STOW - Vol. 1 - Teacher's Guide

7/23/2019 STOW - Vol. 1 - Teacher's Guide

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Story Of The World

Vol.1AncientTimes

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Chapter Summaries

Notes

Teacher


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The Story of the World: Ancient Times

Introduction How Do We Know What Happened?

History The study of past events, cultures, civilization, etc. Learning about things before.

Historians People who study pictures & documents to find out about the past.

Archeology The study of human history through the excavation of historical sites. Basically people whostudy history by digging things out of the ground.

Archaeologists People who dig objects out of the ground to learn about the past.

What do we call someone who studies letters, journals, documents and monuments to find out about the past?

A historian.

What we we call the story that historians write about the past?

History.

What do archaeologists do?

Dig objects out of the ground and learn about them.

What kinds of things do people leave behind?

Dishes, tools, toys, pictures, etc.

Archaeology

Comes from the Greek word that means ancient.

Developed during the middle part of the 19th Century. Goal of most archaeologists is to understand human

evolution, cultural evolution, and cultural history. Archaeologists help historians write an accurate account ofhuman history. To be a successful archaeologist, a person needs to understand a wide variety of subject mattersincluding:

HistoryArt HistoryGeographyGeologyClassicsLinguisticsPhysicsChemistryEtc.

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Some famous archaeology discoveries are:

King Tut's Tomb

Discovered in Egypt by Howard Carter in 1922

The Rosetta Stone

Discovered by Napoleon's Army in Egypt and translated by Jean-Franois Champollion in 1822.

The Tomb Of The First Emperor (Terracotta Army)

Discovered by farmers in China in 1974.

Dead Sea Scrolls

Initially discovered by a Bedouin shepherd in a cave in Qumran (Israel) in 1946 and the rest of the scrollswere discovered in the same area between 1947 and 1956 by various individuals and groups.

Several movies have been made about archaeologists including Indiana Jones, The Mummy, Tomb Raider, etc.

History

Comes from the Greek word that means inquiry.

The 5th Century BC Greek historian, Herodotus, is considered to be the Father of History.

Historians usually record events from the past either by writing them down or by passing them on orally. They tryto answer historical questions by looking at written documents, historical accounts, monuments, pictures, etc. Thething we must realize about all historians is that they are basically writing about history from within the context oftheir own time period and may not always reflect an accurate portrayal of past events. For example, some historybooks in America phrase certain aspects of the Civil War in a way that won't make white Southerners and blackpeople look bad. Or history books in Japan often skip over aspects that reflect poorly on their country Nanking

Massacre, World War II, etc.

As historians study history, they often ask several questions to help them better organize their thoughts:

1. When was the source (material) written/produced?2. Where was it produced?3. By whom was it produced?4. From what pre existing source (material) did it come from?5. In what original form was it produced?

None



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Chapter One The Earliest People

Nomads Early people who wandered or roamed around. No permanent home.

Fertile Crescent An area of land near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that was very good for farming.Modern day Iran, Iraq, Egypt, etc.

Shaduf One of the first farm machines that helped farmers get water out of the canals andonto their crops.

What sort of food did nomads eat?

Plants (grass, leaves, grain, roots, berries), large animals (deer, bison, etc.), and other foods such aseggs, honey, lizards, snakes, and fish.

Where did nomads sleep?

In the winter time they slept in caves and in the summer time they slept in tents made from wood andanimal skin.

Why did nomads move from place to place?

Because they hunted all the game and ate all the plants in a certain area and had to move to find food.

Why was the Fertile Crescent a good place to live?

Because there was water, good soil, and plenty of grass and plants.

Why was it called fertile?

Because lots of plants grew there.

What did the first farmers grow?

Wheat and barley.

Did farmers move from place to place like nomads? Why?

No, because they had to stay in on place long enough to tend their crops, harvest, etc.

How did early farmers water their crops?

The dug canals from the river and built shadufs.

What did farmers build their houses out of?

Mud bricks and reeds.

How did they protect their villages?

The built stone walls around them.



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Fertile Crescent

Jericho

The name Jericho means fragrant. One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Dates back to around 10,000BC. Archaeologists have uncovered more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho dating back to this time period. It also hadthe strongest walls of any city in ancient history. The walls were between 5 and 10 feet thick and 15 to 20 feet high.

Jericho has been part of several empires throughout history including the Roman Empire, Islamic Empire, ruled by Crusaders,the Ottoman Empire, controlled by the British, captured by Jordan, recaptured by Israel, given to the Palestinians, etc.

Currently it is a city located in the West Bank of the Palestinian Territories, about 10 miles north of the Dead Sea. It's currentpopulation is around 20,000 people and are predominately Arabs. One interesting thing about Jericho is that it is the lowestinhabited site in the world approximately 260 meters below sea level.

There is a famous story about Jericho in the book of Joshua (Joshua 6:1-27) in the Bible. This story talks about the Battle ofJericho that took place in 1470 BC where the Israelites (led by Joshua) successfully conquered the city of Jericho (controlled bythe Canaanites). (Read the story from the Bible)

Nomads

Early nomads moved from campsite to campsite following animals and wild fruits/vegetables. This is the oldest form ofsustainable life in the world. Nomads roamed through the Fertile Crescent sometime around 10,000 BC to 7,000BC and theyultimately decided to settle down into agricultural settlements.

There are still some (30 million) nomadic people (not true hunter-gatherers) in the world today. Some places where thesenomadic people live include the Central Asian countries of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, etc. Also, there are nomadicgroups such as the Gypsies in Europe and the Bedouins in Africa.

1. Find and circle the town ofJericho.

2. Trace the Tigris and EuphratesRivers in blue. Lightly shade the seas blue.

3. Use a green colored pencil to color in the area known as the Fertile Crescent.


The Fertile Crescent is also known as The Cradle ofCivilization. This definition was first used in 1906 todescribe this part of the world that had good farmland. (At least historically)

The exact definition of The Fertile Crescent isdebated amongst scholars, but it usually includes thefollowing areas:

Mesopotamia (Modern Iraq)

Kuwait

Syria

Lebanon

Jordan

Israel

Turkey (Small Amount)

Iran (Small Amount)

Egypt (Nile Delta Region) (Debated)


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Chapter Two Egyptians Lived on the Nile River

Delta The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Also, anything triangular. Also, a landformformed at the mouth of a river by sediment.

Silt Dirt from the bottom of a river that is rich in minerals and vitamins.

Egyptians The people who lived along the Nile River.

Pharaoh The king of Egypt. He carried a shepherd's staff to remind people that he was supposed to lead andtake care of all Egyptian people. Eventually became a god to the Egyptian people.

Where is the Nile River? What countries does it run through?

In Africa. It mostly runs through Egypt, but also runs through Sudan and Ethiopia.

What did the Nile do every year? Why was it important?

It flooded. This was important because it watered the land and created fertile land.

What were the two tribes who lived in Egypt called?

Upper Egyptians (lived along the straight part of the Nile) and Lower Egyptians (lived in the North nearNile Delta).

Who ruled each group of Egyptians?

The Upper Egyptians were ruled by a king who wore a White Crown. The Lower Egyptians were ruledby a king with a Red Crown.

Were the two groups of Egyptians friends?

No, they hated each other and constantly fought.

Who won the battle between the White Crown and Red Crown Kings?

The White Crown King King Narmer.

What kind of crown did the new king wear?

The Double Crown of Egypt. It had a white spike at the center and a red band around the outside. Thisdouble crown showed he was the ruler of the whole country.

Did the Egyptians worship one god or many gods?

Many gods. (Polytheistic)

Can you name any of the Egyptian gods?

Ra (Sun God), Horus (Sky God), Isis (Osiris' Wife), Osiris (Judgement God).



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Do you remember the name of Osiris' evil brother?

Set.

How did Set get Osiris to lie down in the coffin?

He said that he would give it to the person who fit inside it the best.

Did Osiris stay dead?

No, he came back to life again.

Nile River

The longest river in the world located in Northern Africa that flows from the South to the North. (4,130 miles) Ithas two main tributaries and runs through 10 countries Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Congo,Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Egypt. The Nile River empties into the Mediterranean Sea via the NileDelta in Northern Egypt.

Uniting Egypt

The Upper and Lower Kingdoms were united around 3000BC.

There is some debate about who really united Egypt, with some claiming King Narmer did it and others claimingKing Menes did it. There are also some people who believe that King Narmer and King Menes are the same person.However, most experts agree that it was most likely King Narmer.

