Contents Page numberKey points 1About this information 2What are tubal occlusion and vasectomy? 2What do I need to consider? 4Are there alternatives? 4How well does sterilisation work? 4Can it be reversed? 5What happens first? 5Tubal occlusion:

What does it involve? 6What are the risks? 7

Vasectomy:What does it involve? 8What are the risks? 9

Is there anything else I should know? 9Other organisations 10Sources and acknowledgements 11

Key points● Sterilisation is a permanent way of preventing pregnancy. It involves having

an operation.

● The method used for women is called tubal occlusion. The method used formen is called vasectomy.

● If you are in a long-term relationship you need to consider both methodsand decide which one is best for you as a couple.

● Vasectomy carries less risk than tubal occlusion of getting pregnant againor of getting extra problems.

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Sterilisation for women and men: what you need to know

Published January 2004 by the RCOG

● Vasectomy is usually done under local anaesthetic.

● Tubal occlusion is usually done in hospital under general anaesthetic. You willusually leave hospital the same day.

● You must keep using contraception right up to the operation and for some timeafterwards, either until after your first period or until you have a negativesperm test.

● It is not a good idea to have a tubal occlusion at the same time as a caesareansection, or immediately after giving birth or having an abortion. You mayregret it later.

About this information

This information is for you if you:● wish to use a permanent method of contraception; and

● have decided that you do not want more children or that you will never wantchildren.

It tells you about two kinds of permanent contraception (known as ‘sterilisation’) forwomen and men. They are:

● tubal occlusion for women

● vasectomy for men.

This information aims to help you and your health care team make the best decisionsabout your care. It may help you in deciding whether tubal occlusion or vasectomy isright for you and which method is most suitable for you and your partner (if you haveone). It is not meant to replace advice from a doctor or nurse about your ownsituation.

This information covers methods and procedures available in the UK.

� Some of the recommendations here may not apply to you; this could be because ofsome other illness you have, your general health, your wishes, or some or all ofthese things. If you think the treatment or care you get does not match what wedescribe here, talk about it with your doctor or with someone else in yourhealthcare team.

What are tubal occlusion and vasectomy?

Sterilisation for women is known as tubal occlusion. Sterilisation for men is known asvasectomy. They are permanent ways of preventing pregnancy.

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Tubal occlusion blocks, seals or cuts the fallopian tubes

Tubal occlusion is an operation which blocks, seals or cuts the fallopian tubes; thismeans that your eggs can no longer be fertilised by your partner’s sperm throughsexual intercourse.

Vasectomy is an operation which blocks, seals or cuts the tubes (known as the vasdeferens) which carries sperm from your testicles to your penis. Although you will stillbe able to ejaculate, your semen will no longer contain any sperm, so you cannot makeyour partner pregnant. The sperm in your testicles are naturally reabsorbed back intothe body and do not build up.

Vasectomy blocks, seals or cuts the tubes known as the vas or vas deferens

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fallopian tube

ovary

cervixvagina

womb(uterus)

vas deferens

ureter

bladder

prostategland

urethra

testisscrotum

epididymis

rectum

vas deferens

fallopian tube

ovary

cervix

vagina

womb(uterus)

What do I need to consider?

You can have tubal occlusion or a vasectomy if you are sure that you do not want morechildren or that you will never want children.

If you have a partner you should discuss and agree together which option suits youbest as a couple. Your doctor or nurse can talk to you about your choices and help youto come to a decision. Some couples, for example, choose vasectomy rather than tubalocclusion because the operation is less risky and there is less chance of gettingpregnant again.

Research has shown that you are more likely to have regrets later on if you are under30 or if you do not have children already. You need to be very sure about your decisionand that you fully understand what it will mean. No one can force you to have theoperation if you do not want to.

When someone is thought to be unable to make a decision for themselves (becausethey do not have the mental capacity to understand what is involved), their caseshould be taken to court for a judge to decide what is in their best interests.

