bridge module indexA

Grammar and Usage

Step 1The River Thames p. 1

Simple PastUsed to

LondonTalking about the past

Vocabulary and Functions

Step 2I was watching TV when... p. 4

Simple Past vs. Past ContinuousSomething, anything, nothing, everything

Talking about the pastDescribing pictures

Step 3Free time p. 6

Present Continuous as futureTo be going toSimple Future

Talking about future plans and arrangementsMaking predictions

Step 4Talking about experiences p. 8

Present PerfectPresent Perfect with just, just, just already, already, already yet, yet, yetever and ever and ever never

Talking about the weatherHousehold chores

Grammar and Usage

Step 5Strange days p. 10

Present Perfect ContinuousDuration FormFor or For or For since

GardeningTalking about a recent holiday

Vocabulary and Functions

Step 6Amazing coincidences p. 12

Relative pronounsIf-clauses: Zero and If-clauses: Zero and IfFirst Conditional

Descriptions and definitionsTalking about consequences

Step 7Keeping healthy p. 14

If-clauses: Second If-clauses: Second IfConditional

Giving adviceTalking about hypothetical situations

CEFRSelf-assessmentp. 16

L o n d o nGuide

your

bridge modulestep 1 The river Thames

1. Read the text and underline the correct alternative.

1

The River Thames is one of the 1. best / most goodfeatures of London. When my son 2. were /were /were was little, we 3. did use /did use /did use used to walk across Hammersmith Bridge. We sometimes 4. sitted /sitted /sitted sat down to watch the sunset. The view of the river, the sound of the waves, the birds, the fish and boats, 5. made / made / made maked this a unique experience.

The river 6. created /created /created createthe city and, in terms of history, the Thames is one of the greatest in the world. It 7. provided / provide a route for settlers and invaders. It 8. was / were a means of transport were a means of transport werefor boats that 9. carryed /carried goods and people.

During the 18th century, th century, th

there 10. were / was an enormous expansion in

trade, and London 11. become / became the world’s busiest port. In the 19th century, there th century, there th 12. were /was an explosion of interest in the Thames as a place of leisure, and many of the activities we enjoy on the river today 13. start / started at that time.

Now there are 33 bridges crossing the river, the most recent, the Millennium

Bridge – between the Tate Modern Gallery and St Paul’s Cathedral, was inaugurated and then closed because it 14. did sway / swayed. The 20th century th century th 15. seed / saw the seed / saw the seed / sawconstruction of many of the landmark buildings along the Thames, including the Bankside and Battersea Power Stations, Waterloo Bridge and County Hall.

2. Answer the questions about the text.1. When did the writer use to walk on Hammersmith Bridge?2. What made that experience unique?3. What did the Thames provide in the past?4. When did the river become a place of leisure?5. Why did they close the Millennium Bridge?The river Thames

one

2 two

step 1 The river Thames

4. Reorder the pictures to tell Samuel Pepy’s story. Use the Simple Past of the verbs below.One night in September 1666…

to lightto goto wake upto opento put on to hear

to jointo seeto beto taketo get outto write

GrammarSimple Past Simple Past Simple Past Simple Past

Affirmative form 3 Regular verbs R subject + base form of verb + ed

for all persons.The river created the city.

3 Irregular verbs R subject + 2nd part of the paradigm for all persons.I sat down to watch the sunset.

Negative form (regular and irregular verbs) 3 subject + did + not + base form of the verb

Boats didn’t carry only goods. didn’t carry only goods. didn’t carry

Interrogative form (regular and irregular verbs) 3 did + subject + base form of the verb Did the 20th century see the building of many landmarks?

The Simple Past tense is used for actions which take place at a specific time and are concluded in the past. R The Thames provided a route for settlers and invaders in the past.

3. Complete the sentences with the Simple Past form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to invite) my friends to my birthday party.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (they / to give) her a present when they

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to leave)?3. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to drink) orange juice yesterday

afternoon.4. We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to eat) toast with jam for breakfast.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to read) any emails yesterday?6. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to watch) TV last night.7. He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to spend) his holidays in Australia last

summer.

a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

3three

bridge module

5. Listen [[ 1:1] to four people talking about what they used to believe when they were children. Take notes and compare them with a classmate.

