Strategies Against Poverty PuyanaMutis OngwenOkuro

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Strategies against Poverty

Designs from the Northand Alternatives from the South

Alicia Puyana MutisSamwel Ongwen Okuro

[editors]


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Puyana, AliciaStrategies Against Poverty : designs rom the North and alternativesrom the South / Alicia Puyana y Ongwen Okuro - 1a ed. - BuenosAires : Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - CLACSO, 2011.

340 p. ; 23x16 cm. - (CLACSO-CROP / Alberto Cimadamore)

ISBN 978-987-1543-63-2

1. Sociologa. I. Okuro, Ongwen. II. TtuloCDD 301

Others indexing terms (descriptors) asigned by the Virtual Library o CLACSO:Strategies or poverty reduction / Programme planning / Social policy /Economic growth and development / Public policies / Public Investment /Macroeconomy / Arica / Latin America / Caribbean

Otros descriptores asignados por la Biblioteca virtual de CLACSO:Estrategias de reduccin de la pobreza / Planifcacin deprogramas / Poltica social / Crecimiento y desarrollo econmico /

Polticas pblicas / Inversiones pblicas / Macroeconoma / rica /Amrica Latina / Caribe


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La Coleccin CLACSO-CROP tiene como objetivoprincipal difundir investigaciones originales y de altacalidad sobre la temtica de la pobreza. La coleccinincluye los resultados de las actividades que serealizan en el marco del Programa CLACSO-CROP deEstudios sobre Pobreza en Amrica Latina y el Caribe

(becas, seminarios internacionales y otros proyectosespeciales), as como investigaciones relacionadascon esta problemtica que realizan miembros dela red CLACSO-CROP y que son aprobadas porevaluaciones acadmicas externas.


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Secretario EjecutivoEmir Sader

Comit Directivo [Miembros Titulares]

Julio Csar Gambina

Fundacin de Investigaciones Sociales y Polticas(FISyP), Argentina

Luis Tapia

Posgrado Multidisciplinario en Ciencias del Desarrollo(CIDES),Universidad Mayor de San Andrs (UMSA), Bolivia

Jos Vicente Tavares

Programa de Ps-Graduao em Sociologia, Institutode Filosoa e Cincias Humanas (IFCH), UniversidadeFederal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brasil

Carmen Caamao Mora

Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales (IIS), Universidadde Costa Rica (UCR), Costa Rica

Jess Redondo Rojo

Departamento de Psicologa (DP), Facultad deCiencias Sociales (FACSO), Universidad de Chile(UC), Chile

Gabriel Misas Arango

Instituto de Estudios Polticos y RelacionesInternacionales (IEPRI), Universidad Nacional deColombia (UNAL), Colombia

Suzy Castor Pierre-Charles

Centre de Recherche et de Formation conomique etSociale pour le Dveloppement (CRESFED), Hait

Francisco Luciano Concheiro Brquez

Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales yHumanidades (CUCSH), Universidad de Guadalajara(UDG), Mxico

DirectorHans Egil Oerdal

Comit Cientfco

Thomas PoggeChair o CROP Scientic CommitteeLeitner Proessor / Philosophy and International Aairs

Yale University, USA

Julio BoltvinikProessor / Centro de Estudios Sociolgicos, El Colegiode Mxico, Mxico

Atilio BoronProessor / Programa Latinoamericano de Educacin a

Distancia en Ciencias Sociales (PLED), ArgentinaJean ComaroffProessor / Department o Anthropology, University oChicago, USA

Bob DeaconProessor / Department o Sociological StudiesUniversity o Sheeld, UK

Shahida El BazDr. / The National Center or Social and CriminologicalResearch (NCSCR), Egypt

Sara Hossain

Lawyer / Supreme Court, BangladeshAsuncin Lera St. ClairProessor / Department o Sociology, University oBergen, Norway

Karen ObrienProessor / Department o Sociology and HumanGeography, University o Oslo, Norway

Adebayo OlukoshiDirector / United Nations Arican Institute or EconomicDevelopment and Planning (IDEP), Senegal

Isabel OrtizAssociate Director / UNICEF

Shahra RazaviResearch Co-ordinator / United Nations ResearchInstitute or Social Development (UNRISD)

CLACSOConsejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias SocialesConselho Latino-americano de Cincias Sociais

Av. Callao 875, piso 4 GC1023AAB, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaTel. (54 11) 4811 6588 / 4814 2301 - Fax (54 11) 4812 8459

CROPComparative Research Programmeon Poverty

P.O. Box 7800N-5020 Bergen, NoruegaTel. 47 5558 9744


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Coleccin CLACSO-CROP


Designs from the Northand Alternatives from the South

Alicia Puyana MutisSamwel Ongwen Okuro

[editors]

Sonia lvarez Leguizamn

Cristina Fres de Borja ReisAndrs Garca Trujillo

Eugene Ndubuisi Nweke

Dennis A. V. Brown

John Gasu

Akinpelu O. Olutayo

Olayinka Akanle

Mariano Fliz

Erik S. ReinertRainer Kattel

Yves Ekou Amazo


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La responsabilidad por las opiniones expresadas en los libros, artculos, estudios y otras colaboraciones incumbe exclusivamente a losautores rmantes, y su publicacin no necesariamente refeja los puntos de vista de la Secretara Ejecutiva de CLACSO.

Editor Responsable Emir Sader, Secretario Ejecutivo de CL ACSO

Coordinador Acadmico Pablo Gentili, Secretario Ejecutivo Adjunto de CLACSO

Coleccin CLACSO-CROP

Directores de la coleccin Alberto Cimadamore y Asuncin Lera St. ClairCoordinacin Fabiana Werthein y Hans OerdalAsistente Santiago Kosiner

rea de Produccin Editorial y Contenidos Web de CLACSOResponsable editorial Lucas Sablich

Director de arte Marcelo Giardino

Produccin Fluxus estudio

Arte de tapa Ignacio Solveyra.

Impresin Grca La SRL

CLACSOConsejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - Conselho Latino-americano de Cincias Sociais

Av. Callao 875 Piso 3 E | C1023AAB Ciudad de Buenos Aires,ArgentinaTel. [54 11] 4811 6588 | Fax [54 11] 4812 8459 | |

Primera edicinStrategies against Poverty .Designs from the North and Alternatives from the South

(Buenos Aires: CLACSO, junio de 2011)

ISBN 978-987-1543-61-8 Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias SocialesQueda hecho el depsito que establece la Ley 11723

No se permite la reproduccin total o parcial de este libro, ni su almacenamientoen un sistema inormtico, ni su transmisin en cualquier orma o por cualquiermedio electrnico, mecnico, otocopia u otros mtodos, sin el permiso previo del editor.

Este libro est disponible en texto completo en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO

Patrocinado por la Agencia Noruega de Cooperacin para el Desarrollo

South-South Exchange Programme or Research on the History o Development


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Index

Introduction. Looking Proper Answers in African,Latin American and Caribbean CountriesSamwel Ongwen Okuro and Alicia Puyana Mutis 13

First Part. Theoretical Alternatives for aComprehensive Analysis of Anti-PovertyStrategies

1.1. Neoliberal and Neo-ColonialGovernmentality: Social Policies and Strategiesagainst Poverty from the North and Alternativesfrom the South The Case of South America andthe CaribbeanSonia lvarez Leguizamn 41

1.2. Public Investment for Economic Developmentand Poverty Reduction: Theoretical

and Empirical AnalysisCristina Fres de Borja Reis 75


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1.3. Economic Growth, Employment and PovertyReduction: A Comparative Analysis of Chile andMexico with References to Argentina, Braziland Colombia

Alicia Puyana Mutis 10

Second Part. Poverty Diagnosis fromthe South

2.1. Social Policy in the Neoliberal Order:Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes as

Mechanisms of Political Legitimacyin Latin America Andrs Garca Trujillo 137

2.2. Ownership Question and Poverty ReductionStrategy in Nigeria: What Has Gone Wrong?Eugene Ndubuisi Nweke 161

Third Part. Proposals to AlternativePolicy Designs for Poverty Eradication

3.1. Structural Adjustment and the Neglect ofIntergenerational Poverty in the CaribbeanDennis A. V. Brown 189

3.2. Poverty Reduction in Ghana: Alternative

Solutions by the StateJohn Gasu 219

3.3. Fighting the Poverty War: Non-Governmental Organisations andthe Challenge of Poverty Eradication in Nigeria Akinpelu O. Olutayo & Olayinka Akanle 245

3.4. Rethinking World Bank Driven Land TenureReforms in KenyaSamwel Ongwen Okuro 273


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3.5. The Macroeconomic Limits of Incomes Policyin a Dependent Country: The Need and Possibilitiesfor Radical Reforms in Social Policies in Argentinaafter the Crisis (2001-2008)

Mariano Fliz 301

3.6. State Failure, Poverty and Productive StructureErik S. Reinert, Rainer Kattel and Yves Ekou Amazo 325


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13

Introduction

Looking Proper Answers in African, LatinAmerican and Caribbean Countries

Samwel Ongwen Okuro*Alicia Puyana Mutis**

It was ortunate that three organIzatIons jid i mi Strategies against Poverty: Designs rom the

North and Alternatives rom the South i ic cdmic m a-ic d Li amic xmid plici d pmm dic pvy i b ci. t pp mi p pc db liv icl ppc c pvy d xpl , m im divi, i i dici ppd by North, d d mlillii, d by south, vm d -vmlii. t picl i i dyi pvy i c-

x dvlpi ci, clld s, i pd ci-cmic iqlii xii i ci d pblm l pm cd miipvy , i my c, m icpi lcl c-i ivl plici, m iil ci d d-i. t pm md i id i ll, i d, piii d lii idividl ci d id ly m n libl pdim.

* PD i ecmic hiy. Lc M uiviy.

** D. Pil i ecmic by oxd uiviy. Lc LaCso-Mxic.


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14

t Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLaCso), Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CroP) d South-South Exchange Programme or Research on the History o development(sePhIs) imil pccpi d pi mci

bjciv: dvlpi ci c cc cii icliv, l dicimiy d m j d dmcic. t ki dic xm pvy d civ cmic i b mplym d i-cm i ppli il pci vi-m d pvi bi i. I m dvlpi ci v c mdl cmic qi di lld by dvlpd ci did p i vi limid, bl d bl

c.CLaCso mi bjciv i c d clid m dic pliicl, cmic d cil pblm ci Liamic ci, m il cmpiv ppciv di cl cmpmi pp dmccy d pc m i ll cii. CroP, m p Iilscil scic Ccil Pmm pvy d i cpdby uiviy B ic sci. CroP mbi-li ciicl pvy c d dci pvy. CroP mibjciv i dvlp ciicl lbl pvy c d d d cdi idicipliy - d - cmpiv c. sePhIs, pmm dd by nld Miiy Dvlpm Cpi, im c-i mi s-s k dicd d cm-piv iicl c l-m pc c. se-PhIs i ci b-m ii il d lcl dvlpm d ddvlpm i cim: idiy d qiy.

t i d lvc cmpiv lyi

c clil d -clil p dd c cii cmic i dvlpi ci. tk dicd i mi, d pd i i bk ci p i dici di b, imil pblm d kili d vii plici pd lcl d iliy, cdii d piii.

