S ti l t l fS ti l t l fSpatial tools for aquaSpatial tools for aquaand plaand pla

Dr. José AguDr. José Agu

AquacultuAquacultuAquacultuAquacultuFAO, RoFAO, Ro

PART 2. Spatial planning applicatioPART 2. Spatial planning applicatio

Training Workshop on site selection, aTraining Workshop on site selection, amanagement for coastal marinemanagement for coastal marine

M’Diq (Morocco), M’Diq (Morocco),

lt it l tilt it l ticulture site selection culture site selection anninganning

ilarilar--Manjarrez Manjarrez

ure serviceure serviceure serviceure serviceome, Italyome, Italy

ons in aquaculture to identify AZAsons in aquaculture to identify AZAs

allocated zones for aquaculture and site allocated zones for aquaculture and site e aquaculture (WGSCe aquaculture (WGSC--SHoCMedSHoCMed) )

44--7 February 20137 February 2013

ConteConte

•• Aquaculture potential aAquaculture potential a•••• Site selectionSite selection•• CarryingCarrying capacitycapacity•••• Case study the Case study the PhilippinPhilippin

entent

nd zoning nd zoning

nesnes

Guidelines for site selectioGuidelines for site selectio

Phase 1. Scoping• definition of the ecosystem boundary 

scales)• Identify over riding policy legislation (er

ser

s

• Identify over‐riding policy, legislation (regulations (such as ecosystem qualitystandards).

Phase 2. Site selectionholders

keho

lde

keho

lde

• Site selection based on site selection cbuffers to sensitive ecosystems

Phase 3. Carrying capacity estiwith stakeh

with

sta

kw

ith s

tak

y g p y• Identify and prioritise key carrying cap

ecosystem and social)• Identify models and indicators for carr

(production, ecosystem and social)• Undertake decision support analysisnsultation

 lta

tion

wlta

tion

w

• Set sustainable carrying capacity and uproduction for licensing purposes

Phase 4. Monitoring and review• Regular monitoring and evaluation

Con

Con

suC

onsu

• Regular monitoring and evaluation• Periodic review and adjustment

on and carrying capacityon and carrying capacity

(spatial, social and political 

(such as land and sea rights) and(such as land and sea rights) and y standards, water quality 

ation

rmat

ion

rmat

ion

criteria, exclusion zones and 

imation ble inform

abl

e in

for

ble

info

r

pacity issues (production, 

rying capacity analysis 

Best availab

w t ava

ilab

t ava

ilab

use as basis for setting maximum 

w

B

Review

Bes

tB

est

Data needs for aquacData needs for aquacmanagementmanagementgg

CHARACTERISTICS POTENTIAL ZO

Main purpose Plan strategically for development and eventual management

Regulate deminimize coconflicting ucomplementland and wa

Spatial scope: Administration

Global to National Levels 1 and

Spatial scope: Ecosystems Main environments EcosystemSpatial scope: Ecosystems Main environments (freshwater, brackish, marine)

Ecosystem

EAA Scale Global Watershed o

Executing entity Organizations operating globally; National aquaculture departments

National, state/provincgovernmentaquaculture

Data needs Basic, relating to technical and economic feasibility,

Basic enviroand economand economic feasibility,

growth and other usesand econom

Resolution Low Moderate

Results obtained Broad, indicative Directed, mod il ddetailed

culture development and culture development and

ONING SITING CARRYING CAPACITY

evelopment; ompeting and ses; maximize

Reduce risk; optimize production

Sustain culture; protect environment/ecosystem

tary uses of aterd 2 sub-national Farm or farm clusters Farm or farm clusters

Portion of ecosystem Aquaculture ecosystemPortion of ecosystem Aquaculture ecosystem

or waterbody Farm Farm to watershed or waterbody

cial/municipal ts with responsibilities

Commercial entities Regulating agencies

onmental, social mic sets

All available Data to drive modelsmic sets

High High

oderately Specific, fully detailed Moderately to fully detailed

Part 1. Aquaculture pPart 1. Aquaculture pq pq ppotential and zoningpotential and zoningp gp g

Climate change

Handisyde et a

Vulnerability –emphasis on food securityy

Overall Vulnerability

al., 2008

ContinentalContinentalLinking GIS with externaLinking GIS with externa

Uses initial site selection

Then uses the “POND” model to calculate growth andcalculate growth and yields/year at a target weight

