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1
Strip Tillage for Corn: New Developments for Successful Adoption
Tony J. Vyn,with assistance from farmers, graduate
students, technicians, and colleagues
Indiana Tillage Data, 1990-2003
24
60 5956
36
2122
21192216
60
38
4855
343433
2925 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990 1993 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003
CornSoybeanAll Crops
(percent of total cropland for specific crop in a no-till system)
Source: Purdue University-Transect Data
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
2
2002 Indiana Cropland Tillage MapPercent of all Corn Fields planted using No-till
2002 Indiana Average is 21%
<
No data available
> 60%
Source: Purdue University-Transect Data
So What is Problem?
Planting Date?
Nutrient Availability?
Pests?
Yields?
Maturity?
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
3
Poor Stand Establishment?
Corn Response to Tillage and Rotation
West Lafayette, IN, (1975-2003)
188714698173No-till
999167103182Ridge*
897164100177Chisel
5- - -169- - -176Plow
%% of plow yield
Bu/ac% of plow yield
Bu/ac
Yield Gain for Rotation
Continuous CornCorn/SoybeanTillage
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
4
Corn Yields Following Soybeans, Chisel Vs. No-till,
West Lafayette, IN, 1975-2003.
50
100
150
200
250
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Bus
hels
/acr
e
Chisel
No-till
5 per. Mov. Avg.(Chisel)
5 per. Mov. Avg.(No-till)
Population densities of Soy. Cyst Nematode Population densities of Soy. Cyst Nematode under different crop sequences and tillageunder different crop sequences and tillage
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
5
Long-term Tillage Effects on Soil Organic Matter (1975-2003, West Lafayette, IN)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30 - 40"
20 - 30"
12 to 20"
6 to 12"
2 to 6"
0 to 2"
No-tillPlow
Soil
Dep
th (i
n)
Organic Matter (%)
Long-term Tillage Effects on Soil Available P & Exchangeable K with Broadcast Application(Soybean-Corn Rotation, 1975-2003, West Lafayette, IN)
0 100 200 300 400 500
12-20"
6 to 12"
2 to 6"
0 to 2"
No-tillPlow
Soil Depth
Soil K (ppm)
0 50 100 150 200
12 - 20"
6 to 12"
2 to 6"
0 to 2"
No-tillPlow
Soil P (ppm)
Soil Depth
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
6
Going Deeper??
Strip Tillage for Corn
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
7
Fall Strip-till Option?
What are we after?
Yields(relative to no-till; stability)Planting Timeliness
(pre-plant soil conditions)Fertilizer Placement Efficiencies(systems approach)
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
8
Berm Heights in Spring after Successful Strip Tillage
Soil Drying Pattern (0-6”) after Wheat (ON, 1999)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Moldboard
Strip-till 12"
Strip-till 6"
No-till
April 27 May 1 May 4
Wheat
Moi
stur
e (%
)
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
9
Strip-till versus No-till Corn after Wheat (Belmont, ON)
153 149 149142148
80
100
120
140
160
180
Moldboard Chisel Fall Disk Strip-till No-Till (baled)
Tillage Effects on Corn Yield After Wheat
Centralia and Wyoming, ON (1994-96)
Yie
ld (b
u/ac
)
153 148 149 149 142
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
10
Wheat Residue Effect on No-till Corn Yields
80
100
120
140
160
180
Fall Strip-till
No-till (not baled)
No-till (baled)
No-till(bare)
Fall Strip-tillNo-till (not baled)No-till (baled)No-till (bare)
149135
142 149
Centralia & Wyoming (1994-96)Y
ield
(bu/
ac)
Opoku, Vyn & Swanton (Agron. J. 89:549)
50
75
100
125
150
Plow Chisel Strip-till No-Till
Tillage Effects on Corn Yields After Soybean (Hooker, Avg. of Alvinston and Fingal, ON, 1994-96)
Source: Dave Hooker, 2000
Yie
ld (b
u/ac
))
127 120 127 120
a b a b
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
11
Fall Strip-till 8” depth
DMI 2500with Mole Knife
Fall Strip-till 12-14” depth
John Deere 955 Deep Ripper
Rolling Basket
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
12
Accumulated Soil GDD Pre-Planting 1999-2001, IN
0
10
20
30
40
50
Fall Moldboard Strip-till 13" Strip-till 8" No-till w/ RowCleaners
Soil
GD
D abaa
b
1999 Soil Penetrometer ResistanceAverage Soil Moisture = 25%
Penetrometer Resistance (MPa)
0 1 2 3 4
Dep
th (c
m)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
Fall MoldboardFall Disk OnlyStrip-till 35cmStrip-till 20cmNo-till
LSD (.05)
NSNS
NS
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
13
2000 Soil Penetrometer ResistanceAverage Soil Moisture = 36%
Penetrometer Resistance (MPa)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Dep
th (c
m)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
Fall MoldboardFall Disk OnlyStrip-till 35cmStrip-till 20cmNo-till
LSD (.05)
NSNSNSNS
Lsmeans covariate from 8-20cm depth.