The Myth of Osiris and Isis

The original form of the myth states that Osiris was killed by a wooden coffin secretly being made to hismeasurements by Set, who was jealous of Osiris's position as king, and so plotted to kill him and take his place. Aparty had been held where the coffin was offered to whoever could fit inside. A few people tried to fit in, but to noavail. Osiris was encouraged to try, but as soon as he lay back, the lid slammed on him and was locked. It was thensealed with lead and thrown into the Nile. Upon hearing that Osiris was gone, Isis set out to look for him. She wasafraid without proper ceremonies and burial Osiris would not be able to go to the place of the dead. She laterlearned that the coffin had floated down the Nile river up to the coast of Byblos (now in modern day Lebanon) andgot embedded in the trunk of a cedar tree. She also learned that the cedar tree had been taken and used as a pillarto support a palace for the king of Byblos. When traveling back, along the Nile River, she left the coffin in an area ofmarshland. Set, while hunting, finds Osiris' coffin and dismembered him into 14 parts, scattering them across theland of Egypt. Each part represented one of the 14 full moons (each year has 12 to 14 full moons).

Once again Isis set out to look for the pieces and she was able to find 13 of the 14 parts, with the help of Nephthys,Set's sister-wife, but was unable to find the 14th, as it had been eaten by a fish. Instead, she fashioned a phallus outof gold and sang a song around Osiris until he came back to life.

Osiris was resurrected. He could have proper ceremonies and burial. Due to this experience, Osiris became Lord of

the Dead, and the Afterlife.

1. Trace the Nile River with a blue colored pencil.

2. Draw a blue triangle around the Nile Delta.

3. Draw a red crown in the area ofLower Egypt. Then draw a white crown in the area ofUpper Egypt.Remember, the Lower Egyptians lived in the area of the Nile Delta and the Upper Egyptians lived along thestraight part of the river.

4. Shade all ofEgypt lightly in red. (This shows the unified Egypt after King Narmer)



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Chapter Three The First Writing

Hieroglyphs Pictures carved into stone tablets. Used by Egyptians. Each picture was a word or an idea.

Mesopotamia Means the place between two rivers. (Meso = Between Potamia = Rivers) The landbetween the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Known as Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, etc.

Cuneiform Sumerian picture writing. Pictures written on clay tablets.

Papyrus Special paper made from plants by the early Egyptians. Made from the reeds found alongthe Nile River.

What two countries wrote in cuneiform and hieroglyphics?

Egypt and Sumer.

What three things did the Egyptians and Sumerians write on? What were the good and bad of each?

Paper Easy to carry, but didn't last a long time.

Stone Heavy, difficult to use, difficult to store, but lasted a long time.

Clay Easier than stone, but still heavy. Lasted fairly long.

What does hippopotamus mean?

River horse.

Writing

Naturally, as nomads slowly began to settle down, farm, and trade, writing became necessary. It was necessary tokeep records, make agreements, etc.

The Sumerians developed cuneiform around 3400 BC and the Egyptians began using hieroglyphics around3200BC.

We know a lot more about ancient Egyptian history because much of that history was written on stone and survivedthe years. However, we don't know as much about Egyptian history after they started writing on paper.



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Below are some examples of the early forms of writing:

1. Using a red colored pencil, lightly shade Egypt. Then trace the Nile River in blue.

2. Fine Sumer and shade it lightly in green.


Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Cuneiform


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Chapter Four The Old Kingdom of Egypt

BC Before Christ. The years before Jesus' birth. Count down to the year 1BC.

AD Anno Domini = Latin for The Year of Our Lord. The years after Jesus' birth.

Embalming Process of preserving a body.

Canopic Jars Special jars used by Egyptians to store the internal organs. Each jar had the head of a godon top of it.

Sarcophagus A big stone coffin. Usually a wooden coffin was placed inside of this.

Mastaba Tombs Stone tombs built out of huge stone rocks with a shaft in the middle. The mummy and allof the other possessions were lowered through the shaft. These tombs were used beforePyramids became popular.

Pyramids Biggest tombs of all that were used to bury the pharaohs.

Sphinx Imaginary animal with a man's head and a lion's body. Many people believe that theSphinx was built to protect the Pyramids.

What does embalming do?

It preserves a body.

What did priests do to make a mummy?

Took out the insides, preserved the body with salt and spices, wrapped it in linen, and put it in a coffin.This process could take up to 2 months.

Why did the Egyptians think it was important to preserve dead bodies?

So that dead people could go on to the next world.

What did the Egyptians bury with their mummies?

Everything a dead person would need: food, clothes, toys, games, furniture, pets, etc.

What was this time in Egyptian History called?

The Old Kingdom.



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What kinds of tombs did pharaohs have?

Pyramids.

What was Cheop's pyramid called?

The Great Pyramid.

What were the pyramids made out of, how did they build them, and how long did it take?

They were made out of stone. They were built by thousands of workers (slaves). Usually took 20 years.

What does the Sphinx look like?

It is half lion and half man.

Did the Great Pyramid keep robbers out?

No, Cheops's mummy and treasures were still stolen.

The Old Kingdom Of Egypt

This time period is often referred to as The Age Of The Pyramids due to the large number of pyramids builtduring this time. Egypt became very powerful. This period lasted for about 1000 years and ended around 2100 BC.

During the Old Kingdom, the King of Egypt became a living god who had absolute power in the kingdom. He coulddemand services and wealth from his subjects.

The Pyramids Of Giza (Giza Necropolis)

This is a complex of ancient monuments located about 25km southwest of Cairo, Egypt. Included in this complexare the three pyramids known as the Great Pyramids, the Great Sphinx, and several other historical areas.

The Great Pyramid was built around 2550 BC and it was the tallest building in the world for over 4000 years. Itwas built with over 2 million blocks of stone and each block weighed 3 tons. On average, it took 10,000 workersaround 30 years to build a pyramid.

The latest research suggests that most of the workers were not slaves as previously thought, but they were paidlaborers usually from poorer families.

Note: The pharaoh Cheops is also known as Khufu.

1. Draw a golden pyramid where Cheop's Great Pyramidwas located. (West of the Nile River)



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Chapter Five The First Sumerian Dictator

City-States A type of nation where each city acts like a separate country.

Military Dictatorship A type of government in which the army is in charge and the people have to obeythe leaders without asking questions.

What does Mesopotamia mean?

Between the rivers.

What two rivers is Mesopotamia between?

Tigris and Euphrates.

Were the cities in Sumer friends with each other?

No, they fought each other.

What did Sargon do?

He conquered all of the city-states and made them into one country.

What was his country called?

Akkadia or the Akkadian Empire.

How did he keep control of it?

He used harsh laws and put his soldiers in the conquered cities to make the people obey.

What do we call it when a ruler uses an army to make sure people obey without questions?

Military dictatorship.

Mesopotamia

As we learned earlier, Mesopotamia means land between rivers. This is taken from the ancient Greek word

. This is the land that is chiefly between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern day Iraqas well as parts of Iran, Syria, and Turkey.

Some of the ancient empires founded in Mesopotamia were Sumer and the Akkadian Empire as well as theBabylonian and Assyrian Empires.



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Sargon

There are many stories about Sargon and nobody knows for sure who he really was, how he became king, etc. Onestory says that Sargon didn't have any parents. He just floated down the Euphrates River in a basket when he was ababy. He was found and raised in a palace near the city of Kish.

Sargon convinced the army to kill the king and make him the new ruler of early Sumer around 2334 BC. Then hespent the next 50 years uniting the city-states of Mesopotamia.

Akkadian Empire

Founded by Sargon The Great after conquering the various city-states of Sumer. This empire is sometimes referredto as the first centrally controlled empire in world history. Lasted from approximately 2334 BC to 2154 BC.

1. Find Sumer on the map and underline it. The trace the Tigris and EuphratesRivers in blue.

2. Find Kish on the map and underline it.

3. Draw a line through Mesopotamia and writeAkkadia to show Sargon's new empire.



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Chapter Six The Jewish People

Ziggurat Special, flat-top, pyramids built with steps up the sides. Priests used the steps to go to the top andsacrifice to the gods.

Who was Terah and why did he want to leave Ur?

He was Abram's father and he left because he was afraid a war would start.

Why did Abram decided to go to Canaan?

God told him to go.

