Stories Written in Stone Abstracts Volume Provisory July 2013 t5

8/9/2019 Stories Written in Stone Abstracts Volume Provisory July 2013 t5

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Organisers and partners

Sponsors

http://www.daad.ro/http://www.radiocarbon.com/http://www.socarchsci.org/http://www.meiji.ac.jp/cols/english/index.htmlhttp://members.peak.org/~obsidian/http://bioge.ubbcluj.ro/geologie/http://arheoinvest.uaic.ro/http://uaic.ro/http://www.daad.ro/http://www.radiocarbon.com/http://www.socarchsci.org/http://www.meiji.ac.jp/cols/english/index.htmlhttp://members.peak.org/~obsidian/http://bioge.ubbcluj.ro/geologie/http://arheoinvest.uaic.ro/http://uaic.ro/


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Editors: Otis. N. Crandell, Vasile CotiugăProofreading team:

Otis N. CrandellPatrick JuligMark Moore

George “Rip” RappCover design: Ștefan Caliniuc and Otis N. Crandell

Authors are responsible for the contents of their articles.

© 2013Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, 2013Arheoinvest Research Platform, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of IașiBd. Carol I, nr 11, corp. HIasi, 700506RomaniaPhone: [+40] 232.201.636 / [+40] 744.389.551Fax: [+40] 232.201.636Email: [email protected]

Web: http://arheoinvestsymposium.uaic.ro/

ISSN: 978-973-703-758-9


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Contents

Contents ................................................................................................................... iii Organisers ................................................................................................................ 1

Committees ............................................................................................................... 2

Session 1. Raw material exploitation strategies: mining and surfacecollecting ........................................................................................................... 3

Lithic assemblages of Azokh Cave (Nagorno Karabakh, Lesser Caucasus) and thedifferential use of raw materials

Lena Asyran (a, b, c) , Andreu Ollé (b,a) and Norah Moloney (d) ................................................... 4 New flint mining sites in Lower Sindh (Pakistan)

Paolo Biagi and Elisabetta Starnini ........................................................................................ 5 Raw material studies of West Central Serbia

Vera Bogosavljević(a) and Jelena Marković(b) ....................................................................... 6 Prehistoric quarrying and surface collecting strategies in the southern Pampas of Argentina

Luciana Catella (a,c) , Fernando Oliva (a,c) , Marcelo Manassero (d,e) , Gustavo Barrientos (b,c,e) and Jorge Moirano (a,c) ............................................................................................................ 8

Optimal perspective? Assessing behavioural ecology models for lithic stockpiling in theMaya area

Joshua J. Kwoka .................................................................................................................... 10 Flint mining in the prehistory of Poland

Jacek Lech ............................................................................................................................. 11

Changes in patterns of lithics raw material procurement in Early Holocene of the east ofUruguay

José López Mazz (a) , Oscar Marozzi (b) and Diego Aguirrezabal (b) ...................................... 12 Neolithic flint mines of Treviño (Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Spain)

A. Tarriño, I. Elorrieta, M. García-Rojas, I. Orue, A. Sánchez ............................................ 13 Simultaneity and age of lithic artefacts at sanukite resource sites, Mt. Nijo, Japan

Atsushi Uemine ...................................................................................................................... 15 Interwar archaeological excavations, socialist agriculture and a pile of flint artifacts

Neculai Bolohan, Cătălin Murariu, Alexandru Gafincu....................................................... 16

Session 2. Ancient lithic trade and economics ................................................... 17

Raw material availability and distribution, and human exploitation strategies in coastal North Patagonia, Río Negro province, Argentina

Marcelo Cardillo and Jimena Alberti ................................................................................... 18 Lithic trade patterns in Neolithic Romania

Otis Crandell ......................................................................................................................... 20 Evidences of raw material circulations in the Blicquy group of Belgium (Early Neolithic

Period): examples of Bartonian flint and Ghlin flint Solène Denis .......................................................................................................................... 22

Middle Palaeolithic flint in the central region of the Mediterranean Iberia: human behaviour and territorial mobility

Aleix Eixea (a) , Valentín Villaverde (a) , Clodoaldo Roldán (b) and João Zilhão (c) ................ 24 Raw material circulation at broad scales in southern Patagonia (Argentina)

Nora V. Franco (a) , Pablo Ambrústolo (b) , Natalia Cirigliano (c) and Lucas Vetrisano (d) .... 26


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A distinctive type of flint in Early Neolithic Balkans: ‘Balkan flint’ in Bulgarian context Maria Gurova ....................................................................................................................... 27

A 7th millennium BC house complex of Çukuriçi Höyük in the light of the lithicassemblage

Bogdana Milić(a) and Barbara Horejs (b) ............................................................................. 28 Stone tools and society in the Hungarian Early and Middle Bronze Age: a preliminary

report Anna Priskin .......................................................................................................................... 29 Detecting human mobility in the Pyrenees through the analysis of chert tools during the

Upper Palaeolithic Marta Sánchez de la Torre .................................................................................................... 30

Lithic implements at Ariuşd: preliminary results Sándor József Sztáncsuj (a) and Katalin T. Biró (b) ................................................................ 31

Raw material circulation from South of France towards North-eastern of Iberian Peninsulathroughout Prehistory: evidences, troubles and historical signification

Xavier Terradas, David Ortega and Juan F. Gibaja ............................................................ 32 Raw material economy at the Magdalenian site in Klementowice, Eastern Poland

Tadeu sz Wiśniewski(a) and Lucjan Gazda (b) ........................................................................ 33 Session 3. Stone tool production and processing techniques ............................ 34

The Mousterian lithic assemblage of the Ciota Ciara cave (Piedmont, Northern Italy):exploitation and conditioning of raw material

Sara Daffara (a) , Marta Arzarello (a,b) , Gabriele L.F. Berruti (a) , Giulia Berruto (a) , Davide Bertè (c) , Claudio Berto (b) ..................................................................................................... 35

Ouriakos: a Younger Dryas Site along the coast of Limnos (Greece) Nikos Efstratiou (a) , Paolo Biagi (b) , Panagiotis Karkanas (c) and Elisabetta Starnini (b) ..... 36

Shikarpur lithic assemblage: new questions regarding Rohri chert blade production Charusmita Gadekar (a) , S.V. Rajesh (b) and P. Ajithprasad (a) ............................................. 37

A note on the taphonomic origin of breakage: an experimental view Gadi Herzlinger, Sonia Lemmel and Naama Goren-Inbar................................................... 38

One of the flint tools production strategy based on erratic flint. Exemplified by Mesolithicmaterials from the site Dobryń Mały 7 (central-eastern Poland)

Piotr Mączyński..................................................................................................................... 39 Armorican arrowheads biographies: production and function of an Early Bronze Age

prestige good from Brittany (France) Clément Nicolas (a) , Colas Guéret (b) .................................................................................... 41

Variability in the core reduction and processing technology of the Levantine Mousterianindustry at Dederiyeh Cave, Syria

Yoshihiro Nishiaki(a)

, Yosef Kanjo(b)

, Sultan Muhesen(c)

and Takeru Akazawa(d)

............. 43

The lithic traditions of Late Pleistocene settlement at Affad, Sudan: raw materials economyand technological features

Piotr Osypiński...................................................................................................................... 44 Edge length and flake production strategies: examples from the Middle Palaeolithic of

Romanian Southern Carpathians Gabriel Popescu .................................................................................................................... 45

Kremenac (Serbia): quarry and Lower Palaeolithic open-air site Josip Šarić............................................................................................................................. 46

Features of the flint processing organization during the Chacolithic period in the Southeastof Europe

N. N. Skakun(a)

, B. Mateva(b)

, V. V. Terekhina(a)

................................................................ 48 Lithic refitting and prehistoric skill learning processes: a case study of the UpperPaleolithic assemblages at the Shirataki sites, Hokkaido, Japan


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Jun Takakura ......................................................................................................................... 49 Estimating the scale of stone axe production: a case study from Onega Lake, Russian

Karelia Alexey Tarasov (a) and Sergey Stafeev (b) .............................................................................. 51

The last journey of the craftsmen: analyses of lithic assemblage from a Globular Amphoraculture grave

Piotr Włodarczak(a)

, Katarzyna Pyżewicz(b)

, Janusz Budziszewski(c)

, Witold Grużdź(c)

and Marcin M. Przybyła (d) ......................................................................................................... 52

Session 4. Use-wear analyses ............................................................................... 53

The reality and confusion of post-depositional alterations and use-wear: an experimentalcase on basalt

Lena Asyran (a, b, c) , Andreu Ollé (b,a) and Norah Moloney (d) ............................................... 54 Household and specialised lithic management: the dichotomy in the manufacture and use

of flint tools among the first farming communities (LBK) in SW Poland Bernadeta Kufel-Diakowska ................................................................................................. 55