Are there alternatives?

If you are a couple you need to consider both vasectomy and tubal occlusion.

Your doctor or nurse will also tell you about other long-term methods that women canuse to avoid getting pregnant. These include:

● Copper IUDs (which used to be known as the coil) - the IUD (intrauterine device)is put into your womb and can safely stay there for up to eight years. If you areover 40 when it is fitted, it can be left in until you reach the menopause.

● A progestogen IUS (intrauterine system) - this is a hormone-releasing IUDwhich lasts for five years. The Mirena system is as effective as vasectomyand more effective than tubal occlusion.

● Progestogen implants – this uses a small flexible tube inserted under the skin ofthe arm to release the hormone progestogen. The implant lasts for three years.

The main advantage of these methods is that they can be reversed. Like tubalocclusion and vasectomy, they all have risks and benefits. Your doctor or nurse can tellyou more about them.

How well does sterilisation work?

Sterilisation fails if the tubes that have been cut or blocked as part of the operationjoin up later on. You can get pregnant immediately or at any time (even several years)after a failed operation.

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There is less chance of a pregnancy after a vasectomy than after a tubal occlusion. Apregnancy results for only one in every 2000 men who have been given the all-clear(that is, after tests have confirmed there are no sperm in their semen) after avasectomy. It seems that the longer it is since you had your vasectomy, the lower therisk that your partner will get pregnant.

For all methods of tubal occlusion, there will be around one pregnancy in every 200procedures that are carried out. Over a period of ten years, two or three out of every1000 tubal occlusions done with Filshie clips (the most common method in the UK)resulted in pregnancy.

The main risk after a vasectomy is that your partner gets pregnant because you stopusing contraception too soon after the operation; that is, before you have been toldthat it is safe to do so or before you have had a negative sperm test.

If you get pregnant after a tubal occlusion there is a chance that the pregnancy willdevelop in the fallopian tube rather than in the womb. This is called an ectopic pregnancy.

Can it be reversed?

All sterilisation operations are meant to be permanent. The chances of an operation toreverse it being successful vary a great deal. There is no guarantee of success. Thebest chances of successfully reversing a tubal occlusion seem to be when clips or ringshave been used and when the reversal is done by microsurgery.

Tubal occlusion and vasectomy are free through the NHS but you will usually have topay to have the operation reversed.

What happens first?

Your GP may refer you to a family planning clinic, directly to hospital or to anoutpatient clinic. The doctor you see there to begin with may not necessarily be thesurgeon who carries out the operation.

You will be asked about your medical history and whether you have had any operationsbefore. If you are a woman you will have an internal examination and if you are a manthe doctor will examine your genitals. The doctor will check for any conditions thatmight mean you would need to consider other alternatives.

The doctor should tell you more about what the operation involves and give youwritten information (or an audio or translated version) before you make a finaldecision. You should have a chance to talk about the operation in detail, to raise anyquestions or worries you may have and to think about what it will mean for you.

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Tubal occlusion: What does it involve?

Tubal occlusion can be done using a general or local anaesthetic. You can have a tubalocclusion at any time in your menstrual cycle, as long as you have been using effectivecontraception right up to the day of the operation.

� You will be given a pregnancy test before the operation. However, it may not showup a very early pregnancy.

� To avoid getting pregnant you must keep using effective contraception until yourfirst period after the operation.

The operation is usually done as a day case in hospital. That means you arrive and gohome again on the day that you have the operation. In the UK most tubal occlusionsare done under general anaesthetic. You may also be given a local anaesthetic duringthe operation to relieve any pain you might feel afterwards.

Your surgeon should tell you before the operation what methods they plan to use, andwhy, and what alternatives they will use if necessary. Afterward you should be toldwhat methods were actually used for the operation. Surgeons occasionally find theyneed to use a different method from what they had planned.