What did God promise Abraham?

That Abraham would have a son.

What does the name Abraham mean?

Father of a multitude or father or many children.

Who was Abraham's wife and what did her name mean?

Sarah or Sari. Her name meant princess.

How old was Sarah when she had her baby, Isaac?

At least 90 years old and most likely 100.

What did Jacob give Joseph to show that he loved him?

A coat of many colors. (Note: Jacob had 12 sons which became the 12 Tribes of Israel.)

What did Joseph's brothers think about this and what did they do?

They were jealous and they sold Joseph into slavery.

Joseph was the son of Jacob, and Jacob was the son of Isaac. Who was Isaac's father?

Abraham.

What did the Pharaoh dream about when Joseph was in Egypt? What did this dream mean?

Seven fat cows and seven skinny cows. The seven fat cows meant 7 years of good harvests and the sevenskinny cows meant 7 years of famine. Thus, Joseph told the pharaoh to save some food during the 7years of good harvests.

After Joseph interpreted the dream for the pharaoh, what did the pharaoh do?

Pharaoh made Joseph second-in-command in Egypt.

At the end of the story, where did the Israelites live?

Egypt. (As long as Joseph was alive in Egypt, the Israelites were treated well. However, after this timeperiod the Israelites became slaves in Egypt.)



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Abraham

Abraham is an important figure in all three Abrahamic Religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaismand Christianity he is considered to be the Father Of The Israelites through his son Isaac (mother Sarah). InIslam, Abraham is considered to be a prophet and an ancestor of Muhammad though his son Ishmael (motherHagar).

There is some debate, but most historical scholars agree that Abraham lived sometime between 1950BC and1600BC. (The Jewish dates are 1812 BC to 1637 BC.) All agree that he lived to be 175 years old.

Judaism

Is the religion, philosophy, and way of life for the Jewish people. It is the oldest monotheistic religion in the worldtoday and has been in existence for at least 3000 years. It originates from the Hebrew Bible and is explored laterin the Torah. Jewish people believe that Judaism is the expression of the covenant between God and the Childrenof Israel.

The spiritual leaders of the Jewish people are called rabbis and Jews worship in synagogues. The Jewish holy day(The Sabbath) begins at nightfall on Friday and lasts until nightfall on Saturday. The Sabbath is a very holy day inJudaism because it is a reminder of the covenant between God and the Jewish people. The Hebrew word forSabbath is Shabbat Shabbat means rest in Hebrew. The holiest city for the Jewish people is Jerusalem.

Currently there are approximately 13 million Jewish people in the world with about 40% living in Israel, 40% livingin America, and the remainder mostly living in Europe.

There are several different groups (denominations) within Judaism. These include, but are not limited to,Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. The more conservative Orthodox Jews believethat the Torah and Jewish law are divine in nature and should be strictly followed. The less conservative Jewsbelieve that Jewish law should be used as a set of guidelines rather than a set of restrictions.

Below are some of the common symbols usually associated with Judaism:

1. Circle Babylon in red.

2. Draw a line in blue fromUr up to Haran. (Terah decided to move form Ur to Haran)

3. Continue this blue line from Haran over to Canaan. (God told Abram to move to Canaan)

4. Continue this blue line from Canaan down to Egypt. (The path of the Israelites)


Menorah Star Of David Chai Living Kippot


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Chapter Seven Hammurabi and the Babylonians

Laws Special rules used in a community or a country. Help maintain order.

Code of Hammurabi The first set of written laws in history. The were unique becauseeverybody had to follow these laws.

Why did Hammurabi want to be king?

So that people would be treated fairly.

What city did Hammurabi rule?

Babylon. (Southern Mesopotamia)

What were the laws that Hammurabi wrote down called?

The Code of Hammurabi.

Who had to obey these laws?

Everyone in Babylonia.

Can you give me five examples of these laws.

If someone cuts down a tree on your land, they will pay for it.

If someone causes you to lose an eye, they will lose an eye.

If a doctor operates on a patient and the patient dies, the doctor's hand will be cut off.

If a builder builds a house and it later collapses and kills the owner, the builder will be put to death.

If someone steals something from a house, they will have to pay 10 times the value if caught. If they haveno money, they will be put to death.

If someone steals something from a temple or a court, they will be put to death. The person who receivesthe stolen goods will also be put to death.

If a son hits his father, the son's hand will be cut off.



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Hammurabi and The Code Of Hammurabi

Hammurabi inherited the crown of Babylon from his father around the year 1792BC. At first he just ruled a smallpiece of land around his town, but soon convinced the other kings in southern Mesopotamia to join him. He calledthis new kingdom Babylonia. Thus, he was the first king of the Babylonian Empire.

He is best known for writing a set of laws known as Hammurabi's Code, possibly the first set of written laws inworld history. These laws were written on stone tablets that were over 2.4 meters high and were placed in publicplaces for all to see.

The Code of Hammurabi was discovered in Iran in 1901 and is now on display in The Louvre in Paris.

Achievements Of The Babylonians

The Babylonian Empire was ahead of its time in many aspects of life. They built complex irrigation systems thathelped them grow a variety of crops. They traded the surplus crops they grew for gold, copper, wood, and othermaterials.

They also thought they could learn about the gods by watching the movement of the planets and stars. They knewthe differences between stars and planets and they also knew where all of the constellations were.

The Babylonians were the first people to figure out that it took one year for the Earth to go all the way around thesun and the first people to divide one year into twelve months. In addition, they were the first people to divide oneday into 24 hours and one hour into 60 minutes.

1. Circle the city ofBabylon with a red colored pencil.

2. Lightly shade Babylonia in red. (Represents the land Hammurabi conquered)



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Chapter Eight The Assyrians

Dictator A ruler with total power in a country.

What was the name of the Assyrian king?

Shamshi-Adad

What city did he live in?

Assur (Northern Mesopotamia)

What was the name of his empire?

The Assyrian Empire

How did he build his empire?

Conquered other cities, through cruelty, though fear.

How was he different than the Babylonian king, Hammurabi? Which king was better?

Shamshi-Adad was a dictator who ruled by fear. Hammurabi ruled by a code of laws.

Was Gilgamesh a good king or a bad king?

Bad king, but very strong.

When the people asked Anu, the sky-god for help, what did he send?

The monster Enkidu.

Enkidu was half-man and half what?

Animal

What did the trapper's son do when he met Enkidu?

Took him home, taught him how to talk, eat, wear clothes, etc.

Why did Enkidu and Gilgamesh fight? Who was the winner?

Because Gilgamesh tried to steal a bride from a wedding. Gilgamesh was the winner, but he was tootired to continue fighting, so Enkidu and Gilgamesh became friends.

What happened to Enkidu after he killed the bull of the gods?

The gods were angry, so then sent illnesses to torment him. He suffered for 12 days and then died.

Why did Gilgamesh decide to go see Utnapishtim?

He wanted to beat death.



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What did Utnapishtim tell Gilgamesh?

1St Stay awake for 6 days and 7 nights. 2nd Dive to the bottom of the ocean and pick a magic plant.

Who ate the magic plant after Gilgamesh picked it?

A snake

The Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest fairy tales in the world and one of the oldest surviving works ofliterature. It was composed sometime between 3000BC and 1200BC.

One of the original versions discovered has the story/poem being told on twelve stone tablets. Fragments ofapproximately 2/3 of these twelve stone tablets have been recovered to date.

The story centers on a friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods asGilgamesh's equal to distract him from oppressing the people of Uruk. Together, they journey to the CedarMountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven, which the goddess Ishtarsends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. As a punishment for these actions, the gods sentence Enkiduto death.

The later half of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's distress at Enkidu's death, and his quest for immortality. In orderto learn the secret of eternal life, Gilgamesh undertakes a long and perilous journey to find the immortal flood hero,Utnapishtim. He learns that "The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man theyallotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping." His fame however lived on after his death,because of his great building projects, and his account of what Utnapishtim told him happened during the flood.

Shamsi-Adad

Shamshi-Adad is best known for unifying Upper Mesopotamia. He ruled from approximately 1815BC 1782BC.His name means my sun is the god Adad.

1. FindAssur and circle it in red. (Shamshi-Adad's city)

2. Shade the area that Shamshi-Adad conquered in red.

3. Find the city ofBabylon and circle it in green. (Assyria never tried to conquer)



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Chapter Nine The First Cities of India

Citadels Huge circular mounds with a fort on top. This was a place people could go if attacked.

