller T, 13I; 2, 38). Vers. 12, 13 (until n45y ~r) form the introduction. In

ver. 15 write n nnw lr,nl ns,T 5w; cf. ?, and the words at the end of ver. 16 ;rnw nrinn prirn, which are intended to be a correction of ,iOw nrni, nn,nl' in ver. i5, and must, of course, be discarded.

2. Amos i. 2-ii. 4 (Miller i, 63; 2, 54). It seems yery probable that vers. 9-12 are later addi-

tions; see Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, 5, 69. 70.

3. Amos vii. I-I I; viii. I-3 (Miiller i, 66; 2, 57). These verses are very corrupt, but nobody can doubt

that the first two strophes belong together by the form of their speech; and the same remark applies to the last two.

4. Micah iii (Miiller i, II ; 2, 6o). Discard iii. 3 IwaN'n ,15O nWIY which is a variant of

iii. 2b, and ,nr ri n n in ver. 8 (Wellhausen).-In iii. 3 substitute some word like inn: instead of 55:, and write mnv_ for -n?v (?).

H h 2

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5. Jeremiah x. I-I6.

Read in ver. 8 n,wrn S1n nom; see my Critical Remarks, p. II.

There are, undoubtedly, other examples of more or less

accurately formed rhetorical strophes, e.g. Is. ix. 7-x. 4; Jer. xvii. 5-81; xviii. 7-Io; Ezek. xix. I-9; Amos iv. 6-I1. But it is neither difficult nor interesting to collect them.

II. Poetic Strophes.

6. Isaiah xlvii (Muller I, 178; 2, i6). We will first examine that piece which first of all gave

me the conviction that Miiller could not be quite wrong, Is. xlvii. This taunt-song against Babel is written in

Qina-KcOXa, as Budde has already seen. The text is generally well preserved; in ver. 3 we must read ynas tq "I shall not spare" (im= NS 9J ); in ver. 9 nenm (with (M) instead of rnni; in ver. 7 qy belongs to mn3; and a few other slight corrections are also to be made. But one con-

sequence of the rhythm has escaped even Budde's observation. With yiNn the second Qina-KwXkov of ver. 12 ends. And it is in harmony with what we have already noticed, that the longer part of the next KWXov repeats the word

'?5, which occurs in the shorter part of the preceding K&hov. The words lmny :~n n4rTs 4rn 65 must therefore be connected, and we must assume that n,te~ is the object of 'ryn. I cannot offer a certain explanation, perhaps the author wrote nrK?. ' Wn :51K "perhaps thou canst check Anahita." But whether this is right or wrong, there can be no doubt that the KwXov begins with sin and ends with snrne. And that is sufficient.

A glance at the text, as I have printed it, convinces us

1 The decline of poetic form that has taken place between the age of the prophets and that of the psalmists cannot be illustrated more

vividly than by a comparison of Jer. xvii. 5-8 with Ps. i.

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that there is also verbal corresponsio, but-exceptionally- the corresponding words do not always stand in the cor-

responding lines.

7. Isaiah li. 9, Io, 17-23; lii. I, 2, 7-Io (Miiller i, I83; 2, 20).

Budde has already seen 1 that a great number of Qina- K&Xa are scattered over chapters li and lii of Isaiah, and that they form one poem. He has, however, overlooked some of them and has not observed that the song ends with lii. Io (not lii. 12).

In this poem we have exactly what the Greek metrical authorities call the elbosg jETo-,SLKov, the strophe without a corresponding avrt-rpoq7j standing in the middle of the

poem, not, as usually, at the end. In li. 20 n^unznm is a corrupt reading of nOK nr in

ver. 22.-In ver. 23 after jp4i add :'p: :mI (@, Duhm). lii. 1 'ty ,vz I }' Ruben; y lty n= jI3 @?; pj Iry 'tz 9) 1.

8. Isaiah li. I-5, 6-8, i (Miiller I, I81; 2, 2o). I am perhaps not the first to observe that ver. I of

chapter li has no connexion with what precedes, as we clearly see by its form; nor are these words connected by their contents with the following lines. Where, then, is their original place 2

This may easily be fixed if we pay attention to the style; these words belong to li. I-9; and I am bold enough to

say that they have dropped out after ver. 5. The result is that we now have the original form of that beautiful

poem, which consisted of one couplet of strophes with seven lines, and one with four lines. In both cases aUpopr5 and aVTL(rrpoq7r are linked together by an elaborate verbal

corresponsio. In the fifth line of the CorpoPr the third

person replaces the first of the first four lines, and the same change occurs in the &aYrnapo0qf.

ZWAT. II, pp. 238, 239.

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9. Isaiah lii. I3-liii. iX (Miiller , I84; 2, 22).

With regard to this chapter see my Critical Remarks, pp. 8, 9. There are two strophes of five (rTrxoL, two of six, and an EIrbo's.-In liii. II write Ml:3- ',l=, cf. 0 (Et bov-

XAv'ovra) and b51 'vom, Gen. xlix. I.

10. Isaiah xlix. I-7 (Muller I, 179; 2, 18).

It is just possible that Is. xlix. i-7 belongs also to the

strophic poems. If we are allowed to consider the first (rrtxos (pio ' ' ' lW) as the wrpootLtov, the corresponsio of the -rTpofri and avrL-rpo7bi becomes more apparent (vers. I and 5 l;mn; ver. 3 ~nqy ' * ' mID ; and ver. 6 nvy r ' ' ^1).

We must bear in mind that only a limited number of

strophic poems may be found in the second part of Isaiah

(chapters xl-lv), as we can only expect to meet with them in the poetical portions (xl. i-i ; xlii. I-4; xlvii; xlix.

I-7; 1. 4-I I; li-liii; and perhaps xlvi. I-4). The exuberant

declamations, which form the main bulk of that book, naturally furnish us with no instances.

1. Exodus xv. -I 7 (Perles in the WZKM., 1896, p. iIO).

12. The Song of Deborah (J. Q. R., X, p. 541).

It was only in 1896 that the real disposition of Exod. xv. I- 7 was discovered by Dr. Felix Perles, who expressly states that he did so under the influence of Miiller's theory. Three times what are known as 7ravaOopai occur in this poem (nrn p,r in ver. 6; ~lrz 'n in ver. I; nyp 8I in ver. i6). These crrTXoL with 'rwavaqopa always form the end of a strophe of five lines, each line consisting of two or three KWXa. At the conclusion of these three strophes we have an e7r8os. As the KcXAa alone are marked in the M. T. I shall simply adduce the limits of the o-TtXt.

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I. oaTporj; a-TtXOs I = ver. I (wtz r ' 'nWtK); 2 K&Xa 2 = ver. 2 3 3= vers. 3,4 3 4 = ver. 5 2

5 = ver. 6 2

II. arpofrp; arTXOS' I = ver. 7 2 K Xa

2 = ver. 8 3 3 = ver. 9 3 4 = ver. Io 2 5 = ver. It 3

III. rTpoo7; crTxos I = vers. 12, 13 3 KXAa

2 =ver. 14 2

3 = ver. 15 3 4=ver. 16a,b 2 5 =ver. 6 c,d 2

E7Tr8oS vers. 17, 18

After the men had finished singing we read that Miriam exhorted the Israelitish women to do likewise: '1)1 ne,

(ver. 21i yni = -fjpXEv). We must assume that the women

obeyed her request and sang the same hymn as the men. This point is important, as it throws light upon the first line of the song of Deborah (Judges v. 2). Just as the words 'm i tw stand outside the threefold metrical scheme in the n,, nmn, and form, as it were, the heading-so in the song of Deborah the words 'il nrl:nn y 1 ' likewise stand outside the rhythmic disposition of that hymn. We must assume that they were spoken by Deborah in order to exhort her chorus, and that they mean " Because the nobles in Israel took the lead (wore long locks?), because the

people offered itself freely-praise the Lord." Deborah's mr, inn corresponds to Miriam's ,n,nS rnw. In the one case the chorus answers nvw, ,mm mnr,n NK, in the other I1r111rIN5

1 We must, of course, write ni:5 and n:-nnr ; comp. rs5 and nrm,n5, Gen. iv. 23. At any rate the infinitives stand in a causal relation to in:a.

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Having no recourse to this analogy, I have made a grave error, when restoring the text of Judges v. 2 and v. 9 in

my article upon the song of Deborah (J. Q. R., X, p. 541 if.). In Judges v. 9 we must read rI,v ,pplnrn ?.5 " O ye choice of the vnppinn of Israel." is is the construct state as .3 Gen. xlix. I; it means "the choice of a thing," cf. Arab.