A Dash of Historyaic d Li m lm iy d cciic.

B ci clid by ep p: c, spi,hlld d g Bii, m . I d clid


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16

pld . I ld il 1864 pblic b-lid, d p milii d pl c x-p. n dci k plc.

By 1860 libl cmic mdl lly mbddd d lly

impld i ly b Li amic pblic. I ld p mid ti Cy (ild, 2005). I ly i tiCy, piclly i i pid, cmic id idpd bc kld, imi ci lii cicl xpi d ilid pblic dmiii. I i pid bliv plicy mkd xp d b b pccpid i pcicl qi d ddic icl pc cmy cil-y. ti l cl m mpli.

By d scd wld w, idpdc myaic d Cibb i k plc, id iv-i d pli i i ll v ld, Li amicicldd. tk Ky, Li, ri-rd, n d cc svi ui, ivi jid id d ld cl c ill d-liv mdii d cil c, il dci dpd-c iil cmmdii mk ic cmicibiliy d pidicl cii. rl Pbic d uid niecmic Cmmii Li amic d Cibb (eCLaC)mld ccpl m imp bii plici,pi i pcic id Li d cmi p-ccpid i idilii. eCaLC id dpd i llid ld ci imd by unCtaD d mlil-l ii, icldd wld Bk. By ly i, ld idilii mdl implmd ly i Liamic b l l i dvlpi ld. all mbcd ecmic pli ppd by d d -ic pmm wld Bk bild ic d

vy idy d pply mil cci ld cmy.

I l i d ly ixi, aic, Cibb d aipblic iiid pc cci pblic ii-i d imi i plici il s d Clamic pblic d i k mi lm c-y ld libl iii by dpi m lm dvl-pml . ti im, aic d Li amic mp id d plici cmic dvlpm.

t dvlpm plici, d y ppd m, imd i dclii ai d aic d


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vid i vl dvlpi ci pcilly i Bil, Mx-ic, ai d Cil, mdl ki d d-d m. scd, db cii pd i Mxic i 1982d pd i tid wld. tid, cllp

cili cmp d clidi usa ly micp d, l b l, dll wl s ldi pdim cmic plicy d ii r-tc cmic vli (Jmet al., 2005). I i c, dpi iiv ci did k plc i ll m, wl i ill i plc i dvlpm ld d, i

vi iiy d, i m dvlpi ci, d byepi-ad (2000)1, t , wl md d m i impibl c. -

m my b idcd dvlpd ci ppc p idil . t l p l ill k lddpd c cy mily cmy d ccy cll, cil d cmic dii. I dvlpici, aic d Li amic i picl, lb m-k i bl d iml c d cc l ccpid lb, libl m v y miimlil , ic i c i l xi d l cl x-pdi. I cicmc c dly ccld d epi-ad ccldd m dvlpd ci: [] de-

commodication k i piiy d i civd i-vl d cmpiv l plici i dlyi bli all b; ll dpd; d ll ill pmbly l blid py (epi-ad, 1990: 28). scil plici imd iLi amic d aic, ll i p vlm -, mbl cviv wl s ic iv miimlic dc cmic dip ci p m-plyd iml mply, b [] mk lil mp p-m qliy dic divii cd d cl (hb

2000), [] b mk lil mp pm qliy dicdivii cd d cl.

t ilikd ci p d cmi bck ec-mic Liblim i m liblim, d dii cmic bd i cl m ddjm pmm pcibd i wi C.Bid ci d db cii ly ii, m c-

1 t ld lik k ym vi i cmm d

i b cii wl s ic lpd -m.


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19

Introduction

mic cdii cilid pi al-sx lib-l dci: ccmi i lblii, d b-q l , v l d lciv. I ii, libl mdl y ll i biliy pd

pblm ci Li amic d dvlpi ci:i db, ifi, cl dci, l . I cx, mj ci libl mdl biliy l -i cpil d ppdly dc cii us ivd d (ib, 2004: 20-22).

t liblii cmy cmpd ll c-mic d, c, xc, my d cl plici dlb m. t iki bd cd li b d ciy, m cpil d lb

d mid di c cpil. a mdl -ii idic2, iiy db cii ly ii cili-d idci dp c. t y pvd by cmi ppc i pliicl ci liimb ciic cmic kld d i pilpibiliy mli d imi pliiclly lcmic plici. Mmb pi li bcm idi-pbl pliici, cmiclly pl p d c-il lmk. ty bcm pblic c y iiil d pliicl c d, by di , kld dp likd (Plci, 2005; Bbb, 1998, 2001). w c-mi pliicl blim d k p plicymki pc, y ciic y m d bcm pp- statu quo.

w ppd cmi bck liblim d wiC? I Li amic i , , mdii li cmi d pliicl cii i cdmic ii i cl-icl cmic d d d m m pii namic uivii (Bbb, 1998). ty imd m,

d cic bid d liblii d i-i n amic d am nata3 lik d

2 t ky mpi ii mdl i pliicl cficv yp bilii implm, i picl diibi c djm, ld dly. sbilii cc cmpip c imp i did plici () ic v xd ibiliy i did bilii (aliet al., 2006). scl m imd i Cil i 1973, miliy cp d i cibc db cii.

3 t d m id by Cd, Mxic d uid s i1993 d cd Jy 1994.


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20

m i usa (Bbb, 1998, 2001). scd, imp, ld, pliicl modernizing li, d l bi p, x-p- id, likd xl cpil, id i pcil -m cpil iiv mc likd iil

b-cci. Mliil iii, wld Bk d I-il My d, d i k pmi cmic plici ly iclly d cmic plici didcd clld dbl cdiiliy by ic ldi ppvd by y ci l m c-cpd d dlly idcd. I y, i i ll pli-ci; aic, Li amic d m ai ci dpd im cmic mdl, y vcm ddvlpm. tdy, imil xpic: pd cmic ci, xl

ck, v pvy, ici iqliy d mi imliy.t il mdl dliv pmid i idcd p-cipi by Mlill oii v clm ickmd m cd d id yp imi d-iclly c pliicl iii lli al-sx mdl. Id l cil c m d llvi pvy, m b cmplmd by cil y d clid cdiid c c.

w i m imp i cx pic lyd i p bk i cmic dci cmp dp mi dvlpm md. ecmic d-

vlpm i y m p mdii ddicl mi cmic d cil c b ly, mily, id gDP d pdciviy, d ll lic mk d miiml . Dvlpm cmic i ccpd idpd bc cmic, ic m pi-cipl pply ll ci d ll im. ecmic v mxi-mi llbi il, pcly imd idividl c.t picipl clicl cmic v ivl vlidiy d

i cmic i i xdd cmic civii; pv-y i pblm b lv pic mcimd i k i ili x vibl cd by c-mic mdl (Jmet al., 2005: 4-7). t vcm pvy bcm pibiliy c p d i cpciy ci i liblciy d i pcly cmpiiv mk. t vii i cl i idlicl bm pvy pmm bd clidd cdiid c c. Pvy i pl pblm di i pibiliy c p picl vcm

i. t I Ldy p picipl vy clly i m iviic cib i l bc cid ppm lvc:


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21

Introduction

I ik v pid my cild dppl v b iv dd I v pblm, i i gvm jb cp i i! I v pblm, I ill d cp i i! I m ml, gvm

m m! d y ci i pblm ciyd i ciy? t i c i! t idividlm d m d mili d vm c dyi xcp ppl d ppl lk mlv (tc, 1987).

Pp, di pd i p bk , p-dlm ild i idici cl cmic mdl i lid d c dd i d ly b m qliy d m d b mplym,

qick i icm d b diibi icm d (rdiket al., 2002). I i im p fcicy d qliy icmic plici, bc cci (icd by pivi-zi) mp d dc i i piv idiviiblivm. I cld i c ivm i -m cpil.

Li amic i k i i m iiv i-cm cci ld. Iqliy i c i icm dcmpi ll i cc pblic vic: dci, l, ii, lciciy d . I i dply d i pd i ld xm cci ld ppy b-lid by Clil p. ti clil iic i d iaic. I i imd ic 10% ppli ccv 50% l icm, il p pc pciv ly d l pc (wld Bk, 2003). Mxic i xm-pl icm cci c libl mdl. ocii ppy mi 53 billi dll, qivl 5.3% l il icm. a m im, 22 milli Mxicviv i us$ 1 dy d pciv ly 3% il icm.

sc icm cci id cmic , d pvydci d dply divid i.

sic cci l plll i cci pliicl p, Li amic cil cicmic iqliy v bi pd vicl d il iqliy d xcldd l ic p, p m d m m i p. B- miii, v p ifc ii-i d idc dpi pblic plici pm i i d pdc pvy d icm cci.

t i dpi md, b l imp, civm imvi d dmcic im.


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22

t db cii d cl m dpd c ll cmic pblm dvlpi ci ci mkd d ivl cil plici d p d idc-i d lbl dpi clid, d d cdiid

my bidi dvi mili livi i cdii x-m pvy lv, gc d B lyd i i x. Im dvlpd ci ivl plici xi b i mj-iy dvlpi ci

t bic idly clid pvy pmm i - c dd j bid pvy p dic i icm bcii xm pvy li: dll dy. I i id bid m: v y (M, 2007;d mjiy cp i bk). t d clii

ld civ vl bjciv. i, i ld pv l pd ic m ki dv pmm; cd, i my c ill b p d (L gd,1982); id, i ill cili id m pd b-cii mili d cmply i cdii i icm p xm pvy li d l b l, cl c pmm ill b mll d ill qi ic xi ci pp cpil.

I cy cy plici clid c -c dpd y llvi pvy. t li i Liamic i l d i: Programa Bolsa de Familia (Bil), Pro-

gresa/Oportunidades (Mxic), Chile Solidario (Cil), Familias en Ac-cin (Clmbi),Jeas y Jees de Hogar(ai),Bono de DesarrolloHumano (ecd) (riv, Ci d r, 2009). t m ibi xpimd d/ pild i mb ci i aic.sm ci icld Ky, Mmbiq, s aic,nmibi, L, zmbi, Mli, ud, d eipi.

vi , Li amic b c cc iil ci. sm ci, ai d

Cil, idcd i mid-vi cl m d lib-lid i cmi. ty pivid vm , dcdb dic x d pblic pdi, idcd mk mc-im i pvii l, dci, d lciciy dliblid my d lb mk. My mbkd i i ly ii d, lik Mxic, ly d di-cl m. hv, i m (b xcpi) civd i d id d did dc pvy iqliy, byd lvl y d i vi, b -

m (Py, 2010). Li amic i cd b l dcd, i m icm d pvy dci.


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24

dy. all ci, wB, eCLaC d IaDB i l ppy d l cci i pdci pvy dicm cci. ty k ympm pvy (mli-i, p dci, ill l d ) c pvy d c-

mmd c p ympm lvi cd c pvy. exm pvy d i icm cci xii i aic d Li amic c l c ivm i m cpil (Dii d oli). t c cil plici bl lv pblm d by pvili cmic plici ccmli cpil xp lb i, idividl, cil d vimlliip. I i d, Vlci (2003) cid il plici i d dciim ppc i, bd mk

li d mi mk i pcly cmpiiv.

