Strategies for Realization of Low Carbon Buildings2 Savings Strategy - All CO 2 is emitted by consumption of fossil energy 15 All fossil energy is consumed by the building services

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Strategies for Realization of Low Carbon Buildings

Nikk S kk i R h I tit t

ー From technical view point －

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Nikken Sekkei Research InstituteKatashi MATSUNAWA

“The limit of growth” Club of Rome

Timeline of Environmental Issues in JAPAN

Energy-saving laws

The first oil crisis

Toyako Summit conference

Earth Summit (UNCED), Rio de JaneiroKyoto Protocol

2

1970

Energy Conservation EraGlobal Environment Era

Mass Fossil Fuel Consumption Era

1980 1990 2000 201019６0

Low Carbon Society

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Factor X Buildings

The Factor 4 in PracticeThe Factor 4 in Practice

5 km/L

20 km/L

3

Aiming at achieving “zero” Carbon buildings

Benefit of Low Carbon Buildings

City BuildingNationEarth

・Heat-island Mitigation・Aesthetic cityscape

City

・Aesthetic Value・Energy Cost

Reduction

Building

・Enhancement of EnergySecurity

Nation

・Restraint onGlobal Warming

・ResourcesSaving

Earth

4

A wide variety of benefit , from buildings to a global scale

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Global Warming and CO2 Emissions

(1) Estimate of increase in temperature (IPCC)

(2) CO2 emissions in the world

5

(3) Greenhouse gas reduction target

(1) Estimate of Increase in Temperature (IPCC)

he g

loba

lat

ure

()

Difference by emission scenario


unt o

f inc

reas

e in

thag

e su

rfac

e te

mpe

ra

6

• Increase in temperature during 21st century is 1.1- 6.4• Clearly pointed out that human activities are the cause of warming

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report(Source: Meteorological Agency )1900 2000 2100

Am

ouav

era

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4

5 0821213262091,192

Chi

Brazil

India

(2) CO2 Emissions of the World ①Global Warming and CO2 Emissions

4 7236,395

01,551

5768981,250

70447491392

9755,082

U.S.A

Russia

UK

Japan

Korea

France

China

7

15,78526,693

4,723

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

World

（Mt-CO2)1973 2005

The amount of CO2 emissions is increasing（Source: EDMC,2008）


6 43.9

1.7

1.1

China

Brazil

India

(2) CO2 Emissions of the World ②

4 2

19.810.8

9.5

9.8

9.3

6.4

W ld

U.S.A

Russia

UK

Japan

Korea

France

8We need a world wide approach for the future

（Source: EDMC,2008）

4.2

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

World

CO2 emission per capita （t-CO2 per capita）CO2 Emission per capita (t-CO2 / capita) in 2005

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Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target

• G8 Summit n Toyako : 50% reduction

• USA : 80% reduction

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• Japan : 60% ～80% reduction

Building and Global Warming Problem< Experience of Japan >

• Trend of CO2 emissions in Japan

• Impact of buildings

CO i i f i l b ildi

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• CO2 emissions from commercial buildings

• Structure of CO2 emissions from buildings

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CO2 Emissions in Japan

• Tokyo: 63% comes from buildings.• Japan: 31% comes from buildings.

JapanJapanTokyoTokyo

Building and Global Warming Problem ~Experience of Japan~

JapanJapanTokyoTokyo

Commercial

18.0%

Residential13.0%

Transportation19.9%

I d t i lEnergy supply

Waste treatment2.7%Industrial

process4.2%

Industrial9 3%

Commercial

36.8%

Residential

Transportation26.2%

Others1.8%

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(Tokyo Metropolitan Government, in 2006)

Building is the most important part for reducing CO2 emissions in urban area.