Tilapia, Catfish & Carp

Aguilar-Manja

al models:al models:

arrez & Nath, 1998

National scaleNational scaleSouthwest Southwest Bangladesh AquaBangladesh Aquag qg q

Note multiple outputs from same Note multiple outputs from same Can be traded of using Multi Ob

Tilapia CarpTilapia Carp

S

aculture potential:aculture potential:pp

e datasete datasetbjective Land Allocation (IDRISI)

C bCrab

Salam et al., 2003

Transboundary issues

Movements of aquatic species

Jenness, Dooley, Aguilar-Manjarrez & Riva, 2007

P l ti d it i L k V ltPopulation density in Lake Volta megabasin

Fish farming poFish farming poBangladesh, China, Bangladesh, China, CamCamg , ,g , ,

otential in otential in meroonmeroon and Malawiand Malawi

Fish farming poteFish farming poteential in Ghanaential in Ghana

TenerifeTenerife

Issues addressed

- Beaches - Water sports - Location of tourist resources- Viewshed (visibility)

- Tourist resources, beaches d h t l )and hotels)

Punta del Hidalgo

Santa Cruz Puerto de la Cruz

Punta del HidalgoBajamar

El Pris

Guimar

T B ll

Playa Paraiso

Las Americas

Los Gigantes Puerto Santiago

Las Galletas

Ten-Bell

Costa del Silencio

Los CristianosEl Medano

Zoning or allocation of space is a mechaAquacultuAquacultu

aquaculture development to avoid conflifisheries, spawning and nursery areas) aregulation

CameroonCameroonPlanning to identify potential areas forPlanning to identify potential areas forPlanning to identify potential areas for Planning to identify potential areas for aquacultureaquaculture

anism for more integrated planning ofre zoningre zoningicts with fisheries (e.g. sensitive wildand other sectors as well as its better

Regulatory measures to control the developmentRegulatory measures to control the developmentChinaChinaRegulatory measures to control the development Regulatory measures to control the development of aquaculture of aquaculture

AquacultureAquaculture zoninzonin

OBJECTIVO: Desarrollar una

Dirección Nllos potencsobre la macuicultura

OBJECTIVOS E1.1. DesarrollarDesarrollar

georreferencgeorreferencusouso territoriaterritorianacional,nacional, incincacuáticasacuáticas adad

2.2. GGenerarenerar unaunadelimitendelimiten yy cccultivocultivo dede eemarinas)marinas),, utut

3.3. TransferirTransferir lalatécnicostécnicos dedecondicionescondicionesqueque fueranfueranqueque fueranfueranzonificaciónzonificación

ngng in Uruguayin Uruguay

a herramienta de consulta que permita a laNacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA) y ai l i d d i i á idciales interesados tomar decisiones rápidasmejor localización de emprendimientos de

a.ESPECIFICOS:

unun sistemasistema dede informacióninformación ambientalambientalciadociado (SIG)(SIG) incorporandoincorporando informacióninformación ambiental,ambiental, dedealal yy sociosocio--económicaeconómica existenteexistente parapara todotodo elel territorioterritoriocluyendocluyendo áreasáreas continentalescontinentales yy laslas franjasfranjas costerascosterasdyacentesdyacentes..

aa zonificaciónzonificación acuícolaacuícola nacionalnacional (ZAN)(ZAN) enen lala cualcual seseclasifiquenclasifiquen zonaszonas dede acuerdoacuerdo concon susu aptitudaptitud parapara elelespeciesespecies acuáticasacuáticas (dulceacuícolas,(dulceacuícolas, estuarinasestuarinas yyilizandoilizando parapara elloello unun enfoqueenfoque ecosistémicoecosistémico..

aa tecnologíatecnología yy conocimientosconocimientos desarrolladosdesarrollados aa losloslala DINARADINARA dede modomodo dede queque loslos mismosmismos esténestén enendede operaroperar elel sistemasistema yy hacerhacer laslas actualizacionesactualizaciones

nn necesariasnecesarias;; yy difundirdifundir loslos resultadosresultados dede lalann necesariasnecesarias;; yy difundirdifundir loslos resultadosresultados dede lalaacuícolaacuícola nacionalnacional (ZAN)(ZAN) aa loslos potencialespotenciales usuariosusuarios..

