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Storage
How we retain the information we encode
Review the three stage process of Memory
Storage and Sensory Memory
George Sterling’s Experiment:1960
• Flash of screen: 1/20 second• Subjects recalled about ½ of letters• 3 tones: top, middle, bottom: played immediately
after visual• Subjects could identify all three
• What does this help prove?• All nine letters available for recall- only for a
moment
Iconic / Echoic Memory
• Iconic: visual “snapshot of great detail”- a photograph like quality lasts only about a second.
• echoic: If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds.
Storage and Short-Term Memory
• Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
• Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.
• We recall digits better than letters.
Short-term memory exercise.
Storage and Long-Term Memory• long-term memory: no
known limits• Rajan: recited 31,811
digits of pi.(3hrs. 49 min. / or 3.5/second!)
• How? Rhythmic memory: “melodic or jarring”- taps feet, sways right / left
• At 5 years old, memorized the license plates of parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plates to this day.
• Numbers only: average with names, words
Shereshevskii: 1920’sShereshevskii: 1920’s
Short term memory: 70 itemsShort term memory: 70 items Forward / Backward / 15 yearsForward / Backward / 15 years Journalist / boss furious- never took notesJournalist / boss furious- never took notes Asylum: went mad: 15 minutes / 5 years: Asylum: went mad: 15 minutes / 5 years:
all memories ran togetherall memories ran together
How does our brain store long-term memories?
• Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain.
•They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
• The current theory of how our long-term memory works.
•Nerve cell’s genes produce synapse strengthening proteins /enabling LTM formation
•Synapse / neurotransmission•Neural connections gradually strengthen through rehearsal over time
Stress and Memory
• Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM.
• Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.
Types of LTM
Explicit / Implicit Memory
• Explicit Memory (Declarative)Semantic memory: “facts about the world”
Tenancy to left frontal cortex
Episodic Memory: events in our lives Tendency to right frontal cortex
• Implicit Memory (nondeclarative)
• Procedural memory- riding a bike / horse
The Hippocampus• Damage to the
hippocampus disrupts our memory.
• Left = Verbal memory• Right = Visual / Locations• hippocampus = librarian • Library = our brain• Stores LTM- shelves
elsewhere in cortex
AmygdalaAmygdala
Emotional memoryEmotional memory Traumatic eventsTraumatic events PTSD (war veterans)PTSD (war veterans)
sounds, smells, sounds, smells, conditions etc.conditions etc.
*Hippocampus and *Hippocampus and Amygdale work Amygdale work together to form LTMtogether to form LTM