&J, and German "Herz" (Schiller, Tell, II, 2 "Ist auch die Zahl nicht voll, das Herz ist hier des ganzen Volks, die Besten sind zugegen").-The n,ppwnn were a representative body of all Israel, as is suggested by another most important passage, Deut. xxxiii. I2. @ has there orLt KEI. fEpia6r0 yaj apX6vdrrv rvvOyEPvrrwv alla rTparrnyoI Xa0ov, where ry- = y must be discarded, being an old and mistaken gloss to npl5n (ni.n); &aa is the translation of vn, cf. xxxiii. 5.

Ruben (3) ny 'K- -in r |.? I nDppmin npnn nW ,f 9Jt ny ,swn S.n.j pDa ppino np[n Dw ,

"For there is the assembly of the Q,pprnn, (there) gather together the heads of the nation." np[n = Arab. !l, which word, meaning originally " ring," is also used of an

assembly of men; just as is the German "Ring." Another passage that bears testimony to the existence

of this institution is Gen. xlix. 3, 4. It can hardly be denied that the words -nrn vi n_ tna ty inli nmr nnr form one (rnxos, and that by rntnn must be indicated, in what

point Reuben is not to have any prerogative, though he is the first by dignity and the first by power. Read P?pinn ("in the 'Bundesrath"') and compare Arabic ?La. "princeps," "dominus."

Compare also Deut. xxxiii. 5 where nKwir tz=w (= n'pplnn) are opposed to ny rwin, and Num. xxi. 17, i8 where we must read (partly following i):-

nKn 5p nnt, ,inw nn ~M-W -vSN tm

Dnmymw ppln: wy Nu nin 11 || ilw mnn :^^ i: i3n:nD 7K3o

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Taking these six passages together, I surmise that in ancient times the notables of all Israel (mr N:2, ny 'mi) were different from and opposed to the representatives of the tribal aristocracy (nmrin, nirppnn, n3 tn, nnwv, Dnlzni).

See also, with regard to the song of Deborah, the critical notes of Prof. Cheyne (J. Q. R., X, pp. 566-568) and James Kennedy (ibid., pp. 726, 727). The strophic arrangement of the poem will appear from the text, as I have

printed it, 1. c., p. 559. Other examples of rrpootiua are: Jer. x. I; Isa. xlix. i;

Amos i. 2; Ez. xiv. I2, 13; Jer. viii. 23(?). We must

probably combine them with the TrI'ot 0ovo0K(oX that

occasionally stand at the beginning of psalms (Pss. xxiii, c, cxxxii, cxxxix, cxlvi; see Kuenen's Einleitung, III, p. 33 of the German edition; Ps. cxxxii has rightly been claimed for the strophic theory by Zenner and Miller, see the latter's Stroplhenbau und Responsion, p. 7),

13. Deuteronomy xxxii (Perles, WZKM., 1896, p. 103).

With respect to this piece I refer my readers to Dr. Perles' treatment of the text. He has not, however, paid attention to the fact that the strophes are composed of cr(xot, not of K(Xa, an arrangement that comes out clearly even in two

places, where it is not apparent in the Massoretic text-if we avail ourselves of the LXX. We must write-

xxxii. I4, I5 Mnn nr153 2n Dv imnyl Itv 4

Snrvl arp) ;=14 :vn~n nnwn :a: nin nlvz n:g nZY 3w =V =2 l11 1ntD=

It is not difficult to see that vers. 15 ff., though they are written in parallel KcwXa in the Massoretic MSS., never show the corresponding KWAa in the same line. Everything is restored to its proper place, as soon as we make the above emendation and another one, which may be made in vers. 39, 40, also according to I:-

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N01MIM 41yri 101rimi 11V?m 4

~1 4v t iv

M~iY5 4:jat 'n 4n11"l1 Sl N= z VWl:= 1 'I fl vmtf DK

Write in ver. 5 Ontv i4n5 '5 nnv (those which he had made his children have behaved badly unto him;" and in ver. 42 IIlW-D 7KJ'ttp; ")V #:0 ' = V t: D %.

14. 2 Sam. i. 19-27 (Perles in the WZKM., ?896, p. IIa). With regard to ver. 19 (25) see J. Q. R., X, p. 552. It is

interesting to compare the Greek examples of a"iro KolVoV construction, brought together by von Wilamowitz (Eurip. ides, Heracles, II, IOI, 295); the same construction occurs in this poem in ver. 2?, where nzs~v belongs to the first as well as to the second KOXLov. rntnnn N1-' is a vocative parallel to yzh = n; the i of Nr"iv may be identical with Arabic m, nr'i is, of course, the name of a place.

In ver. 23 two words, parallel to rnrm m, have dropped out before ni-rnz (compare the LXX).

15. Isaiah i. 2-20 (Miiller I, 75; 2, I). In i. 7 discard the words bnt nznri-n 1 tnc'; hrri and nzn '

are clearly repetitions of the same words of this verse, and mmorin (nn.-i,n ~3) is a varia lectio for marv.

It is remarkable that the words no and ~i-nny at the end of the o-rpo4rn are repeated at the beginning of the avi-T- o7poqij; this is called by MUller concatenatio; compare Zeph. ii. 7, 1 0(1m1i4 rnm1r)? and Hab. iii. 13, 14 (V-I).

The words at the end of the speech (-imn orni 4n 4n) refer us back to its beginning (ver. 2 na-7 mrir Nn); this is called

by the same scholar inclusio; it occurs again in Isa. Ii. 9; iiM. IO (vn-); 2 Sam. i. 19, 27 (bl-11M irm '4m); and in a

In these two cases the end of the sentence is not at the end of a aTl'Xos but of a first 1CiWAov. Compare Judges v. io, ii; Hos. iv. 5, 6

(Critical Remarks, p. 5, note, read 'r'ti riY,ri); vii. ii, i2. In the last two passages and in Deut. xxxii. 39, 40 we notice the repetition of one word (vnin . . . mn'xi ; ,i'r . .. ,5rv; 'v).

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poem of a different class, Isa. xvi. 7, II (=iln[ 5['[ 4: and In,1 ' ' ' 3:mln yn; see my Critical Remarks, p. 3, note).

16. Jeremiah ix. I-2I (Miiller i, 88; 2, 27). This piece contains some later additions, vers. II-I5;

they have less poetical colour and a rather unpleasant didactic ring; but I have no doubt that they were inserted by Jeremiah himself; ver. ii refers clearly to vers. 9, Io. In the same way the sentence ~: .. . r, n was inserted by Jeremiah in viii. I9. These words, as they stand, interrupt the utterances of the voice that comes nmpnn yrn.

ix. i. nry 9); rnnm Cheyne. ix. 2. npw in'wp "as a bow of lies "; the n of nnwp is a

note of the construct state. It occurs in three other passages: Gen. xiv. 6 nsvw Dnnn; Isa. x. 5 rnyt D-3; Isa. xvi. I iD nrym I 1wl nsry nrty (cf. Jer. xlviii. 28).

In vers. 4, 5 discard llim (@: niymn t) which spoils the Qina-KcAov, and ,mnn ,. 'ln (@), which interrupt the connexion 'of nyn mn and -n itm. The words discarded belong together; they must be read innnn ninno in= In rpnn (cf. Hos. iv. 2 ry vnit: nmn,i) and must be connected with the end of ver. I, where ts'ea D6: is also a Hosean reminiscence (vii. 4).

In ver. 7, partly following the LXX, we write ,riWK stN ,~ ny nr n l p m, whilst fully admitting that 1s is obscure.

My restoration of vers. 16, 17, 21 does not, I think, call for any explanation.

ver. I8. 13:rN Cornill; 1:ln t m5ran @, Cornill.

17. Hosea vii.

I refer my readers to the restoration of the text as given in the Critical Remarks, pp. 13, 14, and take the opportunity of adding a few corrections.

In vii. 5 I read, following 3, nn,]4:n Wi 3. "they have enervated the strength of their wn,z; nl has this meaning in Ps. xxxii. 3, where we must write ?5: n?3 nM:mr (cf.

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Job xvi. 6), and in Micah vii. 4 in a o-ro'Xo, which I cannot wholly decipher:

MTrp= MI [riD3 -w]Nl 11| [9Zpi:rn3] b?Q^ n.w^Me

but it is clear that navnm and ~wNi (Wrll ?) are parallel, and consequently :it "strength " and tn are also parallel.