The African Case l v dcd, aic vm d d vxpimd i i liv ppc dipvy (Jy, 2002). hv, dpi ll ivi, bl mb aic livi i pvy icd b-illy. t ic i mb livi i pvy i aic cd bil c m vi dicipli d d bil li d cmpi xpli i i pvy. glly, d diibil lik b vd m piv xpli pvy dc-i4. I cx aic, m b aic id y iic d i icm lvl l diibi lv pvy.

t d diibi lik m v imd pv-y db i aic x ii dcibd aic l dcd ccid by cmic dcli d cildcy (o, 2005: 45). t aic ld pdd i dcli

by pblici Lagos Plan o Action or the Economic Devel-opment o Arica 1980-2000. hv, i d id mid im-ply pl ic i aic vm d vidd implm. t d d iil cmmiym v vd id aic ii bc ipppi cmic plici (B, 1981). I ai-c cx, i vi md xplici by r. B i 1981, pblid Markets and States in Tropical Arica. I i bk, B x-

4 ti i d ply cmpi xpli c ci iii, ldip, d py.


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25

Introduction

plid aic dycil plicy cic i m i- pl p, bly xi xp icl.

t vi d iic impc ii Iil M-y d d wld Bk x i 1981 bk d

d pmidAccelerated Development with an Agenda or Actioni ic i dmdd cl djm plici ic ldi piv ivm d pdciviy . I d o (2005) aic ci d dj mlv c l cpiliic ld mk-bilii blc pym by ci pblic pdi, cm , c-cy dvli d pivii pblic pi. t cil i-m cd aic, d d bk dl icm ci i ai, Li amic, d svi blck ll.

I 1989 aic vm pd cl djmplici oii aic ui (oau) pp i-ldArican Alternative Adjustment Programmes or the Socio-economic

Recovery and Transormation dpd apil 10, 1989. h, aic vm cmplid cl djm p-mm ild k i cc cil d m dim-i, l m dvlpm bjciv, d cl -mi aic cmi. B i p pd im y vic cyi i ild iilcpilim d lblii.

t, by ii d md bi bi m dii liv pvy dci y pp by . a dcd idci cl dj-m pmm cdiiliy, i bdy kl-d piclly m pp cil dimi dvlpm saP d p mc mpi ccligDP d lcd cidi icm diibi. tpp cil dimi piclly clid v saP civi i bjciv, m cmp

m xi iv impc icm d l- iic ppli p, icldi p m ciy. Mv, saP idcd p vm imcl dci blm cbi xpi cil vic,bly i dci d l, ic pd pimy p b, d m pdciv liv l icm cii. t viibl lik b djm pm d i pvyd iqliy.

I 1999, di, cd bk d d c

saP pvy dci mbc i-pvy c il icm ci mjiy ic d i aic. t


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bk d d l d iv plici mclly cd cmic d pvy dci d im il ip d cicy implmi. t m ic imd mi Poverty Reduction

Strategies (Prs) d d dvlp Poverty Reduction StrategyPapers (PrsP) cidi by wld Bk d IM i1999 d pi pvy dci pim bjciv pmd pi iil cil iii (II) i l i-cm ci.

ud i y, vm xpcd pppvy dci y pp i cl cli i dmickld piclly mmb civil ciy. t PrsP ddd lm cvil saP. i, PrsP ld

cpicim d ickl-d mpi, ldi c-ii p cc m, pyicl d cil d b cilid. scdly, m dv impc saP p cid ldi dvccy cil y ccmpy cl djm. hv, i yib i pvy dci y i lck l c: cl xmii mccmic d cl djmplicy c PrsP dml dpm kid plicy dvic dd d cm bk wi C (gy, 2002; hl 2003).

t db b d ipvy pmmmld by n i i d i k plc ll d dvlpi ld d i picl iiy i aic d Liamic, bk bi idcd iy. sv-l ii, l lly ccl, iiiiv m . t dici d xpic -m cidi mli ad hoc m aicd Li amic ci. ti k i imp cibii dici.

ti cmpili i idicipliy mk viibl cmpy pccpi b cil cd pliicl, iiil, cmic d cll pblm ld i ci dy. t pp i i vlm mp -c ipi pvy dci i mim ( ky cic wld Bk d Iil My d) d liv m ,piclly aic d Li amic. t i ciicl i ll pp cc xpic, picipi, ip, my, mc-

cmic c, qi iiciy d ll d i pvy dci i.


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Introduction

al xci pd i i vlm i i lim-ii divd m l d ccp mplyd, i i cily iiil ppc i c d pc i li d iv mi pvy c d pi-

bl imi ipvy pmm cipi m, m im dcd b piv c.

a diiii ccmpi i pblicii xiv li vid d vl mdli pvid v dicv mi dimi pvy.t cmpiv lyi aic d Li amic ic l-yi d ll ppi ccli id, lbl iicc.

t v c vvi, vlm i cd i p. t P I i id by cp d -

icl liv lyi i-pvy i, il pp i P II, ic dl i m m i- pblm ci l ppli d icll pdcii lm ll ci lyd i i vlm. t mii ixcp mk p P III ic bi m ppl di liv plici pvy dici.

The Theoretical alternatives for a comprehensiveanalysis of poverty strategiest cp i ci i vlm impc icl ppciv iid i , dimid cciic m pvy pply idi-d d cdii pp pvy ll dd.t cdii m , dmic liblii cmy; libl vc; l pblic ivm; l-b fxibiliy, d impii dvlpm mdl i cil d cll cx i . I dic m mi lyicl ppl m s i viy d d dmi pvy. ti ppc bl i-

kld vy cmplx liy. illy, i ci c liv ppl d plici cmbi pvy, bd pvi xpic i s.

si lv c lyi Li amic d Cib-b ci cii ppc k by mlill -ii d d ii di d c ipvy pmm, d mbll clld ii pvy. t c v d plici clid c c v dcd cil pli-

ci miimm. m i ppciv, lv ll dic libl vbiliy d hm Dvlpm


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(hD) i md i -clil idly. s idi k ccp d c plicy c, ilii cdic-i, dilmm d pdx plici v b impl-md i i d ic bcm mic libl vii

n. t i d , lv bv, ic i b d p, ppl vb milid xcldd ppl m cil l d pliicl p d bcid dic mbddd i clid i pvy plici. t bcid d dpliicidcil plicy dic v dpd cil plii ii db ci.

a d dy b liip b pblic ivmd cmic dvlpm, bd cli d Kyi p-

pc i pd i cp . Cii Bj di-c i cmic plici v b imd i Liamic d ill divi c civd, i m c-mic d cil l. I i i, liblii cmy did imply dii bd si cmic d cil m, b iiy d pd m i vid m cy. sI did c. t impc m Bj did Bili xpic i i-dci cl m. Bj idi m c likdi c i mdl Bil d ic ly i.I plc, d v dcli i cpil mid pcilly cci pblic d cpil lly plc by piv ivm. t ll i cpil mi ld l l d idil dmic pdc ic i-dcd iv c lb icm d i diibi.

t p i cld by cmpiv dy cmic ,mplym d pvy dci i Cil d Mxic i -c ai Bil d Clmbi, lid by alici Py.t dy cv 1980 2006, pid idci

cl m d djm pmm db cii 1992 d miy m. I i pid l ll dp vli. a mkbl pi, c d dpi cmic mdl d b lly blid i ci d m c liblii vid(i m dcd ifi cci cl dci) impc i cl i m pdciviy xpi pdci d i pvy cci icm b dcd. ti i xplid by vli liciy

lb i gDP, p lb pdciviy d cpil iiy igDP. Lb mvd m l pdciviy civii i i


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29

Introduction

pdciviy dbl c b mvd dblc mily iml vic d cci.

How the South diagnosis poverty

I lm ll ci s l ppli i-iv pvy d xcli, pic lyd i cd p vlm, aicll pdci id d ldmk d ici d lcl ppli.Di imp bii mdl, icll c d -l ppli d v dicimii p bk ixpi. t m, ic imd diml biividilii, did i dicimii. t mdl iiy xcli mll l pdc d m i

p d m vlbl m ppli d mi cqc lblii ic vd impc l vl iil mk cdid -icll cmmdii. illy, cd ci p ciicllyi dic d by mdi p dvlp-m plici d idic d pvy.

ad gc p cd p vlm. hi iclxmi mc d clidi pm c-diil c (CCtP) Li amic. t mi bjciv i pvy pmm i mc dic pvyb clid d liimi libl mdl d p-liicl im idcd i i Clmbi d l i Liamic, ic mid ii. t ill i ypi gc k xmpl CCtP mili i aci (a) imd i C-lmbi i 2001. gc i ciic ipi iv by mli-ll ci pi d impc pcic pm.h pp l i Clmbi, Familias en Accin vd vl di pp: 1) cili cii -libl cl m d miliy li md c-

fic; 2) cc pblic cil pdi i exciv, d ll pid cv pliicl p l d dclii pblic xpdi; d 3) dji li-ip b ciiip, plci mk i dblii d pl v d id. ulimly, CCtP ci mcim d-pliicii cil plicy.wil ll pliicl c v b civd, pvy d i-cm cci mi lm cd, ccld.

a xivly dyi nil Pvy edici Pm

(naPeP), piclly PrsP dcm, e nk pp i i lck b vm d cy ip


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30

ic xpli il p-p pvy dci i inii. t naPeP i liy i vm d. I i divby i wld Bk d IM d ccpd by pcil ip v cpd lli il

i ppl i pvy. ndbii ccld p-p pmm b d by mi c s, civil ciy (icldi diil civil ciy p d -cil mvm byd ngo pm lik lb, dii, l d cmmiy bd p), d mk (piv c). t nii vm ill v c p-cpi di PrsP dcm ppd lly m ci cil ic d ii l m wldBk, IM d dvlpm p, b il

blpi id Cy d pvy dci.

Proposals to alternative policy designsfor poverty eradicationt id p bi ix cp i ppl d-i liv plici pvy dici. I dd impc ddi iicl cx pdc-i pvy i d md cl djm dd v iil pdci pvy, cmbiidiibi plici (b icm d ld ) d cil i-

vm. m, i imp l plyd by c c ngo, pvidd y dvlp ll i pil civ- i i pvy. ti ci dic ll ll cmmim ni- vii i pblic plicid ik i mccmic d cil plici.

Di B p i ci i vi plici -dci pvy d impvi qliy li ppl i mip. h c plici implmd id iicl dii pd cc pvy

i plc. s idd, i iy xplii,dpivi d lc, ic iic pliiclcmy Cibb, ci x iv ifc pic pvy i i. I picl, dii v b cidd i lyi lcl cx by iiipibl pvii cl djm pm i s; c, i dmid dic pvy by i s. t, ivi md i p ld i e Cibb ii, pd jiy i -

m. I d, icl cl i m liv lp lv iil pdci pvy.