Industrial36.1%

6.1%9.3% Residential

25.8%

We need to Know the Current Amount ofCO2 Emissions

250

300OfficeTenantCommerceOffice AverageTenant Average


50

100

150

200

158

105

107

Tenant AverageCommerce Average

O2

emis

sion

(kg-

CO

2/m

2 /yr)

12

Tokyo (2005)

・ CO2 Emissions from Commercial Buildings (Tokyo)

0

50

10,000 100,000 1,000,000

CO

Total floor are (m2)

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Demand Side

Buildings

Fossil Fuel

Supply Side

Power Plants

Structure of CO2 Emissions from BuildingsBuilding and Global Warming Problem ~Experience of Japan~

Power

Energy consum

ptio

Energyconsum

ption

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Secondary Energy Consumption

Primary Energy Consumption

on n

Evaluation tracing back to primary energy consumption

CO2 Emissions from Commercial Buildings

SecondaryenergyCO2

i i

Primary energy consumption

S d

CO2 emission= × ×


gyconsumptionemission Secondary energy

consumptionPrimary energy consumption

Energy savingby consumers

Energy savingby suppliers

CO2 curbingby suppliers

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CO2 reduction: Efforts by both consumers andsuppliers are essential

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[Notes]

Energy Conservation in Building Sector- CO2 Savings Strategy -

[Notes]

◆All CO2 is emitted by consumption of fossil energy

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◆All fossil energy is consumed by the building services

Understanding of the Major Energy Conservation Target

Others6%

Main energy consuming subjects

1. Air-conditioning

2. Lighting

6%

Heat source30%

Hot water2%

Motor9%

Total1,895MJ/m2/yr

16Source: Based on the data from the Energy Conservation Center, Japan

3. OutletHeat transfer

12%Light / Outlet41%

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Supply sideSupply sideDemand sideDemand side

CO2 Reduction Efforts by both Consumer and Supplier

pp ypp y

×BA

Low carbon Buildings

Low carbon Infrastructure

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[CO2 Emissions]Current：A×B=1.0×1.0＝1.0

Future(1)：A×B=0.7×0.7＝0.49Future(2)：A×B=0.5×0.5＝0.25

Approach to Realization of Low Carbon Buildings

Passive wayPassive way Active wayActive way

Appropriate indoor

condition settings

Mitigation of load

Use of natural

Use of renewable

energy

High efficiency building services

Appropriate energy

management

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of load energy

Key technologies to obtain Low Carbon Buildings. ①Encourage energy saving②Introduction of renewable energy③Encourage energy management

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StrategyStrategy①①: Energy Conservation in Buildings : Energy Conservation in Buildings （（With Passive WayWith Passive Way））

Basic Strategy for the Mitigation of CO2 Emissions from Building Section

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1) Appropriate indoor condition settings2) Mitigation of load / Inner load ” Zero”3) Use of natural energy：Natural ventilation・Day Lighting

Strategy②: Energy Conservation and CO2 Savings in Building Services (Through Active System)

1) Renewable Energy ・ PV・ Solar Thermal Utilization

Bi t


2) Energy Conservation・ High Efficiency Air-conditioning・ High Efficiency Lighting

・ Biomass, etc,

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3) Encouraging Effective Energy Management・ Defining management indicators & targets：ｋｇ-CO2 / m2yr・ Measurement／ BEMS・ Performance validation（Commissioning）

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1) High-efficiency system

Strategy③: Energy Conservation and CO2 Savingsin Supplier side -1-


Low carbon infrastructure at district level

1) High efficiency system・ High efficiency district heating and cooling system・ Dispersed power source

2) Use of unused energy

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・River and sea water・Waste heat from incinerator・Residual heat from sewage plant・Flexible heat use among buildings

1) High-efficiency thermal power plant

Strategy③: Energy Conservation and CO2 Savingsin Supplier side -2-


Low carbon infrastructure at regional level

1) High efficiency thermal power plant ・ ex. From 40% to 60%

2) Zero CO2 emissions power plant・Renewable energy (PV.etc)

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・Nuclear energy

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Challenges towardsLow Carbon Buildings