Instead of n,x rnw i Ivn write MtYM nmi-O. The verb means "they have made them fools (n..)"; the participle to which we must supply a word like '.rD refers to women, engaged in the inns in order to inebriate men-a class that has not yet died out in Germany. In this case they were fetched for political purposes into the banquet hall of the magnates.

In ver. 7 n[ nrm:n l:rnp must not be changed, cf. Ps. Iv. 22 'nI n:pl, where mnp is apparently a verb (meaning "to glow" 2). I cannot explain nmrw ; perhaps we must read onp:l1i instead of nnn 3 n:i.

vii. 9. As to nprt see Buhl's Dictionary. vii. i6. Write 5rb, not y:5 (and retain 5vy 5, xi. 7). 5V is

a popular abbreviation for 3:i in Phoenician, see Schroeder, Die Phoenizische Sprache, p. 130, note 9; pp. 324, 325.- Retain tyr, and compare Arabic ~2j "affirmavit, narravit (imprimis temere, cum ipse nesciret verumne esset annon)" Noldeke-Miiller, delectus, p. I6i a.

I can now prove that wnyn Yrn- belongs to chapter viii; our chapter ends with wy6it. This must be parallel to Dr,nv; the J therefore represents a

< and w, as usually, the sigla for n -. Having regard to the fact that : and y are sometimes interchanged , I now write without hesita- tion Dr,n:r. In the whole of the seventh chapter (and even in vers. 3, 4 which do not belong to it, but refer to the same time and facts) Hosea uses the plural nrD , cf. ver. 7 and vers. 3, 5, (. They seem to have been a kind of

Cf. Isa. xxi. 2 5 WI, '^ s @; Ps. civ. x2 D'Nr^s S, C: @( ; Isa. xvi. I WiD-) =- Jer. xlviii. 28 u]nw D'iP; Gen. xlix. 4 read ,nt, 31 nr (De Lagarde

;nrr); Isa. xliii. 14 read ?p nrv: , DI D Qn,m,:i; i Kings vii. 17 nD:: !, m: SV (bis).

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officials, who had to manage the diplomatic business; for n v nyt points back to ver. I iD W, m 1 l'p n,'z.

This chapter belongs to the Etbos Ue^Z ,LKodv; strophe and

antistrophe each consisting of nine oartot. The corresponsio of 1~w nnrz5 5: ver. 7, and nrro:n,, , ver. i6, is

apparent. 18. Micah ii. i-II.

With regard to the text of this very obscure utterance I still adhere to most of what I have said in my Critical

Remarks, pp. 20-22. But I can now restore vers. 5 and 10

to what undoubtedly was their original place. They are the beginning of the prophet's answer to his opponent.

In ver. 8 wny5t (3) is indeed a corruption of n,rrn; this having originally been miswritten wnyn, the i, which was intended to correct the second n crept in in the wrong

place (wnDn). In ver. 9 '.n' is perhaps the original reading; it certainly

refers to the women, and means something like "joyless, wretched "; the word may perhaps be explained from the Arabic.

The negatives (~a and tS) in ver. 6 show that wmn LN is intended for a wider circle of hearers who are requested by Micah's opponent not to weep (cf. ?); whilst :w NS and W , N must refer to Micah and his followers-for we are bound to infer from this verse (notice the plural Wat_) that Micah was actually accompanied by some followers, who

may have recited the ^v. nptan cannot be right: 1?t' =- baKpva ?-6 c, d is still very

obscure; possibly it originally ran-

Zpr nml lifns I nln5 x k5

mni, "this prattler" (i.e. Micah) is the subject; cf. Arab. -l;i "babbler." :r (XJ JD) may be connected with Arab. " expectorated," and would be parallel to wnl.

1 a is connected with a double accusative, cf. Josh. vii. 25 In :n'~l

;a bn-r,t h "This prattler shall not spout insults against the house of Jacob."

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In ver. 7 ..; '1n n p? is perfectly correct, as the corresponsio in ver. 11 shows. For there a word like DT has dropped out after .~; ,tw must be opposed to -w and parallel to

nrn and zt. The same word occurs in Hab. ii. 13 and Jer. Ii. 58, where it is written r/, and is parallel to pn; and in Isa. xxx. 4, 5 where we must write-

wsa n;. iv COonnnn II %li+ iW1 Ianl -'

The same word occurs perhaps in 2 Sam. xxiii. (6) 7: an: 1~', W" 1 l | inp,' ua s~ ,: (, :h @?, 'r 9) "And what they work for is vanity" (ms in ver. 6 seems to be a sub-

stantive). All the K^Xa of vers. 6 and 7 consist of three words, just

as those of Hab. iii. We must read ver. io b nrg nDTna I |nl mrnn t l :l; Snn

is used of the temple, Ezra vi. I2; $nm is a correction of Srnn. We are obliged to recognize that the : after nnm belongs to the following verb, and write accordingly -T1. in Hos. iv. 14 (cf. T).

19. Habakkuk ii (Miller I, I26; 2, 63). D. H. Miiller, who has enlisted this piece in favour of

his theory, has not seen that it is divided into orpo.fri, i&vrrrpofQr, and TiryodO; the end of the capoqp and the avn-

orpo'j being marked by the refrain 'lin nK 4 no; and a careful restitution of the text shows that both o-TpoP4 and avrrTTpoqlq have fifteen o-TXOL. It shows at the same time that some statements of modern criticism can no longer be upheld.

In the beginning of this chapter the Lord, asked by the

impatient prophet, tells him to wait and to hope: the crush-

ing of the hated "world-power," the ruin of which he

expects, would only be a matter of time. Then, after a 1 The words 1i rP1l ,i D f b are a varia lectio referring to ver. 6;

cmrnn is a proposed emendation of Prof. Cheyne, cf. J. Q. ?R., X, p. 572.

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rather obscure verse (ver. 4), there begins a song of the nations who are still oppressed by that world-power and who threaten it with its impending destruction. This

menacing poem contains in its latter part (ver. 9 ff.) some passages which are undoubtedly imitations of, or even loans from, older oracles; so ver. 12 is found already in Micah (iii. o); ver. 14 in Isaiah (xi. 9); ver. 20 in Zeph. (i. 7); whilst it is by no means certain how the identity of Jer. Ii. 58 and Hab. ii. 13 is to be explained; both passages reflect perhaps an old oracle, the author of which is unknown to us.

Having an eye upon these loans, scholars like Stade, Kuenen, Cornill, have pronounced vers. 9-20 of our chapter to be of very late origin, and deny their authorship to Habakkuk. But the "woes" (the i1n) hurled against the

world-power belong together, as Wellhausen has clearly perceived; he consequently thinks that with ver. 5 a new piece begins, which he believes to be distinct from what precedes. And Budde, that most acute student of O.T. literature, believes he has found the means to fill the gap that seems to intervene between vers. 4 and 5 1. There are some verses in the first chapter (vers. 5-i ) that refer to the overrunning of Western Asia by the Chaldaeans. These verses, as they now stand, seem to disturb the con- text of the first chapter. Budde inserts them after ii. 4, and so constructs what appears to be a very natural sequence of thoughts. The Lord says: Do not be afraid; that world-power--which, according to Budde, is the Assyrian empire-will soon be destroyed; the Chaldaeans will come and will perform this task. After that the nations will pour forth the song, which we read in ver. 5 (or rather ver. 6) ff.

It is certainly a very clever idea and worthy of the scholar who has put it forth. But quite apart from the strophic scheme, which would be annihilated by Budde's

1 See Theologische Studien und Kritiken, I893, p. 383 ff.; the Expositor, 1895. p. 372 ff.

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THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW 450

transposition of verses, it is our next duty to inquire if a gap really exists after ver. 4.

And in order to understand what the prophet says we must not despise the LXX.

Ver. 5 begins n:n s,n 9Ni. In my opinion nobody can pretend to explain what the words mn: ,rn mean in this connexion. Now the LXX translates o6 8 KaTroloJeIvos Kai KaTrapovrrir's: i. e. they read instead of p;n or pt1i a participle, the final t probably representing the particle 1: 1n.P. Considering the words that follow it is very probable that two participles of that kind were used here by Habakkuk; n qs meaning "how much more." But I cannot say how the letters ,n should be corrected, " and how much more he who robs and spoils 1."

If this explanation of mine be right, then in the preceding verse mention must have been made of somebody who has sinned likewise, if not so gravely, and who has already been punished. Now p,ni means in ver. 4 " Israel," as it does also in the first chapter. Somebody else is opposed to this pnxi, "who is still alive and who will live" (nrrn). This opponent of the pntv is referred to in the words Kt 13 Iwm) r,-i "he whose soul is not upright in him," which form a relative sentence. Instead of nbmpnn I write ?1 .n@w; @ "lo, I have humbled."

