Stress, Homeostasis and Adaptation

7/30/2019 Stress, Homeostasis and Adaptation

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- It refers to the consequence of the

failure of an organism human or animal,to respond appropriately to emotional orphysical threats, whether actual or imagined.

STRESSORS -- The events that provoke stress


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1. RESPONSE-BASED (Selye)- a non-specific response of the body.

* General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

parasympathetic -- decrease responsesympathetic -- increase response

*Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)- inflammatory response- physiological response

( katawan mismo ang magrereact)


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2. STIMULUS-BASED

- a life-change, a disturbing or disruptivecharacteristics w/in the environment.

3. TRANSACTION-BASED

- different events have different meaningsto other people.

- Views the stressor as an individual perceptualresponse rooted in psychological and cognitive

process.

- events have different meanings toINDIVIDUALS.


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4. ADAPTATION MODEL

- an anxiety provoking stimuli- elicits EMOTIONAL response- people experience anxiety and

INCREASED STRESS when they areunprepared to cope w/ stressful

situations.


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1. EXTRINSIC or EXTERNAL STRESSORS

- originate from OUTSIDE of the person

Example: hot room temp., quarrel,death in the family

2. INTRINSIC or INTERNAL STRESSORS

- originate WITHIN a personExample: cancer, feelings of depression,

guilt


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3. DEVELOPMENTAL STRESSORS

- occur at predictable times throughout apersons life.

Example: achieving independence,

choosing a career,getting married

4. SITUATIONAL STRESSORS

- are unpredictable and may occur atANY TIME.

Example: death of a family member,

marriage or divorce


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Fabric of DAILY LIFE

Is NOT a nervous energy

Man tends to adapt to STRESSstress = elicits diff. EMOTIONS

NOT ALWAYS something to be avoided

(eustress + stress, protects HEALTH)

does not always leads to DISTRESSor damaging stress.


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A single stress DOES NOT cause a disease

Stress may lead to ANOTHER stress

A stress, whenever prolonged or intensemay lead to exhaustion (sobrang

pagkapagod)


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Nature and intensity of a stressor

Perception of the stressor

Duration of exposure to stressor

Number of stressors experienced at a time

Previous experience w/ a stressor

AGE

Support people


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- tendency of the body to MAINTAINa STATE of BALANCE or equilibriumwhile constantly changing


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1. PHYSIOLOGIC (body)

- internal environment of the body is

stable and constant.

2. PSYCHOLOGIC (mind)

- refers to emotional, psychological,mental balance or state of well-being.


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1. SELF-REGULATORY (comes automatically)

2. COMPENSATORY (counterbalancing)

- A force or influence equally counteractinganother.

- A weight that acts to balance another; acounterpoise or counterweight.

3. Regulated by FEEDBACK mechanism

4. Require several feedback mechanisms to

connect the physiological imbalance


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1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- sympathetic and parasympathetic

2. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- pituitary gland, thyroid gland,pancreas, and adrenal gland

3. Plus organ systems such as respiratory,cardiovascular, GI, and renal.


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- the adjustments that people makein different situations.


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a. PHYSIOLOGIC

- General Adaptation Syndrome

and Local Adaptation Syndrome- compensatory physical changes

b. PSYCHOLOGIC

- a change in attitudes or behavior


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c.SOCIOCULTURAL

- involves changes in the persons behaviorin accordance with the norms, conventions and

belief groups.

d. TECHNOLOGICAL

- involves the use of modern technology.


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1. Are attempts to MAINTAIN homeostasis

2. Is a WHOLE body or TOTAL organism response

3. Has LIMITS

4. Requires TIME

5. Vary from person to person

6. May be inadequate or excessive

7. It can be egocentric (self-centered) and tiring


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STAGES:- ALARM- RESISTANCE- EXHAUSTION


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1. ALARM- awareness of the stressor

- increase VITAL SIGNS

- mobilization ofdefenses

- decrease BODY RESISTANCE

- increase HORMONE LEVEL


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2. RESISTANCE- repel stressor

- because the body begins to adapt

- normalization of hormone levels

- normalization of VITAL SIGNS

- increase in BODY resistance


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3. EXHAUSTION

- decrease ENERGY LEVEL

- breakdown in feedback mechanisms

- organ or tissue damaged

- decrease physiological function

- exaggerated manifestations of illness


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1. SAMR(Sympathoadreno-medullary response)

(FIGHT or FLIGHT)

Sympathetic Adrenal MedullaNervous System (epinephrine/norepinephrine)

INCREASE in Physiological Activities


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Increase mental alertness

Dilated pupils (wide)

Dryness of the mouth; thirst

Tachycardia; increase cardiac output

Bronchodilation; hyperventilation Peripheral vasoconstriction; increase BP

Pallor (pamumutla), cold clammy skin,

diaphoresis (excessive sweating)


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Hyperglycemia (increase blood sugar), due toglycogenolysis (proteins), and glyconeogenesis(fats)

Decrease peristalsis (distinctive pattern ofsmooth muscle contractions that propelsfoodstuffs distally through the esophagus andintestines; constipation or flatus (fart)

Decrease secretion and insulinand pancreatic enzymes

Urinary output decreases

Muscle tension increase ready for defenses


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- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

STAGES:

1. VASCULAR STAGE

vasoconstriction - kipotvasodilation - luwagwarmth - calorredness - ruborcapillary permeability swelling tumorpain - dolor

* temporary loss of function


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2. CELLULAR STAGE

- margination- diapedesis

- emigration- chemostaxis

3. EXUDATIVE STAGE

- serous (plasma)- sanguinous (blood)- purulent (pus)


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4. REPARATIVE STAGE

- Regeneration - Scar Formation

* Primary Healing- after 3 days maghihilom- no complications after surgery

* Secondary Healing- gagaling pero matagal pa

* Tertiary Intervention

Dehiscence - tinahian, biglang umubo,

bumuka ang tahiEvisceration - tinahian, biglang umubo,

bumuka ang tahi, lumabas paang laman-loob

- intentional DELAY

- road closure


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increase WBC - bacterial infection (bacteria)decrease WBC viral infection (virus)

Leukocytes - increase number of WBC FEVER Lymphadenopathy

- accumulation of fluids in thelymphatic vessel

Body Malaise- pananakit ng kasu-kasuhan

Anorexia

- loss of appetite


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1. NECROSIS - death of tissue2. HYPERTROPHY - increase in cell size3. HYPERPLASIA - increase in cell number4. METAPLASIA - replacement of 1 mature

cell w/ another mature cell,

the new cell is not onenormally seen in the area.


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1. Promote REST

2. Reduce swelling

- elevate affected part to promote

venous return

- heat and cold application (15 mins.)

- COLD = during its 24 hours- Heat appl. = after 24 hours

* Rebound Phenomenon- beyond 15 mins. of HOT and COLD appl.

warm constrictioncold dilation (nagiging baliktad)


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3. Relieve PAIN

4. Adequate HYDRATION

- increase excretion of microorganisms

5. Adequate NUTRITION- hi-caloric, hi-CHON,w/ Vit. A and C rich foods

6. DRUGS- analgesics/antipyretic- anti-inflammatory- antimicrobials

7. SURGERY- incision and drainage

* to remove inflammatory exudateand promote healing

- debridement* to remove necrotic tissue (scrape)

EXAMPLE: PIGSA


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Stress, Homeostasis and Adaptation