Ejemplos de cEjemplos de c1. Cartografía de base para tierra y franja costera acuática2. Divisiones político–administrativas3. Padrones4. Demografía5. Usos de la tierra y franja costera6. Red vial principal7. Red hidrográfica nacional8. Principales cuencas hidrográficas9. Topografíap g10. Zonas inundables11. Tipo y composición de suelos12. Producción acuícola actual13. Biodiversidad14. Áreas protegidas14. Áreas protegidas15. Distribución de especies acuáticas amenazadas16. Temperatura media estacional/anual del aire17. Temperatura media estacional del agua (ríos,

arroyos,lagos, lagunas, embalses y franja costera)19 Precipitación media estacional19. Precipitación media estacional20. Evaporación 21. Profundidades medias de cuerpos de agua y franja

costera22. Tipo de sustrato de fondo 23 Régimen de mareas23. Régimen de mareas24. Régimen de olas

criterios criterios 23. Vientos medios estacionales24. Salinidad media estacional 25. Concentración de nutrientes26. Distribución estacional de fitoplancton en

franja costerafranja costera27. Distribución espacial de floraciones algales

nocivas (serie histórica)28. Descarga y concentración de contaminantes 29. Minería30 Plantas de toma y tratamiento de aguas OSE30. Plantas de toma y tratamiento de aguas OSE31. Distribución de la radiación solar32. Modelo digital de terreno (alturas y

pendientes)33. Productividad vegetal terrestre media anual 34 Localidades Urbanas34. Localidades Urbanas35. Localización industrial36. Viviendas del programa MEVIR37. Emprendimientos con Autorización

Ambiental38 Categorización del suelo según planes de38. Categorización del suelo según planes de

ordenamiento territorial39. Valor de la tierra40. Legislación y reglamentación aplicable

Part 2. AquacultuPart 2. Aquacultuqq re site selectionre site selection

Site selection is the process of selec

Site seSite sep

environment by examining environmadministrative, social, economic andorder to set up an aquaculture proje

ChilChil fi h /fi h /l lil li M i Sh iM i Sh iChile Chile –– fish cages/fish cages/longlinelongline Mexico Shrimp Mexico Shrimp

Thailand fish cagesThailand fish cages China China ––longlineslonglines

cting a certain space in the

lectionlectiong p

mental, technical, legal, d other related aspects in ect

It l d tIt l d tdd Italy ponds sturgeonItaly ponds sturgeonpondsponds

ss seaweedseaweed China China –– fish pens/pondsfish pens/ponds

Case study: Case study: Bahía Bahía de de Potential for culture of mussels, oys System focus

salinity

wave height

SepetibaSepetiba, , BrazilBrazil::sters and shrimp

shrimp

oyster

Scott, 2004

More complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D mo Western Isles, Scotland

Multi-site & Multi-component

Large area : 14 25m resolution Large area : 14.25m resolution (pansharp-ETM+)

Free-standing models: DA

TA

ProtecteAreas

Endanger

Species

Site suitability (physical factors)

Biodiversity impacts

PRIM

AR

Y Species Sen

to Aquacult

Habitat an

Species Distri

Commercy p Waste dispersion impacts Viewshed analysis

CommercFisheries

del sets:del sets: Development Managementdel sets:del sets:

PRIMARY DATA

Integration

Cage SuitabilityModel

Cage SuitabilityModel

Wave Climate Currents Bathymetry Sediment Type

BiodiversityModel

Waste Dispersion

Model

MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION

BiodiversityModel

Waste Dispersion

Model

MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION

Bathymetry

C t

PR

d

red

s

Viewshed Model

Viewshed Model

Currents

RIM

AR

Y DA

TA

nsitive

ture

nd

bution

cial

Hydrological

Processes

PRIMARY DATA

cial s

DEM VIEWPOINTS

Hunter, 2008

Biodiversity and fish faBiodiversity and fish fayy

Some key biodiversity areas in the Western Isles

Do fish farms enhance Do fish farms enhance biodiversity?

Would biodiversity be even better without fish farms?

How do we investigate How do we investigate the interactions?