And now it is easy to see how sound is the sequence of thoughts from vers. 3 to 5. The Lord says, " Do not be

impatient, the time of judgment will come ;" then, in order to comfort the impatient prophet, he refers him to the fate that has already befallen another enemy of Israel: "Behold, I have humbled him whose soul is not upright in him, whilst Israel is still alive. How much more shall I crush him, &c." There is no gap; neither is there any possibility of inserting anything, whether we consider the question from the rhythmic or from the merely exegetical point of view. In all probability =u 1i:j nWn KN refers to Egypt, and 4nimwn to the battle of Carchemish.

1 " How much more will he be punished."




That there already existed at this time a prophecy of so

reproductive a character as this, is what we are to learn from this chapter.

There are some other corrections which are chiefly due to Wellhausen's ingenuity. In ver. 15 we must read ov l1t npmln mrr nI,n qon; n nym ; in ver. i6 DW^n; 5Tn. ;

in ver. 17 on and rw refer to things taken away by orn and wv, cf. Amos iii. IO (Critical Remarks, p. 15) and

designate the beams fetched by the Babylonian king from the Lebanon (see Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, 3, 2, pp. 14, 22), in order to form the roof of his palaces, and possibly "the prey of Egypt." Duhm is quite right in denying that nlinn has this meaning in Isa. xxx. 6, but the analogy of nln (Ezek. xxix. 3-an oracle, written, it seems to me, some sixteen years later than Hab. ii) is fully sufficient.- Both jon3 and irnn' must be taken literally.

The E7r&8o' seems to contain a last sin, but this is not

really the case. Scholars have transposed vers. 18 and I9 in order to put the sentence commencing with Nin at the

beginning of vers. 18-20, just as the other periods begin with this word. Yet no transposition is needed, but we must write instead of nK 'lin: nP'nK< "can one say."

20. Habakkuk iii. This piece has been written, as ver. 16 shows, and as may

be inferred by observation of the linguistic peculiarities, during the Babylonian captivity. It is retrospective to the destruction that had already partly befallen the op- pressors of the Jews (vers. 12-14), and anticipates a state of complete national happiness (vers. 8, 19). The agricultural distress of the country in which the author lives

(ver. 17), as well as the fatal historical events that have

just taken place (vers. 12-14), form a guarantee that the final destruction of Israel's enemy is impending (vers. 2 and 16).

The political events that have just occurred seem to have been accompanied by great natural phenomena (vers. 8-I I). These were understood by the author as the result of the

VOL. XI. I i

45I




Lord's starting-in anger and wrath-from his dwelling- place (vers. 3-7).

Nothing can prevent us from believing that the musical directions found in vers. i and i8 were originally attached to this song of encouragement.

According to Massoretic tradition there are flnfri after vers. 8 and 13. It may seem strange that we must separate mlm, ver. 13, from nwrv, ver. i2. But that this is possible may be inferred from Exod. xv. Io, i i, where rio': and nVZ: belong to different strophes.

Most of the KCiiXa consist of three words 1: the mTTLXoL 8(KwAot have nearly always six words; exceptions are found in ver. 17 and at the end of the two first strophes. Each

strophe has twelve (TT(Xol. ver. 2. "nnpr @ (KaTevo'?1la), W r1; @ ' 24 7rapEZva& rbv

iacpo'v- probably 3Wl Nb: - ought to replace the second ow riln, which, in accordance with i--n m=, must be read W~e 2NP (@J EV T6 E^ yyL'CEV 7a &i7q); irr~n R (n%rn @3) is parallel to rlpn; we must therefore write 1fll'I "thou hast made it known," the suffix refers to 15yn; nw and ny refer to rnv rivN of ver. i 6.

The beginning of the third OT7(CXov has been lost in 9?, but is partly preserved in @3 (Ev 7T4 rapaxOt3vat riv 7 jivy.iv liov); its original form may have been ItOm [flnI '?

ver. 4. i~ refers also to the first KCoXov ; in ov a substan- tive must be hidden ( "cloud"?).

ver. 6. viy is perhaps a corruption of -inbt which means in Assyrian "he saw"; nvvzn is a dialectic form instead of

In ver. 7 read nrjInj (cod. Barbarini O-eLtoG0hETjraL; Perles) instead of nmru; ryp instead of T1 's rvriw (wi Syrohexaplaris, 'IK-il Perles), cf. Isa. xxiv. i9.-I do not think that lilK is

Heliopolis, but a country near Sinai, the name ending with 1, just as ?i'1z, -Nvm, In4n, ;nmm; p,)N is probably a corruption of ry1 .-i- in ver. 6 belongs to riJrJ; gVEKEv ai"roi, cod. Barb.; the same MS. has a verb after n5v, d`XXowO?-

See Sinker, The Psalm of Habakku4k, p. iI.

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ovral: ' W or 'w, which seems to be the Hebrew word

underlying this translation, may be a mistaken reading for 3i.. I propose to restore the whole o-rtXos thus:-

[T] nnn i 11 [IIva n$Km] n n.

I can only understand vers. 8 and 91 by assuming that the prophet really witnessed a great inundation, which he describes as the work of the angry God. At the end of ver. 9 he still speaks of the waters, and we accordingly expect him to refer to the same subject at the beginning of this verse and at the end of ver. 8. 5 and ,y?wv may be synonyms for the ocean (,nrw =- i. j "the wide one"?).

In ver. 9 b we expect to find a weapon of the Lord

parallel to Inwp 9 a; it is probably the same as that mentioned in ver. 14 " mittu" (see below). irn and 'Inp are instrumental accusatives. I propose to write the first two KX)a of ver. 9: M nJn i tp n 1 I|v ,wp npn ins

,T.s is a loan-word (from the Assyrian edu, "mass of water," cf. Delitzsch, Assyrisches HWB., p. 22 b) with a suffix which refers back to ;Lpw; ,nny 9m , ny cod. Barb.

(wpo4efn).--' n "thou arouseth," is parallel to iDKn, which

may have a similar meaning (cf. Ps. xciv. 4; Isa. xli. 6) or otherwise must be changed into -itrn (cf. ver. I5, the Qal Ps. xlvi. 4).--nsZw is, I think, a dialectic form for nlyw " floods " (of water); see my note upon nap:, ver. 14.

If the rivers are the object of divine wrath, then they must be the grammatical object of Ypnn in ver. 9 c; and

,te is the instrumental accusative of some word signifying a weapon-just as nvwp and iDn. Perhaps we may combine it with the Arabic root ^s (" with the lightning ")2.

1 Especially the words 'a1 1[qnn ,'. 2 I once thought that the translation of 9b as offered by the codex

Barb. (eX6pTaoaas Bois8a is s apeTpav aov) might be helpful. But that recalls to my mind the case of a friend of mine, who made praiseworthy efforts to read the Danish newspapers. "The first line I usually understand perfectly; the second line appears fairly clear; at the third line I give it up." fXdp7aaas -= nwtn seems quite clear; BoWXias = mrnr may stand; but cfapirpas aov (= -nt) makes the whole task hopeless.

Ii 2

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In vers. 8 and 9 we see the direct effect of the Lord's

anger, as applied to the waters; in the next verses we have the indirect effect of his wrath upon the other parts of nature; ver. Io may appear superfluous when compared with ver. 6; but there the author has the mountains near Sinai in his mind, here he speaks more generally.

ver. iob is quite obscure. What we read in Ps. lxxvii. i8

(nry non nit) is based upon our text, but hardly its true emendation. In ver. Io d read m vilmn- nn "its waters raised a roaring "; nOn "to roar," see Delitzsch, Ass. HWB., p. 624 a; as to ediu, see my note upon ver. 9.

