Strategies to Build Integrity

The Military Perspective

Jacqueline Davies

Building Integrity UK Director

© Crown Copyright

Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20182

UK Anti-Corruption Strategy published Dec 2017

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/667221/6_3323_Anti-Corruption_Strategy_WEB.pdf

“The damaging influence of

corruption cannot be stopped

overnight. A sustained, shared

effort however, as set out in this

strategy, will help to build a

fairer, safer society in the United

Kingdom, and will safeguard our

long-term prosperity.”

The Rt Hon Amber Rudd MP

Home Secretary

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20183

Funded by MOD and CSSF

Live since Oct 2013

• Over 1,600 participants

• 80+ countries

Main areas:

• Education and Training

• Capacity Building

• Doctrine and Research

• JDP05

• Policy and Collaboration - UK

XGovt working

• UK AC Summit

• Joint Anti-Corruption Unit

• UK AC Strategy

• Serious Organised Crime

• Fraud Defence/DIA/77X/ARRC

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20184

Military Perspective - Operational Imperative?

Committal of international forces and humanitarian resources a

significant political risk

• Cost

• Reputation

Pressure on field commanders and mission heads to mitigate that risk

by:

• Achieving mission success

• Minimising casualties

• Using Contractors

Commercial pressure on contractors

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20185

Large Scale Operations - Significant Resources

available

“the cost of deploying one American soldier for one year

….amounts to $1 million”.

“The Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, taken together, will

be the most expensive wars in US history—totalling

somewhere between $5 trillion and $7 trillion.”

Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government.

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20186

http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-

content/uploads/2015/06/The-Economic-Cost-of-

Violence-Containment.pdf

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20187

When HR Corruption gets out of control:

Mosul 20144-10 June 2014

30,000 Iraqi Security Forces defeated by

1300 ISIS - HOW?

• 20,000 Ghost soldiers

• 10,000 Actual ISF

• 4,000 paying bribes not to be there

• 3,500 being deployed as private security

• 2,000 spread on illegal checkpoints

2300 Armoured Humvees captured

worth $580m.

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-mosul-idUSKCN0QL0F420150816

Iraqi Parliamentary Report Sep 2015 (publication blocked)

David Kilcullen Blood Year (2016)

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20188

Retaking Mosul 2017: Corruption still playing a

role

Operations start Oct 2016 and still ongoing

Destruction extensive within Mosul

ISIS likely to be splintered but not defeated

ISIS seeping back into liberated areas

• Training focussed on ISOF

Reconstruction funds a target for corruption

• Fuel resentment among Mosul’s Sunni population.

• Fuel radical local Sunni narratives

• Fuel ISIS, who will be able to contrast the lack of

civilian casualties and relative lack of physical

damage inflicted during their 2014 capture of Mosul

with Baghdad’s “uncaring and destructive”

approach in 2016.

http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/isis-and-mosul-keeping-pandora%E2%80%99s-box-closed

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/away-from-iraqs-front-lines-the-

islamic-state-is-creeping-back-in/2017/02/22/8abd8b70-d161-11e6-9651-

54a0154cf5b3_story.html?utm_term=.0fc1dbf1fafe

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/20189

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201810

Unintended

consequences

Fuels conflict

Disrupts recovery

Budget controls

Expenditure

approvals

Largest element of

budget

High volume

High unit costs

Influence

Reputation

Policy

Budgets

Favouritism

Misuse of

manpower

Modes of Corruption

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201811

The Fraud Triangle

Opportunity - Weak internal controls

- Trust

- Lack of Visibility

- Poor management practices

Rationalisation

Motivation

“I deserve it”

“Everyone does it”

“It’s a perk”

“The Ministry is big,

they won’t miss it”

- Personal finances/greed

- Addiction

- To meet targets

- To achieve bonus

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201812

Beslan 1-3 Sep 2004

1100 Hostages (inc 777

children) taken at school

by Chechen separatists

Building rigged with

explosives and hostage

takers heavily armed.

Emergency assault by

Security Forces led to

deaths of 330 civilians

(186 children), 31

hostage takers and 10

security forces

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201813

Role of Corruption at Beslan

Hostage takers had official

police and military vehicles

provided by Organised

Crime gangs in S Ossetia

Convoy let through multiple

checkpoints on way to

Beslan

Loss of aid to Chechnya to

corrupt officials fed

resentment and provided

support base

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201814

MISSION EXECUTION

Local power dynamics

Bribery/theft

People Security

Operational

Expediency

Political

Pressure

MISSION

SUSTAINMENT

Contractors

Support

Chain

Contract output

Sub-contractors

Redeployment

and disposals

INSTITUTIONS

&

PARTNERS

HNSF

National

Infrastructure

Personnel

Management

Political

Expediency

IOs and NGOs

HYBRID THREAT

Trafficking

And

Exploitation

Illicit

Networks

Institutional

Infiltration

Cash flows

Political influence

LEADERSHIP

&

MANAGEMENT

Measures of Effectiveness

Code of Conduct

Management

Practices

Operational

Imperative

Risk Appetite

CORRUPTION RISKS IN COMPLEX SECURITY

ENVIRONMENTS

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201815

So what do we need to do?

Be aware of the risks you are running

Balance operational short term gain with long term pain.

‘Target harden’ yourself and partners

• Good governance

• Be aware of harm that could be caused

Identify opportunities for corruption and close them off

Never underestimate ingenuity of corrupt people

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201816

So what do we need to do? UK Example

Work with others

• UK Building Integrity Centre of Excellence

• Fraud Defence and UK Government departments

• NATO/CIDS

• Other military/governments

Capacity Building:

• Afghan CAPSTONE programme

• Colombian MOD

• Jordan BI Centre of Excellence

• Palestinian BI Centre of Excellence

• Ukraine BITEC

• Ukraine Internal Audit

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Defence Academy of the United Kingdom18/10/201817

BI UK Courses – could be expanded

BISL – Building Integrity for Senior

Leaders (4 days)

BIF – Building Integrity Foundation (5

days)

BIPP – Building Integrity Principles

Presenters (4 days)

BISC – Building Integrity for Staff

Colleges (1 – 2 days)

BI VSL – Building Integrity for Very

Senior Leaders (1/2 day)

BI DALSC – Building Integrity for

Defence Attaches and Loan Service

(2hrs)

Ad hoc BI modules

Day 1 – Sun 13 May 18 Day 2 – Mon 14 May 18

Defence Course War and CT Course

Time Session Time Session

Period

1:

0900-

0945

1. Setting the

Scene

(presentation 1)

Period 1:

0900-0945

1. Setting the

Scene

(presentation 1)

Period

2:

0945-

1030

2. Risk Areas

(presentation 2)

Period 2:

0945-1030

2. Risk Areas

(presentation 2)

1030-

1100

Coffee 1030-1100 Coffee

Period

3:

1100-

1145

3. Risk Areas

(presentation 3)

Period 3:

1100-1145

3. Cause and

impact of

corruption risks

(presentation 3)

Period

4:

1145-

1230

4. Risk Areas

(Discussion)

Period 4:

1145-1230

4. Hybrid Threat

and VE

(presentation 3 and

discussion)

1230-

1330

lunch 1230-1330 Coffee

Period

5:

1330 –

1415

5. Tools and

strategy including

role of media

(presentation 4)

Period 5:

1330 –

1415

5. Tools and

strategy including

role of media

(presentation 4)

Period 6

1415-

1500

6. Conclusions

and discussion

Period 6

1415-1500

6. Conclusions and

discussion