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8/3/2019 Stress and Rhythm
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STRESS & RHYTHM
8/3/2019 Stress and Rhythm
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Sound Features
Segmental
vs.
Suprasegmental
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Segmental Features vowels and consonants
single speech sound segment
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Suprasegmental Features
stress, rhythm, & intonation
more than a single segment:
a syllable, a complete word/
phrase, whole sentences, or
more
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STRESS
emphasis/focus which is put
on particular segment , i.e.syllable, word
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There are four phonetic
variables as indicators of stress:
intensity
pitch variation
vowel quality
vowel duration
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Intensity
the greater breath and muscular
energy related with stressed syllables
perceived as ´loudnessµ
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Pitch variation
highness/lowness of the tone
the most important single factor in determining stress
(higher pitch tends to beassociated with stronger
stress)
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Vowel quality
whether a vowel is central orperipheral
Stressed peripheral
Unstressed central
e.g. present (n) - /·preznt/
present (v) - /pr¶zent/
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In English, the peripheral vowel in the
unstressed syllable is actually replacedby another phoneme, i.e. / /, /I/, //, or
even a syllabic consonant.
e.g. attention / ¶tenn/
excitable /ik¶saitbl/
The kind of effect is called ´vowel
reductionµ
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Vowel duration
whether the vowel is long or short
longer is stressed syllable
shorter in unstressed syllable
e.g. sarcasm /·s:kæzm/
sarcastic /s·kæ:stik/
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WORD STRESS the strongest stress primary stress [']
less strong stress secondary stress [']
unstressed unmarked
e.g. ,cate'gorical
,eccen¶tricity
'goal,keeper
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In certain languages, stress always fall
on a syllable in a particular position in
the word. language invariable stress
e.g.
- stress on the first syllable: Czech,
Slovak
- stress on the penultimate (last but
one): Italian, Polish, Welsh
- word-final stress: Farsi
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In English and some other languages
(e.g. German, Dutch, Danish, etc.),stress not only can occur at any point
in the word but fixed for each
individual word.
lexically designated stress
stress is of great importance for the
phonetic structure of the word.
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Characteristics of stressed and unstressed
syllables:
indicators stressed unstressed
1. intensity articulation with greater
breath/muscular effort
Less breath/muscular effort
Perceived as having less
loudness
2. pitch marked change in pitch Syllables tend to follow the pitch
trend set by the previousstressed syllable
3. vowel
quality
- may contain any vowel
(except //)
- vowels have clear
(peripheral) quality
- glides have clearly
defined second element
- generally have central vowels /
/, /I/, // or syllabic consonants
- vowels may have centralized
quality
- glides tend to lose second
element
4. vowel
duration
vowels have full length Vowels are considerably shorter
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Word stress guidelines
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Words consisting of two or three
syllables Rough guide: primary stress on the first
syllable
e.g. 'culture
'Hesitant
'motivate
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Longer words
Rough guide: there is a tendency for the
antepenultimate syllable to have primary
stress, i.e. the last but two
E.g. credi'bility Com'municate
methodo'logical
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Prefix words
Rough guide: in shorter words beginning witha prefix, the primary stress typically falls on
the syllable following the prefix
e.g. inter¶ference, in¶tend, ex¶pose, con¶nect,
un¶veil
Exception: a large number of nouns, e.g.¶output, ¶interlude, ¶congress, ¶absence
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Numerous verbs with prefixes are
distinguished from nouns by stress switch stress.
The noun generally has stress on theprefix, while the verb has stress on the
syllable following the prefix.
e.g. in¶sert (v) ¶insert (n)
up¶date (v) ¶update (n)
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Word endings
Certain word endings may act as stressattractors, falling in 2 groups:
1. stress on ending itself ade (n), -ain (v), -ee (n), -eer, -esque
(adj/n), esce (v), -ess (v), -ette (n), ique
(n/adj, -oon, -self/selves
e.g. pa¶rade, ab¶stain, interview¶ee,
engi¶neer, gro¶tesque, etc.
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2. Stress on syllable preceding ending
-ative, itive, -cient, -ciency, eous, -ety, -
ian, -ial, -ic, -ical, -ident, -inal, -ion, -ital, -
itous, -itude, ity, -ive, -ual, ular, -uous, -
wards
e.g. al¶ternative, ¶positive, ¶ancient,
de¶ficiency, ou'trageous, pro¶priety, etc.