In ver. T I two words have dropped out before wnw; cod. Barb. iso TO' XalTrpov roV 7iXov erEreo-v (WnWv,i n tI2 'T ? cf. Jos. x. 12, 13).--1n1, though already read by the author of Ps. 77 (ver. 18), may be a corruption: i~nr? cf. Gen. xlix. 12; Delitzsch, Ass. HWB., p. 55, "they become obscure."

ver. 13. 'n is the usual word in Assyrian for the top of a house (Delitzsch, HWB., p. 606 b); it? is the sign of the

genitive, cf. nnrmn , in -m:, Nah. ii. o.- -m Cheyne, nIY ST ; there were, of course, no houses built upon rocky

ground in Babylonia; nms rr n'w nry is apparently a current Hebrew phrase and not to be taken too literally.

ver. I4. ltn. Ruben, r,n 9R.--na 1n Ruben, rny n @,, M,n^ 9M.- -nyn5n?' Ruben, bnDrl 9R. "Mittu" is the

weapon by which Marduk crushes the head of Tiamat, Creation-tablets, 4, 130; Delitzsch, HWB., p. 406 a . Then np3 cannot mean "to pierce," but must be identical with Arab. "i" "broke the head"; the same change of m and n seems to have taken place in ver. 9 b (nlrw) and

possibly in Nah. ii. 4, where I should perhaps have written DrNh?nPl (see PSBA. 20, 177).

vers. 12-14 probably refer to the same events as Isa. li. 13 prmn nnn nn orn i: Tnn Inamn.

ver. 15 has been transposed by von Gumpach and de

The influence of the Marduk-religion upon this chapter has already been traced by Gunkel, Sch6pfung und Chaos, pp. o02-o16.

454




Goeje before ver. 8. Very sensible from a logical point of view. But there is something even stronger than logic: the demands of poetical form. Ver. 15 corresponds accurately to ver. 8 d, e, and must therefore remain in its place; it ends the narrative of the " theophany" and of its physical and historical consequences.

And again, as in ver. 2, the poet looks forward to the future.

In ver. 16 write i: instead of '6?, and connect it with siP; b5: is perhaps a non-contracted infinitive derived from ~ "to fall" (Exod. xv. io) and refers to the fall of the yr", ver. 13. trnm refers to both KcXAa.---nlw, rn' Wellhausen (Sinker), nws :ns r 9 .--n!t differs in pronun- ciation, but not in meaning, from S:..-That 3's reading ,nw1 (9JN rw) is right, is proved by 3's rnan (accinctorum meorum). ,nUn ny designates the people, among whom I am a ha. That is decisive for the date of the poem.

ver. 17. The mischievous joy, which the author betrays at the agricultural distress of Babylonia, shows that his fellow patriots were not occupied in the tilling of the soil- and had not obeyed, as far as the "gardens " are concerned, Jeremiah's injunction, xxix. .

21. Zephaniah ii (Miiller i, 120; 2, 65). ver. 2. -n;y ybn ,rnn ' ?3, Wellhausen.

m, Zny ry pnnr 9N. Discard 2 c with Wellhausen. ver. 3. Pcx a_m t?. -S Ruben.

In ver. 5 half a KWAov has dropped out after =Dry; these words may have been 1p:c's 4n ,rm ; see my note upon ver. 7.--l'vt: Ruben, lr3 T1 @i; the "land of the Philis-

tines," includes the inhabitants. In ver. 6 discard ; -,n bn (Wellh.) and write with @

(Wellh.) nib nn., if nn. be not simply a double of nm. ver. 7. Dn,n n ( , n,n Wellhausen, Dnir 9)N .--Instead

of n=n read ,n- .%3, the former rules of Ascalon; cf. i Sam. xxxi. 3, where we must discard nvin, and write '3r nW,K

455




nn nao inrl nwp.---n Ruben, :ny 9J, cf. Isa. xxi. 13.- After ptn1N add with 13 inn, :zn ,=no.

The words nl'ns and nw in vers. 7 and 9 hardly permit us to pronounce the verses in which they occur as spurious. Since Isaiah, every prophet had to reckon with the fact that only part of the nation would survive. Seeing, however, how closely the end of ver. 7 and the beginning of ver. io are connected, it is doubtful whether vers. 8-io are genuine. The poet, who inserted them, used the same

rhythmic and strophic form as Zephaniah; just as a modern

poet would do. In ver. ii instead of nnr: @ has nnml (Nowack); this

word seems also to underly the letters Kn:. I therefore propose to write nDon, nnrr nnri.

In ver. 12 we read in nna the name of some Cushite god or dignitary; at any rate, it is a construct state connected with w'v1. But, how is it possible that Zephaniah, who

apparently speaks here of Egypt, used the word n'3--at the time of Psammetichus ?

ver. 14. Nowack ingeniously guesses that -rW: is a corruption of lw='; then we need not change ilp into D13. SJ's -Inn must be corrected into nn, cf. @.

Buhl has rightly discarded the words mny nprn ,f as a double of what follows. We ought, however, to write nrI? in ver. i5, in accordance with that dittography.

22. Zechariah ix. 9-x. 1.

Zech. ix. 9-x. T form one poem. x. I is connected with ix. 17, as both refer to agricultural subjects; x. 2 points to the following verse (nrnn . , Drnn) and may be the addition of a redactor, who wanted to join x. i with x. 3.

vers. 9, I , 12 interrupt the poem, as a close examination of these two lines-which are utterly corrupt, but not, as I think, beyond the hope of restoration-will show:-

12 a 9N mpnn oDK lr:5- my1W Ruben nm!p n,otr p .1Y 5 Nw

456




~1 ,nw is comparable to 1 'IS, 1[ nm:; as to np = Cilicia, see Winckler, Alttestamrentliche Untersuchungen, p. 173;

.Q. R., X, p. 543. ver. II must originally have stood after ver. 12, as we

see by the employment of Dn. A local name must, of course, be hidden in 'njn= uQn, very probably the name of a place where Jews lived. For it is to them that the author addresses his tidings, not to the natives of the

country with the waterless cisterns; they did not require to be informed of a thing which they were naturally the first to perceive. Since I know how often final ' and n have been interchanged , I have no doubt that we must read lnnmr t. See upon this place Neubauer, Geographie du Talmud, p. 349; Z.D.M.G., XXXIX, io (de Goeje); Zeitschriftfilr Assyriologie, XIII, 123 (Frinkel). That its name occurs in the Talmud with final N is, of course, of no

consequence. The restoration of 12b is very doubtful. ?'s 1n4'-

(n:tn 9) is apparently the right reading, and as this word, when meaning 7rapolKecria, is always preceded by a sub- stantive in the construct state, I venture to write D; nC? znr nw, nzwn .Ti.: (cf. n'mn y Hab. iii. 16 ().

[Wn]5 Z41VK M:WV w '411D [ny nr?] 11 nlp nip n'P 1D p' 1VW 12

,13 D tK m1nD T 'OO Ds nn5w nn^n 1Di nK Da XI

These laboured verses interrupt the light, winged lines that precede and follow it. The same applies to the words tl T:3 i; in ver. 13. They destroy the parallelism of members and must be discarded. But it is clear that they as well as vers. I and i2 were written at the time of the Hellenic rule. Historians, I hope, will one day inform us of the accurate date and circumstances under which they were written.

The following are a few examples: 2 Ki. xix. 26 ]np n:5L Wellhausen, n':p 'c5 ; Isa. xiv. o20 ]n Ruben, nnr (M, cDN D ; Ezek. xxiii. 41 -7%, Ruben, ;nn-5 W; ibid. xxiii. 43 1'is Ruben, nrs DW; Nah. iii. 7 n5 (M, 1r, ; ibid. iii. 9 rrrmua (, Inmira RI.

457




Besides, who are the ySp z3 in ver. 15? ver. 13. Tnnrl 9 l, Dn01wl Ruben. ver. 15. '... Ruben, Dt23 Cheyne, l:nlI 9)-: : Well-

hausen, m'13 9)3; DnT (Alex, Klosterrmann, nin sM; nrlr nrit pm3t are three corrupt readings for one word; pt3_ (cf. Amos vi. 6, pnn3 (, ,p ?t1 9N). After pnon a word has

dropped out parallel to nni (nn?. ?). ver. 16. ny1 Ruben, 1N3= 9D; '3nK Wellhausen, '3K ' 9Rt;

%tnns1 Ruben, minn' @; as to "erimmatu," "necklace"

(synonymous with "abu abni!"), see Delitzsch, Assyr. HWB., p. I34 b; compare also Prof. Cheyne's recent remarks upon 'n ,n3s, J. Q. R., X, pp. 581, 582.

ver. I7. See J. Q. R., X, pp. 550, 552. x. i. ISNt Ruben, INw s9; wpipl nv, (9, 9R omits nrm;

on5 Ruben, Dn& 9). There are three strophes, each consisting of six (rrTXol. I cannot solve the question when this pericope in its

original form was written, but I hope I have contributed a little to its solution, by showing that the t1 n3 have no connexion with the original text, and that it is fiom an

explanation of Nnp ~: that we must look for help.