The surgeon will make a tiny opening in your abdomen to reach the fallopian tubes.They will do this by either:

● laparoscopy: this is the most common method in the UK and is usually doneunder general anaesthetic. The surgeon will make two small cuts, one in or just below your navel and another lower down, to one side, or just above thebikini line.

or● mini-laparotomy: this involves a slightly larger opening than for laparoscopy.

In the UK it is usually only used if a laparoscopy is not successful. You aremore likely to need it if you are very overweight or have had an operation onyour abdomen before. You may need to stay in hospital a little longer than forlaparoscopy (perhaps an extra day or so), because it takes longer to recoverfrom a mini-laparotomy.

Once the surgeon has access to the fallopian tubes, they will usually seal them offwith a clip known as a Filshie clip. Occasionally they may use diathermy to close offthe tubes, if rings or clips have not been successful. This destroys part of the tube byheating and sealing it. It is harder to reverse than rings or clips.

A new method, known as hysteroscopic sterilisation, does not involve making any cuts.It is not yet widely available, as it is still being tested out. It cannot be reversed. Theonly hysteroscopic method used in the UK at present is the Essure method. The

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surgeon inserts a tiny titanium coil into the fallopian tubes through the vagina andwomb. Body tissue then grows around the coil and blocks the fallopian tube.

If you have a hysteroscopic sterilisation you must keep using contraception for atleast three months after the operation, when you will have a test to check whetheryour tubes have been successfully blocked.

� It is best to give yourself time to think about what you want to do; don’t rush intoanything. Many women who have a tubal occlusion at the same time as a caesarean,or immediately after giving birth or having an abortion, have regrets later on . Italso seems to lessen the chances of success.

If you do decide you want a tubal occlusion at the same time as a caesarean, yourdoctor or nurse should make sure that you have been given counselling and that youmake the decision at least a week before your caesarean.

If you have a tubal occlusion at the same time as a caesarean, or if you have it doneby mini-laparotomy after giving birth, the tubes will usually be cut and tied instead ofbeing closed with clips. This is because in these circumstances ties give better results.

Tubal occlusion: What are the risks?

If tubal occlusion is done with diathermy and it fails, there is a greater risk of the preg-nancy being ectopic (that is, it develops in the fallopian tube rather than in the womb).

� You should contact a doctor or nurse as soon as possible if:

● you think you might be pregnant; or

● you have sudden or unusual pain in your abdomen; or

● you have any unusual vaginal bleeding; or

● a light or delayed period.

� If you feel feverish or generally unwell or have increasing pain in your abdomentell your doctor immediately.

A few women get extra problems (known as complications) during or after theoperation. Your surgeon should tell you more about these risks. All operations carrysome risk, but the risk of serious complications is low. You are most at risk ofcomplications if you have had abdominal surgery before or if you are very overweight.

Most complications are minor and can be dealt with during the operation. Some,however, such as injuries to the bowel, bladder or blood vessels, can be more seriousand as a result of them some women may need to have a laparotomy (which involves

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making an opening in your abdomen through either a bikini line or a midline cut). Bowelinjuries are rare but they can be very serious.

There is no evidence that having a tubal occlusion causes problems that would meanyou need a hysterectomy.

There is no evidence that having a tubal occlusion affects your sex drive.

If you were on the contraceptive pill before your tubal occlusion your periods maybecome heavier again, compared to the withdrawal bleed you had while taking the pill.This is quite normal.

Research shows that if you are over 30 years old when you have a tubal occlusion, it isnot linked to getting heavier or irregular periods. There is little evidence about howhaving a tubal occlusion affects your periods if you have the operation when you areunder 30.

Vasectomy: What does it involve?

Vasectomy is usually done under local anaesthetic. General anaesthetic will usually beused if:

● you have a history of allergy to local anaesthetic

● you have a history of fainting easily

● you have had surgery before on your scrotum or genital area

● you do not want to have a local anaesthetic.