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Introduction

t pp by J g ild Pvy rdci i g:aliv sli by s ci i m qi my d ip piclly i cx pplic-i cl djm plici d d ic cc

dci, l d mplym i g. t pp pvid icl ccplii pvy d v b d-dd vim. g l pvid iiciy pvy di-ci i piclly ii ili mk icmd pliicl idpdc i aic. t pp v dcd ii mkd cdcy -liblim idlicl liv mkd by idpd cildilci d pvy i aic. t mi cdi bii id aic ci B wd cil

iii: Iil My d d wld Bk.I i vi, cil ic d ll d pp pdicd cdiilii m dliimi ,d by ll i bck m iiv cmic civii. t - piclly d i dji cmi i mk lic d iliy mv m y m ipi cmmd ym. t libl dxy, , d-mdd mvl bidi d c- ivliic -cil ivi y cidd mk dii. tjci vil cmic c, d cil iv-i, b pdc dilmm d cippli c d-dvlpd ci d dpdd vy mc -ld cl-lcivi ppc dvlpm mm. t c impcd m by libl plici icldd dci,l, d cc mplym. t pp i ddicd l by mi lv i c liblplici i dcil, l d mplym c. I i i icx Pviil nil Dc Ccil (PnDC) v-m pd Pm aci Mii scil C

adjm (PaMsCaD) i 1987 p miii mi c cid i saP i dl bjciv pliiclvivl d kp djm pm lli. ti i l imd mi nil Dvlpm Pli Cm-mii (nDPC) i bq y cdi pvy ldi. t nDPC b iml i dvlpm gVii 2020, g Pvy rdci sy I d g dPvy rdci sy II, ll ic cd d pvy dci. g ccld by i g

v lid libl pvy dci pm ic v b ccl i l cl dci pvy vidcd by


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g siicl svic svy. t i d bibck i l qi pvy dci d cmpi cllciv d ld c liimcy . I i ii i cx v mbii -ld -

dv g edcil t d (getd), nil hlIc scm (nhIs) d nil Y emplym Pm(nYeP) ccivd d pd. ti pp x- ic i cy b ci; i m b b-d by qiy d bv ll ppl picipi.

a imil qi l m i olyik akl d aki-pl oly pp ild ii Pvy w: n-gv-ml oii d Cll Pvy edici inii. t mi m bi nii l iy

il i pvy dici i. t div i, nii vm v blid pcilid ci dmk i cil, mp d cicl cmmi-m. t ci, m ic dc, icld aicllDvlpm Pjc (aDP); nii aicll Cpiv Bk(dc); nil aicll Ic scm (dc), n-il Dic emplym (nDe); dl aicll C-dii i ( pjc cdii i); nil Pimyhl C acy; Ppli acivii d acy: Ppl Bk nii (dc): dl ub M ti; nil aicl-l Ld Dvlpm acy; Dic d, rd drl Ic (dc); nil Bd Cmmdiy Bk(dc); B Li Pmm (dc); mily ecmic ad-

vcm Pmm (dc); M Mbilii cil decmic rcvy (dc), nil ecmic rccid, nil Cmmii M Licy d Pvy allviiPmm (dc). M cly, immdi p Pid nii, Ci ol obj dmd i cmmi-m pvy dici i cy by blii n-

il Pvy edici Pmm (naPeP) i 2001. hv, il by cciv vm dc pvy ivid iic mb n-gvml oii idpy i pvy dci y. I pmi i l, ngobiclly dp di b vlppi ppc. t dvccy d pmm implmi (ivi d p-i). advccy i d d ifci vm plicy civ m c. I my b i ci l, blii cid iiil mipli. ti i civd

cmpi, ci, lbbyi d civim dd pm pcic c. t pil ngo d d-


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33

Introduction

i d implm pjc m dic ivi i v-m icpcii. ti cld b c bildi pblic il,cci cl mic cdi ci. nly ll ngo inii dk b dvccy d pi d cli-

ci mly diic i pcic. gd y my pp, ccpi ngo pvy dici mk i.opi d ivi did d cd m bd iil d ci. al pvy i ccpd b dmic i nii, pilpic ii i ill vy dd-

vlpd m ly cii kp i l mlvd mili. d, rckll d Bill d Mlid g pblic p-p pii bvily b m nii ic cl. ngo cd by pil di d vivl ly -

i i ci dcid ic y dmid d v i lil ddi lcl pblm.ti i pp by sml ok ivi. ok p-

iclly xmi x b ld m d b-ic icll pdciviy i Ky. ti i d i c-x iy di pvy dciv p y y v b clly ld dic iicll pmc, piclly icl-l pdciviy. ti vi m v imd liy wld Bk. Div ld m i aic illd i: 1)Ld rm Plicy Pp (1975); 2) sb-s aic: m Ci-i sibl g (1989); 3) sb-s aic: m Cii sibl g. I ll pp, wld Bk d-cd impc ld i i i cmic d dci pvy d cmmdd ml ld ili pcdii md dvlpm; bdm cmm-l ym i v ld il d b-divii cmm; idpd pmi ld mk bi b -cicy-ci ld ; d pp ld diib-

i b cicy d qiy d (Q, 2000: 38). tm cl pmi icll , i pi-

v ld il p mdid icl,pmi ivm d pvidi iciv dp cl-i (wid & tik, 2003: 11). wil ici icllpdciviy pp mi il m imp dmi cmic d pvy dci, i db bi-i m x ld ili dlivd ky vid mly: ili ild civ

xpcd ic i icll ivm d pdciviy vm mll ld, did cili ld clll


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34

mll ld m, d cd ld pcli by id-. t ili pm l pibl icd ldcfic i id vlppi d mlipl i d ld lcl lvl c ici ql cc ld bd

d, , iciy, d cl. Mv, mp impv c-c ld d ciy dlyd mipld by p vd i d ldd cl i c db d D Ld Plicy i Ky.

Mi li mil lyi icm plicii ai di c y. ti icl dic plicy icm i ai i c y. I picl, i xmi l cil plici d m 2001 2008. ti icl civ c plici pvy dci i ly

cd by bjciv mccmic plicy d picip-i ai i lbl cpili cmy. addiilly, m Mxi icl mk, li pipl pi-i cmy ai limid cy biliy im plici ic icm p. sm mccmic plici cpil ccmli i cx lblid dpd cmy bid ic: mii-i i l xc d cl pl l cl i-fi. t d competitiveness d pym xl dbimp immdi p d lb icm. wiii mk, li ai i ci mi l-iv i dvlpm p. i, ccp l-m livpvy, il yi clly impv i cmpiiv piii l , l lb i d l pdciviy; cd, m cil ciy ym i pmm - bic icm, ic bcm pm icm diib-i. ti y cld ly d l-m icm pvyb my l dc cil cfic. I , by miii dmicdmd, i ld ll dq lvl ivm d ci-

cicl ivi.t l pi i dii pid by eik ri d

ri Kl i dy p ppii -liip b picl yp c d ilcmic p ppiy ni- il. tild cmic c ic diii, xmpl, i-ld, Cd d sip. t pmi i y plicy imd pvi i il llvi pvy ld vid i ympm d ck c , d l ld icld

lyi dp pdciv c sdcmpii imil c p i dm-


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35

Introduction

cic d ccl. typiclly, ili d ild, v vy l pc gDP i mci c (ici). t pp pvid iicl vidc m 1950 2003 dcm c i il cmic c, cy

i pi cmic .I , i bk p div d pcicl cib-

i diii c m aic d Li amic div fc, bi bd i lyi vlc di, dimi d dmi pvy i ci m s. I i pibl m c iclddi i cmpili iv l id cmplxiy dmid pblm pvy mbc c b lvly i cc ci m picl ppc. I d-

md ll b cidd pliicl i bid i cmic mdl d lyd d lv by mli-dicipliy pmm. aipvy pmm b civv m m s, d bm-p. I i cx ibcm impiv, ldy mpid, kld iicl, cll, cmic mdl ibl c cy.t i il pd ddi pc v-c d i pi, ll c cl-id ipvy pmm. ad, lly, b l imp, plicy mk v v d ddi picld idividl.

I i xpcd , i vlm ill b l l id dic ld pblic d piv c d cdmicd i l id c civil ciy. a , dci pvy, b m imp dci icm cci,i m imp cll plicy di i s d i ji dy d ld d il diil ii qiy, jic divl i diid li ll.

Referencesali, alb; ad, silvi d tbbi, cc 2006 w

adj d w? o Pliicl ecmy rmNBER, wki Pp n 12049.

Bbb, s. 1998 nliblim d ri n MyDc: t glblii ecmic expi i Mxic.Pp pd Meetings o the Latin American Studies

Association, Cic, spmb 1998.

Bbb, s. 2001 Managing Mexico: Economists rom Nationalism toNeoliberalism (Pic: Pic uiviy P).


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Bc Mdil 2003 Dildd amic Li y el Cibrp c l ii? I: Qd: by 15, 2010.B, r. 1981 Markets States in Tropical Arica (Clii uiviy

P).B, e. 1981Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Arica (wld

Bk).epi-ad, g. 2000 Fundamentos sociales de las economas

postindustriales (Bcl: ail).epi-ad, g. 1990 The Three Worlds o Welare Capitalism

(n Jy: Pic uiviy P).

ib, M. 2004 wy Did Lb L nata Db?s, Cpil, d Pp Iilim, ILe gd sdCc, Dpm scily, uiviy Clii,Bkly, by 20-21, 2004. obid m .

gy, C. s. 2002 t IM/wld Bk Pvy rdci syappc d aic Idilii iJournal o

International Cooperation Studies, Vl. 10, n 2.hb, s. a bi lyi epi-ad The Three Worlds

o WelareCapitalism mm cmmdici

lb i cmpy l INTS 4763, Pp n1. Cld : .

hl, u. 2003 Pvy rdci sy Pp d Cysi Pp d i rliip Cmb iDici: t rl Plim. Pp pddi UN Convention to Combat Desertication. B, My26, 2003.

Jy, t. s.et al. 2002 smllld Icm d Ld Diibi

i aic: Implici Pvy rdci si.Pp pd di l mi AmericanAgricultural Economics Association, Clii, Jly 28-31, 2002.

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L gd, J. 1982 The Strategy o Equality. Redistribution and theSocial Services (Ld: all & ui).

M, L. 2007 Lc c l pb amic Li:

slcividd y uivlim? I: . Viid: by 16, 2010.


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o, B. a. 2005History as Destiny and History as Knowledge: BeingRefections on the Problems o Historicity and Historiography(Kim: ay P).

Plci, M. a. 2005 Kld i P: t C Clmbi

ecmi I: ild, V. & tp, r. (d.)EconomicDoctrines in Latin America: Origins, Embedding and Evolution(oxd: Plv).

Py, g.et al., 1997 The long March: A Reorm Agenda or LatinAmerica and the Caribbean in the Next Century (wi: twld Bk).

Py, a. 2010Economic Growth, Employment and PovertyReduction: A Comparative Analysis o Chile and Mexico(gv: ILo).

riv, B.; Ci, L. & r, P. 2009 Impc d l pmd ci cdicidd b l d d ld:Pm Bl mili d Bil Salud Pblica, Vl. 83: 85-97.

tc, M. Ivi: n c i ciy Womans Own,spmb 23,1987. I: .

ty, J. 1993Dilemmas o Development (oxd: Blckll), scddii, pp. 30-31, qd i Jm, s. & i, B. (d.) 2005 The

New Development Economics Ater the Washington Consensus

(n Dli: tlik).r 1960 The Stages o Economic Growth: A Non-Communist

Maniesto (Cmbid: Cmbid uiviy P).tm, h. 1949Inaugural Address.January 20, 1949. Cld

i: < p://.mliby./cld/vipp.pp?pid=1030 >.