23. Nahum iii (Miiller I, 125; 2, 62).

In ver. i 9pt, which has generally the signification "prey," means probably the act of tearing, the crime of violence. The words Pl,t wn sN remind us of Ps. lv. 8 nmnnn rn Kt notnI rin, and we accordingly miss in our passage some such word as nli:P..-In the beginning of ver. 3 still exists a variant reading of the words nIn pni, where the words 4yn ro n defy any sensible explanation. They are apparently a marginal note. The word underlying the readings wn~ and pnD is probably ynn; this root meaning in Assyrian "to lie," see Delitzsch, IIWB., p. 544b. "Woe, O town of blood; it is all falsehood, and full of lies; violence departeth not from her midst."

458




ver. 7. mT @, q* V. ver. 8. .n ' ;i,n @, unrr n, n 9)3. In ver. 9 a word has perhaps dropped out after ,n;t,

parallel to viY?, " Cush was her strength and Egypt her might."

But the chief obstacle against the right understanding of this chapter lies in ver. 15. Everything is clear until 3nn, the words :rn-nw forming a Qina-KcXov. Then the text runs on nn:3 ,nnnn piS r nnn p,n 'qzn. All these words occur either in the beginning of our verse (1n:=n) or in vers. I6 and 17 (p~3' and nnns:), with the exception of %3nn and ,n=:nn; and what is generally offered as the translation of these words has not very much in common with Nahum's sublime style. Let us at once assume that these words do not really constitute a sentence. They are merely marginal notes intended to correct the readings of the text proper, or sometimes perhaps they were used to preserve clearly those words of the text, the writing of which was in danger of vanishing. But how about tnn:n and In:nn 2

ver. i6 b is usually translated "the caterpillar casts off its skin and flies away." Is it not striking that the comparison used in ver. 16 takes the wind out of the sails of the comparison employed in ver. 17 c, d? In a word, our translation of ver. 16b is utterly wrong: n:nn p?,: and n3nn, p,3n point out the real beginning of the sentence, which reads -unlm P. j3. Then qnPIr Dw must contain two substantives, which form the subject of the sentence and are parallel to ..?i, just as nrnnm pS, is parallel to *' 'n,=n DVwn ,:' n1n. If we now bear in mind how many Assyrian words have been used by Nahum in the second chapter , we shall not be astonished if something of the same kind underlies the letters r'1l UtVw. I think Nahum said:

.W't w.w.-_- , "the name of a calling, more especially it seems, a class of magicians or priests entrusted with

anointing and the fabrication of anointments," Delitzsch, 1 See PSBA., XX, p. 182.

459




HWB., p. 550 b. With regard to 9q., comp. the Assyrian daipu (from the root qwl), which means a "conjurer" (cf. Hebrew Ws), Delitzsch, HWB., p. 247 a "anointers and conjurers have increased like the cankerworm."

In ver. 17 we must read with Wellhausen 4:a instead of ^l1 1=uz, and T'.'?I: instead of J'=.?. (nnm @), "mindidu ... der das Messen (von Getreide ...) besorgt und iiberwacht," Delitzsch, HWB., p. 393 b.

Whoever is a little acquainted with Babylonian and

Assyrian life, will appreciate the truth of Nahum's saying. The different classes of Assyrian population are compared with locusts, &c., because of their multitude and because of the suddenness of their future disappearance; no word of their faithlessness or their foreign origin is mentioned.

This poem exhibits a strikingly symmetrical construction. Where we have three Kiha in the -rpoo', there are also three in the avrTLtCrpor1: and where we have two in the O-rpoo4, there we have two in the avrTLTpoiq. And at the end of both couplets of orpoqr and avrt-rpoOq an E7rTbos of three KwAa follows. It is worth noticing that the second

chapter of Nahum also consists of o-vrXo of two KXha and others of three. But they follow one another without an

apparent principle (see PSBA., XX, 183, i84). Colonel Billerbeck, the learned and keen-sighted student

of Assyrian fortresses, and more especially of the military aspects of the book of Nahum, has tried to show-upon tactical grounds-that some verses of chapter iii must be

transposed so as to form part of the second. We shall

perceive how very improbable this transposition appears after having seen that every line and every K&Aho of the third chapter has its fixed place in the plan of the whole poem.

24. Jeremiah xlvi. 3-I2 (Miiller i, 105; 2, 32). This song of Jeremiah was composed soon after Pharaoh

Necho's defeat at Carchemish-in, or soon after, 604; it had already attracted Prof. Miller's attention.

460




We observe that Jeremiah applies here the very same scheme which had been used by Nahum in the second part of his third chapter. But Jeremiah omitted the CtSo'q, and added, what is wanted in Nahum's piece, the charm of verbal corresponsio. There can be no doubt that Jeremiah imitates Nahum intentionally, a remark which

applies both to Nahum's second and third chapter. Jeremiah says -ni t6 Nah. ii. 9 man 1'j

3=n, 1.im,nnr Nah. ii. 5 Zfnl TiInnt

'l:pp Q'n Nah. iii. 5 1" ,1 . L"1.

But one thing is perhaps most remarkable of all. Jere- miah's nnn ,n,n reflects beyond doubt what we read in Nah. ii. 9 D4: ,-nim. Now I am firmly convinced of what I have tried to prove in the PSBA., XX, 181, that the word ,nrm in Nahum is a corruption. If this corruption was already read and imitated by Jeremiah, then we cannot

help thinking that the corruptions which we now find in Nahum's oracles originated very soon after they were

published. Another passage where we notice the same fact may be

found in Jer. vi. 61 np1: py ,n: p,min #1,) ,in, where we must read pra instead of -p& (Giesebrecht). Jeremiah

undoubtedly quotes Nahum (iii. i) and applies his words to Jerusalem; but already found the corrupt reading p?a instead of Fp.- n:p: pwy is a reflex of qu v,wN si nnlpn.

These twenty-four cases of symmetrical corresponding strophes belong together; it would be absurd to say that

they are more or less due to chance, that Hebrew poets and prophets always used to link together their lines so as to form strophes, were sometimes seized by a sudden desire for symmetry, and that to these caprices we owe our twenty-four cases. No, they represent a fixed form,

1 I am indebted to Prof. Cheyne for having directed my attention to these words.

46I




that was handed down from the earliest times of Hebrew literature to the very latest; from the days of Deborah-

say, about 1250 B. c.-to those of the second Isaiah-say, 540 B. C., during a space of some 700 years.

What is the origin of this form ? D. H. Miiller thinks he has found traces of it in Arabic as well as Assyrian literature; he goes on to assert that this form was originally common to all the nations of the Semitic stock; that this kind of song, indigenous to Semitic soil and originally intended for choric performance, was carried by the inevitable Phoenicians to Greece and there developed into what we now call the strophic poetry of Pindar and

Aeschylos, &c. Now with regard to the Arabic examples collected by

Miiller from the Qoran, I am perhaps not an efficient judge; but I must own I cannot believe in them. With regard to the Assyrian, there seem to occur frequently in the Creation-tablets strophes of eight lines; a division which the poet could easily invent at any time in order to dispose his materials more closely, and which does not point to a general Semitic tradition. And there are a few other

poems, published by Mr. Strong (PSBA., XVII, I39; XX, 154 if.), which have strophes of an equal number of lines. Neither they nor the Creation-tablets show any sure proofs of symmetric corresponsio. But it is just possible that verbal corresponsio occurs in two examples quoted by Miiller (i, i8, I9; Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, II, p. 78, 186-I90: III, 2, p. 44, 38-52).

On the other hand, it cannot be denied that there is a close analogy between the Hebrew poems which I have just enumerated, and the Greek choral songs. To sum up the points of analogy:-

I. In both cases we find strophes and antistrophes con- taining the same number of lines.

2. In both we find the verbal corresponsio. 3. The third point is the existence of the rywo0, which

462




occurs in nine cases out of twenty-four, and the Iao,bO's, which occurs in two cases (Hos. viii. Io; Isa. li. 21-23).

4. In three cases--Exod. xv, Judges v, Mic. ii-there cannot be any doubt that they were partly sung or spoken by a chorus.

But here we must stop. The ideas of classical scholars- as far as I am aware-are not at all settled with regard to the origin of the eLbos rpLatKodv. There is a tradition that it was invented by Stesichoros, and another, that it was

originally connected with sacred dances. Both these statements have been vigorously attacked by Otto Crusius in the Commentationes Philologae in honour of Ribbeck. We had better not set foot on such slippery ground.