Trade The exchange of goods.

Why did ancient people use the river as a road?

It was easier than traveling on sand or rocks. It was faster than walking.

Why did people in Ancient Mesopotamia and India build cities near rivers?

The was plenty of water for drinking and for crops. It was easier to send food and other things down thewater. The rivers were good roads for trade. The rivers were good for fishing.

What is a citadel?

A stronghold in the center of a city.

Tell me some of the things that the people of the Indus Valley built.

Citadels, drains, houses from mud bricks, toilets, public baths.

What happened to the citadel cities?

No one knows for sure.

Tell me about the story of the hunter and the quail.

The quail wanted to escape from a hunter and his net. They decided to stay together in one bunch. Whenthe hunter threw his net on them, they all flew up together and got away. But then they started to fightwith each other and the hunter caught them one at a time.

What is Mohenjo-Daro?

It was a city in the Indus Valley that archaeologists discovered. At one point it had about 40,000 people

living in it. Nobody knows what happened to the city. However, archaeologists found bodies laying inthe streets like they died right there.



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Mohenjo-Daro

Mohenjo-Daro was located in the region of Sindh, Pakistan which is in the middle of the Indus River Valley. Thiscity was built sometime around 2600 BC and was one of the largest settlements of the Indus River Civilization alsoknown as the Harappan Civilization. It was discovered in 1922 by a historian from India.

Mohenjo-Daro was also one of the world's earliest major urban settlements and was one of the most advancedsettlements of its time due to sophisticated engineering and urban planning. During excavation, researchers havedetermined that Mohenjo-Daro was divided into two parts and was based on a street grid layout. There were publicbaths inside the city, a central water well, and covered drains to channel waste water. Some of the larger houseswere two stories high, had separate indoor bathroom areas, and one house even had a bathing area that used waterheated by an underground furnace.

1. Find the Indus River and trace it in blue.

2. Circle the town ofMohenjo-Daro in red.

3. Lightly shade the Indus River Valleyusing a green colored pencil. (Either side of the Indus River



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Chapter Ten The Far East: Ancient China

Silk A soft fiber obtained from the silkworm

Dynasty One family keeping control of a country for many years.

Pictograms Words that look like pictures. Literally means picture writing. Used by the early Chinese.

Halberd A weapon that has an axe on one side and a dagger on the other.

Why is China called the Far East?

Because it is all the way to the east on the map, if you live in the Fertile Crescent.

The Chinese people lived between two rivers. What were their names?

The Yellow River and the Yangtze River.

What was their valley called?

The Yellow River Valley

What was the name of the emperor who united the small villages of China into one empire?

Huang Di.

What did Huang Di's wife, Lei Zu, discover?

She discovered the silkworm and learned how to make silk.

What Chinese dynasty was talked about in this chapter?

The Shang Dynasty.

What does the word dynasty mean?

A family that rules one country for years and years.

How long did the Shang Dynasty rule?

Around 500 years.

During the Shang Dynasty, what was the name of the special writing the Chinese people used?

Pictograms. They were words that looked like pictures.

What valley did Chin live in?

The Yellow River Valley. The valley formed by the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.



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What crop did the ancient farmers of China grow?

Rice.

Why did Chin get up so early in the morning?

He was going to help his father in the fields for the first time.

What kind of ground did the rice grow in?

Wet ground.

What was Chin supposed to do for his father, first thing in the morning?

Find out whether his father was well, and whether he needed food or water.

What story did Chin's grandfather tell?

About a time when the Yellow River flooded.

Huang Di The Yellow Emperor

Huang Di ruled around 2690BC. He is often considered to be the person who started Chinese civilization. Inaddition, he is also credited with numerous inventions and innovations. His wife was Lei Zu.

Shang Dynasty

The Shang Dynasty ruled from 1766BC to 1122BC. It is most notable for its bronze technology and the introductionof written Chinese characters.

The Story of Silk

Lei Zu was sitting in the garden one day. She was having lunch and drinking tea. When she was about to drink

some tea, a silkworm cocoon dropped into her cup. She lifted the cocoon out of the cup and noticed that it wasmade of a thin, bright thread that was wrapped a hundred thousand times around the silkworm within. Lei Zuunraveled the threads of several silkworms and twisted them together until the thread was big enough to weaveinto cloth. Lei Zu and her husband Huang Di promised to never let the secret of the silkworm leave their kingdom.

Note: Lei Zu is also known as Xiling Ji.

1. Trace theYellow River andYangtze River using a blue colored pencil.

2. Lightly shade the South China Sea in blue.

3. Color theYellow River Valleyin green. (Area between the two rivers)



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Chapter Eleven Ancient Africa

Artifacts Treasures and everyday objects left behind by people in history.

Oases Little patches of land with water and trees. Usually located in a desert.

Dates A type of fruit that grows on palm trees. A staple food in Northern Africa, Middle East, etc.

Ancient Peoples Of West Africa

What is a continent?

A large piece of land with many countries on it.

Where is the Nile River located (continent)?

Africa.

What is the name of the large desert in West Africa?

The Sahara Desert.

Was the Sahara Desert always hot and sandy?

No, once it had water and grass and animals in it.

What did archaeologists find when they dug down into the hard, dry dirt of the Sahara?

Pollen, seeds, bones of animals, turtle shells.

Why did the people of ancient Africa go south?

Because the Sahara began to dry up.

Anansi and Turtle

What are yams like?

Sweet potatoes.

Why didn't Anansi want to share with Turtle?

He was too hungry!

What did Anansi tell Turtle to do before he ate?

Wash his hands.

Where did Turtle set his supper table when Anansi came to visit him?

Under the water.



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How did Anansi get down to the bottom of the water?

He put rocks in the pockets of his coat.

What did Turtle tell him to do?

Take his jacket off before he ate.

What happened when Anansi took his coat off?

He popped back up to the surface of the water!

What is the moral of this story?

If you try to be too smart, you might find someone else who outsmarts you.

Anansi and The Make Believe Food

Do you remember the three kinds of food that Anansi found in the villages?

Cassava, plantains, and rice.

What do cassava look like?

Potatoes.

What do plantains look like?

Bananas.

Why did Anansi keep on leaving the villages to go to the next one?

Because he thought he would find something better.

Did he get a wonderful meal at the end of the story?

No, he didn't get anything!

What was the moral of this tale?

Don't be greedy eat what you are given.

Anansi Stories

A collection of folktales that are believed to have originated with the Ashanti people of Ghana. They later spread toother parts of Africa and the Caribbean (as a result of the slave trade). These tales are based on oral tradition.

The central character is a spider who tries to trick people to get what he wants. However, his plans often backfireand he learns some kind of important lesson.

There is a pretty good book for children about Anansi.



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The Sahara Desert

The word Sahara is Arabic for The Great Desert.

It is almost as large as America and covers parts of the following countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya,Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, and West Sahara.

The Sahara is the world's hottest desert. Most of the Sahara is very dry with only a few oases which containvegetation. The driest areas receive about 20mm of rain per year. Due to the dryness of the desert, only a few

animals can be found in the Sahara including camels, scorpions, snakes, and the desert fox.

Historically this desert has been occupied by the Berber people who were semi-nomadic farmers/grazers.

Thousands of years ago the Sahara region was quite fertile and many animals/plants thrived here. However, itstarted to dry out around 3500BC.

Note: Very little is known about the cultures of southern Africa during this time period.

1. Write the letter B in the area ofBabylonia. (Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)

2. Color the Indus River Valleygreen. (First cities of India)

3. Color the area ofMesopotamia green. (Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)

4. Label the Mediterranean Sea.

5. Draw a small pyramid next to the name Egypt on the map.



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Chapter Twelve The Middle Kingdom of Egypt

Nubians People from the ancient kingdom of Nubia (NE Africa). Had much darker skin than Egyptians.

What happened to the Old Kingdom of Egypt?

It became weak and powerless.

When Amenemhet became pharaoh, what country did he decide to conquer?

Nubia.

Why was Nubia valuable to the Egyptians?

It had gold.

What new name did the Egyptians give to Nubia?

Kush.

What do we call this time in Egyptian history?

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

What happened to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt?

It became weak because of the bad leadership from the pharaohs.

Who invaded Egypt and took over the Egyptian throne?

Wandering nomads. These people were called Hyksos.

Where were they from?

Canaan.