The surgeon will usually make one or two small cuts in the skin of your scrotum toreach the tubes (the vas deferens) which carry sperm. They will then block the tubesand close the ends, either by:

● cutting, removing a small part of the tubes and tying them; or

● using diathermy to heat and seal them off.

There is a small risk (about one in every 2000 vasectomies) that the tubes will reformsome time after the operation. If this happens, you could make your partner pregnant.

The surgeon should usually use the ‘no-scalpel’ way of reaching the tubes. This avoidscutting the skin; the surgeon uses a special instrument to make a puncture and thenstretches a small opening in the scrotum. This seems to cut down the risk of bleeding,infection and pain.

� You must use effective contraception before the operation and until follow-uptests show that the vasectomy has been successful.

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To find out whether your vasectomy has been successful you will be asked to give atleast one semen sample, at least eight weeks after the operation. Exactly how andwhen these tests are done will vary from area to area.

● If there are no sperm in your semen, the test result is negative. You shouldusually be told that you can stop using contraception.

● If you still have sperm in your semen, you should be given another test. You must wait until you get a negative test before you stop usingcontraception.

A few men continue to have small numbers of sperm in their semen, but these spermdo not move (they are known as ‘non-motile’ sperm). It is not always clear whether thismeans you could make your partner pregnant. If you are one of these men, your doctorwill discuss your options with you.

Vasectomy: What are the risks?

There is no evidence that having a vasectomy affects your sex drive.

As an operation it carries less risk than tubal occlusion does for women.

Having a vasectomy does not increase the risk of getting testicular cancer or heartdisease. Current research suggests that having a vasectomy does not increase the riskof getting prostate cancer.

Some men get pain in one or both of the testicles after a vasectomy. It can happenimmediately or some time (even a few months) after the operation. It may beoccasional or it may be quite frequent. Some men find the pain continues over time;this is known as chronic pain. For most men, however, any pain is quite mild and they donot need further help for it.

Is there anything else I should know?

● You have the right to be fully informed about your health care and to share inmaking decisions about it. Your health care team should respect and take yourwishes into account.

● You will need to sign a consent form to show that you understand and agree tohave the operation.

● All operations involve some risk. If you have special concerns about certainkinds of risk, let your doctors know so that they can tell you more.

● Sometimes extra procedures are necessary at the time of an operation tosave a person’s life or prevent serious harm to their health. Your doctor will

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tell you about these. You have a right to say whether there are anyprocedures you do not want the surgeon to carry out.

● You should be told if there were any difficulties during the operation thatmean it may not have been successful.

● You can find out more about what having an anaesthetic involves at:www.youranaesthetic.info

Other organisationsThis organisation offers support.

fpa (Family Planning Association) 2–12 Pentonville Road LONDON N1 9FP Tel: 0845 310 1334 www.fpa.org.uk

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Sources and acknowledgementsThis information is based on the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists(RCOG) guideline Male and Female Sterilisation (published by the RCOG and revisedin December 2003). The guideline contains a full list of the sources of evidence wehave used. You can find it online at: www.rcog.org.uk/mainpages.asp?PageID=498

Clinical guidelines are written for health practitioners. They are drawn up by teams ofmedical professionals and consumers’ representatives who look at the best researchevidence there is about care for a particular condition or treatment. The guidelinesmake recommendations based on this evidence.

This information has been developed by the Patient Information Subgroup of theRCOG Guidelines and Audit Committee, with input from the Consumers’ Forum and theauthor of the clinical guideline. It was reviewed before we published it by 18 peopleattending clinics in Oxford and London. The final version is the responsibility of theGuidelines and Audit Committee of the RCOG.

It was funded by a grant from the Department of Health.

© Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2004

The RCOG consents to the reproduction of this document providing full acknowledgement is made. Thetext of this publication may accordingly be used for printing with the addition of local information or asthe basis for audio versions or for translations into other languages. Information relating to clinicalrecommendations must not be changed.

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