Image analysis and intra-raw material variability: a continuing exploration of use-wearaccrual

Harry J. Lerner ..................................................................................................................... 56 All that glitters is not gold: reappraising the relative significance of handaxes and flakes in

Palaeolithic assemblages in Southern Britain Clare McKenna ..................................................................................................................... 57

Use-wear studies of Bronze and Iron Age lithics from the Madaba Plains Nikki Oakden ......................................................................................................................... 58

Mesolithic stone industry from site Ludowice 6, central Poland Grzegorz Osipowicz .............................................................................................................. 59

Mineralogy of patina: flints from East Desert, Egypt Maciej Pawlikowski, Magdalena Sitarz and Mateusz Sęk .................................................... 60

The effects of raw material properties on edge attrition: a high-resolution study ofunretouched experimental flakes

Cornel M. Pop ....................................................................................................................... 61 How to drill in bone and other organic materials: a case study from a Linear Pottery

Culture settlement in central Poland Katarzyna Pyżewicz(a) and Marcin Szeliga (b) ...................................................................... 63

Experiments in archaeology and their significance for use-wear investigations N. N. Skakun (a) , B. Mateva (b) , V. V. Terekhina (a) ................................................................ 65

The application of an open source image processing software in the analysis of use-wearon high reflective non-flint materials

Andrea Zupancich, Flavia Venditti and Cristina Lemorini .................................................. 66

Stone or teeth? Comparative functional analysis of capibara teeth ( Hydrochoerushydrochaeris ) and rhyolite flakes used as tools

Vanesa Parmigiani (a) , María Celina Alvarez Soncini (b) , María Estela Mansur (a) and Hernán De Angelis (a) .......................................................................................................................... 68

Session 5. Characterising lithic sources ............................................................. 70

Flint raw materials and artifacts from NE Bulgaria: a combined petrographic and LA-ICP-MS study

Polina Andreeva (a) , Elitsa Stefanova (a) , Maria Gurova (b) ..................................................... 71 The fly in the soup: problems in provenancing long-distance items

Katalin T. Biró ....................................................................................................................... 73 Characterization of ‘Balkan Flint’ artefacts from SE Europe using LA-ICP-MS, EPMA and pXRF


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Clive Bonsall (a) , Maria Gurova (b) , Chavdar Nachev (c) , Chris Hayward (d) and NicholasPearce (e) ............................................................................................................................... 74

Raw material analysis of military gunflints from Schloss Neugebäude, Vienna, Austria Michael Brandl (a) , Christoph Hauzenberger (b) and Gerhard Trnka (c) ............................... 75

Sourcing of Hudson Bay lowland chert by ICP-MS and FTIR, to characterize the SpanishRiver lithic biface cache

Patrick Julig(a)

and Darrel G. F. Long(b)

............................................................................ 77 Managing a region: patterns of Late Pleistocene human settlement in North-Western Libyaanalysed through the lithic raw material procurement

Giuseppina Mutri .................................................................................................................. 78 The "Mucientes Flint" of the Iberian North Plateau (Spain)

M. Natividad Fuertes-Prieto (a) , Ana Neira-Campos (a) , Esperanza Fernández-Martínez (b) ,Fernando Gómez-Fernández (c) , Eduardo Alonso-Herrero (d) .............................................. 79

Mineralogy and structure of selected raw materials as reason of their quality Maciej Pawlikowski and Marta Wróbel ................................................................................ 80

Archaeometric characterization of chert and radiolarite artifacts from the Early Holoceneassemblages at El Mazo Rockshelter (Asturias, Spain)

John D. Rissetto (a,b) , Giancarlo Pepponi (b) , Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti (c,d) , Manuel R.González-Morales (d) and David Cuenca-Solana (d) ............................................................. 81

Potential siliceous sources during prehistory: results of prospections in east margin of EbroBasin (NE Iberian Peninsula)

María Soto (a,b) , Bruno Gómez de Soler (a,b) , Josep Vallverdú (a,b) , Manuel Vaquero (b,a) ..... 82 First attempts to carry out a petrographic and geochemical characterization of chocolate

flint from the Wierzbice “Zele” mine compared with other flint rocks from CentralPoland

Dagmara Werra (a) , Rafał Siuda(b) and Oliwia Grafka (b) .................................................... 84

Session 6. Lithotheques: collections of comparative raw materials ................ 85

The UI-OSA lithic raw material assemblage: an online resource for archaeological studiesof debitage and chipped stone tools

Mark L. Anderson and Daniel G. Horgen ............................................................................ 86 Taking into account geochemical and technological analyses when constructing a

comparative lithic collection Adrian L. Burke ..................................................................................................................... 87

An online database for lithic resources Otis Crandell (a) and Vasile Cotiuga (b) ................................................................................. 88

Knappable lithic resources in the Eastern Carpathians Otis Crandell (a) , Mariuca-Diana Vornicu (b) and Vasile Cotiuga (c) .................................... 90

Lithotheques, interdiscipline and common language among archaeologists and geologists:an example from Patagonia (Argentina) María Victoria Fernández (a) and Jimena Alberti (b) ............................................................. 92

Archaeopetrological approach to the study of the lithotheque from Charente’s basin(France)

Mar Rey i Solé (a) , Christophe Delage (b) and Xavier Mangado (a) ....................................... 94 The LITHICUB project: a virtual lithotheque of siliceous rocks in the University of

Barcelona Marta Sánchez de la Torre, Xavier Mangado, B. Medina, N. Rodríguez, M. Rey, A. Casado............................................................................................................................................... 95

The LitoCAT project: creation of a reference lithotheque of siliceous rocks from Catalonia

Xavier Terradas and David Ortega ...................................................................................... 96 A proposal for the creation of a lithotheque in the province of New Brunswick, Canada Christian C. L. Thériault ....................................................................................................... 97


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Session 7. Gemology: siliceous rocks as gemstones ........................................... 98

Obsidian bijouterie, mirrors and vessels in the prehistoric Near East; examples fromDomuztepe (Turkey) and Tell Arpachiyah (Iraq)

Stuart Campbell and Elizabeth Healey ................................................................................. 99

Session 8. Obsidian: methodological issues of obsidian provenancestudies and a new perspective of archaeological obsidian ....................... 100

From conservative to cosmopolitan: interrogating the reconfiguration of near easternobsidian exchange networks from the Epi-Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic

Tristan Carter ...................................................................................................................... 101 Towards a more developed understanding of lithic reduction sequences in Bronze Age

Sardinia: new data from Nuraghe Pidighi and Bingia 'e Monti Kyle P. Freund .................................................................................................................... 102

Human activity in and around obsidian sources: a case study from sites around theHiroppara wetland in the central highlands of Japan

Jun Hashizume (a) , Yoshimitsu Suda (a) , Kazutaka Shimada (b) , Yuuki Nakamura (c) , Akira

Ono(a)

.................................................................................................................................. 103 Maritime transportation of obsidian across the Pacific during the early Upper PalaeolithicJapan

Nobuyuki Ikeya (a) and Michael D. Glascock (b) .................................................................. 105 Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis of the Nyírlugos obsidian core depot find

Zsolt Kasztovszky (a) , Boglárka Maróti (a) , Zoltán Kis (a) and Katalin T. Biró (b) ................ 107 The obsidian evidence for the scale of social life during the Palaeolithic

Theodora Moutsiou ............................................................................................................. 108 Obsidian Studies in Japan and the role of the Center for Obsidian and Lithic Studies, Meiji

University Akira Ono (a) , Yoshimitsu Suda (a) , Shigeo Sugihara (b) , Tarou Kannari (a) and Jun Hashizume (a) ....................................................................................................................... 109

Change in exchange: Neolithic exploitation of geological sources in Eastern Europe Danielle Riebe ..................................................................................................................... 110

Geological and geochemical study in Shirataki obsidian lava complex, Northern Hokkaido,Japan

Kyohei Sano (a) , Keiji Wada (b) , Hiroyuki Sato (c) , Masami Izuho (d) , Masayuki Mukai (e) .. 111 Standardization of obsidian compositional data for provenance studies: petrology and data

compilation of intra-laboratory results for obsidian from the Shirataki source, NorthernJapan

Yoshimitsu Suda (a) , Jeffrey Ferguson (b) , Michael D. Glascock (b) , Vladimir K. Popov (c) ,Sergei V. Rasskazov (d) , Tatyana A. Yasnygina (d) , Jong Chan Kim (e) , Noriyuki Saito (f) ,

Hironobu Takehara (g) , Kenji Wada (h) , Akira Ono (a) , Andrei V. Grebennikov (c) andYaroslav V. Kuzmin (i) ......................................................................................................... 112