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First Part

Theoretical Alternatives fora Comprehensive Analysis

of Anti-Poverty Strategies


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Sonia lvarez Leguizamn*

1.1. Neoliberal and Neo-ColonialGovernmentality, Social Policies

and Strategies against Povertyfrom the North, Alternatives

from the South

The case of South America and the Caribbean

Abstractt pp ly -clil lbl d libl vm-liy d hm Dvlpm dipii; cd, ccplym si i Pvy m n, mly pli-ci pmd by Mlill Dvlpm d icil aci p dipii I mocuspolicy. al, i dic libl vmliy by ci -clil l-bl diciviy. I icld ccp docuspolicies, minimal biological basic needs essential basic needs, cd ccp the inormal saety nets, social capital,

empowerment, participative policies, participatory poverty assessmentsdasset vulnerability ramework. a id ccp icldhu-man capital, poverty productivity, ormal security nets, d poverty trap.t k c c d d plicy ppd implmd im s amic d Cibb ci cld b cid-d liv mic libl cil plicy. illy, I d pviil ccli by xmii pdx d dilm-m pd by plici. t pp i bd lyicl

* PD i Cll d scil aply, uividd d svill, spi. aci- P ub aply, uividd ncil d sl, ai.


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d cmpiv md d dic lv cdmic lid c.

Introduction

t pp dd cd pc p cmpyciy: i, i i pvy (saP) m nd, cd, liv ppc m s, mly, ms amic d Cibb ci (sa&C)1.

sa&C i i , aic, mjiy pp-li i p. Mv, i iqliy d cci l i m xm wld (D y et al., 2003).t i cci pvy i sa&C d i Clamic, ad i d Bili n (ecv-

; 2000). t pic bcm dmic i l dcd. By ii d l pvy (50 milli m pppl) ld m dii icm diibi. D-i libl v ii, cci l i-id did cil iqliy (CePaL, 1997) d saP cd illi y ld dc pvy. t cy likly m dmiclly Mxic, b ai, gml, Pm,P y Vl xpicd imil pc (Kiic &smi, 2000: 9).

t pp i id i p. i, i ly -clil lbl libl vmliy d hm Dvlp-m (hD) dipii; cd, ccpl ym -clldsi i pvy m n, mly plici pmdby Mlill Dvlpm d icil aci (MDa c IM, wB, IaDB, d unDP m )2 p dipii ic I cll c-plicy (lv Lim, 2009).al, i p dic libl vmliy (-, 2005) ci -clil lbl diciviy -clld hD. a l, I dic c d d plicy ppd

1 t m s amic d Cibb (sa&C) di m Li amicic l xcld -Li idii ll p-clil d p clilcll cciic. ev i ccp s amic d Cibb d k lly i cc mlipl cll dic i, i mdq Li amic.

2 al my dic m ci, y d pd imil bi, d mliic iii; lyi i dvd imil ci d dvic pmd by m m byd dici ppc mi xi m m. nvl, c c i i icl

i dvlpd i pcic cii. dici dic i dvic dccp, lv Lim (2005, 2009).


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implmi i m sa&C ci bl b cidd,i y, liv mic libl cil plicy. i-lly, I d pviil ccli by xmii pdxd dilmm pd by i sa&C plicy. t pp i bd

lyicl d cmpiv md d dic lv cdmicli d c.

Neo-colonial global neoliberal governmentalityand the HD dispositifMy vi libl/-clil d biopolicy bioocouspol-icy i bd cl i libl vmliy (1981;2007) l i epi (2006) dici immiy. I li i, I m bl m plici picl m v-

mliy (gp d sm, 2006) d dic hD ilp cly d dipii i dplyd dd iyd ppli. a cqc, il ciiip ppli ly bjc m bip li v-iy b cllciv m, dd p, p ppl k i di ccp: iml c, mil,cl p, xcldd id, p m p, vlbl p ccdi c cild, i, ic bckd, xcldd m bic m bi-c d m hm ri. t p d by hD3 plici id b mlicll, picipiv dmpd p b i c bd ilii, mcil-i, mil, d d vii cil liip pd p cmmii (lv Lim, 2009). I mimpil vmliy mi p-kld, pcic d -

3 Dh i lyd pc d dml pi cmpyld. a c, i i bc, d, i k mi

dvlpm d mk i m ibl. hv, i dvic d pcic, dc pvy, i c ic pvy d p b pd -p. t Dh i dic i cl , i.e. c,m i d bjc, ccp, iii, ym, cli,ivi d pblmid bjc. I i d, i i bl dic cc, by vci, bjc (cl 1997) i lyii p d pvy. a pc, i ply ci, ic i l lblvc bl libl v-mliy, d xci -clilli m ci. Id bi plicy li ( bipliic), i i cplicy c-pliic. I, , cid i vm plicy d ppli ik i pm li pd xcldd miimm, bic il livi dd. B d

mii ic d i k mdiy cdii p-dc pvy.


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cil liip i m pliicl cpili ld d ll m lvl il pliy d pliicl miclvl. t i vmliy ic p li li d d d im xppi bjciviy v i i i

i m vm.I l dd p wi C libl -

bmliy plici imd pivii, liblii,dli d pmi pci lb liip,ki l im d ivl i, dmiii viy l c d bic vic. t pli-ci likd i i i pvy bckd by n, I ik, plicy li il miimm, mdplicy (c plicy) p hD dic dipi-

i. Pvi mic dic, i.. dvlpm, b mdby lik ecb (1995), sc (1999), (1997) dev (1996) cc y kld d ci i icp i dd iq, -vl d vidblpc d i amic d ecic cll mdl mic tid wld d ddvlpm ccd. n-libl bmliy i sa&C pmd miimm md miiml plicy: pivii pblic bic vic c d-ci, l ym d pi i cci i c mc lvl i d. accdi Cil pilpC (2007: 8), i sa&C ci liip b libl-im d vmliy ili ciicl l mmbip ppli id by mk i. ti m cicli liv cilly d ic , ii mk yp bip dmi cmmdiii xic [...] [d] m i blcliy ky dimi cmpy cpilim: i-c d l idy.

Bip i l ccp ic i iic d ciicl -

. hv, cl dic lyi (1997, 1997) i il iicl xpli lld i clili xpic plicy v li i b d d xi md- clil p. Mv, cl c clilpcic i likd i i mdlicl fci pc d p (C, 2006), b i i cdy i m ep clilim (Bb, 1994: 196 cid by C gm,2006) d libl m vmliy dic c gmordoliberalism d Cic scl lib-

lim (cl, 2007). I i d, epi (2006) immiibcm l cmplmy vi i bip i c-


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x clil li d c libl vmliy.epi di cl c cl bi-p i blid p, cck mi, im, il icd xcd, yi lck p x q-

i, y cii bip bcm thanatopolitics.I d qi, i dvlp pdim immii bip cidd cmplmy , b icbid i di y p d li. Immii ld b iv pci li ic i pv m li xp d (epi, 2006: 75-76). I ld lik mk cl epi d dic -clil liip immm i, id c ep cim, piclly n-im, mic bmb, ic mipli, d di yp

d by .m ppciv, i i pibl dd pc dcli icli ic p b li d d.t pc icld ly pppii bdi i lbl mk b i xcli dicdi [] i i b y-m p li c cmpi d d ll y m let die pliic ( ld id C, 2007: 8). I icy i ld c p ld pliic ic ci bjc i d b clld,md, xppid, clid d bjcd (, 1997; Qij,2000; riv Cicqi, 2003)

I my vi, bip c b cmplmd i biothanaticp ic i ll mi pliic, pc d cli icli ic plcd b li d d. Bip plc ld viy i by i cy i clil -i cl id. hv, dicipliy p l i lbv-xplii i ill vlid i clil -clil pli-ic. I c, vl di il clilim i Li amic(gl Cv, 2006; riv d B, 1997) pi

dmii icld ly clicl m bjci (lik c-cpi d mi vm l ci i-y) b xci d ci pl-vl by m dicli d l liip, i ci m cll md mi-vid (Cil, 2000) cliliy p (Qij, 2000; rp, 2004)

I m sa&C ci, cil ciy, ivl d l c d dci ym, d cil ic pci implmd d ii d ixi d di

yp pliicl im. ty implmd d dicp d cl, ivi i di l im (epi-a-


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d, 1993; Bb sl, 2004; M i, 2008) y-m pci by , mk, ki cl, l-b i, mili, cmmii civil cii i-ld.B, i m ci pblic dmcic im

blid, y limid dmccy, i di-l im m cid by Bl (1995) i i fci ai mi i libl , limii i i ii -ciiip (ly, 1997), bliiresidual

welare state i c ciy ivl cv ilimid d mk cil ic mi m cil plicy d dvi p. sm ci, likai, Cil d uy, d blid vl ivl pli-ci cl l , b xpic ipd by

-cviv coup dEtat. Bckd d pmd by mpi, liimcy s C miliy im, ll i c i i, bd thanatic plicy imd li ddicipliy cl plicy imd bdy. I vi d ii, miliy dicip pld d cid xmi-i piv p, lb ii, p, d -d p ( ll c i c gml, Cil ai). a i dicip i i l dcdcm dmccy, v i vl dic m c-i d pc (sd, 2004). I pi cmm d d ic libl m implmd i dmcic pmd cil ic dvi p ciiip i (Bi Ll Iv, 2008). t d v bcd by cil mvm; m im, cil lv ccdd i clld blid i libl d-mccy pi d dvc d cmpiv i dmccy ic i bl k i cc cil d clldic cii lik Blivi, nic, ecd, Vlic li i i.