H

arms:arms: Development Management Integration

Hunter et al., 2007

A li ti f f i i lA li ti f f i i lApplication form for provisional Application form for provisional approval to establish commercial approval to establish commercial aquaculture project in Omanaquaculture project in Oman

Description of the project site (location, area of culture, etc)

Proposed project (species, culture system, etc).p p j ( p , y , ) Marketing Operations (management) Investments Community service Environment Finance Technical expertize

SelecciónSelección ddInland aquacultureInland aquacultureqq

Land availability Topography Water temperature Water quality

W t Q tit Water Quantity Water access rights Soil chemistry and structure Adjacent land uses Proximity to supporting infrastructure Access to roads Climatic disturbance Population density Distance from other fish farms Access to electricity Environmental constraints Access to main markets Availability of fertilizer or agricultural by-produ

de de criterioscriteriosMarine cage aquaculture

Distance from shore (ports) Water depth Water temperature Availability of shelter Availability of shelter Distance from competing water activities Water quality Turbidity and suspended solids Distance from other cage farms Distance from other cage farms Prevailing wave heights Availability of inputs Predators

ucts

Case study: SpainCase study: SpainObjetivo general: identificación de zonasidóneas para el desarrollo de la acuicultura marina en Andalucía.

Objetivos específicos- Generar una base cartográfica de

referencia para la posterior ordenación de la actividad en lasordenación de la actividad en las zonas marítimas en estudio.

- Identificar en el ámbito espacial de estudio, es decir, en la franja costera y zonas de marismas de Andalucía, los usos administrativos y actividades que en el mismo se desarrollan.

- Analizar la compatibilidad de la actividad acuícola con lasactividad acuícola con las actividades y usos identificados.

- Localizar las zonas idóneas para la acuicultura marina y realizar una propuesta de zonificación.

Production functions for fienvironmental monitoring inenvironmental monitoring in

Criterios GoodCoastal exposition PartialCoastal exposition PartialWave height (m) 1 to 3Water depth (m) >30Water current speed (cm/s) >15Pollution level LowPollution level LowMax. temperature (˚C) 22 - 24Min. temperature (˚C) 12Salinity (average)(L’) 25 – 27S li it fl t ti (L’) <5Salinity fluctuations (L’) <5Dissolved oxygen (%) 100Turbidity/suspended solids LowSediment type Sand/graveW t l ifi ti Oli t hiWater classification OligotrophiFouling LowPredators No

ish cage site selection and the Mediterranean Sea Spainthe Mediterranean Sea, Spain

Medium BadSheltered Non shelteredSheltered Non-sheltered

<1 >315 - 30 <155 - 15 <5

Medium HighMedium High24 -27 >27

10 <815 -25 <155 10 >105 - 10 >10

70 - 100 <70Moderate High

el Mixture MudM t hi E t hic Mesotrophic Eutrophic

Moderate HighFew Abundant

Part 3. CarryiPart 3. Carryiyying capacitying capacityg p yg p y

More complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D mo Western Isles, Scotland

Multi-site & Multi-component

Large area : 14 25m resolution Large area : 14.25m resolution (pansharp-ETM+)

Free-standing models: DA

TA

ProtecteAreas

Endanger

Species

Site suitability (physical factors)

Biodiversity impacts

PRIM

AR

Y Species Sen

to Aquacult

Habitat an

Species Distri

Commercy p Waste dispersion impacts Viewshed analysis

CommercFisheries

del sets:del sets: Development Managementdel sets:del sets:

PRIMARY DATA

Integration

Cage SuitabilityModel

Cage SuitabilityModel

Wave Climate Currents Bathymetry Sediment Type

BiodiversityModel

Waste Dispersion

Model

MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION

BiodiversityModel

Waste Dispersion

Model

MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION

Bathymetry

C t

PR

d

red

s

Viewshed Model

Viewshed Model

Currents

RIM

AR

Y DA

TA

nsitive

ture

nd

bution

cial

Hydrological

Processes

PRIMARY DATA

cial s

DEM VIEWPOINTS

Hunter, 2008

Biodiversity and fish faBiodiversity and fish fayy

Some key biodiversity areas in the Western Isles

Do fish farms enhance Do fish farms enhance biodiversity?

Would biodiversity be even better without fish farms?

How do we investigate How do we investigate the interactions?