The question is not, how could the Greeks get these forms from the Semites?-for we are not at all sure that these forms were common to the whole stock-but rather, can it be strictly proved that the Greeks got it from the Israelites? It must be directly proved. For everybody who appreciates as gratefully as he ought the inexhaustible wealth of the Hellenic mind, will shrink from rashly assuming that they needed for their art much outside help. But even supposing that they did, that would mean little.

They have inspired these forms with the divine music of their metre; they have turned the use of these forms to the celebration of noble physical exertion and strength; and they have, inspired by Dionysos, created out of these forms their drama, that incarnation of types and events of the ancient local sagas on the higher level of the Attic stage.

Leaving such reflections,'I confine myself to the remark that if the conclusion cannot be avoided that the Greeks are somehow indebted to the Israelites for these forms, the transmission probably took place in the seventh century, and that the north-east of Egypt and Corinth may show us the course taken from Palestine to Attica.

The examples at our disposal may be divided in different

ways. For division is necessarily the beginning of historical arrangement.

463




In thirteen pieces two strophes have always the same number of lines (2 Sam. i; Amos vii; Hos. vii; Isa. i; xlvii; xlix. 1-7; li. i-8; li. 9-lii. 10; liii; Jer. xlvi; Mic. ii; Nah. iii; Hab. ii).

In nine pieces three strophes have always the same number of lines (Judges v; Exod. xv; Deut. xxxii; Jer. ix, x; Zeph. ii; Mic. iii; Hab. iii; Zech. ix). This class includes the most ancient poems.

In two pieces, it seems, four strophes have always the same number of lines (Amos i; Ezek. xiv).

Then there are poems consisting only of Qina-KSXa (three poems: Zeph. ii; Isa. xlvii; li. 9 sqq ); secondly, such which have no Qina-KOAa (eleven poems: Judges v; Exod. xv; Deut. xxxii; 2 Sam. i; Isa. li. i-8; liii; Ezek. xiv; Amos i; vii(?); Hos. vii; Hab. iii)-to this class the most ancient

pieces apparently belong. Thirdly, the genus mixtunn, where both Qina-KiXAa and common K&Xa are used (Isa. i, xlix; Jer. ix, x, xlvi; Mic. ii, iii; Hab. ii; Nah. iii; Zech. ix).

The oldest example of the genus mixtum is Isa. i; of the

pure Qina-strophes, Zeph. ii. The three poems that belong to the latter class are closely connected with one another.

Zephaniah's words (ii. 15) oDDQ n~b l1n rDjrn nt5 nv,n bny have been repeated in Isa. xlvii. 8; and Isa. xlvii and li. 9 ff. are "pendants "; comp. xlvii. 2 ' Intn 45 with lii. i Inimnn *N-n wnz.

What then was, as far as we can see, the original form of Hebrew strophic poetry ? Three strophes of equal length introduced by a line from the mouth of the leader (the Cfapxwv or the kcapxovcaa) and ended by an Erbos'--the strophes with occasional verbal corresponsio and without any Qina-KcAa.

PAUL RUBEN.

464



STROPHIC FORMS IN THE BIBLE 465

THE TEXTS.

4. Micah iii.

NKvW1 nP || PM 'WKn K: tsDw :^K1 Yn 'r1i,K M KD NK W O||: Y fDlK n l n z D3 K%n

DninP?v in on Divi |nfl? Tl 4 DtnhY Sr nwVI II1 nn75'? nng 15K In=& DiTniyy nKI 11 Dy -VW ''* WKi

nnSp Tn3 n133 11 jD3 iS


5. Jeremiah x. I-I6.

S .~tX nNS I =^.y mn1wn n nD ww 1I m n,I nD n rIw

nW n 5y an n D nT II l| ? r, i m nno . inn n, n ^II innn s nK orw nin:n

InI nn Dnl n ym nlpn 6: 1nSv^3 wnn n,N wyn 11 InI n,3n sy m'

p9a K1 I n|iptnF nunprr^ nnoDrn 11 ina tn ns DD 1,ny K K1zt KWl Nm || w nn Kin 1 | IInn nwpI n~nn

Dn1 pnn ? OW Ml Iv nn| 1585 &6 Inri n- tOn

ntoilnW3 ni | noln 11 Ircxns ngy nnc


6. Isaiah xlvii.

5K TTs WlUp | 1DW nlM3^ ,11; W5KJ nw'' ~rn:1 I lrn: i N b wr

Dvnn nn3 I 3 ri &6n K ' nD n-n' | I 1n5 nrin Ng Dinby Nmp IT'3 wnti I Nfn3m tn^n N4 I Nnoyp

iNw 1Y nm1nn ipt 'y | rnm DnK? now Nv -* Vl I mnm, nSlS o nKni

.nn?In&N niar 3S 1, | 5y nS5 nnw Kt

fJ l tw K np'n I nynn rnnnm

In31w e '2 nI | nyI Dnn3n

fly '4DoK1 N'K | lh lnn^nl

nnnwcy pn Hi | ny~3n 1y K

Dna^w WK | W p3 )Nn m n,

,nnS nD * I tQw3 nK Ni5y na3: n3wS C1K | rnhn nnm i^

:111I n p J 'N I l|'nD m l 1 , I'

olrr=3 14 I wn 1n31S W'K

533 n3 nzn3 I nao Sy *:r 1-

nDIw:3 n3 | KD3 p'K prt Nwv mwl n3 i 1| ur?p '3oDln bS 1nnK S, i nnip ,ntLi D rIn wnp nnm n3^; I piw Sz S( w 4 n

nrn nmv n n I lnny v:n imK ynaK SI1 I | np< p

ntoS n3wn I nmny nnrt Nyn nnp1 11t 4D9K1 4K I nn31:S ,nnK,

lEMy 1:3 bKnI I Ipn1K1 3tw

ouKn r'n nny3, 1 'Ipa w n3

i1n 3 :13 n 1 I Iniynn Kw 7i3v 584y1, SD '1n $51K I n1wo1g nyr -itwt

lInyy 3n3 | [nNtA5] ryn 91sC bNn n3in | l'lywml KJ unmy

^&


7. Isaiah li. 9, Io, I7-23; lii. I, 2, 7-10.

3TV 'V15 I |t1' "W5 'niy rnt?n nFT bwmn | InmKn n:: NwVS

6mnN fl | D nT V 1 l r-i- %b 7r' n^I^ ws | nep mbvD gnn

Iw na miT 1 1| TtKI 4DImn nnnbnn

vzwn 5 r: I | innI 'v r11 nN

mijg nv 1 p I 1v 3 rn?i rn

____-_ n_n_ I r lya ' r *Vl n5tvin 1 bW I InKy tbm) S. :

til)^n 53 N$ I inp pn-t nm nmno ivn 1^51n$ nrii nt | ri 'D9K 53 i til

bDnk nnn I tip wn3 tnlyg

t}n nSinD I 3rn nranon K& nK KSn Dn Dlnn D I D n nnDn Kn hK Kin

D^1KZ `nn | iI Dw ' p f' nPlna

Io^ n Ip |I +nmn nnynn innn Di3 nK | nrn I a nFnw nws nw nnr I nSmvnn 3i ny3p ns

m,l D:: 531 I nS S,ID p

S m1' n I ninp n;n m6nn

3n6ynn If, n I Nn,n wTn n 'r.r nmn S nnvoIn | In nnn DID n3al

^n sS I3n I| nms nK K nyw p^

m[1^ 8n3] 1 Tnl 13 nj ,nn

'n:31S pnl I | Yp3 vv^nl

468




8. Isaiah li. I-5, 6-8, I.

IZSTN J-j ~1m'1 mNfl II "3 v t ' m q54* ) 1 IL"W" 104nv vint) 11 btr NjYI -w Y irp

M,.1r r"'4 1 c IN 11 I 1iv r'ir r it aa .v 61v5l nnncn

innn 5K wortim vl m3 ntin ittnNn ~N of Dfl~VTnZw II 'i f6zNKNf l

DW"11t Th311 'Nn II m r 5. Thp`flf

ivv 'p3' II p-i 'aQn lynb; m^aa T1^ n'p || I in3n D K D a1n

nnp ,nn : n n3n II t1| rIn m s ',in

'lnnrt ip' nn II n| Kts ' nnnD trwm

nnn pn SK in ' m 1i Dn:,y DnDW INW nVn rnK ?rKni |1 in5z Iipwr Di. .

'in t3D tp D13 n^i *nnn KS Fnpwi 11 n^nn D^^5 snyg

14. z Samuel i. I9-27.