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STRESS IN ENGLISH COMPUNDS
1. Initial element stress main stress on the
first part of the compound
e.g. ¶apple pie, ¶office boy, 'Russian class
2. Final element stress main stress on the last
element of the compound
e.g. apple ¶pie, office ¶desk, Russian ¶salad
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Stress guideline for compounds
1. Word shape
written as one word have IES,
written as two or with hyphen can be
either IES or FES2. The manufacturer rules
the compound includes a material
used in its manufacture, then FESapplies
e.g. apple ¶pie a pie made of apple
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Compare with non-manufactured items use IES
e.g. ¶apple tree, ¶paper clip, 'diamondcutter
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2. Location rule
describes the strong tendency for a
compound to take FES if location is in
some way involved.
a. FES applies if the first element is the
name of a country, region or town
e.g. Turkish de¶light, Bermuda ¶shorts
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b. The vast majority of place-names,
geographical features, etc. have FES.This includes:
- regions, towns, suburbs, districts,
natural features Botany ¶Bay- bridges, tunnels, parks, public
buildings, and sport clubs
Manchester ¶United
- All street names, except street itself
Fifth ¶Avenue
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c. Parts of a building tends to have FES
e.g. back ¶door, bedroom ¶window,
office ¶chair
exception: compound with rooms are
IES ¶living room, ¶study room (but front ¶room)
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d. FES applies where positioning of anysort is involved
e.g. left ¶wing, Middle ¶Ages, upper¶class, bottom ¶line
Time location also tends to FES
morning ¶star, afternoon ¶tea, March
¶sale, summer ¶holiday.
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Other stress patterns
3. IES applies to compounds includingthe names of academic subjects,
skills, etc. ¶ technical college,
¶French teacher
4. Nouns formed from the verb +
particle take IES ¶ make-up, ¶come-
back, ¶look-out
But have changed recently
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5. Nouns ending in ²er, or ²ing+particle take
FES hanger-¶on, passer-¶by, washing-¶up
6. Compounds formed from ²ing+noun are of
two types:
- IES applies where an activity is aided bythe object ¶sewing machine, ¶running
shoes, ¶washing machine
- FES applies where a compound suggest a
characteristic of the object, with no idea of aiding an activity leading ¶article, running
¶water, sliding ¶scale
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Sentence stressMany potential stresses of word stress are lost
in connected speech (i.e. sentence stress).
The general pattern is that words which are
likely to lose stress completely are words whichconvey relatively little information. The words
are important for the structure of the sentence,
i.e. function words (articles, auxiliary verbs,
verb be, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions).
The content words (nouns, main verbs,
adjectives, most adverbs), which carry a high
information load, are normally stressed.
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For example:
I have µheard that µJack and µJane µspent their µholidays in Ja¶maica.
F F C F C F C C F C F C
(C= content word, F= function word)
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There are certain exceptions to the general
pattern:
1. Two sets of function words frequently received
stress:
a. wh-words where these form questions, e.g.
where, why, how
b. demonstratives, e.g. this, that, those, these.
These particular function words normally receive
stress when they indicate a contrast. See point 2.
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2. Function words normally receive stress
when they indicate a contrast:
I said I gave 'her a kiss, not 'him.
3. Prepositions are frequently stressedwhere a contrast is stated or implied:
X: Would you cal yourself a jazz lover?Y: Actually, I know very little a'bout jazz.
I prefer classical music.
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It is noteworthy that repeated lexical items
are not generally stressed:
´There have been 'traffic jams in 'Dagenham
and 'areas 'close to Dagenham.µ
A similar effect can be heard in items which
are direct equivalents:
Are you ' fond of 'chocolate then?
'Given the 'chance, I will 'eat 'tons of the
stuff.
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4. At a more rapid tempo, the number of
unstressed syllables will increase, andmore lexical words will be unstressed,
e.g.
I have µheard that µJack and µJane µspent their µholidays in Ja¶maica.
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Stress and Rhythm
Sentence stress is the basis of rhythm in English. Stressed
syllables tend to occur at roughly
equal intervals of time. This isbecause the unstressed syllables
between give the impression of
being compressed if there aremany and expanded if there are
few syllables.
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Notice how the stressed syllables give
the impression of coming at regularinterval; if we pronounce the words in
regular singsong manner.
baners
___ .
' Alastair 'claimed he was 'selling the 'company.
__ . . ___ . . ___ . . ___ . .