Shirataki obsidian exploitation and circulation in prehistoric Northern Japan Miyuki Yakushige and Hiroyuki Sato .................................................................................. 114


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Organisers

Host institution:“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi

Organised in partnership with:

Arheoinvest Research Platform, Iaşi Geology Department, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-NapocaSociety for Archaeological SciencesInternational Association for Obsidian StudiesMeiji University Center for Obsidian and Lithic Studies


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Committees

President:Otis Crandell -Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca

Vice President:

Vasile Cotiugă- “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi

Secretariat:Ștefan Caliniuc -“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi Cătălin Hriban- Institute of Archaeology, Iaşi

Scientific Committee:Astolfo Araujo - Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilMakoto Arimura - Kanazawa University, JapanAntoine “Tony” Baker - Denver, U.S.A.Paolo Biagi - Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, ItalyKatalin Biró - Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, HungaryAdrian Burke - Université de Montréal, CanadaOtis Crandell -Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaChristophe Delage - Musée de Préhistoire La Sabline, Lussac-les-Châteaux, FranceMaria Gurova - Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Sofia, BulgariaCorina Ionescu -Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaPatrick Julig - Laurentian University, Sudbury, CanadaMaria Estela Mansur - CONICET, Ushuaia, ArgentinaJose Lopez Mazz - Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico City, MexicoMark Moore - University of New England, Armidale, Australia

Yoshihiro Nishiaki - University of Tokyo, JapanAkira Ono - Meiji University Center for Obsidian and Lithic Studies, Tokyo, JapanMaciej Pawlikowski - AGH -University of Science and Technology, Cracow, PolandGeorge “Rip” Rapp - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, U.S.A. Natalia Skakun - Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaGerhard Trnka - University of Vienna, AustriaSenica Ţurcanu- Museum of Moldavian History, Iaşi, Romania

Planning Committee:AndreiAsăndulesei MihaelaAsăndulesei

Radu-ȘtefanBalaurAndrada RalucaBucșa Petronela CuzicSebastian DrobTudor MandacheIonuţ-Cristi NicuMariaRăileanu


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Session 1.Raw material exploitation s trategies:

mining and surface collecting

This session covers research involving mining, quarrying and surface collecting strategies. It alsocovers tools and methods used for mining and quarrying knappable stone. Presentations are notlimited to prehistoric studies. They may include historical or present day mining or quarryingmethods, on an industrial scale or by hobbyists. Presentations may also describe research that has been conducted on specific mines or quarries.


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Lithic assemblages of Azokh Cave (Nagorno Karabakh, LesserCaucasus) and the differential use of raw materials

Lena Asyran(a, b, c), Andreu Ollé(b,a)and Norah Moloney(d)(a) Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002Tarragona, Spain. Email: (L. Asyran) [email protected]; (A. Ollé) [email protected] (b) IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n(Edifici W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.(c) Artsakh State University, M. Gosh 5, Stepanakert, Nagorno Karabagh.(d) Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006-Madrid,Spain. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Azokh Cave; Middle to Upper Pleistocene; lithic artefacts; raw materials;differential use

Azokh Cave is a Middle Pleistocene toHolocene site located in Nagorno Karabakh(Lesser Caucasus). The geographic regionforms a corridor linking Africa, Europe andAsia, and was important for early homininand other animal expansion. Azokh Cave is part of a karstic system with severalfossiliferous chambers located 850 m a. s. land 200 m above the nearby village of Azokh.The main entrance, Azokh 1, is a large cavethat has two geological sequences (lower andupper) with nine geo-archaeological Units ofwhich only the upper ones (Units I to V) havea significant archaeological record. Thefaunal remains and lithic artefacts present inthese units indicate different kinds of humaninvolvement, for example for occupation oranimal exploitation.The lithic artefacts presented here wererecovered from Unit V, Unit III and Unit IIduring 2002 – 2009 excavation seasons. Theavailable chronological data indicates an age

of 293 – 258 Ka for Unit V, 206 – 184 Ka forUnit III and 184-100 Ka for Unit II. Theoperational chain is incomplete and theartefacts found in the cave are primarily end- products dominated by flake-tools. Theassemblage of Unit V is composed mainly ofsimple, unretouched flakes with a slight

presence of retouched flakes and cores. TheUnit II lithic assemblage includes a goodLevallois component, although with fewercores and retouched flakes. There are veryfew flake tools in Unit III. While it is stilldifficult to assign the Unit V assemblage to atechno-typological group or complex (i.e.Acheulean, Mousterian or other local techno-complexes such as the Kudarian), the Unit IIassemblage is clearly associated with Mode 3or the Mousterian techno-complex.Different local and non-local raw materialswere exploited in all Units for the productionof lithic artefacts, although the range of rawmaterials is more varied in Unit II. Localchert, flint and basalt were most commonlyused due, probably, to their easy accessibility.Limestone, jasper, quartzite, sandstone, andhornfels, from local and non-local sources, are present in small quantities in Units V and II.Obsidian is the only raw material that possiblyoriginates from more distant sources. Flint

and chert appear to have been preferentiallyexploited for flake tool production in all units, but the toolmakers show a preference for better quality raw material (flint, basalt,obsidian, hornfels) for retouched pieces inUnits V and II, and for Levallois productionin Unit II.

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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New flint mining si tes in Lower Sindh (Pakistan)

Paolo Biagi and Elisabetta StarniniDepartment of Asian and North African Studies, Ca’ Foscari University, Ca’ Cappello, San Polo2035, Venice, I-30125, Italy. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Rohri Hills; Pakistan; flint mining

Surveys and excavations carried out duringthe last fifteen years by the ItalianArchaeological Expedition in the Rohri Hills(Upper Sindh) led to the discovery of animpressive evidence of flint mining areas and blade workshops, most of which are attributedto the Bronze Age Indus Civilisation. Untilrecently these sources have been generallyconsidered to represent the main, or thealmost exclusive, lithic procurement zone ofthe entire Indus Valley.The archaeological surveys carried out inLower Sindh between 2008 and 2010 haverevealed the existence of previously unknownimportant flint resources in the territory,embedded within limestone deposits, which belong to the Ranikot formation. Althoughone of these sites has been known since the1960s, and often incorrectly reported in theliterature as the Palaeolithic workshop site"Milestone 101", it was only in 2008 thatIndus Civilisation mining trenches andworkshops were discovered on the top of theterraces of Ongar, Daphro and Bekhain, south

of Kotri. Further discoveries, made in 2010south-west of Jhimpir, have shown that goodquality flint sources were available also in thisarea, which had been first exploited by FinalPalaeolithic hunter-gatherers, and later mined,most probably by Chalcolithic, Amri culture, peoples. The newly discovered miningtrenches and adjacent flint workshops at siteJhimpir 21 (JMP-21) are most probablyattributed to this period, as the typology of the blade cores recorded from the surface shouldindicate. These discoveries contribute to theknowledge of both the existing knappable rawmaterial sources exploited, and the miningtechnology adopted by the populations thatinhabited the region in the Chalcolithic(Amri) and Bronze Age (Indus) Civilisation periods. These problems, often oversimplified by most authors, are of fundamentalimportance for the understanding of theeconomy and trade network systems in theterritory that surrounds the western region ofthe Indus delta, during the 4th and the 3rdImillennia Cal B.C.


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Raw material s tudies of West Central Serbia

Vera Bogosavljević(a) and Jelena Marković(b) (a)Petrović, National museum in Belgrade, Serbia. Email: [email protected](b) National museum in Belgrade, Serbia. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: raw material; mine; West Central Serbia; petroarcheological database; exploitationstrategies

Our work treated the territory of West CentralSerbia, comprising river flows of ZapadnaMorava and Ibar, with the surroundingmountains. The area offers significant possibilities for research based on manyarchaeological sites from the LowerPalaeolithic to protohistoric period. Rawmaterial studies in Serbia have not beendeveloped until recently. Differentcharacterizations of lithics were done so farand some of the mineral deposits in the prospective exploitation zones wereexamined.During the research of primary geologicaldeposits in the Čačak -Kraljevo basin, twomines were identified. The Lojanik mine, asilicified forest by origin, has been recognizedas a source of opal, flint and chert. It had beenoccasionally in use from the time of the Early Neolithic until recent times. This location hasan excellent research potential since it has lotsof different forms of exploitation, largequantities of by-products wasted in the process of raw material selection, and sometools. The other, modern shaft Lazac is a verygood example for ethnoarchaeological studyof magnesite exploitation in the past,especially by the lateVinča culture, when it

started to be the most prominent raw material.Both silicified wood and magnesite were rawmaterials used for stone tool production at theDivlje Polje site.The area of the Palaeolithic site Vlaška glavawas also explored in the search for primaryand secondary deposits. A surface outcrop(including an ancient workshop) wasrecognized as a potential source of flint. Manysecondary deposits were found in locallyavailable fluvial contexts. Thecharacterization of lithics from the site wasalso carried out and certain spatialcorrelations were established.Our research in West Central Serbia createdthe starting point for reconstruction of rawmaterial acquisition in prehistory. Weestablished an outline of the procurementsystem in the Palaeolithic as well as a set ofinformation on the trade and settlementsnetwork in the Neolithic of this region.Two important aspects of our work – anoriginal petroarchaeological database ofSerbia and the lithotheque – have served as powerful means for better explanation of rawmaterial origin and distribution among humangroups in prehistory.