Corn yields in Indiana following soybeans in Indiana (1999-2001)
197 185 185 186
020406080
100120140160180200220240
Moldboard Strip-till 13" Strip-till 8" No-till
Moldboard Strip-till 13" Strip-till 8" No-till
Yie
ld (
bu/a
c )
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
14
Photo Credit: Greg Stewart
Strip Tillage for Corn after Corn?
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
15
Strip Tillage for Corn in N. Indiana, Loam (2001-03)
193180
196
177
192
169
100
125
150
175
200
225
Soybean Corn
Fall ChiselStrip-tillNo-till
Yie
ld (b
u./a
c)
Previous Crop
a a b
Planting Date Effects in Indiana, 2003
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
Early Optimum? Early Optimum?
Strip-TillNo-TillChisel
W. Lafayette Pinney-PAC
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
16
Recent Strip Tillage Options
1. Automatic Guidance Systems for Planting Ease
2. Berm Building Alternatives (disk, rolling basket)
3. Residue Clearance options
4. Fertilizer Banding Options
Strip Tillage with Fertilizer Banding
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
17
High Yield Corn Response to Placement
Hybrids: 1. Pioneer 34B242. Pioneer 34M95
Populations: 1. 32,0002. 42,000
P&K Fertilizer Placements: 1. Control
2. Broadcast3. Shallow Band (6”)4. Deep Band (12”)5. Shallow + Deep (6” and 12”)
Sponsor: PPI-FAR 2001-2003
Note: P2O5 rate was 88 pounds/acre, and K2O rate was 115 pounds/acreAll plots received a uniform 2 x 2” starter of 14 – 28 – 14 (N,P,K).
Strip Tillage with Nutrient Bandingin Small-plot Research
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
18
Fertility Placement and Corn Leaf Area(LAI) for Pion. 34B24 from 2001-2003
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
32,000 ppa 42,000 ppa
ControlBroadcastBand 6"Band 12"Band 6+12LA
I (m
3 /m3 )
Placement Effects of P plus K on Leaf K %for Pion. 34M95 in 2003
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
32,000 42,000
ControlBroadcastBand 6"Band 12"Band 6" & 12"
Plants/acre
K %
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
19
Corn Yield Response of Pion. 34M95 to Alternate P plus K Placements in 2003
120130140150160170180190200210220
32,000 ppa 42,000 ppa
ControlBroadcastBand 6"Band 12"Band 6+12C
orn
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
aab ab ab
Corn Yield Response to Fertility Placement, West Lafayette, IN, (2001-2003). (Mean of 2 hybrids and 2 populations)
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
2001 2002 2003
Control
Broadcast
Band 6"
Band 12"
Band 6" and 12"
bab ab a a
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
B
A A A A
“CONTROL”Soil-test P (0-4”): 15 25 30
(4-8”): 15 15 21Soil-test K (0-4”): 94 143 161
(4-8”): 107 101 110
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
20
Six inch Band Placement Effects on Strip-till Corn Yield (mean of 2 hybrids, 2001-2004)
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
2001 2002 2003 2004
Control
Broadcast P & K
Band P & K
Band P
Band K
b
a a
b
Soil-test P (0-4”): 15 95 30 116(4-8”): 15 73 25 104
Soil-test K (0-4”): 151 139 232 129(4-8”): 71 115 125 104
Yiel
d (b
ushe
ls/a
cre)
a AB B B B
Conclusions
1. No-till corn adoption lower than for soybean; reservations on increased adoption similar in most Mid-west farming areas.
2. Technology changes have improved success rate of No-till and Strip-till.
3. Strip tillage permits increased planting flexibility and opportunity for fertility placement.
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
21
Conclusions (continued):
Fall strip-till provides warmer and drier soil conditions, relative to undisturbed no-till, in the spring before planting. These improved conditions may allow 2-3 days earlier planting in comparison to no-till.
Fall strip-till resulted in lower penetrometer resistance in comparison to no-till at certain depth intervals.
Deeper depths of fall strip tillage resulted in a yield advantage when no-till yields were below conventional-till yields.
Conclusions (continued):
Deep banding of K increased plant K uptake through the R-1 stage (especially at high populations), but did not generally increase final corn yields, relative to broadcast K fertilizer, in our high yield trials at ACRE.
Deep-banded K may still be more beneficial than broadcast K with certain corn hybrids, and certain environments (e.g. high corn plant populations, and highly stratified soils with moisture deficits during June-July).
Relative corn yield advantages for deep banding versus broadcast K may be more likely when no starter fertilizer K is applied, and when total K application rates are lower than those we used. Does deep banding improve efficiency?
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University
22
Thanks!
[email protected] page: //www.agry.purdue.edu/staffbio/vyn
Acknowledgements
Case-NH (DMI) Goodfield, IL John Deere (Columbus, OH and Des Moines, IA)Pioneer Hi-Bred International Ltd.Remlinger (Kalida, OH)Purdue Research FoundationPotash and Phosphate InstituteFoundation for Agronomic ResearchOCPA, OMAFRA, AAFC.
Proceedings of Indiana Crop Adviser Conference 2004
© Purdue University