$n wm 3y mnw |rn11 rinS n% Tir K t nr

S p: n mna rl m1n 11 v n II m mlmwn In n,~5ynn' nml nmyn l~ |T n,K 3 |u: nSnKtyn ia np m.n "r. a3In'5 nun 5:I : 5D 5|1 yt n. 'n

InV n1WD S!3 )KW to 11| nD4ta plO 5y) DE N3

Wn1nJ 3Snn DwSSn b7t

Dpn 3wn NS K l 3 nni 11 nr iK r1oD N5 ;inrn nwp

NnNwgni wznworn InmimsN SImw

n,Ds KS nIDnn |I nnrn3 * * * NK

Mnn = '

m wK nsP ni'33 nzvlWS Sg 1kt 4k -yn 11 In NTy tvW b33w.S5,

K7D 1f nn^ 1|1 IWr1iN 4nt Ty tL :s nwlv nin&


15. Isaiah i. 2-20.

'?3 iWO ,11 1 4n^ |" ni5 Nn-n x |11 nxi r1w I |:3 rbtK,Ntll pW i^vW ptrnn 5 'K | T' Ks 5sM || 145n3 Dm3 s nml I l[m|p :v 't

tl 13 ny I Nun Nl ,in ns lt Ir I 5smr WTp ns Kxs 11i w, n1s l tK I nnnwno nD: nD,- grt

nImK 3n45r Drtu n:3 vnnU I1 WV nmrv na ni I 1Ynn nrs I,n I 3 i|Wpo3 roi .d 3 n3 ,D3 II |1 pv n3 nnrrl

' U3Dt ,nDpi nn^ |,DD i^mn 0103 8mR 1| n nln | nnw3 ,nw 55

In* - y Dy I U, n:n n niusn !I JNi D n np i nln' ni3min s

owinDo 35n I 'N iK n 5lw %nvw II mno nsv I nn DYnt nh 5 Di nnDD n tiK DI DD 0Wv31 DKna bl

nyn Orn | 3rTD n&t vp3 D 11 | nwl1 IM3n :3 N5 m'v i,nsln n3inp I t nw n 3n Nsmn insD1n KN

,nYYI 11i $:1K iS 11 K:pO K:p n3^ wrn NV) Nn^IN I nnU5 15y rn \\ 1a1 nKMt D3 '?NpI n=wnn

wov .::K I nSmn unn .z m 11 D33 ':' nSyVs I n.3Dm n3znv31 s:sNy l7nD I 3S-y 3sn n on l 11 o r%tn un I Ir~ nu u3n w n

,nO DSKi3n I mni 12t rpn nwN 11 Dzt= iwv- I z3sn rm5 yin Sn

1rjUs :DK' 1 nrn3^ KZ 1: 1, -0DY3 | ySin3 1DF8K' OK1 [| 1zn$ 3S3 I DW3 D *Kt3On' 1W 0^ 53Kn 31nn | Dnni tK iz rnmn DD I |3 nyD uSn oK

'3 nwn ,, ' '

47?




16. Jeremiah ix. I-Io, I6-2I.

ttnO r5Kl | NOV nrK rlwPy || 'wriK jiti | I a 'tnt in nvnD3 nnI3 | 7n1 I n I*n ln || vn.1 nmIg I nasKwn 6z %

rpK na' sr mm K| 1I bb ' nEp | n_w n& zr ,,mn' hK | IV &1 snKi || IKI ,y SK n3n" !

3nnn b n K n z p nvwi I yn Vn t S,r sr' yin S11 11 fpr llpy nmK Sg I

1nnr bS nnoi |11 innI i ngryn s1 < Mr nbs;1 snK nyt 1:KD 11I || 13^ I \pe mpg nalwS QI 1 n

nmK3 n,n -IDK ,: p5 ny na nny I -ni nrip [1II] 141 nnfnl Qsnx z

InN QNV 1n1P11 _n l,np St m5vw irMi II In ,ninD I bnlw Dnivw n < 33 Dpznn KS I ,it nws 5zn bK II || n' D{3 |1 03 Ip^K &1 niS 3^y

nw'p 4mnn nw3f SYi || wl ti 3 KtW Dnn;n gy

i3:n rnt I|; l I nVn n btDWn %ynO t zWn* (rn I nnDl ;nK? n?nl, 'l nIn 11 n'n ti n I | S'S n5ml ni tnn

,l V1zy n^rnl I nrrrrnm micni 11 innS nrinn S I mn)pn5 iNnp sDD 1Sr iv apl 11 npo1 Uzi vv in)nn

< i3nz3i?o U:Sw, | lyK r:nt a tNKD 13W 1z3 || Irr K | t1' ?W yl o 4m Sp t*

I1t "I. D3zM3M npn || m11 i1, :nU ny W yn ,

nriv; nis ni w || vi arnm nn nmz1no Dinnn I pwnm ro n |n|iN 11 winnOtK | vlnh2 niD n r;y s

omDz r&1i1 Y1Pir \n nD IlOm: 11 0i',l 4= 5v 1 |o-iz tirwn nS= ,|a50m

47I




17. Hosea vii.

mS Ts nnma ll ln:5s ons^ 'i'

cn^^ IvVD "fD^ 13 11 DT'W DsYn W:m 1Q S Dn^ ll 1:$ 1W lKonp; n nn'

DN-3^tz y nD1 n1S^y ,FUpX'Y SWDn~ :'D'K || bUK b'DW, 1ps

n' lywD s: otS nw (| r^ln i^tv : ,9 **K

n'?ntp s5; %n!1 ,nD,n || 0 i^BK ''K Dr^D 'DK lpyt 1 n n

:nnlns wnsnr ~yl :Sa 1 olUt Ss $s$FFr * 11.n nwp ,1S nnV1, 14 MnED IwaSr n:wSnyt 1~1 i.nnw 42n SesiD

5iMnV5 SAenz 11 4nY nnw :3r3

1pB St yo tnw nyml || 03K ;iy nSiJn1

wo: Dnnv l nx| 3 mnw^ Sm =n DnQ 5 11 |SnnoFS r13D ,nn

p"n nnn CDt li nn| D1n1 D I [mnma]3 -mnn uinp z II : nlmyi nnszn rnin t 3 w: : 81,1 np3llD n ^ rh^n ', 1Saj an,1S S3 || ,Diwa^ nK WK < n$:i

|| :'iK Dn3 M p D"K 5i3nD K1, m'on 03 f

sdn " S mmnl 11 inn ?ent I ?3 n^p3 Ki | l Dln| 1?i lint -3N' M

m .n15 SK1W 1m58 t6l j,, ,,lpn KS1 || tZ,l,5R *N}, i 1nW UM '1

472




18. Micah H. i.i-iI.

bnnrm S .y rn s5y n| i pW rin l DtbU 5KL r ' || lwY lnpl n v1KM

l

474 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

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Article Contentsp. 431p. 432p. 433p. 434p. 435p. 436p. 437p. 438p. 439p. 440p. 441p. 442p. 443p. 444p. 445p. 446p. 447p. 448p. 449p. 450p. 451p. 452p. 453p. 454p. 455p. 456p. 457p. 458p. 459p. 460p. 461p. 462p. 463p. 464p. 465p. 466p. 467p. 468p. 469p. 470p. 471p. 472p. 473p. 474p. 475p. 476p. 477p. 478p. 479

Issue Table of ContentsThe Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Apr., 1899), pp. 355-532Pseudo-Josephus, Joseph ben Gorion [pp. 355 - 364]Yerameel ben Shelomoh [pp. 364 - 386]Jews and Modern Thought [pp. 387 - 399]Biblical Studies [pp. 400 - 407]PoetryTo the Glory of Jerusalem. The Holy City [p. 408]The Fast of Tebeth [pp. 409 - 410]

The Jew in English Poetry and Drama [pp. 411 - 430]Strophic Forms in the Bible [pp. 431 - 479]An Introduction to the Arabic Literature of the Jews. I (Continued) [pp. 480 - 489]Critical NoticesProfessor Freudenthal's "Spinoza" [pp. 490 - 495]Professor Robertson on the Psalms [pp. 495 - 504]Notes on Prof. Jastrow's Edition of Hayy [pp. 504 - 514]A New Commentary on the Five Megilloth [pp. 514 - 519]Mr. Burkitt's "Aquila" [pp. 520 - 525]

NotesMalachi II. 11; Psalm LXIX. 5 [p. 526]Spanish Exiles at Constantinople [pp. 526 - 529]Some Observations on Job XI. 6 [pp. 529 - 532]Megillath Zutta: Note on "J. Q. R.," VIII, 541 sqq., and IX, 721 [p. 532]

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Strophic Forms in the Bible