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Figure 1. Raw materials of West Central Serbia.


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Prehistoric quarrying and surface collecting strategies in thesouthern Pampas of Argentina

Luciana Catella(a,c), Fernando Oliva(a,c), Marcelo Manassero(d,e), Gustavo Barrientos(b,c,e) andJorge Moirano(a,c) (a) División Arqueología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de LaPlata; Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina.(b) División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de LaPlata; Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina.(c) CEAR, Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Entre Ríos 758,S2000CRN, Rosario, Argentina.(d) Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CIG), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo,Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Calle 1 Nº 644, B1900TAC, La Plata, Argentina.(e) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires,Argentina.Email: [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: lithic procurement; hunter-gatherers; South American plains; primary and secondarysources; GIS

The aim of this paper is to present the resultsof on-going research aimed at understandingthe processes that structured - at differentscales - the spatial distribution of lithicmaterials from diverse sources in the southernPampas of Argentina (Figure 1). This region,inhabited by hunter-gatherer societiesthroughout the Holocene, is characterized by aheterogeneous distribution of lithic resources.The main orographic features are the Tandiliaand the Ventania mountainous or hilly ranges.Ventania, in particular, is a group of ancient(Palaeozoic), eroded but well-definedmountain ranges , 180 km long and 60 kmwide, which are composed of sedimentaryrocks (quartzites, sandstones, and siltstones)

with various degrees of metamorphism. Alsofound on the southwestern slope of the hillsand on the surrounding plain are isolatedoutcrops of quartzite, granite, and rhyolite.The sources of lithic materials appear both, inthe form of primary outcrops and ofsecondary deposits of cobbles and pebbles.The latter are mainly distributed along themany streams that have their headwaters inthe hills and in some exposures, south ofVentania, of the Patagonian ShingleFormation (Tehuelche Beds or RodadosPatagónicos ), composed of gravel deposits ofextra-regional provenance. For the purpose of

our study, we have classified the lithic sourcesas either point or diffuse. A point source is alocalized and a more or less isolated primary(e.g. a bedrock exposure or outcrop) orsecondary (e.g. a stream, beach, or talus slopedeposit) rock extraction place. A diffusesource is a very extensive and a difficult-to-delimit rock extraction place, consisting ofeither a primary (e.g. a large-scale geologicformation) or a secondary (e.g. ageographically extended gravel mantle) rockextraction place. A diffuse source is a veryextensive and a difficult-to-delimit primary(e.g. a large-scale geologic formation) orsecondary (e.g. a geographically extendedgravel mantle) supply area.

As long as each kind of source has veryspecific conditions in terms of relevantvariables like visibility, accessibility orexploitability (the latter mainly conditioned by lithic raw material abundance, quality andyield), it is expected the implementation ofdifferent and recognizable extractivestrategies through time, involving a variouscombination of quarrying and surfacecollection practices. In order to identify suchstrategies, the methodological approachadopted in this study is based on the use of: a)quali-quantitative evidence collected in thesources themselves and in other


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archaeological locations around them, and b)GIS-based spatial modelling. In the presentation we will illustrate the approach

using a selected set of rocks (quartzites,rhyolites, opaque siliceous stones) andsources.

Figure 1. Map of the southern Pampas of Argentina showing the main orographic features and toolstone sources:Tandilia (e.g. quartzites, chalcedonies, silicified dolomite, granites); Ventania (e.g. quartzites, sandstones, granites,rhyolite); Patagonian Shingle Formation (e.g. basalts, rhyolites, opaque siliceous stones, chalcedonies, quartz);Coastal Pebble Deposits (e.g. basalts, rhyolites, opaque siliceous stones, chalcedonies).


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Optimal perspective? Assessing behavioural ecology models for lithicstockpiling in the Maya area

Joshua J. KwokaDepartment of Anthropology, University at Buffalo – SUNY, New York, USA. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Preclassic Maya; lithic stockpiling; behavioral ecology; optimization; labororganization

The ancient Maya site of San Bartolo islocated in the Department of El Petén,Guatemala. This far northeast region ofGuatemala, along with adjacent areas inBelize and Mexico, is abundant with naturallyoccurring chert nodules that were heavilyutilized by the ancient Maya. During theMiddle through Late Preclassic periods (ca.600 B.C. – A.D. 250), the Maya of SanBartolo practiced a unique form of lithicstockpiling which involved the following: (1)the surface collection of chert nodules ofvarying size and quality from areas mostlikely smaller than a few hundred meters, (2)

the deposition of these nodules into small piles, (3) the testing of these nodules forquality, and (4) the reduction of select nodulesinto a single tool form – the celt, or what isalso known as the general utility biface. This paper will explore the San Bartolo data inlight of behavioral ecology (BE)interpretations of stockpiling practices, whilealso reviewing previous applications of BEmodels in the Maya area. It will be arguedthat the San Bartolo data present a number ofissues which make the application of BEmodels problematic.


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Flint mining in the prehistory of Poland

Jacek LechInstitute of Archaeology,Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw. Email:[email protected]

Keywords: flint mines; Poland; summary

Research in this field was initiated in Polandin 1919 by Stefan Krukowski. His studieswere a systematic implementation of a well-thought-out research strategy. Krukowski published the first description of basicsiliceous rocks used in the prehistoric periodin the Vistula river basin. These raw materials played an important role in the culture ofStone Age and Bronze Age communities,therefore both the methods of exploitation ofthese rocks and the mechanisms of theirdistribution from the Palaeolithic to the end ofthe Bronze Age offer an intriguing glimpseinto the practical knowledge and skills ofhumans, illustrating the organization and scaleof the activities they undertook.In 1922 the geologist Jan Samsonowiczdiscovered an excellently preserved Neolithicmining field at Krzemionki Opatowskie,which ultimately proved to be the mostimportant relic of prehistoric cultural heritagein Central Europe. Nowadays we know of

more than 20 prehistoric flint mine sites inPoland. Flint mining in the Polish lands tookvarious forms, ranging from systematicsurface collecting of nodules from outcrops(Gorzów-Chwalęcice) to the exploitation offlint from weathering and moraine clays(shallow pits and open shafts running severalmetres deep –Bębło, Sąspów, Tomaszów), toshafts sunk through Cretaceous rocks to reachseams of raw material (KrzemionkiOpatowskie). Extensive undergroundtechniques of flint extraction developed at thesame sites where simpler forms of mining alsoexisted.The chipping floors frequently produced flint blades and axe-heads. Several types of flintmined in the Vistula basin were distributed toareas more than 400 km away. The latest ofthe prehistoric flint mines was discovered atWierzbica “Zele”, where shafts were dug aslate as the end of the Bronze Age, around1000 BC.


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Changes in patterns of li thics raw material procurement in EarlyHolocene of the east of Uruguay

José López Mazz(a), Oscar Marozzi(b) and Diego Aguirrezabal(b) (a) Facultad de Humanidades, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República,Rocha, Uruguay. Email: [email protected](b) Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. Email:[email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Uruguay; hunter gatherers; mobility strategies

Hunter gatherers of the Pleistocene-Holocenetransition in Uruguay moved across anextended territory. Siliceous lithics resourcessupplied the organization of technology ofthese groups which had a well and carefuldevelopment of bifacial flaking projectile points. In the centre and north of Uruguay,there is a great variety and abundance ofcryptocrystalline raw material (chalcedony,agate, chert, etc.), which is excellent forflaking and pressure flaking.The changes in patterns in lithics raw material procurement which occurred during the EarlyHolocene show changes in social mobility andhome range dimensions in the Southernregion. Early hunter gatherers of the Holocene

became less mobile, in order to control theconcentration of resources. For this reasonthey must have adopted local resources andalso changes in their lithics organization toavailable regional geology, with less siliceousrocks.Archaeological works carried out at the LosIndios site in the lowlands of the south-east ofUruguay, is a good example of a progressivesubstitution in lithics raw material tomanufacture projectile points. Technologicalanalyses show the emergence of a greatmorphological variability in the design, sizeand stem of the projectile points, as a part ofthis process of technological evolution.