Did the Egyptians like having the Hyksos for kings?

No! They thought the Hyksos were unclean shepherds.

How did the Egyptians get rid of the Hyksos?

Egyptian princes got together and used the Hyksos' own weapons to drive them out.



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The Middle Kingdom Of Egypt

The Middle Kingdom lasted from 2100 to 1800 BC. It was considered the Golden Age of Egypt due to the fact thattrade flourished, arts & literature were prevalent, etc. During this time period there was a shift from usingpyramids to using hidden tombs underground to bury the dead.

The Hyksos

A group of people who first appeared in Egypt around 1800BC. They may be responsible for introducing the horse-drawn chariot into Egypt life.

The word Hyksos means foreign rulers or shepherd kings. They were an Asiatic people who slowly gainedinfluence in Egypt.

The Hyksos were defeated in 1567BC.

Nubia

The region along the Nile River in Northern Sudan/Southern Egypt.

There were several small Nubian Empires prior to the collapse of the last one in 1504. This final collapse led to theformation of the Kingdom of Kush.

The people of Nubia were often characterized as having dark skin. They were known for their excellent archeryskills.

One interesting fact is that Nubians were hired by Hannibal to fight against the Romans during the Punic Wars.

1. Circle Egypt in red.

2. Label Nubia at the bottom of the map to the left of the Nile River.

3. Write the letter H (for Hyksos) in the area ofCanaan. Then draw a line from Canaan down to Egypt.



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Chapter Thirteen The New Kingdom of Egypt

Polytheism The belief in many gods.

Monotheism The belief in only one god.

What is this time in Egypt's history called?

The New Kingdom.

We read about two pharaohs today. Do you remember their names?

Thutmose and Hatshepsut.

What did Thutmose do?

He made Egypt bigger.

What did Hatshepsut do?

She became pharaoh even though she was a woman. She built more monuments than any otherEgyptian queen.

What did Hatshepsut wear?

Men's clothes and a false beard.

Did the Egyptians worship just one god, or many gods?

They were polytheists.

Did Amenhotep worship just one god, or many gods?

Just one god.

Did the Egyptians like this?

No! They wanted all their gods back.

Where was King Tut buried? Who discovered his tomb?

He was buried in the Valley of the Kings. It was discovered by a man named Howard Carter.

Did robber's steal Tut's treasure? Why not?

No, because they couldn't find his tomb.

Why did people think there was a curse on the tomb?

Because some people who opened it died, and Howard Carter's canary was swallowed by a cobra. Therewere 26 people present when King Tut's tomb was opened. Within ten years, 6 of those people had died.



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The Valley Of The Kings

The principal burial place for royal figures of the New Kingdom of Egypt and was used mostly from 1539 1075 BC.Located on the western bank of the Nile River opposite from Thebes (modern day Luxor). The Valley of the Kingshas over 60 tombs in it. Has been a site for tourism for the last few hundred years. Many Romans as well asNapoleon visited this site. It became an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

Tutankhamen

Tutankhamen was born around 1343BC and died around 1325BC at age 19. His father was Amenhotep IV (provenby DNA evidence in 2010. His mother was his father's sister. Howard Carter found his tomb in 1922AD. KingTut's burial mask is one of the most popular symbols of Ancient Egypt.

Howard Carter

He was an English archaeologist best known for his discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922. He spent severalyears searching in The Valley of the Kings with his work being funded by Lord Carnarvon. Carter died of cancer atthe age of 64.

The New Kingdom Of Egypt

The New Kingdom lasted from approx. 1550 to 1100 BC. It was a very successful time for Egypt and it marked thepeak of Egyptian power.

Many of Egypt's most famous pharaohs ruled during this time period including Hatshepsut, Thutmose,Tutankhamen, etc.

It was also during this time period that Amenhotep IV tried to change Egypt to a monotheistic culture from apolytheistic one.

1. Circle the area known as theValley of the Kings in red.

2. Review the locations ofCanaan, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea.



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Chapter Fourteen The Israelites Leave Egypt

Plague Any widespread affliction, calamity, or evil.

Exodus A mass departure of people from a country.

Who were the Israelites descended from?

Abraham.

Were the Israelites polytheists or monotheists?

Monotheists.

Why did they go to Egypt?

Because of a famine in Canaan during the time of Joseph.

What happened to them in Egypt?

They became slaves.

Who led them back out of Egypt?

Moses.

What terrible command did the pharaoh give?

To kill all the baby boys of the Israelites.

What did Moses's mother do to save his life?

Put him in the Nile River in a basket.

Who took him out?

The princess of Egypt.

How many plagues did God send on Egypt?

Ten.

Did the pharaoh finally let the Israelites go?

Yes.

What happened when they got to the Red Sea?

The water parted OR God parted the water OR Moses parted the water.



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What was this great escape from Egypt called?

The Exodus.

Where did the Israelites go next?

Back to Canaan.

The Ten Plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12 & Quran 7:133-135)

1. Water of the Nile River turned to blood.

2. Frogs

3. Lice or gnats

4. Gnats or flies

5. Livestock disease

6. Boils

7. Hail and thunder

8. Locusts

9. Darkness

10. Death of first born humans and livestock who do not have marked doorposts.

Note: These plagues preceded the Exodus.

The Exodus (Exodus 13)

Story of the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt following the death of Joseph and their departure under theleadership of Moses. It is one of the central foundations of Judaism. Also the theme for Passover.

Most historical scholars do not agree on a date for the Exodus from Egypt. Most Jews believe it occurred in1312BC. Other scholars believe it took place sometime between 1250BC to 1200BC.

Passover (Pesach)

Called the feast of the unleavened bread. A festival that commemorates the story of the Exodus. Begins the 15thday of the month of Nisan in the Jewish calendar. It is celebrated for 7-8 days. The commandment to keepPassover is found in Leviticus 23:5.

Usually the first night of Passover is celebrated by a special dinner called a seder. During this meal the story of theExodus is told using a special text called a Haggadah. The Haggadah divides the dinner into 15 parts.

1. Draw a line from Egypt up to Canaan. (Israelites fled from Egypt to Canaan)

2. Shade the Red Sea in blue. (Moses led the Israelites through the Red Sea)



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Chapter Fifteen The Phoenicians

Glass Blowing The art of making glassware by blowing air through a tube of molten glass.

Bellows Special pumps used to fan a fire. Used in blacksmithing and glassblowing.

Murex A special type of snail used to make a purple dye in ancient times.

Colony A settlement of people or a country controlled by another country. Typically far away.

Where did the Phoenicians live?

In Canaan.

What were they good at?

Sailing their boats and making glassware.

What two things did the Phoenicians make glass from?

Sand and lye.

What special way of shaping glass did the Phoenicians invent?

Glassblowing.

What did they make their purple dye from?

Snails.

Why was purple called the color of the kings?

Because it was expensive.

What was the name of the little Phoenician colony that grew into a big city?

Carthage.

What queen helped to start Carthage? Why did she leave home?

Dido. She left home because she was afraid of her brother.

Why did Dido want to start the city of Carthage near the water?

So that ships would visit her city and trade with her.



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Phoenician Civilization

A maritime trading culture made up of a collection of city-states located on the western part of the Fertile Crescent.Contained parts of the following modern day countries: Lebanon, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, and Syria. ThePhoenician Civilization was at its peak between 1200 539BC.

They had a trading monopoly on the purple dye of the murex snail. They usually traded with the Greeks.

The Phoenicians are also known for their spread of the alphabet which all modern phonetic alphabets are based on.

The City Of Carthage

A city that has existed for 3000+ years. Currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia.

It is hard to study the history of Carthage because many of its historical documents were destroyed during thePunic Wars. Most likely Carthage was founded around 1215BC by Queen Dido (Queen Elissa) who had fled Tyre(modern Lebanon) after her husband was killed by her brother. Carthage became a powerful city in the WesternMediterranean.

1. Circle the Phoenician cities ofTyre and Carthage in red.

2. Color the area known as Phoenicia using a green pencil. (Also shade the other Phoenician areas using green)

3. Color the Mediterranean Sea in blue.



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Chapter Sixteen The Return of Assyria

Siege Tower A wooden tower on wheels. Used to invade walled cities.

Can you tell me the two countries that Assyria conquered?

Egypt and Canaan (Also could be Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Asia Minor)

What did Ashurbanipal like to do for fun?

Hunt lions with bows and arrows.