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Challenge １ : Energy Conservation

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Solar collector PV

Energy Conservation and CO2 SavingsChallenge 1: Energy Conservation

Light shelf

Atrium Meeting room

Lobby

Project room

EntranceWind PowerLouver

Summer, Mid-season: Natural ventilation

Winter: Heat recovery

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5) Day lighting6) Use of underground heat7) PV8) Solar collector

Cooling and Heating Trench

9) Task & ambient air conditioning

10) Solar collector11) CGS12) BEMS

1) Greenery2) Sunshade3) Insulation4) Natural ventilation

Roof vegetation Exhaust via

Day Lighting & Natural VentilationChallenge 1: Energy Conservation

Double-sided lighting at Atrium Light shelf

Vertical eave blocks

di t li ht

Opaque glass to defuse direct

sunlight Inclined ceiling for

brighter ceiling surface

Roof vegetation Exhaust via Atrium

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direct sunlight from the west

Machinery in Mechanical wall

Fresh air intake

Airflow to remove heat between glass layers(Double-skin window)

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Shading and Day Lighting with the Light Shelf

Challenge 1: Energy Conservation

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Benchmark

Primary Energy Consumption

ResultsChallenge 1: Energy Conservation

0 50 100 150 200 (kg-CO2/yr/m2）LCCO2

0 600 1,200 1,800

Record

（MJ/yr/m2）

50％ Saving

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Design management

Original construction

replacement

repair

renovation

maintenance

operation

disposal

41％SavingRecord

Benchmark

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Challenge ２: Innovative Development of Renewable Energy

Ceiling fan

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Light duct : Conversion Efficiency ; 30～80％

PV : Conversion Efficiency ; approximately 10％

Challenge 2: Innovative Development of Renewable Energy

Eave

unitLight-capturing

Natural lightMirror Duct Illuminating unit

Illuminating unit

Primary mirror

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Mirror Duct

Light-capturing unit6.4m, 6 spans

20m

With Mirror duct and Dimming

Benchmark

0 100,000 200,000

- 65% app.

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Challenge 3:Introduction of Life cycle energy management (LCEM)

①Energy consumption②Amount of CO2 emissions

Planning phase：Setting up a target

①Designing phase②Construction phase

・Approval of equipment・Test run and adjustment

Designing phase and after：Ensuring achievement

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・Acceptance inspection③Operation phase

・One year・After a number of years

LCEMLCEM：：LifeLife CycleCycle EnergyEnergy ManagementManagement

Challenge 3: Introduction of Life cycle energy management (LCEM)

Concept of LCEMConcept of LCEM

Renovation Operation

計測値

PlanningDesigning OperationConstruction

熱負荷計算チューニング計測値計測値建築計画Handover

改修計画運転性能評価

ＬＣＥＭのための一貫したマネージメントツール

空調方式の検討

省エネルギー計画

機器承認性能検証・検収

運転性能評価不具合解析予防保全改修計画

ＬＣＥＭ Tool （Simulator）

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改修設計性能性能確認改修後性能

計算値実績値（計測値）

要求性能設計性能設計性能機器承認性能引渡性能運転性能改善運用条件の変化改善性能の低下

（目標性能）（発注性能）

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3,000

/m

2･年

]

Change of operation condition

Buildings performance verificationBuildings performance verification

2,210

1 046

2665

1600

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

energ

y c

onsum

pti

on[M

J/

３２％Saving４０％

Saving

５２％Saving

Change of operation condition

温度設定誤った運転Wrong temperature

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1,046

0

500

基準値目標値基準値目標値実績値

Annual

pri

mary

R esetti ng of target at operation phase and actua l va lueTarget at di s i gning phase