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Figure 1. Neolithic flint mines of Treviño (Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Spain).


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Simultaneity and age of li thic artefacts at sanukite resource sites,Mt. Nijo , Japan

Atsushi UemineKyoto University, Yoshidahon-machi, Sakyo-ku / Kyoto, Japan. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: weathering degree; extraneous damage; Neolithic mining

The lithic raw material resource sites have been known as a nuisance for archaeologists.As is often the case with such sites, theartefacts consist of an enormous amount offlake and core, and artefacts of various erasare mixed. In addition, in most cases, there arefew typed implements and little or nostratigraphy to serve as clues to their age.How can we decompose these mixtures anddetermine their ages in order to reconstruct prehistoric mining activity? I report here onan effective method to overcome thesedifficulties through analyses based on theweathering and extraneous damage on lithicsurfaces. My case study focuses on sites at thenorthern foot of Mt. Nijo, which are some ofthe most famous and important lithic rawmaterial resource sites in the Japanesearchipelago. Here, there are many mines ofsanukite, a kind of andesite utilized as themain lithic raw material from the UpperPalaeolithic age to the Bronze and Early IronAges in west-central Japan.First, I focus on the weathering degree of thelithic surface in order to decompose themixture into some meaningful units in anarchaeological context and sort themaccording to their relative age. The judgmentof their weathering degree can be objective,

depending on a combination of carefulobservation under a low magnificationmicroscope and the surface roughness tester.At the site, the surface roughness of the lithicartefacts and the age indexical flaking methodrestored from them are consistent.

Second, the presence of extraneous damagesis checked to evaluate their simultaneity. Theobservation and aggregation per the units ofartefacts clarify that the unit of artefactsexcavated from mining pits are rarelydamaged. In contrast, the artefacts of thetarget layer of the mining had frequently beendamaged.The above two analyses prove that themixture consists of two assemblages ofdifferent ages. One is the older assemblage,which has not maintained its original context.It is deposited in the target layer of the miningand mixed in the fills of mining pits. Theother is the newer assemblage, a hoardincluded refitting materials found only in themining pits.

Finally, the ages of the assemblages areclarified, based on their stratification, thetypology of the lithic technology and a fewtypical implements, radiocarbon dating, andtephrochronology. The analyses indicate thatthe older assemblage is Upper Palaeolithic(possibly about 20,000 years BP) while thenewer is Neolithic (about 6,000–5,000 yearsBP). The newer assemblage consists of wasteand by-products associated with mining andknapping. Their ages correspond to the beginning of the widespread distribution of

sanukite. This implies the interconnection between the development of lithic rawmaterial resource areas and the expansion ofthe distribution range of lithic raw materials.


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Interwar archaeological excavations , socialist agriculture and a pile offlint artifacts

Neculai Bolohan, Cătălin Murariu, Alexandru Gafincu “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: weathering degree; extraneous damage; Neolithic mining

During the interwar period, field research wascarried out in the area of Drăgușeni commune,south of the city of Fălticeni, in north-easternRomania. Several sites that producedabundant and varied artifactual materials wereinvestigated on this occasion. By far, the bestknown of them is Drăgușeni – Cetățuie, a siteassigned to the Cucuteni B phase. Accordingto the data published at the moment of itsdiscovery, very few of the artefacts werefashioned from flint and none were of any particular interest or importance.After WW2, socialist agriculture completedthe process of destruction of the site inquestion: the land was tilled using large

mechanised equipment, and this practicedislodged the archaeological remains andspread them across a large area.During this last decade, on account of theinterest shown for local antiquities as meansof affirming local identities, Cătălin Murariu,a student from the Faculty of History withinthe “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași,managed to salvage a considerable number ofartefacts, from among which we drawattention to those made of flint. The history oftheir acquisition, and some primaryconsideration on the habitat and degree of useof the study area, constitute the subject of our presentation.


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Session 2. Ancient l ithic trade and economics

This session looks at topics such as trade routes, use of imported vs. local materials, differentvalues placed on certain raw materials, and specialised occupations related to lithic materials in prehistory.


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Raw material availability and distribution, and human exploitationstrategies in coastal North Patagonia, Río Negro province, Argentina

Marcelo Cardillo and Jimena AlbertiInstituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas - CONICET. 15 Saavedra St. 5th.floor. Buenos Aires (1083), Argentina. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Coastal Patagonia (Argentina); lithic resources management strategies; multivariatetechniques; spatial analyses

The coast of San Matías Gulf (Río Negro province, Patagonia, Argentina) (Figure 1)can be divided into two areas, according to itsorientation and the general environmentalsettings. The northern coast (Figure 1) runsfrom East to West and it has active cliffs inalternation with bays and abrasion platforms.In this portion of the Gulf there are about 50archaeological sites, in form of shell middensand lithic scatters on deflated surfaces (FavierDubois et al . 2008). These sites have beendated to betweenca . 6000 and 45014C yearBP (Favier Dubois 2012).The western coast (Figure 1) runs from Northto South and has a more regular beach with awide rocky intertidal range (up to 1.5 km).Archaeological information in this sectorcomes form 30 locations, most of them datedto around 300014C year BP (Favier Dubois yBorella 2011).The raw material sources on the northerncoast are secondary ones, composed mainly ofvolcanic rocks with very good and excellentflaking properties. These sources show acontinuous distribution. The western coast, onthe other hand, has primary and secondary

sources of greater quality, the main type ofrocks here being cryptocrystalline. Also thereare some sectors in this area with significant primary outcrops of sedimentary and volcanicrocks, with different degrees of silicification.Some of them were probably used in anopportunistic way.We think that these differences affected thelithic resources management strategies(procurement, production, transportation anddiscard of stone tools). In a regional scale, wehave evidence of good quality raw material

transport, from areas beyond the Gulf, whichare located between 200 and 400 km away(Favier Dubois et al . 2009). Taking intoaccount the distribution and composition ofthe sites that have been studied, we discuss possible models of exploitation of lithic rawmaterials. To do that, we use statisticalmethod of spatial analysis and multivariatetechniques to detect patterns in the data set.

ReferencesFavier Dubois, C. 2012. Hacia una cronología del uso

del espacio en la costa norte del golfo San Matías(Río Negro, Argentina): sesgos geológicos eindicadores temporales. In Actas de las VIII

Jornadas de Arqueología de la Patagonia . In press.Favier Dubois, C. and F. Borella. 2011. Contrastes en

la costa del golfo: una aproximación al estudio deluso humano del litoral rionegrino en el pasado. In

Arqueología de pescadores y marisqueadores en Nordpatagonia. Descifrando un registro de más de6.000 años , edited by F. Borella and M. Cardillo, pp. 13-42. Buenos Aires, Dunken.

Favier Dubois, C., F. Borella, L. Manzi, M. Cardillo, S.Lanzellotti, F. Scartascini, M. Carolina and E.Borges Vaz. 2008. Aproximación regional alregistro arqueológico de la costa rionegrina. In

Arqueología de la Costa Patagónica. Perspectivas para la conservación , edited by I. Cruz y S.

Caracotche, pp. 50-68. Río Gallegos, Universidadde la Patagonia Austral.

Favier Dubois, C., C. Stern and M. Cardillo. 2009.Primera caracterización de los tipos de obsidiana presentes en la costa rionegrina. In Arqueología dela Patagonia - Una mirada desde el último confín ,edited by M. Salemme, F. Santiago, M. Álvarez, E.Piana, M. Vázquez and E. Mansur, pp. 349-359.Editorial Utopías, Ushuaia.


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Figure 1. San Matías Gulf, Río Negro province, Argentina.


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Lithic tr ade patterns in Neolithic Romania

Otis CrandellGeology Department, Babes-Bolyai University, str. M. Kogalniceanu, nr. 1, Cluj-Napoca - RO-400084, Romania. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Neolithic; flint; obsidian; trade patterns; Romania

This presentation will consider the directionsand intensities of exchange patterns in theTransylvanian Basin and the adjacent areasacross the Carpathian Mountains (theMoldavian Plateau and the Lower Danuberegion) - essentially, the territory occupied bymodern day Romania.The Carpathians have numerous sources ofknappable lithic materials ranging in qualityfrom high to poor. Additionally there areseveral very high quality materials located atthe edges of this area - namely Carpathianobsidian to the north-west, Moldavian flint tothe north-east, and Balkan flint to the south-west. Although there is no lack of rawmaterials throughout the area, during the Neolithic, the majority of artefacts (from halfto three quarters) appear to have been madefrom imported high quality materials.Furthermore, it is of interest to note thatimported lithics within the TransylvanianBasin tend to come predominantly from thenorth-west and north-east, territories occupied by other cultures and much less from thesouth within the area of their own cultures.Similarly, in the western part of the

Moldavian plateau and the EasternSubcarpathians although the majority ofartefacts during the Neolithic and Chalcolithicwere produced from Moldavian flint (thenearest source, the Prut River, being relativelyclose by) 5 to 10% of the lithic artefacts foundat most sites was Balkan flint, which wouldhave been imported from outside of theculture territory of the sites where theartefacts were found.In the Transylvanian Basin, there was amarked drop in the use of imported materialsin the Chalcolithic, a trend which continuesuntil the Bronze Age at which point very littleimported material was used. Still, even duringthe Chalcolithic, the majority of importedmaterials still tend to have been importedfrom the north.There are two main implications of thesefindings. First of all, they suggest that theareas often defined as culture territories basedon pottery typology are not entirely accurate.Secondly, the large amount of importedmaterials (often from across mountain ranges)suggests a well-established system of tradeand possibly even professional traders.