What kinds of shields did the Assyrians use?

Basket shields tied together with leather.

How did the Assyrian soldiers break through city walls?

They built ramps out of dirt and pushed wooden towers on wheels up the ramps.

Did the people in the Assyrian empire like their king?

No, they hated him for his cruelty.

What city did Ashurbanipal live in?

Nineveh.

Can you tell me two things that Ashurbanipal did to make Nineveh beautiful?

He built a beautiful palace, decorated the city gates, planted gardens, and made sculptures.

Why did Ashurbanipal decide to collect a library?

So that people would remember him.

Were the library books made out of paper?

No, they were made out of clay.

What types of writings were kept in Ashurbanipal's library?

The history of Assyria, stories, prayers, facts about the sun, moon, and sky, medicine, law, and science.

Can we still read Ashurbanipal's library today?

Yes, some of the clay tablets can still be read today.



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Assyrian Empire

An empire located in the northern part of Mesopotamia. Assyria's expansion took place between 1300BC and1200BC. It reached its peak around 745BC. At its peak it included parts of the following modern countries: Iraq,Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Sudan, Libya, Armenia,Georgia, and Azerbaijan.

Ashurbanipal

An Assyrian king who ruled from 668BC to 627BC. He was famous for assembling a large collection of cuneiformdocuments in a library known as The Library Of Ashurbanipal. This library was located in the city of Nineveh. Theruins of the city of Nineveh are located across the river from the modern city of Mosul in Iraq.

(An interesting fact about Nineveh. It was the largest city in the world for 50 or so years during the time of theNeo-Assyrian Empire.)

Remnants of The Library Of Ashurbanipal can now be seen in the British Museum. They currently have around31,000 tablets. Historical documents say that Alexander the Great saw Ashurbanipal's library and decided hewanted to build a library too. His library eventually became the Library Of Alexandria.

1. Circle the city ofNineveh in red. (Ashurbanipal's city)

2. Underline the city ofAssyria using a green colored pencil. (Ashurbanipal ruled this area)

3. Shade all of the seas in blue.



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Chapter Seventeen Babylon Takes Over Again!

The Seven Wonders of the World Things that ancient people made or built that are still incredible today.

What did the Assyrians do to Babylon when they conquered it?

They flooded it (destroyed it).

What did the Babylonians do to Nineveh when they conquered Assyria?

They destroyed it and smashed some of Ashurbanipal's clay tablets.

Was the Babylonian Empire as big as the Assyrian Empire?

No.

What was the name of Babylon's most famous king?

Nebuchadnezzar.

What happened to Nebuchadnezzar after he thought he was a god?

He went crazy and thought he was an animal, but he later recovered.

Why was Nebuchadnezzar afraid of Persia?

He though Persia would attack him.

Why was Persia afraid of Nebuchadnezzar?

The Persians thought Nebuchadnezzar would attack them.

Why was Amytis homesick?

Because she missed the mountains and gardens of her homeland.

What did Nebuchadnezzar build to make Amytis happy?

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

We've studied two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. What were they?

The Great Pyramid and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.



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King Nebuchadnezzar

King Nebuchadnezzar was a king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire who ruled from 605BC to 561BC. He conqueredJudah and Jerusalem and exiled the Jews.

He is also famous for building the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and for destroying the First Temple in Jerusalem

(Solomon's Temple in 586BC).

King Nebuchadnezzar is featured in the book of Daniel in the Bible.

The Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World

Great Pyramid of Giza (The only one that remains intact today)Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Destroyed by earthquakes)Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (Destroyed by fire/theft)Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Destroyed by flooding)Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Destroyed by flooding)Colossus of Rhodes (Destroyed by earthquakes)Lighthouse of Alexandria Pharos (Destroyed by earthquakes)

1. Circle the city ofBabylon in red. (Nebuchadnezzar's city)

2. Put a red X through Nineveh. (This shows that Nebuchadnezzar destroyed it)

3. Put a red X through Jerusalem. (This shows that Nebuchadnezzar destroyed it)



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Chapter Eighteen Life In Early Crete

Navy An army that fights on the water.

Bull-Jumpers and Sailors

Why did the Minoans hold bull-jumping festivals?

To honor the gods of Crete.

Were the bull-jumpers treated well?

Yes, they were given food, beautiful clothes, jewelry, and gold.

Was bull-jumping dangerous?

Yes, bull-jumpers were often killed. Few bull-jumpers lived past the age of 20.

What did pirates do in the Mediterranean Sea?

They attacked and robbed people who tried to sail on the sea.

What did the Minoans build to get rid of the pirates?

Ships

King Minos and The Minotaur

What kind of monster was the Minotaur?

Half man and half bull.

Why did King Minos tell Athens to send him seven girls and boys every year?

To feed them to the Minotaur.

Where did the Minotaur live?

Under the palace, in a maze.

How did Theseus get out of the maze?

With a ball of wool that Ariadne gave him.

What color sail was Theseus supposed to put on his ship?

A white sail.

What happened when he forgot to put on the white sail?

His father jumped off a cliff.



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The father of Theseus was called King Aegeus. What sea was named after him?

The Aegean Sea.

The Mysterious End of The Minoans

Why did the Minoans leave Crete?

Because a volcano erupted nearby.

What island did the volcano erupt on?

Thera.

What happened to Thera?

It sank beneath the sea.

What did the volcano do to the air and land of Crete?

A tidal wave hit Crete; ash, dust, and rock covered the fields and towns, so that people couldn't breathand crops couldn't grow.

Minoan Civilization

The Minoan Civilization flourished between 2200 1500BC. They were important because they were thepredecessors to the Greeks and they also developed a trading network.

Minotaur

A creature from Greek mythology with the head of a bull and the body of a man. Was killed by Theseus.

1. Lightly shade theAegean Sea in blue.

2. Color the island ofCrete yellow.

3. Circle the city ofAthens in green. Then draw a line fromAthens to Crete. (Theseus' path)

4. Circle the island ofThera in red. (Volcano exploded here)



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Chapter Nineteen The Early Greeks

Colony A country or area that is under the full control of another country. Typically, far away.

What were the people who came from Greece to conquer Crete called?

The Mycenaeans.

What were the Mycenaeans good at?

Fighting.

Where did the Mycenaeans build colonies?

Around the Aegean Sea.

Can you tell me a little bit about how the Mycenaean Greeks lived?

They lived in houses, had jobs, and went to school.

How did the barbarians live?

They wandered around, couldn't read or write, and spent their time fighting other people.

What did the Mycenaean Greeks have that made them such strong fighters?

Bronze weapons and chariots.

What kind of weapons did the barbarians have?

Iron weapons that were stronger than bronze weapons.

When the Greeks and the barbarians fought, who won?

The barbarians.

Do you remember why we call this time the Dark Ages?

Because the barbarians didn't leave us any written history or records about the time that they lived inGreece.



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The Mycenaeans

The Mycenaeans were the first Greeks to use horses in battle. The Mycenaeans were the first great Greekcivilization. Lasted from 1900 1200 BC or so. They advanced through conquest.

The Greek Dark Ages

The Greek Dark Ages lasted from about 1200BC to 700BC. Obviously there is little historical evidence about whatlife was like during this time period.

1. Color Greece green.

2. Draw an arrow from the Mediterranean Sea up into Greece. (Sea people invaded Greece)

3. Draw an arrow from the land NW ofThebes down into Greece. (Dorians invaded Greece)



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Chapter Twenty Greece Gets Civilized Again

Iliad A long poem by Homer that tells the story of the Trojan War.

Odyssey A story by Homer about Odysseus, a Greek warrior who fought in the Trojan War and then ran intomany problems on the way home.

Olympics Ancient Greek festival that celebrated courage, bravery, and strength.

Pentathlon A competition where athletes have to do five events.

Greece Gets An Alphabet

What happened to the barbarians who lived in Greece?

They became civilized built houses, learned how to read, etc.

Did they kill their neighbors for fun? What did they do instead?

No. They wrestled, raced, and danced.

Did the women go out and find food?

No, they stayed indoors.

The barbarians were now called Greeks. They learned to read and write. What were some of the Greek letters?

(See Other Information Section)

The Stories Of Homer

What hero is the Odyssey named after?

Odysseus.

Why did Poseidon get angry at Odysseus and his men?

Because they forgot to thank him for their victory over Troy.

What was the one-eyed monster called?

Cyclops.