Benchmark Target TargetBenchmark Actual value

setting


評価メッシュＭＡＣＲＯ←　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　→ＭＩＣＲＯ

都市 Expansion（Future）SPREEM-UD※3

Development of carbon simulation tool Development of carbon simulation tool

City

Evaluation meshscale

評価対象

地域

街区

建築物

システム

地域・地区

街区

建築物

システム

•At regional and district level

•Energy•Simulation

SPREEM※2)

•At district level•Energy•Simulation

LCEM tool※1

•At building levelSystem

Building

Block

District

Eva

luat

ion

subj

ects

34

機器

システムシステム

機器

•At building level•Energy•Simulation

※3)SPREEM-UD：Simulation Tool for Regional Energy and Environment Managementfor Urban Design

※1)LCEM：Life Cycle Energy Management Tool※2)SPREEM：Simulation Tool for Regional Energy and Environment Management

Machinery

E

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Feasibility study for realization ofZero carbon buildings

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Feasibility study for realization of Zero carbon buildings

１）Reference building : current general energy saving building

Comparing 3 different types of buildings

Study subject: 5 story office building in TokyoStudy subject: 5 story office building in Tokyo

屋上面太陽電池壁面太陽電池

コア

２）High performance building : Leading edge high performance energy saving building

３）Ultrahigh performance building : high performance energy saving building with prospected technology development

Core

36

コア

屋上階平面図

太陽光パネル 32m × 10 m = 320 m2 傾斜角30度

PV

Roof plan

Core

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Outline of energy saving technologyOutline of energy saving technology

Reference building

High performance building

Ultrahigh performance building

Energy saving levelGeneral Leading edge Approaching ZCB

Energy saving level（current technology）（prospected technology）

PV （m2）ーー 320 320

Generation efficiency of PV（％）ーー 13 25

Insulation（W/m2K） 1.03 0.6 0.6 0.37

Window single Low-ε Low-ε Low-ε

37

Depth of eave（m）ー 1.2 1.2 1.8

Lighting（W/m2） 13 13 13 6.5

Outlets etc.（W/m2） 20 15 15 10

Air-conditioning（COP） 3 5 5 7

ZCB：Zero CO2 Building

60

52

年㎡

） 28％減 43％減 79％減

CO2排出原単位：0.339kg-CO2/ｋＷｈ


ResultResult

28% saving 48% saving 79% saving

-CO

2/yr

㎡)

20

40 38

11

30

CO

2排出

量（ k

g-C

O2／

年

その他

換気・衛生

昇降機

照明

コンセント

OthersVentilation & sanitaryLiftLightoutletsC

O2

cons

umpt

ion

(kg-

38

0参照ビル高性能ビル高性能ビル超高性能ビル

（太陽光発電を設置）.

コンセント

空調

◆ Zero carbon buildings are possible by development of technology

◆ Even today, Zero carbon buildings are possible, if they are low-rise buildings

General building High performancebuilding

High performancebuilding with PV

Ultrahigh performancebuilding

outletsAir-conditioning

Am

ount

of

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Who Low carbon measures Central Vicinity Suburbs

Consumer Building Energy Saving ◎ ◎ ◎

PV etc. △ ○

Low carbon measures appropriate to the areaLow carbon measures appropriate to the area

○

SupplierInfrastructure at district level Use of unused energy ○ △

Infrastructure at regional level

High efficiency thermal power plant ◎ ◎ ◎

Zero CO2 power plant ◎ ◎ ◎

39Tokyo

Central

VicinitySuburbs

Conclusion

1. To Realize Low Carbon Buildings1) Promotion of energy conservation by both1) Promotion of energy conservation by both

consumer and supplier is essential2) Further reduction of CO2 emissions needs;

・Introduction of more renewable energy・Enhancement of environment and energy

management

40

g

2. Low Carbon Buildings Leads AestheticArchitectures and Cityscape

3) Development of higher technologies

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Thank you for your attention !

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Documents

Strategies for Realization of Low Carbon Buildings2 Savings Strategy - All CO 2 is emitted by consumption of fossil energy 15 All fossil energy is consumed by the building services