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Figure 1. Left: A. Map showing high quality materials source areas (1. Carpathian obsidian; 2. Moldavian flint; 3.Balkan flint). Right: Examples of high quality materials (a. Carpathian obsidian; b. Moldavian flint; c. Balkan flint).


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Programmée “Archéologie métropolitaine”, rapportd’activité, Direction des Antiquités de Picardie.

Mauger M., 1985 - Les matériaux siliceux utilisés auPaléolithique supérieur en Ile de France.Occupation du territoire, déplacements et approchedes mouvements saisonniers. Thèse de doctorat,Université de Paris I, 1 vol., 294 p.

Figure 1. Localization of the Blicquian sites (Belgium) and examples of Ghlin flint and Bartonian flint.


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Pérez-González y M. J. Machado (eds.):Geoarqueología y Patrimonio en la Península

Ibérica y el entorno mediterráneo . Adema.Patrimonio. Editorial Almazán. Soria: 413-424.

Molina, F. J., Tarriño, A., Galván, B., Hernández, C.2010: “Áreas de aprovisionamiento de sílex en elPaleolítico medio en torno al Abric del Pastor(Alcoi, Alicante)”. Recerques del Museu d’Alcoi 19: 65-80.

Moriel, A. 1985: “Aplicación de una metodología deestudio de las funciones de las raederas de Cova Negra (Xàtiva, Valencia)”. Cuadernos de

Prehistoria y Arqueología Castelloneneses 11: 17-86.

Schmich, S. y Wilkens, B. 2006: “Non-destructiveIdentification and Characterization of Lithics fromthe Polop Alto: A Preliminary Assessment UsingProton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE)”. En O.García y J. E. Aura (eds.): El Abric de la Falguera(Alcoi, Alacant ) Diputación Provincial de Alicante.Alicante: 164-170.

Tiffagom, M. 2006: De la Pierre à l’Homme. Essai surune paléoanthropologie solutréenne . Eraul.Université de Liège, Service de Prehistoire. Liège.

Figure 1. Middle Palaeolithic sites in the central region of the Iberian Mediterranean.


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Raw material circulation at broad scales in southern Patagonia(Argentina)

Nora V. Franco(a), Pablo Ambrústolo(b), Natalia Cirigliano(c) and Lucas Vetrisano(d) (a) CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Email: [email protected](b) CONICET-University of La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected](c) CONICET (IMHICIHU). Saavedra 15, 5to. piso, Capital (C.P. 1083), Argentina. Email:[email protected](d) Ubacyt W1/0404, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Patagonia; hunter-gatherers; lithic regional structure; direct provisioning; exchange

The extension of the home ranges of hunter-gatherer groups can be evaluated byexamining the frequency and characteristicsof the lithic raw materials they used. In orderto do this, a good knowledge of the lithicregional structure is needed as well as adetailed study of artifact characteristics, suchas their frequency, type of artifact, size anddiscard angle.The task is particularly difficult in cases oflithic secondary sources or when sedimentaryrocks are transported, because of the internalvariability within each source.This topic is especially important in the caseof the Deseado Massif in South Patagonia.This was one of the first areas to have beenused by hunter-gatherers and there is evidenceof its utilization from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the late Holocene. Inaddition, it has different cave, water and raw

material characteristics than nearby areas. Notonly are there differences between theavailability of siliceous rocks between theDeseado Massif and areas located to the southof it, where there are important basalticoutcrops, but also there is internal variabilitywithin the Massif itself.The aim of this study is to analyze rawmaterial transport both within the DeseadoMassif and between it and nearby spaces, based on the regional availability of differentrock types, including siliceous rocks, diabase,and obsidian. Extensive surveys of rawmaterial availability were carried out.Preliminary results on the frequency, type ofartifact, size and discard angle are used toevaluate direct provisioning versus exchangeof lithic raw materials, in order to understandhuman mobility in the past.


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A d istinctive type of flint in Early Neolithic Balkans: ‘Balkan flint’ inBulgarian context

Maria Gurova National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia,Bulgaria. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Ваlkan Flint; Moesian platform; diagnostic flint toolkit; Karanovo I culture

Bulgarian Ear l y Neolithic chipped stoneassemblages show coherent and diagnostic formalflint toolkits across the vast Karanovo I and II culturalarea. These toolkits are easily recognizable andare comprised of tools made of high qualityyellow (waxy) white-spotted flint, originatingfrom the ‘Pre-Balkan Platform’ in northernBulgaria and often called ‘Balkan flint’. Thetypological spectrum comprises mainly bladeswith (bi)lateral semi-steep to steep retouchand sometimes pointed or rounded (end-scraper-like) ends. The blades are producedusing indirect percussion (punch) technique.Sickle inserts made on blades and withevidence of multiple posterior re-sharpeningare also included in the toolkit. The tools ofthe above-mentioned types, as well as the blanks (rarely nodules) of ‘Balkan flint’ also

represent one of the defining characteristics ofthe supra-regional techno-complex of theKaranovo I-Starčevo-Criş-Körös culturalcomplex. This reflects the particular value ofthis raw material, which is found among manyassemblages some of them at considerabledistances from the presumed (and actual)‘Balkan flint’ deposits in northern Bulgaria(in the Pleven-Nikopol area). Its stylisticappearance surely played a significant role inits broader distribution and appreciation, apartfrom its high quality and favorable technical properties for knapping and tool manufacture.This paper contributes new data concerningthe source or sources of ‘Balkan flint’ and the possible routes of its distribution from thegeological outcrops to the settlements of thevast Early Neolithicoikumenae in Bulgaria.

Figure 1. Artefacts of ‘Balkan Flint’ from the Early Neolithic site of Yabalkovo (south Bulgaria). (Photo by M.Gurova.)


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A 7th millennium BC house complex of Çukuriçi Höyük in the l ight ofthe lithic assemblage

Bogdana Milić(a) and Barbara Horejs(b) (a) BEAN project, Department of Prehistory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. Email:[email protected](b) Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Vienna, Austria. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: chipped stone assemblage; raw materials; Late Neolithic; West Anatolia

The prehistoric site of Çukuriçi Höyük islocated in the region of ancient Ephesus inWestern Turkey. From 2006 onwards, the sitehas been systematically excavated within the projects under the supervision of Dr. BarbaraHorejs. tell site of Çukuriçi Höyük is at thesame time the oldest settlement near Ephesus,whereby the oldest phase belongs to the Late Neolithic period, or more precisely, the 7thmill. BC, while the occupation of the site,represented by the first proto-urban structuresat Çukuriçi extends to the Early Bronze Age(early 3rd mill. BC).The lithic analyses from early phases atÇukuriçi Höyük are partof my PhD thesiswithin the BEAN project,1 under the name

Lithics and raw materials as source formobility and migration in Neolithic andChalcolithic periods: a case study fromwestern Anatolia . The poster presents newresults about the raw material provenienceand the main typological remarks on thelithic assemblage from Late NeolithicÇukuriçi Höyük, represented in one particularhouse of Complex 6 dating back to the 7thmill. BC. In general, the site of ÇukuriçiHöyük shows a specific situation during the

whole occupation period where the vastmajority of lithics belong to obsidian artifacts,while the rest of the raw material is a reducedamount of flint (in local variations and lowquality) and a slight quantity of quartz,quartzite and rock crystal.This remarkable phenomenon can be observedin the building of Complex 6, where morethan 85% of the total amount of the lithic

1 Project no. 289966 “ Bridging the European and Anatolian Neolithic Demography, migration, andlifestyle at the advent of civilisation” (‘Marie CurieInitial Training Networks Theme’ of the EuropeanCommission's Seventh Framework Programme)

assemblage is made of obsidian. In order tostudy the origin of obsidian, samples areanalyzed with NAA (Neutron ActivationAnalyses). These new analytical results of theraw material provenience are presented in the poster. Previous analyses from Chalcolithicand Bronze Age contexts demonstrated thatobsidian came from the Aegean Island ofMelos, and only a negligible amount of rawmaterial indicates contact with inner Anatolia,or more precisely, Cappadocian obsidiansources (Bergner et al. 2008). On the otherhand, regarding the results of typologicalanalyses, it can be observed that obsidian was brought to the site and then knapped on spot,rather than imported in the form of alreadyfinished tools.The specific pattern of the lithic assemblage,with a huge amount of obsidian from far awayand scarce usage of local flint sources largelydefine the role of local vs. imported rawmaterials. By the example of a house of the7th millennium BC in light of the lithicassemblage, some further conclusions aboutthe possible important role of Çukuriçi Höyükin the wider exchange network can be made.