How did the Greeks know the stories of Odysseus and Troy, in the days when they couldn't read or write?

They told them to their grandchildren.

Who first wrote down these stories?

The poet Homer.



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How did Odysseus get revenge on the Cyclops?

He blinded him/put his eye out.

How did the men get out of the cave?

They help on to the Cyclops' sheep when he let them out in the morning.

Why did Odysseus tell the Cyclops that his name was Noman?

So that anyone who came to rescue the Cyclops would think that no man was hurting him.

After Odysseus made fun of the Cyclops, what did the Cyclops do?

Asked Poseidon to keep him from reaching home.

Why do you think Odysseus decided to make fun of the Cyclops? Why didn't he just sail quietly away?

Pride, foolishness, he wanted to boast. It would have been better if he just left.

The First Olympic Games

What god was honored by the first Olympic games?

Zeus, the king of the Gods.

What mountain was the Olympics named after?

Mount Olympus, where the gods were supposed to live.

What is a virtue?

Something good about a person.

What virtues did the Olympic Games reward?

Strength and courage.

Who was allowed to compete in the Olympic games?

Men from Greece.

Homer

Homer was a blind Greek writer who lived around 800BC. He is the author of the Iliadand the Odyssey.

Iliad An epic poem set during the Trojan War.

Odyssey An epic poem that focuses on Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy.



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The Greek Alphabet

Alpha The Greek letter A.

Kappa The Greek letter K.

Tau The Greek letter T.

Beta The Greek letter B.

Psi A Greek letter that doesn't have an equivalent in English. It looks like a trident, a three-prongedweapon carried by the god Poseidon. This letter was named after him.

Theta A Greek letter that has a similar sound to th.

The Greek alphabet was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet. It contains 24 letters and is the precursor tomany of the European languages including Cyrillic and Latin.



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Mount Olympus

The highest mountain in Greece at 2,917 meters. Located about 100km south of Thessaloniki. In Greek mythologyit is regarded as the home of the 12 Olympian Gods. It is also the setting for many Greek myths.

Ancient Olympics

A series of athletic competitions among the various Greek city-states that took place between 776 394 BC. Theywere held in honor of Zeus. These games were held every four years and only Freeborn Greeks could participate.

(Hence the term olympiad= 4 year time period.)

Initially they only lasted one day and had only one event a running race. Eventually expanded to span five dayswith several different events. Should be noted that the Ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as anathletic competition.

1. Color the country ofGreece green.

2. Circle Mount Olympus in red.

3. Circle Troyin blue.



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Chapter Twenty-One The Medes and the Persians

Asia Minor The western peninsula of Asia that now constitutes most of Turkey. Also known as Anatolia.

What was the name of the shepherd tribe at the edge of Media?

Persia, or the Persians.

What country did the Persians obey?

The Medes, or Media.

Why did the Persian king, Astyges, want to get rid of his grandson?

He dreamed that the baby would grow up and take his throne away.

What was the baby's name?

Cyrus.

After Cyrus because king of the Persians, what did he do?

He conquered Media too.

Was Cyrus a good king?

Yes, he was very fair.

Can you tell me one of the fair things Cyrus did?

He let the Medes have some power in his empire. OR He let the Jews go back to Palestine.

What was King Croesus know for?

His gold he was richer than anyone else.

Why did the Babylonians let Cyrus into their city?

Because they did not like their own king.



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The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550 330 BC)

Founded by Cyrus The Great through his conquest of the Median Empire, The Lydian Empire, and the BabylonianEmpire. At the height of its power, it encompassed approx. 8 million km2 and spanned parts of Asia, Africa, andEurope. At this time about 50 million people lived in this empire. (Almost 50% of the world's population.)

One of the first empires that tried to govern a multi-ethnic population. Tried to do this by fair treatment of allpeople and by not interfering in local customs/religions. Also developed a postal system, road system, and civilservice.

An interesting note. Persians drank large quantities of wine and often deliberated important governmentaldecisions while drunk.

The earliest Persians lived around 700BC.

Cyrus The Great (Cyrus II of Persia)

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Ruled from 558 530 BC. He was known as a good fighter, but alsoas a fair ruler. He respected the local customs and religions of the people he conquered.

He ended the Jewish Exile from the Babylonian Empire in 538 BC. He allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem andbuild the Second Temple. Cyrus is often called the anointed of the Lord by Jewish people (Isaiah 45:1-6, 13). Wecan find Cyrus' edict in II Chronicles 36:23 and also Ezra 6:3-5.

1. Using red, trace the dotted line that goes around the Persian Empire.

2. Color the Persian Gulfblue.

3. Trace each of the rivers in the Persian Empire blue. (What are the names of these rivers?)

4. Circle the countries ofEgypt and Canaan in red. (Both are inside the Persian Empire)

5. Color Greece green. (Soon Persia and Greece fight)



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Chapter Twenty-Two Sparta and Athens

Democracy A type of government where people can vote. Known as government by the people.

Vote Process by which people choose for or against something.

Forum A special meeting place where ideas are exchanged.

Domestic Relating to the running of a home, raising a garden, taking care of children, etc.

Did the Greek cities all obey the same king?

No, each city had its own king.

What did all Spartan boys grow up to be?

Soldiers.

What did they learn in school?

How to fight, how to be tough, and how to be strong.

If you were a Spartan boy and you hurt yourself, what would you do?

Be brave and silent! You wouldn't cry, just pretend you were fine.

What were Spartan girls supposed to do?

Have many children who would be good fighters.

What is a democracy?

A country where people vote on the laws and on who becomes the leaders.

What kinds of things did Athenian boys learn in school?

Mathematics, reading, writing, poetry, and music.

What did Athenian girls learn how to do?

Keep house.

What happens to ignorant people who don't know the laws?

Other people can make them do things and take advantage of them.

Why is it important to be educated?

So that you what the laws are, so that you know how to choose leaders, and so that people do not takeadvantage of you.



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Greek City States

The Greek city-states (polis) began to arise in the mid 800'sBC.

Educated society. Artistic. Luxurious. Military society. Very simple life. Basic.

Educated at schools. They learned reading,writing, math, ethics, etc.

Forced to join the Army. Taught to show nofear and to not be weak.

Educated in domestic matters. Taking careof the house, family, etc. No participation insports or politics. Almost no rights.

Educated to raise children to be goodsoldiers. Learned basic reading/writing.Participated in sports and could own/controltheir own property.

Note: A Spartan boy who didn't pass the test to join the military was not allowed to vote and was not allowed tobe a full citizen.

Note: The Athenian and Spartan lifestyles in this book date from around 600BC.

1. Circle the city ofAthens in red.

2. Circle the city ofSparta in yellow.

3. Draw a blue line to show the sea route between Sparta andAthens.

4. Draw a green line to show the land route between Sparta andAthens.



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Chapter Twenty-Three The Greek Gods

Polytheism The belief in many gods.

Monotheism The belief in only one god.

Were the Greeks polytheists or monotheists?

They were polytheists. They believed in many gods.

Why did Zeus start a war on earth?

Because there were too many people on earth.

Can you name any of the other gods from the story?

Hera, Aphrodite, Athena, Eris, Poseidon.

Greek Gods

The Twelve Olympians were the principal gods of the Greeks. They believed the gods lived atop Mt. Olympus.

King of the gods. Ruler of Mt. Olympus.

Queen of the gods. Goddess of marriage and family.

God of the seas, earthquakes, and horses.

Goddess of agriculture, the seasons, and fertility.

God of wine, celebrations, and ecstasy.

God of light, knowledge, music, poetry, and archery.

Goddess of virginity, childbirth, the moon, archery, and animals.

Messenger of the gods. God of commerce and thieves.

Virgin goddess of wisdom, defense, and warfare.

God of war, violence, and bloodshed.

Goddess of love, beauty, and desire.

Master blacksmith and craftsman of the golds. God of fire.



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Some of the other important or more well-known Greek gods include:

King of the underworld. God of the dead.

Virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and cooking.

God of medicine and healing.

God of sexual love and beauty.

Divine hero. Masculine and strength.

In addition to all of these gods mentioned, there are many other Greeks gods.

1. Label the following items on the map:

Greece

Crete

Aegean Sea

Athens

Sparta

Troy

Mount Olympus



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Chapter Twenty-Four The Wars of the Greeks

Marathon A special race that is about 26 miles (42 kilometers) long.