H

arms:arms:

Hunter et al., 2007

Fine resolution:Fine resolution:GIS and waste dispersaGIS and waste dispersaGIS and waste dispersaGIS and waste dispersa

1m resolution

Includes: Includes:– Hydrography– Particle sinking

ratesrates– Bioperturbation– Tidal cage

movement

Perez et al, 2003; C

al:al:al:al:

Corner et al., 2006

Development Management Integration

Case study: Sanggou WaCase study: Sanggou Wa

Area: Area:

MeaMea

Pacific oyster:Pacific oyster: 150 000 t y150 000 t y--11

Chinese scallop: Chinese scallop: 5 000 t y5 000 t y--11

Kelp:Kelp: 84 500 t y84 500 t y--11

Japanese Flounder:Japanese Flounder:12 000 t y12 000 t y--11

www.biaoqiang.orgwww.biaoqiang.org

Japanese Flounder:Japanese Flounder:12 000 t y12 000 t yFugu:Fugu: 12 000 t y12 000 t y--11

Total value:Total value: 150150--200 MUSD200 MUSD

g gg g

an, northeast China an, northeast China

Issues addressed- holistic assessment of

aquaculture on the basis of people, planet and p p pprofit

- good example of integration of spatial data across different scientific

- di i li- disciplines; - novel because it

combines models running at widely different

- time and space scales for

140 km140 km22 (mean depth 8 (mean depth 8 m)m)

Fully salineFully salinean temperature: 12 ºCan temperature: 12 ºC

time and space scales for different ecosystem components

- Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

BivalvesBivalves KelpKelp

Fi hFi hFish cagesFish cages

Case study: Norway

AkvaVis expert system

Source:Source: ErvikErvik A, Døskeland I, A, Døskeland I, HagebergHageberg A.A., Strand, Ø., and HansA.A., Strand, Ø., and Hans

www.akvavis.nowww.akvavis.no

Issues addressed- Norwegian fjords, site selection- Estimating environmental status and

carrying capacitycarrying capacity- Applied for mussel and finfish farming- Three modules share the same

databases but apply information for different purposes

- Siting module identifies potential farm sites, simulates carrying capacity

- Management module compiles information needed by the authorities for aquaculture managementfor aquaculture management

- Application module promotes efficient application and ensures that all relevant information is provided

sen P.K. 2011sen P.K. 2011

The role of strategic environThe role of strategic environnmental impact assessmentsnmental impact assessments

Mariculture PaMariculture Pasite selectisite selecti

The PhThe Ph

Patrick WPatrick WAkvaplanAkvaplan--

ark zoning and ark zoning and ion criteriaion criteria

ilippinesilippines

WhiteWhite--niva ASniva AS

Zoning criteria Zoning criteria –– fafa

Oceanographic data Oceanographic data • Bathymetry (marine charts) • Bathymetry (marine charts) • Exposure • Exposure • Winds • Winds • Waves • Waves

C rrentsC rrents• Currents • Currents

InfrastructureInfrastructure• Roads• Roads• Roads• Roads• • HarbourHarbour and other landing and other landing facilitiesfacilities

• Towns/cities• Towns/cities Towns/cities Towns/cities• Electricity supply, potable • Electricity supply, potable water, etcwater, etc• Coastguard stations• Coastguard stations

actors to consideractors to consider

Potential conflictsPotential conflicts• Marine protected areas• Marine protected areas• Security/military areas• Security/military areas• • HarboursHarbours, navigation, navigation• Sensitive habitats or species • Sensitive habitats or species

( t tl b di b h )( t tl b di b h )(e.g. turtle breeding beaches)(e.g. turtle breeding beaches)

SocioSocio--economic issueseconomic issues• Fishing communities• Fishing communities• Fishing communities• Fishing communities• Tourist areas• Tourist areas

Aquaculture zonAquaculture zon

Source:Source: Patrick WhitePatrick White

ing processing process

Definition of the ecosystemDefinition of the ecosystemm boundary (base map) m boundary (base map)

Population densityPopulation density

Municipal watersMunicipal waters

Coastal roadsCoastal roads

PortsPorts--harbourharbour

BathymetryBathymetry

Sensite areasSensite areas

Watersheds/streamsWatersheds/streams

Wave modelWave model

CriteriaCriteria for for ff

Suitable depth– 15 to 50 m

Infrastructure– Road preferable less then 1 k

Excluding factorsExcluding factors Wave

– More then 1 m height Rivers Rivers

– Large river 3 km, other river 1 Sensitive areas

C l f 300– Coral reef 300 m away

fishfarmingfishfarming

km away

1,5 km

BathymetryBathymetry

RoadsRoads

WindsWinds

River buffersRiver buffers

Coral buffersCoral buffers

Results Results

Areas of interestAreas of interest

Areas of interest Areas of interest -- Calauag, PCalauag, PPhilippinesPhilippines