Conceptual system of the so-calledStrategies against Poverty from the Northas part of the HD dispositifsi i pvy plici pmd by mlill l-bl dvlpm ci (IM; wB; IaDB m ; Cd-

vky, 2002), I cllocuspolicies li d dd. I i ci, Idic ccpl ym i i p c p i cci i hD dipii.

t -clld i i pvy cmp viplici pmd by ci, ic Mc nm ivl


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bjc kld d pcic i li, l di-l ci ppli. I i d, cil plicy pmli ci ld d qliy, m im iii-li i, ic pcic i i d i

c plici: c miimli cil plicy li ic impli, dii d l ppli. ti ci ld c md by i di d y cipciy,b c d iii di kid: Cc, cm-miy cii, ngo, s, MDa, ppl, mili d cm-mii. a m im, ld i pd by l ll bi ki cl, p, ic cmmii ll ppl m di cil cdmd liv d m-iliy, xcli, dii i li cdii d idi-

i. lli ncy (1997), pc c b lyd dmd diibi d cii ppl idiy dbjciviy. I l c b md c i -cl k (1992) ic s x p mk livd l di. a m im, m ic i d s, -s p-s c c b dicd i m P Cj i political society (2006, 2004), mly md d ciy liip, bd ivlci i, ciiip l, b dy dy bib i p, d d p ( p m,ic p, mplyd, p, avelas id, m -). I my pii, Cj lyi, i p-cic libl bmliy Idi c, illmi c p bmliy I v ldy dicd bv. aplicy , i d, bjciy dicipli picl cmmiy lvl (i b l d b) d, m im,i l l li pdci d dmd l-vm. hD dic ym cm i bi libl bmliy ic, I cid, cll d mdi-

pvi dvlpml md. I i d, I ly Dh i cx c d dipi i cly ivi pvy (sc, 1999; ecb, 1995) i b lcl-ild pil (lv Lim, 2009). ti i i ic icld pi i piiv id m-i dvlpm d mki i ibl. hv, i l i-cld iv id, ic i dicipliy ivi pvyly iy bic d miimm lvl dd d dc y clim i , ic i ivi

ly i lcl mily lvl (lv Lim, 2009). a c,hD c b lyd p libl bmliy


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pdc pvy, l cci, d ici iql-iy ccdi cil d ic bli. t bi hD ddd middl ii, d i i d i wB Mc nm i pvy b c id hD cm i li i

1990 , im mid i unDP p hD i l pvi pdci d cicli vl bicccp i iil ci, dply likd i cdmi-cl iii. hD ppd i Bdld rp, ild Our Future in Common i lii, ic xp dl-i m dmi pdim(gim, 2000). sic I mdic ly ym ild i m ici, ccdi cc, i d biliy, ppc di, i i cy k i cc divc d

dipi (cl, 1997). I i d, I mi-l cdici i i ic: mi ld, i m- pvy dici, pvy llvii (PnuD, 1993) ld i pvy i pvy (wB), b ic plici implmd i ci v icd pvyd iqliy.

I ly ii, b wB d IM did cid c-y dd pvy i djm implmi iccl djm pmm miclly ld lv pvy byi d ld c b pi p. rpcivly,i i d b y p i idiyi dv cqc p by cl djm p-mm (rib d Cvl, 1992: 6-7). sic , iil i-ii ppvd clldcompensatory programmes dicd cld vici i ld mk. hv,iil id Li amic i ly 33% l ppvl pmmd dicd d cicl p d 78% llci cil pdi(s, 1992: 5-7) i d m i cil -

ciy ym, d l c d dci ivl plicy.ti i cmm i vi yp cil plici

ocuspolicy M L (2000) clldsocial protection minimumnets. s (1992: 8) 1990 wB p i dvd pv-y i m mm wB b lki i m i pvy. I i cx, vl cc di mm pmm ic -clld dii

state ineciency. Social Investment Funds (sI) b pmd i-cil md cc d m c. a i

im, i ci pcilid dl i cil i, cd bi m i Li amic ci,


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traditional estateagency o the social sectoralways b inecienti pvii cil vic p. sI ld k qickd civ dcii i vulnerable or marginal groups

rom picipiv approach in the program ormulation, design and

implementation [] bcmi m -bli , i mc,establish credibility to government and guarantee political sup-

port to the implemented economic reorm (glet al., 1995: 2-3,mpi ddd).

hD ciiq blid i dvlpm, bd ly per capita gP (g Pdci) id pplll bi. I c, i i limid pliicl cmy id ic im dvlpm fc d cmic (s dad, 1994: 8-9). amy s, mi i mki i

dic ppl m cpciy i i-cm cpil. a i i d, dvlpml ppc v dli cpciy d dm l l (BID-oVe, 2002: 2). evi pvy i m lck c b lck cpciy, s i-i dm xpi i (i) principal goal y (ii) principal mean dvlpm ic div i d ppii xpd mdm dvlp (s, 2000: 36-37; mpi ddd). t pblm i xpd cpciy d dm i ql ld ddby ppii, ici cil i didv- d, , limid dm.

Net of concepts that define focuspolicy inconnection with the practical dispositif ofHD social interventionI i ci, I xmi ccp docuspolicies icci i dic hD d i pcicl cil iv-i. I my vi, miiml bilicl bic d (Blviik, 1990) il bic d (ili et al., 2006) milci p hD ivi (lv Lim, 2005)

d dic dvlpm. ty v b d m v-l d cmplx kld, d likd cpbilii p ccp (s, 1993). I ddii, imlsaety nets, social

capital, empowerment, participative policies, participatory poverty as-sessments and asset vulnerability ramework ci cd ccp. ti b dm idci cmicil i cmic liip cil cipciy li pmi iilly d d cil pmm.sc ccp, mbddd i ivi dipiiv, icld

mic p bilicl miiml lvl, b mcil d lcl cil . a l, p ppl c-


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pciy i dicvd. ty, clli dmi cil p-i, m d imd i li i mimpv yl pmd by pdim. up (1993)bcii ( cil pmm) v m k d m-

y pjc cc. ty c illic, xpi-c d mil kill b cidd d icldd i mi dvlpm l; y d id ld b ki cc, d i xpci m pil b mbilid i d dvlpm l mm dibiliy.

n mcil lidiy cil li i -mkiii bmd cmic civii d i m-il vi cil plici, mlizd i cmicl ccp

social capital, informalnets intangible assets, v-bl d cil cmicl iliy dicd pcic hD. ty ym bd m ci-i ccivd diil by clicl pliicl cmy (edd,1999) by mdiy y cil dvlpm. n iim m p m i pblm: ti i yparticipation dempowerment (PnuD, 1988: 46-50, mpi dd-d) instrumental d oriented (up, 1993: 135-136, mpiddd) bc pmiparticipative development. x-mpl up, pplparticipation cld b md p-c i ic ppl,especially those with disadvantage, picipi dcii cld c m. t lbl ppl ly bl p b icld didv in terms ofhealth, education, ethnic group and gender cipi. ti pi vi i ly mcili ppciv b l -clil,ci d xi vii ic ppl bl p m-lv bli i il lcl cmmiy mi c civil, pliicl, cil cll i b didv- ld. By m picipi, d mil cpciy

dvlpm, bcii bl share responsibilities in theoperative management taking responsibility by themselves d mk ibl pjc. a cqc, c i bcmpibl ic i i xpcd bcii mk cibii k d cpil i l impvm i d kp pjc liv (B d willim, 1992: 177-178;mpi ddd). a ll, ccdi wB, informal safety netsby c cil ciy mplym ciy y-m lly likd i cdiil p (wB

gp, 2001b, mpi ddd) ppd i-bd-plicy. ILi amic, ply d cily v dvlpd c-


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i d mpiicl k xpli p cld viv i cx mil dpivi.

ni lik cipcl liip cid k icc y p pdc c bd i

liip d lidiy. o ccp, c -vivl li i, cy p by c- dvlpml d cll i dpic p lzy d piv . t ccp imil socialcapital ccp d pcic vl mi b i i ccp i xpld m cil cmic ddvlpm dic. ecmi ql i capital asset.ty ciz i impc i dmii ibiliyd pdciviy i cmic civiy (M, 1998: 4) d i

vl d ciliy i i pvy. t ili-i vii dcibd by siliz (2000: 60-61), i mic. I id, cil cpil ( imp ci) i cmpl-m bi mk-bd xc d llci. [...]t vli I v dcibd fc mkd c i i-liip b mk d -mk iii. ti b ccizd c m ii i ic cmiccivii mbddd i cil li, i ic cilli mbddd i cmic ym (siliz, 2000: 64-65). Social capital capital poorsasset, p AssetVulnerability Framework (M, 1988) i pmd l by wB.I i dd portfolio cmplx ic iviv li ppl mlv plc,blck cid. I i d, p b ppl dd by v dimi vlbiliy (asset vulnerabilityframework) by M. t icld ibl c -m d lb cpil, l pdciv lik ld,d -ibl d iviibl xmpl, i dmicvic d cil cpil (M, 1998: 1).

t c ccp ld wB ccpl m-k k Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPa). Cmbiiiicl mm pvy i d qiiv lyi i, cll m pvy by p mlv. PPaqi picipy pc c ci vic p, ic im dd pvy i lcl cil,iiil d pliicl cx (nyet al., 1999: 7-15; 2000).

a id ccp, I cid mil d lyld i l, icldhuman capital, poverty productivity, or-

mal security nets, and poverty trap. By c i c p-i p bd cpciy d mm, y


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k pi p. ti vi p bl d m y v ldy d ii i vivl bi ill p idi. I i vipoors productivity b imld, i d vcm i

xm pvy d idic. I cid i y m l xplii (i i l p-xplii i i b-lid by l d pdciviy p ic) pvylb d mk cipciy k liip sa&Cicl v xpli i ii (Qij, 2000; Kik,1982; Mii, 1997).

Productive capacity, ppd by h D s (2002), ilikd i m cpil p. ev i libl iki dl cmy d dl i i, i i clly pmd

by un scil Dvlpm Cmmii (nci uid, 2006) il p i pvy dci, ic ldb bd i pdciv cpciy ppl livii pvy.

t l ccp, id d pi ll c plici k Cdiil C t (CCt), icc b pck ic dvic c-plicy.accdi i d, i im dc pvy by -i icm cdiilly. Bd id m cpil dpdciviy p, cipi i mily m cy k civii cdii civi cmpi d -c. ty qi cmplic vl cdii (D l Bid rli, 2006; n, 2008). am : blii cild cl dc, l mdicl cck, vccii c-l, k pmiiclly clld cmmiy k ( dikid i pm i m sa&C ci i Vlci, 2008 dM L, 2000). accdi c (2006: 7) d Lid (2005),div cdiil pmm cmm : - p xmly p mili i cild d ;

cdiiliy picipl; d m cpil ccmli i l m. CCt, qi cil cc (Lid, 2005). tipi i dipd by c ic pi c cci icldd i i mk. D l Bi d rl-i (2006) pmm iv clicl -cil ic (I mi y y i ic

ocuspolicies) d mily yp l ivi mk p il plici y di m i-c ym.

wB, y pm v mi ci ii cmic plici. i, i i -clld pliicl ci (-


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lck. I oc Li vici cicl, pvy p picl cl, bcl (mi d di ) i iccicl cll mily vl cy di impv qliy li. I cid impvi pdciv

cpciy m v vki ici l-xpli-i d xm pvy cdii, pci, d licm i m pc m k ldy vl-bl ppl. I libl pliicl cmy l, i i workthe main productive actor o the poor d ciicl pc in the

ght against the poverty and inequity, this is about strengthen to hu-man capital investment since the people childhood (rpp, 2006,mpi ddd).

Strategies against Poverty from the SouthCmi m sa&C ci, vi liv pli-ci d i i pvy v i iy ddpd cxl c. sm m cd ldvidici ki cl, ic p, p b p.o d, vl iil initiatives lik cilcmy, lidiy cmy, picipy bd vb pmd d implmd i i. alivly, - p plici ipid by icm clicl cili, m m cmi m di ncil l xpic d i di m li ic miimm d icm di kid i-i, pmd by IaDB. t c iii-iv lik cii icm, cil pci k i i-ml cmy, Bic Icm, miimm ic icm, bicivlim, m .

I i ci, I ly di cil plicy b il d lcl lvl. i, m ci dvlp I cll i-impil il im dmcic d

mlicll y imii ciy. ti plicy i xp-i il i-impilim ic d i -clililim , sid (1996) ld , mi i cilik Vl, ecd, Blivi, nic, m , i icpvy i dd m ci cl cdii. t mx, i plici k libl md pmm, pmd by n d ccpd i mjiy ci ld libl m i ii d i-i. ev i i m sa&C ci plicy imil

pvi, i c i m ci, y iid d micpd mcipy pc.