ReferencesM. Bergner, B. Horejs, E. Pernicka. 2008. ZurHerkunft der Obsidianartefakte vom ÇukuriçiHöyük,StTroica 18 , 2008, p.251–273.


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Stone tools and society in the Hungarian Early and Middle Bronze Age: a preliminary r epor t

Anna PriskinMóra Ferenc Múzeum, Szeged, Hungary. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Bronze Age; Hungary; Benta Valley; chipped stone tools; microregional study

The aim of this talk is to present the first phase of a research project which investigatesBronze Age society in Hungary based onlithic tools technology, specialization and theutilization of raw materials. In the late 1990sthe Százhalombatta ArchaeologicaleXpedition (SAX) and the Benta ValleyProjects were started in central Hungary inorder to analyse the social and economicorganisation of an Early and Middle BronzeAge society (2300-1500 BC) through micro-regional settlement research. The focus of the project is the Százhalombatta-Földvár tellsettlement (SAX), which is connected tomany different types of settlements in theBenta Valley: fortified hilltop settlements,smaller and larger horizontal settlements(Benta Valley Project). The settlementstructure of the valley has a complexhierarchy, which may suggest a complex,hierarchical, chiefdom type society. In thistype of society important questions about political power include what was the level ofcraft specialisation, who controlled thespecialists and the circulation of local andexotic raw materials.

Various field methods were used at differentsites in the course of the research project inthe Benta Valley with different results: fieldsurvey, intensive field survey, shovel pointtest, shovel test, excavation. During thisresearch chipped stone artefacts from elevenEarly and Middle Bronze Age settlements,which included one hilltop and manyhorizontal settlements, were analysed. Thelithic tools were analysed in terms oftypology, technology and the utilization ofraw materials. The results from the varioussettlement types and the published lithic findsfrom the Százhalombatta-Földvár tellsettlement were compared.Furthermore, Iattempted to reconstruct the extent ofconnections between contemporarycommunities based on the local, regional andlong-distance raw materials.The results may provide new information on the function ofeach settlement within the settlement networkand the organization of the manufacture of thelithic tools. This data may bring us closer to a better understanding of the social andeconomic structure of the Early and MiddleBronze Age.


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Detecting human mobil ity in the Pyrenees through the analysis ofchert tools during the Upper Palaeolithic

Marta Sánchez de la TorreSeminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques, Dept. Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia,Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: archaeopetrology; Alonsé Cave; Forcas I Shelter; Lower Magdalenian

The macroscopic and microscopic analysis ofchert tools collected in the Magdalenian levelsof two archaeological sites located in theAragonese Prepyrenees allows us to identifysome human mobility patterns through thestudy of the lithic raw materials.Alonsé Cave and Forcas I Shelter are situatedin the eastern province of Huesca (Spain), inthe geographical space of the OutsidePyrenees Mountain. Both sites are separated by a distance of 15 km and have beenexcavated by a research team at the Universityof Zaragoza.Due to erosive processes and recent humanactivities in the area, only one archaeologicallevel has been preserved in Alonsé Cave(levelm), which has been dated to the LowerMagdalenian (14,840±90 BP – GrA-21537and 15,069±90 – GrA-21536) (Montes, 2005).In Forcas I Shelter, however, researchers havefound different archaeological levels, one ofthem being dated to the Lower Magdalenian(15b level) (14,440±70 BP – GrA-25979)(Utrilla y Montes, 2007). Both LowerMagdalenian levels present a chert-basedlithic assemblage with the same typologicalinventories that have been defined as faciesJuyo Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian.

The archaeopetrological analysis has focusedon the study of both archaeological levels(4,000 lithics for them level of Alonsé Caveand 160 units for the 15b level of Forcas IShelter). Firstly, we observed each piece witha binocular stereo microscope (OLYMPUSSZ61), which allowed us to separate somegroups based on their sedimentaryenvironment. Then, a selection of some itemswas done to create thin sections between 25

and 30 µm thick, which were analyzed using a petrological microscope (OLYMPUS BX41).At the same time, we developed fieldwork tolocalize chert outcrops that could have beenused as a provisioning place for the hunter-gatherers that occupied these sites. As a result,we found chert outcrops from five geologicalformations in an area of 40 km around thesite. After this, we compared the geologicalsamples with the archaeological samples.In Alonsé Cave we identified two types ofchert. One originated in a lake sedimentationenvironment (92%) and another from ahypersaline environment (8%). Threeformations located within a local and regional provisioning area (5-30 km) have clearsimilarities with the archaeological samples.For the 15b level of Forcas I Shelter weidentified three types of chert. The largestgroup (67%) was formed in a lacustrineenvironment, the second (20%) comes from ahypersaline environment, and the third (3%)originated in a marine environment. On thisoccasion, the closest outcrops for the threegroups are located in a regional provisioningarea (between 20 and 30 km).Having done the archaeopetrological study,we present in this communication some notes

about the human mobility in the LowerMagdalenian in the Aragonese Prepyrenees.The relation between the chert outcropsidentified and the archaeological recordallows us to provide new data about theterritory frequented and the similarities in theexploitation strategies carried out by thePalaeolithic hunter-gatherers that occupiedthese sites.


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Lithic implements at Ariuşd: preliminary results

Sándor József Sztáncsuj(a) and Katalin T. Biró(b) (a) Székely National Museum, Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania. Email: [email protected] (b) Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Ariuşd (Erősd); Copper Age; stone tools; macroscopic petroarchaeological analysis

Ariușd (Hungarian:Erősd) is a world-famoussettlement from the Copper Age, theeponymous site of theAriușd Culture. Thereis, however, very little information on thelithic industry of the site, in spite of the factthat at least 600 stone implements are knownand registered from the settlement in thecollection of the Székely National Museum(Sfântu Gheorghe) and minor collections inthe National History Museum of Transylvania(Cluj-Napoca) and the Hungarian NationalMuseum (Budapest), comprising the richeststone tool assemblage of this culture.The settlement on the Tyiszk-hegy Hill wasdiscovered in the second half of the 19th century. Archaeological excavations wereconducted here in the beginning of the 20th century by Ferenc László (1907-1913, 1925),later on, Zoltán Székely, Ion Nestor andEugenia Zaharia (1968-1986) carried outmodern methodological studies on the site. Asis a common shortcoming of EasternEuropean archaeology, the results of theseworks have been published only in veryfragmented form, and this is even more validfor the lithic material recovered from the site.A primary archaeological examination of thestone tools was accomplished by S. J.

Sztáncsuj between 2006 and 2011 for ageneral overview of the Ariușd Culture for hisPhD. More recently, a detailed petroarchaeological investigation was startedon the material with the help of Katalin T.Biró. In the first step, a macroscopic survey ofthe stone artefacts was made with an eye onfurther petrographic and geochemical studies.According to our present impressions, theoverwhelming majority of the chipped stonetools are made of Prut flint. Among the longdistance imports, we could further identifyVolhynian flint and, to a lesser amount,obsidian (Carpathian 1 type) and flint ofsouthern origin (Banat or Balkan flint). Thereare important local and regional raw materialslocated nearby in the Eastern Carpathianregion as well, described as a “basaltoid” andvarious colour variants of radiolarites, probably from the environs of Sita Buzăului(Hungarian: Szitabodza). Typologically, theassemblage fits well within the image ofCopper Age lithic industries related toPrecucuteni and Cucuteni forms and alsosimilar to known Tiszapolgár andBodrogkeresztúr culture lithics.The paper is a progress report on ongoingcurrent research with many open questions.


