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Page 1: strengthening Capacity To Combat Drought And … · Strengthening Capacity to Combat Drought and Famine in the Horn of Africa: ... Local Women abstracting water from a new hand pump

Strengthening Capacity to Combat Drought and Famine in the Horn of Africa:

Tapping Groundwater Resources for Emergency Water Supply

Overview and Background

UNESCO, on behalf of Kenya’s Ministry of Water and Irrigation, is currently conducting an advanced survey of hydrogeological resources of northern and central Turkana County. The survey set off in June 2012 and is set to be finalized by the end of March 2013 when all the deliverables will be officially handed over to the Government of Kenya. A contribution to the Kenya Vision 2030 pilot initiatives, the study is assessing the natural groundwater endowment of the Northwest Kenya with the aim of establishing a new scientific basis for which to address water scarcity in the semi-arid region.

 

The  survey  aims  to contribute  to  efforts  geared towards  combating  climate change in Kenya’s ASAL areas by identifying  emergency  and sustainable  water  supplies  and  delivering  measures  to  mitigate  against  long‐term drought  and  famine.  This  identification  will  enable  the  government,  NGOs  and communities to pursue groundwater development within a regime of aquifer knowledge and sighting precision, enormously  reducing on  financial  loses  that have characterized past borehole drilling activities  in the area.  In the face of dwindling and scarce surface water  resources  for man and  livestock  in  this pastoralist  system,  the water  resources identified through this activity will in the long term contribute to boosting the resilience 

Local Women abstracting water from a new hand pump

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and  adaptive  capacity  of  these  communities  while  providing  a  sustainable  basis  for groundwater development during emergencies. 

The  study  has  mapped groundwater,  geology,  soils  as well  as water  recharge  for  an  area  of  36,000 km2,  including strategic and  important development  zones  such  as  Lodwar, the  Kakuma  Refugee  Camp, Lokichogio,  Lokitaung,  Lake  Turkana, and  other  uncharted  areas  of  the region. 

 

Progress to date 

The  study has  so  far generated preliminary new precise maps of both  shallow water (0‐80m) and deep aquifers (down to 1,500m) in order to identify zones with good potential  to  support  a  variety  of  development  imperatives.  Radar  Technologies International  (RTI),  UNESCO’s  global  partner  in  groundwater  exploration,  is implementing  the  survey  with  the  WATEX  System™,  a  powerful  technology  that combines remote sensing technologies and conventional methods to achieve a precise groundwater  vision.  Additional  products  at  this  preliminary  stage  include  a  driller’s handbook, GIS database and GENS systems, which have been delivered.  

In  the month  of  December  2012,  UNESCO  organized  a  3‐day  training  course where  a  special  seven‐member  team was  constituted.  This  team  comprises  technical groundwater  staff  from  the  Ministry  of  Water  and  Irrigation,  Water  Resources Management Authority (WRMA), District Water Offices and local NGOs. The group was trained on how to utilize the GENS ‐‐ a device specifically designed to enable precise air and on‐ground navigation for borehole site selection. This team is now able to proceed to work with  relevant  institutions  and  organizations  in  finding water  for  emergency supply and long‐term development within the survey area. 

UNESCO team explaining the advanced hydrogeological maps at the Turkana County Commissioner’s office

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To  complement efforts  that  increase  community  resilience  to droughts,  it was strategic to support national and regional platforms to enhance their capacity in climate prediction and drought  forecasting and monitoring. Seasonal climate  forecasting  is an important  issue  in  the  Greater  Horn  of  Africa  Region,  where  severe  droughts  have 

become more pronounced. The  IPCC  has  forecasted severe  and  frequent drought  in coming years  in this  region,  which experienced  its  worst drought and  famine  in  the years  2010‐2011,  and where  prediction  tools could  have  provided 

information  relevant  to avoiding  and  mitigating 

against  its  impacts.  UNESCO  has  worked  with  the  IGAD‐Climate  Prediction  and Applications Centre (CPAC) to install the new Africa Drought Monitor (ADM) for GHA in collaboration with Princeton University, USA. UNESCO has supported the  improvement of  the  technical  capacity  of ICPAC  to  enable  local manipulation,  management and  customization  by supporting  an  officer  to undergo  further  advanced training  on  the  tool  at Princeton University. The ADM generates  models  that  help improve capacity  in prediction, a key priority of meteorological policy in the region. 

The GRIDMAP Coordinator lending a hand to the locals in abstracting water

Local women abstracting water from an old well

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In  addition  to  above activities,  the  capacity  building component  of  the  project  is supporting  varied  studies, assessments  and  capacity  building technical workshops and seminars in Ethiopia,  Kenya  and  Somalia.  These encompass undertaking assessments to  understand  the  vulnerability  of groundwater aquifers to the impacts of  climate  change; management  of aquifer  recharge  and  artificial recharge  techniques;  review  of 

capacities  for  drought  mitigation and planning; development of policy elements  for  groundwater  use  in emergency  situations; development of  draft  plans  for  groundwater monitoring  and  early warning;  and development  of  actionable strategies for drought management, with  specific  consideration  of vulnerabilities,  opportunities  and potentials  for  adaptation,  with particular  reference  to strengthening  the  role of women  and local communities. 

UNESCO also had an opportunity to present the survey’s preliminary results and related  tools  to  senior  officials  of  the Ministry  of Water  and  Irrigation  and  also to  local  stakeholders  in  the  Turkana Region.  At  the  national  level,  a  technical scientific  committee has been established under the 

UNESCO staff showing the ‘GENs Team’ where the water is on the WATEX image in the GENS - ©UNESCO

Analysing a unique rock for structural inference of the underlain formation, geological study, Turkana- ©UNESCO

The UNESCO team at a monumental site during the geological field studies, Turkana ‐ ©UNESCO 

Chemical acid testing of old volcanic rock formation -©UNESCO

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leadership  of  the Director  of Water Resources,  to  review,  endorse  and develop  recommendations  on  the outcomes  of  the  overall  Turkana survey. 

In  the  first  three months  of 2013, the project will commence the publication and dissemination of the various  outputs,  in  addition  to finalizing  the  detailed  assessment and  analysis  of  the  Turkana  Survey 

and delivering the results to the Government of Kenya in a planned winding up seminar. 

  Discussing an identified high potential groundwater site at St. Patrick’s Centre, Lokitaung, Turkana- ©UNESCO

 

 

 

Navigating high potential groundwater sites using the Groundwater Exploration Navigation System (GENs) - ©UNESCO