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aliv plici bd cd vii d ppc-iv b cl pvy (Bb et al., 2005; D ti, 2005) ib Li amic d aic. ev i vl dic,I c m m ll. Pvy i mlidimil,

cl d iicl pm l m di lv-l xcli; pliicl, il d lcl iqlii pdcdby l-m pc, pi xcli, cci c-mic p, lck cc, pdc pliic p miiip c (pliicl, l i), xp cii i l xplii, mily mlcyim p cli liip, dpivi i c, d ymic vili bic cil, pliicl d -m i. M i ppciv fc ppiv pliicl

c, d pm libi ppi, il ql di-ibi c ll ppl c; i i xpcd l i cdii. a l , i p pvy p ci-cl pc, d cmp c, pc d cx i pdci m d pliicl d cll dd-i ciy. oppd c liblim vii s,i pm di ddi cil d d s l, id jic d l, y pvd ck pvy.

rdi kid plici cd ld ki cl, icp, p, d ld vidici. ti i pblm idid by dpdcy y ( D s, 2002 m-mi vii), iviv cil y m sa&C i, m imp c xdd l pvy. tpblm d pdci b pvy i l bd iy, b i bjc i pi.

t lck ld b ddd by mvm lik B-ili Movemento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Mst),

cocaleros p mvm i Blivi iilly i likd

i ev Ml Mas py d ezLn i Mxic. I llc, ld dmd ccd i pliicl -ic climi, d y cpili xpi d xpli-i cdm. Mv, y qi il l,pmi, d my d by dmccy, mdiy ddvlpm. I i cx, y pp d div l-iv dpdi iicl cx. Mxic P Bill(2001: 75-76) bv imil i sa&C mvm d aic c dicd by Mmdi (1996) i picl

id clil bici d cmy, b p dicly d idicly dmid d pd by


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clil p di, dvlpm clic kid civilciy d pblic p b idi d -i-di ppli. I sa&C i, bici bd cid pic d pdci cl-

il lcy d d mic i cmpy -clil(libl) qivlc pvid cy ddibl bi i dicl dmcic mi (PBill, 2001). t ppciv i d by my Li ami-c xpli c clil m i i -libl (riv Cicqi, 2003; Bl Bll, cid by PBill, 2001: 77). t iicc clil lcy bili mi d xd pii idi dldl ppl cil mvm i P, Mxic, ecd, B-

livi, Clmbi, ai d Bil, m , i pi my d y v i i il cii, m mvm pp plicy dl i pvy, ic x-cli, ld dmd, idiy, l dmii, d i i cl. Blivi cocalero p mvm k l i i d cc, vidic ic idiy d cc ld (V d Cdb, 2003: 91), ic -clil vi-dici i pblic -clilim d il Pp-lim i. t cil mvm i ic impibiliy x i cll dic. Ii cci, cil l clim i pi livlid (m mplym, ld d ) d m cll d ymblic pdci. ti l l p vidc , libl dmccy d dvlpm k d xpd bic cil i (l, dci, -y , cc iy vic) d cc ciiipbd mlicll d ic i. ti i b cc-i mlicll d -diibiv s ic cld diplc -blid mi d pcic pliic. t kid cil

mvm dvlp il cc i ppii i-c i lcl plicy by liblim d impil cpilim,ic dmd m diiy. I cid lmk mi cibi cci ilimd im. a cqc, y cll mi, vlidiyd cp piv dmccy.

w y mic p y d cil dcll iz by cci mdii ym i di s ymmicl, picipiv d dlib-

iv i cci i id cmmiy, i C-j. C m lik pmd by ev Ml d


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ppl mvm d im. a xmpl, ci-i m izi ic c, bli- ll cii ld d , icld -i m ill i pc iiilizi bc

dmi d ci ic cmi m l ld d ic ldld likd i ic y (ui, 2007). Iddii, Blivi implmd miiml ivl icm,bdd by il i pil izi, ppl ld 66 y cv bic d. accdi alyi ecmic d scil Plici Blivi, md pvy li llm 66.4 59.3% d xm pvy ll m 45.2 32.7%cvi 2000-2008 y pid. n-cdiiliy c pm, implmd ic 2006 d imd l-

dly, clcild d p m, v d impc pvy dci. i 2007 d 2008 y l l pvy dclid by 10.6 %4.

a c i pi mvm md i iil pliicl m dy Mxic idaLCa-usa iiiiv, ic mid, cll d d m-ic clil d pblic dmii (P Bill, 2001).I ddii ld d idiy dmd, pi climd cmm m d il dmd i 2003 y (ezLn,2003). ty icld: civ my d idpdcy cil k, p d idi ii, pmi l-vm d l mm ll il iy c-cdi c pii; pm blli, civil dpcl ic i bd vm d pliicl pidcii, l lidiy i vicim b i ,i cmmiy d pmi, d ivi pc mlld mdim bi d -clld iml d; ji dcdid d il viy d dicl ppii impdi pivii lciciy d il, d

l c; ii k imi, cl dmdi, ci, lcl d il mdi k, d dd pmi lcl, il d il cl, d cicd ld. t v dmd : ld bl p k i; d cpiv d cmml ld,d pci d d l c. ty ik yi v b i kld d c i-

4 s Mc 22, 2010; d CeDLa J 21, 2010.


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bi d k i c lci. ty k dc k,i , dc i, pblic l, d d cli l c ll. al y ik dci v b d cl ll cild d y d pc di-

iy m, cild d ldly. o m ii-c civm ezLn i Cip, i blim -clld Caracoles l k Juntas de Buen Gobierno (gdgvm Ccil), cii m l-ii dl-cicy, icldi dcil d l vic, ld iil pc (gl Cv, 2004) .

ai mplym k mvm, k piqueteros, clim i k d v b c-izd by m cil pmm (svmp d Py, 2003)

cld b clld miiml d icm (m i CCt -m). t mvm md i ly ii ici libl m d pmd pivizi, di-dilizi, d m. t m xpic, mvm dvlpd ciicim liblimic i ild xpim ll xd ciicim v d pliici. Pliici cidd mply- il cmpi d mpli. Bd imp izi, i m clld MtD sl (Movimiento de Trabajadores Desocupados,ld i m i spi). ty mi c clld Colectivo Situaciones (sii Cllciv) lcdi B ai pvic d B ai cpil. tyc b vliy vd d mi pii cc p. t i pd by Bloque Piquetero(Piqueteros Blck) d cd by MtD abl V d mvm Deli id by pi li c i-vlvd i civil d md l vi. Situaciones diclim qi p i

diplcd m s, d lc i dily ic imdl, cil vl plicy, pmi c cllpcic. ty vi Mxic zpi mvm ymbl cil bl. I i d, diiy i d pm my, mlipliciy, dipii ci,l d, cpciy, d dip pdc li. I ddii,y cid mp m l d y cilizi l i i pdcd civil d i-i Li amic ci d pc d ck-

i, im d iciy. t Piquetero mvm cd gvm implm cil pmm cp i x-


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m ii -mplyd k. t gvm im-plmd, mll mb mplyd pmm, d 2001 cii, kid cdiil c pmm md umplyd hld hd Pmm

(Jefas y Jefes de Hogar Desocupados) ic cd 2,000,000 b-cii i 2002 mm -clld i cii d cvi 620,000 bcii i 2009 (scil D-vlpm sci, 2009). I pm mivbidi mplym k m i -mplym (Pi, 2004).

t Sem Terra mvm, l cil mvm, -blid i 1985 i c Ocupao a nica soluo(Occupation is the unique solution). n pdciv l ld i

ccpid by ymmicl d izl cmml izi l izd m civii i dci d cl-, m . si ti Mvm civd cmmiy ld bd ll ipi -ld-ll mk. sic 1990 il 2006, d 6,177campamentosd 1,086,474 mili (Mst, 2009) v b cizd5. a i ipblid i mvm b p: I m y, J s-y vm ppvd nil Pl ai rm(Pnra i bbvii i P), ic d bjciv pidly implmi s Ld d mk ldm by d Pid md, icldi 1.4 milli mili. oc i ppd ld m ly p-p. a d m i v y, l 90 dmili i ld id, ly 6% i Pnra. wi icli Ci ambly, Ruralista c izd Ruralista Democratic Union (uDr i bbvii i P) d k : md i ci vilc i ld bc Rural-ista i plim d m Mdi Cmmici lli.

t pliicl m mvm ccdd idci md Cii 1988 v m cviv pvis Ld. uil 1997, Mvm izd i-ic nil Mc , Jic d Ld rm, y mc Eldorado dos Carajs, 21 ldl

5 am i civm, ll lm d ccpi, cdd 81cpiv Sem Terra k, 45 -idil i, dci cild m-liy i i lm limii xm . I l -cd i pid i i iy, 100,000 cild d dlc dyi i cl

i i lm, ll m mvm y d dl licy ild, ppximly 20,000 (sl Cld, 2000).


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killd by plic. I 2000, Mst ld i IV C, l Bzil i latifundia id ci mvm dy.

t Bili d i y i libl cmic

mdl implmd by vm d hiq C-d ci i dm livi i l , cii pvy, iqliy, xd, lck lb d ld.t lci Ll i 2001 pd vicy Bil-i ppl d d li d i pjc. B v lcl vicy iic ci c ld cy d icll mdl. [...]t, mvm bliv i i cy pm, ic-ily, cil l cci mdl

piii icl d pdci d diibi icm[...] a 24 y xic, Mst cid i l cil mvm i i p i ld, m i i d mbili m ld m, b bybildi ppl pjc Bil, bd cil jic dm diiy.

t mvm pliicl pii d dmd : iiyi ii p miv l ld m; bild iy i ld d dvlp m l, lp bild d cil mvm i ld. I icidd blid y lbl pdci, cmp-i d mk cd miv dci vim,icldi lbl mi, ic i jpdii cym pl d bii m cmmii d di. tmvm, l i i cmmici k, i mb jild, d, impi d vilc cfic i ld, ld c-ci, i jb i ld d pdci, dpdci d i m ixy l cmpi pii Bili icl.

scd, di ocuspolicies resignication and new par-ticipative social policies, I m c cil plicy p ill d plici diiii m m iid i mcipy . exmpl cd p-m implmd i Blivi Bono Juancito Pintos, clldMisiones Venezolanas Hambre Cero (z h) i Bil Plan Trabajari ai. o plicy lik participativebudget social economy (Ci, 2004; m ) plici v cili d ci bckd d y pmd

cili pi lcl lvl Presupuesto Participativo icii ld by Trabalhista Py ld Ll i Bil, d


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i ai cii ri d Mxic D6. ty q-ly pid mcipy ic y pm picipypcic d iviv ppciv ci jb d iicm dd pvy i l d b p . Solidarity

economy dvlpd i Bil icpd i, i mk. I ill k m xmpl. ev iHambre Cero p-mm, implmd by Ll d silv i Bil, i pm imi mdiy cl cdii pdc pvy m ippciv i i ic mli, pmm dic i

vy cl hD dic. t pmm d -cil l b cil dvlpm i m d d iilciy ll picipy cm l mcipydii i Bil (i, 1967; C, 1951). ti cil plicy p-

pc d ll y ic contra-prestation picipli l ( p liip). i i i c b ivm, d, m kyippciv, i m ici d dmd ld m ici mplym ( 350 d) d ici x cllci (d 2,500 milli Bili ri). accd-i tv (2004), Cd pid c impld -libl cmicl plicy. hv, imp pi m cc ivl cil pci i l c ddci. nvl, pvy pid d l cc-i icd. i ,HambreCero c pblm ic idc d ciy d vy p cc bic i, d pppi ld, ic mic pvy.

t cil plicy vm Pid Cv i V-l b pd cil mi d ii -c p. o d, i ill i cd plicy,v i mii bccy d cilpci ym. ti xpic i ld by il-

im dic mid ci c i i bymid-i cy, c pim i ai, i miliy ifc i cil p. Plan Bolivar( m il pliicl y) i civic-miliy (xcd by miliy, vm d cmmiy ii) d cvivi l c, dci, mplym, lii,d ciy ic. Pm d i ic cqi ili : country project (pvid ic

6 lyi picipy bdi pm i ep d Li ami-c uid ni Pm Dvlpm (2004).