Architecture The way buildings are designed or built

Why did Athens and Sparta decide to be friends and allies?

Because they were afraid of the Persians.

What did the Athenians and Spartans do to the messenger sent by the Persian king?

They threw him down a well.

What did Persia do then?

Attacked!

What two armies fought the battle of Marathon?

Persia and Athens.

Who won?

Athens.

Why didn't the Spartans come help the Athenians?

They were having a religious festival.

What happened to the runner who took the good news to Athens?

He died of exhaustion.

Was the Battle of Marathon the end of Greece's war with Persia?

No.

The last battle in the war with Persia was the Battle of Salamis. Who won the Greeks or the Persians?

The Greeks, and the Greek cities stayed independent!

What kind of building was the Parthenon?

A temple.

Inside the Parthenon, what was carved into one of the wall friezes, something the soldiers were fighting?

Centaurs half man, half horse.



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Did the Greeks continue to make beautiful art?

No, they fought with each other.

What two cities fought the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta and Athens.

When Sparta was attacking Athens, what happened inside the city of Athens that made it weaker?

The plague.

Alcibiades led the Athenians out of the city to attack the Spartans. But what did he do when the Athenians lost?

He joined the Spartans. He led the Spartans into Athens.

Which Greek city won the fight?

Sparta finally conquered Athens.

The Greco-Persian Wars

A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and the Greek city-states. Started around 500 BCand lasted until 450 BC or so.

Note: The 2nd Invasion of Greece occurred in 480 BC. This was the war where Athens/Sparta combined forces.

The Peloponnesian War (431 404 BC)

The war between Athens and Sparta. Completely reshaped the Ancient Greek world. Athens, formerly thestrongest city-state before the war was reduced in power. Sparta became the leading Greek power. This warmarked the end of the Golden Age of Greece.

Acropolis

An ancient citadel located on a high rocky hill above the city of Athens. Contains the ruins of several historicbuildings including the Parthenon. Most likely built sometime around 500 BC.

Parthenon

A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. Located in the Athens Acropolis. Built in 438 BC. Considered the mostimportant Classical Greek building.

Marathon

A marathon is a long distance running race with a distance of 42.195 km. One of the original modern Olympic

Events at the first Olympics in 1896. Was created to commemorate the Greek soldier Pheidippides who ran fromthe battle of Marathon back to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated.

There is a good poem about this event written by Robert Browning calledPheidippides.

1. Draw a red line connecting Sparta andAthens. (They often fought each other)

2. Color the Persian Empire yellow.

3. Draw a yellow arrow from the Persian Empire, across theAegean Sea, toward Marathon.

4. Draw a blue line showing the route the messenger took from Marathon toAthens.



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Chapter Twenty-Five Alexander The Great

Alexander A name meaning ruler of men.

Gordian Knot An extremely difficult or involved problem. Based on the legend that if a man can loosenthis difficult knot, he will rule all of Asia. Alexander the Great cut the knot in half.

Pharos A lighthouse near Alexandria that was 330 feet tall. During the time of Alexander theGreat, it was the tallest in the world. The third Wonder of the World.

Who attacked the Greek cities?

Philip.

What country did he rule?

Macedonia.

What was the name of Philip's son?

Alexander the Great.

What was the name of Alexander's horse and how did he tame it?

Bucephalus. He turned the horse so that it couldn't see its shadow.

How did Alexander solve the problem of the Gordian Knot?

He cut it in half.

What three Wonders of the Ancient World have we learned about?

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Great Pyramid, and the Pharos.

What was the Pharos?

A giant lighthouse.

What was the name of the city Alexander built in Egypt?

Alexandria.

Why did Alexander stop before he conquered all of India?

His soldiers refused to go any further.

How did Alexander the Great die?

No one knows why he died. He got weak.



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How many pieces did Alexander's empire get divided into?

Three.

What did Ptolemy do in Egypt?

Finished the city of Alexandria and built a library.

What is another name for the Seleucids?

The Syrians.

Did the three generals who ruled Alexander's kingdom make friends with each other?

No, they fought.

Alexander The Great

King of Macedon who ruled from around 336 323BC. Born into a royal family and was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16.By the age of 30 he had created one of the largest empires in the history of the world.

He died at the age of 32 for unknown reasons. Some people say he was poisoned, others say he had malaria, and others say hehad lived a hard life of drinking/fighting. He founded more than 20 cities that bear his name. Most notably Alexandria, Egypt.

The Gordian Knot

A legend associated with Alexander The Great. Used as a metaphor for a difficult problem solved easily by cheating or thinkingoutside the box. In this case, cutting the knot in half. By cutting the knot, Alexander fulfilled a prophecy that he would becomeking of Asia.

The Division Of Alexander's Empire

Alexander's death was so sudden that nobody really knew what to do. Alexander had no real heir, so his empire was eventuallydivided into three parts.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom Of Egypt Established by Ptolemy I in 305 BC.The Seleucid Empire Established by Seleucus I in 312 BC.The Macedon Empire (Greek Part) Original part of Alexander's empire. Later subdivided.

1. Circle the city that Alexander named after himself in red. (What country is it in?)

2. Trace the Nile River in blue.

3. Trace the borders of Alexander's empire in red. Lightly shade the area within the borders red.

4. Trace the Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus rivers blue.



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Chapter Twenty-Six The People of the Americas

Central America The strip of land between North America and South America.

Mesoamerica Means between the Americas. (Another name for Central America)

The Nazca Drawings

What is a continent?

A big mass of land. Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

There are three different Americas. What are their names?

North America, Central America, and South America.

South America has flat land in the middle. What does it have all down one edge?

Mountains.

Do you remember the name of the South American tribe that made drawings on the ground?

The Nazca.

How big were the drawings?

Hundreds of miles across.

Do you remember what some of the drawings were?

Spiders, pelicans, hummingbirds, flowers, spirals, squares patterns.

What methods might the Nazca have used to draw these big lines?

They may have used math or the position of the stars.

The Heads Of Olmecs

What was the name of the tribe that lived in Central America?

The Olmecs.

Where did the rich Olmec people live?

In the city, up on a hill.

Where did the poor people live?

Down on the plain below.



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What kind of pyramid did the Olmecs build in the middle of their city?

A dirt pyramid.

What kind of sculptures did they make?

Giant heads of their rulers.

Rabbit Shoots The Sun

What two countries are now in North America?

America and Canada.

Way up in the northern part of North America, where it is too cold to grow crops, what did ancient people eat?

Seals, polar bears, birds, caribou, mosses, lichens, whales, etc.

How about people in the middle part of North America?

Corn, wheat, buffalo, and fish.

Did the people of North America live in cities?

No, they were nomads.

In the story of Rabbit Shoots the Sun, why did Rabbit decide to shoot the sun?

Because it was hot and dry.

What happened when Rabbit's arrow hit the sun?

Fire came out and started to burn up the world.

What color did the bush turn when the fire scorched it?

Yellow.

Was Rabbit still brave and bold at the end of the story?

No, he was timid and shy.

Did the sun still jump over the edge of the world in a hurry?

No, it crept up a little at a time.



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Nazca Civilization

Ancient culture located in Southern Peru that flourished between 100 BC and 700 AD. It was largely anagricultural economy, but it was a bit advanced for the time period. It had even developed a basic irrigationsystem.

This civilization was noted for beautiful pottery painted with up to 15 distinct colors. Of course, the Nazca are mostknown for the Nazca Lines.

The Nazca Lines are a series of giant pictures drawn in the Nazca Desert in Southern Peru. Some of thesedrawings are more than 200 meters long. The Nazca Lines were designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site in1994. They were most likely created between 400 650 AD.

Nobody is certain how these lines were made. Some people believe the Nazca people used basic mathematics, somebelieve they used a basic form of surveying, and others believed they used the stars/constellations. In addition,nobody is certain why these lines were made. Some people believe they were created to help communicate with thegods or to help with some sort of religious practice.



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Olmec Civilization

The first major civilization in Mexico that lasted roughly from 1500 400 BC. (About the same time of theAssyrian expansion, the Greek Dark Ages, and the New Kingdom of Egypt).

It was the first American civilization to construct monuments and live in towns/cities. However, the Olmecs aremost known for their colossal heads sculpted out of stone.

The Olmec Heads were most likely created before 900 BC. All of the heads are of men with flat noses and slightly

cross

Documents

STOW - Vol. 1 - Teacher's Guide