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Raw material circulation from South of France towards North-easternof Iberian Peninsula throughout Prehistory: evidences, troubles and

historical signification

Xavier Terradas, David Ortega and Juan F. GibajaSpanish National Research Council (CSIC), IMF – Department of Archaeology andAnthropology, C/ Egipcíaques, 15. 08001, Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: North-eastern Iberia; prehistory; siliceous rocks; raw materials economy

The North-east of the Iberian Peninsula is anarea with a significant diversity in terms ofavailability of siliceous rocks for productionof stone tools. These differences in thegeographic representation of raw materials arealso linked to other differences in their properties. Thus, some raw materials havedisadvantages to be exploited by means of theapplication of certain knapping methods,especially with reference to blade productionduring Upper Palaeolithic and Neolithictimes.This context led to the search for alternativeraw materials - especially in northern areas -more suitable for blade knapping. Most of

these materials come from the north, fromdifferent parts of Southeast France - some ofthem several hundred kilometres away -, andtheir presence is profusely confirmed in thearchaeological record of sites from NE

Iberian, becoming often the more exploitedrocks. Throughout the Upper Palaeolithic and Neolithic changes are observed in the provenance of raw materials, theirmorphology (as raw material, cores, blanks,tools, etc.), the intensity of their exploitation,and in its role within the subsistence activitiesof groups that used them.We illustrate this process with examples provided by four concrete raw materials:Precambrian jasper from the Têt Basin, Oligo-Miocene flint native to the Narbonne-SigeanBasin, and two types of flint coming from theProvencal area (one Bedoulian, the otherOligocene). We have attempted to understand

the scope of its distribution, which were theaims that led to their exploitation, as well asthe activities in which they were incorporatedwithin the social dynamics of societies fromthe North-east of the Iberian Peninsula.


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Raw material economy at the Magdalenian si te in Klementowice,Eastern Poland

Tadeusz Wiśniewski(a) and Lucjan Gazda(b) (a) Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej4, 20-031 Lublin, Poland. Email: [email protected](b) Environmental Engineering Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, 40B Nadbystrzyckastr., 20-618 Lublin, Poland. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Eastern Poland; Magdalenian; chipped stone; raw material; flint

The archaeological site in Klementowice isthe north-easternmost settlement point of theMagdalenian technocomplex in CentralEurope. The site has been known since theearly 1980s. In 2007, the excavations wereresumed and a new, previously unknownconcentration of artefacts was discovered. Theinventory from the site exhibits closeanalogies with the areas of Moravia andCentral Germany. The new data from severalthousands of chipped stone artifacts and thefirst discovery of faunal remains(Equus

ferus) indicate that there was a multi-seasonalhunting camp in this area.The key element in identification of artefactsin terms of raw material is their preservationstatus. Nearly all the artefacts discovered inKlementowice are covered by patina, which iseither very delicate and allows properidentification of the raw material or veryintense. Mechanical damage caused bymodern agrotechnical practices sometimes

facilitates identification of highly patinateditems.The most abundant erratic flint should beregarded as a local raw material. It occurs in postglacial formations and in the nearby rivervalleys up to 10 km from the site.Świeciechów-type flint deposits are locatedapproximately 60 km south, while chocolateflint can be found ca. 80 km south-west, in thenorth-east periphery of the ŚwiętokrzyskieMountains.The petrographical investigation of chippedstone collection from Klementowice, showedthe same raw material already earlier knownin the Magdalenian site in the Ochozská Cave(ca. 600 km). There is no information aboutthe provenance of this raw material. It wasclassified as a layered chert similar to thechert type of Troubky-Zdislavice but notidentical. There are also many artifacts madefrom quartzite and quartz sandstone.


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Session 3.Stone tool production and processing techniques

How were stone artefacts made? This session will look into the various methods used to processraw material and produce tools or even artwork by knapping. Presentations in this session may be theoretical or based on modern analogy. They may also be based purely on methods used bymodern knappers today.This session will also focus on other usages of microcrystaline quartz in the modern era.


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The Mousterian lithic assemblage of the Ciota Ciara cave (Piedmont ,Northern Italy): exploitation and conditioning of r aw material

Sara Daffara(a), Marta Arzarello(a,b), Gabriele L.F. Berruti(a), Giulia Berruto(a), Davide Bertè(c),Claudio Berto(b) (a) Associazione culturale “3P – Progetto Preistoria Piemonte”, Via Lunga 38 – 10099, SanMauro Torinese, Italy. Email: [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected](b) Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Dipartimento Studi Umanistici, LT TekneHub, Ferrara,Italy. Email: [email protected](c) Università “Sapienza” di Roma, Rome, Italy. Email: [email protected]

Keywords: Mousterian; Ciota Ciara; lithic technology; use-wear analysis; quartz exploitation

The Ciota Ciara cave is located in the karstregion of Monte Fenera (Borgosesia, VC), at670 m a.s.l. It is the only evidence of a prehistoric occupation in Piedmont and it wasoccupied by Homo neanderthalensis (a righttemporal squama and two premolars werefound inside reworked sediments outside thecave; Villa & Giacobini, 2005) during the MIS5 in a temperate-humid period, as attested bythe faunal reminds. The environment wascharacterized by deciduous woodland and, probably at the base of Mount Fenera, byglades. The intersection between differenthabitats, the presence of lithic raw materialsand water sources were the main factors thatcertainly favored human occupation during theUpper Pleistocene between 80.000 and 70.000BP.In 2009 the systematic excavations at theCiota Ciara were started by the University ofFerrara in collaboration with theSoprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte .The researches are concentrated in the atrium

of the cave where three stratigraphic unitswere investigated: 13, 103 and 14.The characterization of exploited rawmaterials was made by stereomicroscopicobservations and, when necessary, by the useof a scanning electron microscope. Manylithologies are represented, in different proportion: quartz is the prevalent usedmaterial, followed by spongolite, sandstone,mylonites and opal. The archaeological recordis constituted by many typologies of quartz:macrocrystalline pegmatitic quartz,microcrystalline pegmatitic quartz and hyalinequartz. All of these types of raw materials

have been founded around the archaeologicalsite (within a maximum of 5 km).The lithic assemblage is composed of flakes,retouched tools, cores and debris. The direct percussion by hard hammer is the onlytechnique employed while the methods arevarious: S.S.D.A. (Systeme par surface dedebitage alterne ), discoid, Levallois andKombewa l.s . The reduction sequences onquartz are complete, even though no refittingwas found, because of the characteristics ofthis raw material. The reduction sequence isnot complete for the other raw materials. Theflint blanks were derived both from anopportunistic and from discoid debitage and,although more numerous in Level 14, are rare.The débitage products are small or mediumsize (1-4 cm) and have differentmorphologies. The use-wear analysis ofquartz’s artefacts was carried out using thelow power approach. The state of preservationof the lithic assemblage is very good and nochemical, mechanical or post-depositional

alterations are evident. The use-wear analysisshows the predominance of the processing ofmedium-hard and medium-soft materials.The characteristics of the lithic industriesshow the adaptation of production strategiestypical of the Middle Palaeolithic to thecharacteristics of the non-sedimentary rawmaterials employed. We can then define the behaviour of the Neandertals of the CiotaCiara cave as “opportunistic”, also if alltypical “Mousterian elements” are presents, interms of supply areas and strategies of production.


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A note on the taphonomic origin of breakage: an exper imental view

Gadi Herzlinger, Sonia Lemmel and Naama Goren-InbarInstitute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 91905,Israel. Email: (G. Harzlinger) [email protected]; (S. Lemmel)

[email protected]; (N. Goren-Inbar) [email protected]: Breakage rates; bifacial production; knapping; taphonomy; experimental

Analyses of lithic assemblages routinelyincorporate an attribute concerned with breakage. The breakage of artifacts iscommonly viewed as a reflection of thetaphonomic state of artifacts and assemblages.Trampling, soil movement, bioturbation, plowing and other post-depositional agentsare considered primary causes of artifact breakage. Breakage is also causedspontaneously during knapping, as has beenshown experimentally. Although the differentcauses of breakage have crucial implicationsfor the interpretation of lithic assemblages,neither current methodologies of lithicanalysis nor knapping experiments haveyielded sufficient information to distinguish between breakages caused by these twodifferent sources. For further investigation ofthe causes of breakage, we have examinedseveral flake (debitage) assemblages derived

from experimental production of bifaces (982flint and basalt samples). This study aims toevaluate the direct contribution of knappingand measure the rate of spontaneous breakage,thus testing the hypothesis that views post-depositional processes as a major contributorto the breakage of stone artifacts. Preliminaryresults highlight the extremely high frequencyof breakage during regular biface production,which exceeds the breakage rates caused by post-depositional processes. Furthermore,they demonstrate that high breakage rates area prominent feature of biface reduction processes. The results of this study will beintegrated in the examination of assemblageswith longer life histories, aiming at enhancedassessment of the roles of knapping andtaphonomic breakage in prehistoricassemblages.


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One of the flint tools product ion st rategy based on erratic flint.Exempli fied by

Documents

Stories Written in Stone Abstracts Volume Provisory July 2013 t5