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dy); m pjc (pblic mply jid i cil civiid cmmiy ii); i pjc (ivm i i-c d m dci). a m im, i pi-c ld clil-yl ic c fcd by m lik

mii i lblld pl, v i mii l mcipy. Cv k vm pvy dcd bv 55% d ld pc 27% i 2007. tpblic cil pdi m 8.2% gDP by 13.6% i 2007, dm 5% 10% pdi l, dci d i (M-lb, 2010).

accdi Dvlpm vic-mii Pcc (2004) Vl cil plici ivlv ii m mdl cmpy cil plici imd i

ppl p d clim pliic d ciy liv my mk i ciicim dc-lii d ki i cil plici pvi- libl . t vl plicy i cvy plicy, d p cly vmliy b bck pliic pi i pliic c-bildi. I mii, ic d ii pm, i cmmim cmmii pi, i im d iil ppl cl l, pmi cil cmy i b m ppl, l bd l pvyd m pc cil . empm il p mcip iml, di-c dmcic picipi d-bcii dcicl cicy.

ti xpic i imil picipy bdi, c xpli ll x, b i c b livm d picipy y mm c ciy vml lvl. I Bili cii d mm Trabalhista Py; i ri, ai ld by cili py,

Mxic dl Diic l ld by l i py. I c, -mpm i m b mcipy d p i plici pliicl i pic mi ciy.

t id p liv plici ld b ifcd by dii miiml l i pmd by m epaci cmi m ep dii. B i l, icplici d miimm icm p xcldd (P-m, 2001) pplmd by bd ic cm ll ivl cil plici i l, dci d, pcilly, m-

plym ic. s, i miimm icm ddiil liocuspolicy, I ld y, bd cil pplmd i


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ci d xi i kd i sa&C.unDP l pmd esCr (ecmic, cil d cl-

l i). Likd i i ic, esCr pvidd bdll mk dvlpm ivl cil i (p-

cilly i l d dci); b, i my vi, i pcic mbdid i pmm (m dvic ivi ocus-

policy), y bcm l ic pm m CCtqim. o d, eCLaC pd miiiiv cil ci ic pm dlly miimmld cil pci ll i ci mocuspolicy d libl plicy, ldy i plc i m sa&Cci. t IaDB cly lcd cmpi clld bicivlim (iletal., 2006; sj, 2006), ic d

cid -bic d (nbd, 2006). ti iiiiv i p-md py clld Frente Amplio Progresitsa (i eli,oppi Piv Bd) i B.

o p, c d dc m middl clvidici, lik impv d l c ivl plici ihl d edci, i k ic i bic s vic. t li ld i un-esCo/ohChr, pvy i b i dii d pp,bd pmi p p i d plici.

Final reflectionst pi d imiy c vl dilmm. t pcic- d ivi dipii pm cii, p, d milid xcldd l l dl. ty cic d ppii m lcl d iil pliiclp, d bcci ii dic ocuspoliciesi di lvl: mc, m d mic. a mim, c ii d liv m cilplicy i qi b x d l c m

libl vmliy d blid cil plici. aqi i i y lly v ivl d cmpiv cilplicy, imd diibi l d p.

t v b i m c iic p i m cc ivl cil pci i c c lik lym, bic dci d ciy ym, d, i c, cc ld i m ci Blivi. a m im, my impvm i m v ii(c Bili c). Bi Ll Iv (2008) qid pvy

dci il miii dl ym ciy i lil p icli ivl cil pci ym. a


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m im, cil plicy ld il plici -im cld m dply cil mi d diibi c k d p, c Blivi d V-l. By c, i i bvd vy cci l

i c lik Bil, Cil, Mxic d ai , pdxi-clly, c pmm v civd dc pvy. a m im, cil plicy dvlp ppc, imd cil icli iil-bd cmpy p-pc. ti b likd i ppl p y iv plicy p cly vmliy,b cc bild c my icp pc mpm d mcipy d ppl pi. tipp i di y. I i d, Blivi d Vl v

blid plici m vm il, il c lik Mstd ezLn, plici pdcd by cil mvm. I ai,plic i m vm i p cil l Piquetero Mvm.

I cx lbl d d cci l, d-pliicii cil plici by cmicl d clyiliy cplicy d clii pliicl p( dclii b, i i libl vi, cii plicy diivm i cil, il i ii m lcl pliy), l d mv-m cii d pily ii b xppid dbjcd. hv, il d lcl iqliy i ldiibi ill mi fppbl. I c, plici -pppid i i by cil mvm ivi i mcipy cc. t ci i il b cmplx, ic d fc di l d i d cmpy ld.

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Cristina Fres de Borja Reis* **

1.2. Public Investment forEconomic Development and

Poverty Reduction

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Abstractt bjciv i c i, , p liip b- pblic ivm d cmic dvlpm i bd ,bd cli d Kyi ppc. Cmplmiib piv d pblic ivm , ll impc pblic ivm v mci d il pdc. Ii pcilly mkd impc pblic ivm i ic.t cd bjciv i ly pblic ivm i Bil m1950 2006. I i dp pblic cpil

mi, mily m -d pi, i c lBili m ii il 2006.

* PD d ecmic Ii d ecmi, uividd dld ri d Ji, Bil. ti pp i bd m i b pblicivm d cmic dvlpm i Bil m 1950 il 2006, pblidi 2009, -mil: .

** I k ad gc tjill, dic my pp kp(Cp t, Jly 18-20, 2009), d ll cll cibd db- b my pi. I l k P. alici Py Mi d P.

sml ok i vy lyicl vii d cmm. illy, I p-cilly k dvi my i, P. Cl Mdi.


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Introductiont im iil kp si i Pv-y: di m n d liv m s i bi b cmpiv, ciicl d mlidicipliy d-

di icl mk d pcic ic / p d li pvy i s. t pm kp y libl d pvidd c-i i s i vl ddid plicy cm-mdi ic dd p bcmi cmy idm pliici d bc lik. hv, dl i id-licl ii, pvy i ill dl aic,Li amic d Cibb ci, b vvd i my c1.

My dvlpi ci pd cviv -m ic ii d ii imi dimii pblic i-vi i cmy. o m bl m piv-ii s-od epi. ndy d mli cil mk pblic ivi d i pblic ivmi i d cmic plicy. hv i d dily n d s ci. Mlill iiiill cmmd dvlpi ci cviv mccmicplici. Mil, pvy mi d c dpdi iv impc cil cii. ti pp pblic ivm b piiy ci sbc, i i dmd, i i ky pill pmdvlpm d dic pvy.

t bjciv i c i, , p liip b pblic ivm d cmic dvlpmi bd , bd cli d Kyi ppc.sci 1 cmplmii b piv d pblicivm, ll impc pblic ivm v id-il pdc d il pdc. I i pcilly mkd

impc pblic ivm i ic. t cclii , dmd id, pblic ivm cmicdvlpm bc i idc piv ivm i di-il mlipli c d pyicl ii d xp-i il mk, mily pmd by ic. o pply id, pblic ivm d pci plici -dpi miv xpi pdciv cpciy icpil d clicl iiv c. t, pblic ivm

1 CLaCso/CroP, ossrea d sePhIs cll pp i iil -kp.


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Cristina Fres de Borja Reis

plici v ic l cmic dvlpm d y lmy v imp diibiv c. Pblic ivm i vi-bl pliiclly dmid, i bvi dpd p i i p d, cqly, mccmic im

dpd by m.t cd bjciv, ld i sci 2, i ly pblic i-

vm i Bil c dy y dk. I i dp pblic cpil mi, milym -d pi, i c l B-ili m ii il 2006. B 1950 d1979 cji i pblic ivm i cmicplici b idilii pc bld xp-i piv ivm d il pdc,

idil pdc d xd-cpil mi. Pliicl d jdicil dcii md i xpi -dpi d cci vi mcim idi. t civm cd by i -ii il vm, pcilly dmic bi cpi,dmic bi bild d mliil cmpi. a i-i, b i p plll -mi l s2. t mccmic mdl dpdi Bil ycid i libl plici impd vdvlpi ci, ic bd cil li. Pblic iv-m dimiid l d cl ici d piviipc. I ppii xpcd by libl ,piv ivm l dimiid d did cp pblicivm. t l xd cpil mi ild dci jcy i idil pdc d ilpdc . oc ivm i ic ivcmpiiv idy d i cdc cl c,i dii ld i pdciv cdii, mily icpil d clicl iiv c. t d

i dymic idil c, i iv c icm diibi.

t ccli pipi d mmi mi cib-i pp. t l id i dm imp-c pblic ivm d dc icm

2 t s, i i icl, i vid lli mci ccp, lik tjill(2009: 12) dcibd: picl p, did cvbl cdii l mximm xpi. B dvlpm d

xpi picl p ccivd , d pd, bi mc ivl xpi, dvlpm ll il i.


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78

iqlii. al i c i idic, i m b dmlpill cmic dvlpm plici.

Section 1: Theoretical perspective

I ccdc ppciv bd dmd d i-icl-cli dii, ivm i ky vibl dymic d cpili cl c. t dmd idc dc Picipl eciv Dmd3 pply, icdj il b i d l vii dmdm cmp (di dd, cmpi, cmpi-i d cil li b cpil d lb) d idcd (ccl mcim dj cpil ck)4.

ecmic dvlpm i pc cl c ld by

cpil ccmli ic ic pdciviy lcmy, ii i i mdim d l . ticl c m mi pdci cicicl cci, d ip-p mix5.

accdi Kld l6 mci idy i i cmy, ly d id-il p i l pdci, b l bc i mci p i, bi i cmy . ti liip div m impc mciciviy x cmy dmd d pdciviy, diplcilb m c l pdciviy idy7.

t, mci idy dymic c c-mic civii, dii ivi d clicl p. tym idil p xpi div lpdc8. t dvlpm cpil d idy xpd ddp dymic c, ci l ivm d pm-i dmic dmd ld .

3 t picipl civ dmd mld by Ky d Klcki.

dp ddi P (1986) d iil Ky (1992) d Klcki(1985).

4

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