Grammarused to used to used to used to

Affirmative form3 subject + used to + base form of the verb

Tracy Tracy T used to wear a uniform at school.

Negative form 3 subject + didn’t use to + base form of the verb

She didn’t use to care about clothes.

Interrogative form 3 did + subject + use to + base form of the verb Did the children use to play with toys?

Used to: 3 describes an action that was a habit in the past but

is no longer done in the present;3 contrasts a habitual action in the past with a

present action.

6. Compare the pictures of London from the 1770s and today. Write sentences with used to about the changes.

1 2

3 4

A B

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chelsea, ca. 1770 Chelsea, ca. 1770 Chelsea today Chelsea today Chelsea today Chelsea today

4 four

step 2 I was watching TV when…

1. Listen [[ 1:2] to the news report about a crime and underline the correct alternative in the text.

2. Write sentences about the pictures using the Simple Past and the Past Continuous.Example 1. She was having a shower when the phone rang.

GrammarSimple Past vs. Past Simple Past vs. Past Simple Past vs. Past Simple Past vs. Past

Continuous Continuous Continuous Simple Past vs. Past Continuous Simple Past vs. Past

Simple Past vs. Past Continuous Simple Past vs. Past

Simple Past vs. Past Continuous Simple Past vs. Past

When an action taking place in the past is interrupted by a single past action, the Past Continuous is used for the action taking place and the Simple Past is used for the single completed action. R While she was phoning the police, someone hit her on the head.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct past form of the verbs in brackets.

1. While I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to walk) to school, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to run) into an old friend.

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (he / to fall) off the ladder while he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to decorate) the wall?

3. When we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to see) him, he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to ride) his bike.

4. When she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to find) a four-leaf clover, she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to make) a wish.

5. While I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have) a bath, my brother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to watch) a video.

6. The two drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to quarrel) when the traffic warden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to arrive).

7. My daughter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to do) the washing up while my husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to clear) the rubbish.

8. When the man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to mug) her, she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to scream).

the text.

Simple Past vs. Past

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

The 1. police / policeman are looking for the 2. murderer/ burglar who 3. killed /killed /killed broke into Mrs Abbot’s house in Kensington Road yesterday. They believe it 4. was /is a man of about 5. twenty-five / thirty-five. It was 11 o’clock and Mrs Abbot was 6. watching / turning on TVwhen she 7. heard / listened some footsteps upstairs. At first she 8. believed / thought it was her imagination, but then she 9. decided / decided / decided stood up to phone the police. She suddenly 10. realized / saw that her phone 11. wasn’t working / wasn’t ringing.wasn’t ringing.wasn’t ringing While she was 12. climbing / going the stairs, 13. everyone / someone hit her on her head and she 14. fell / felt to the floor and fainted. When she came to, she saw a man escaping through the window carrying a heavy 15. bag / box.box.box The police want to 16. talk / talk / talk tell to 17. anyone / no one who passed by Mrs Abbot’s house last night. They hope someone saw the 18. thief / robber.robber.robber

1 2

3 4

5 6

5five

bridge module

Grammarsomething, anything, something, anything, something, anything, something, anything,

nothing, everythingnothing, everythingnothing, everythingnothing, everythingsomething, anything,

nothing, everythingsomething, anything, something, anything,

nothing, everythingsomething, anything, something, anything,

nothing, everythingsomething, anything,

3 someone/somebody and something are used in affirmative and interrogative sentences when we expect the answer to be ‘yes’ or in offers and requests.There is someone at the door.Is there something you want to tell me?Can I get you something to drink?

3 anyone/anybody and anything and anything and are used in affirmative sentences with the meaning of qualsiasi, in interrogative sentences when the answer is doubtful and in negative sentences.You can eat You can eat Y anything you like. “Is there anything I can do for you?” “No, there isn’t anything at the moment.”

3 no one/nobody and nothing and nothing and are always negative and are used with an affirmative verb. There is nothing in the fridge. I’ll do the shopping.

3 everyone/everybody and everything and everything and are used in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences and always require a 3rd person singular verb.

Everyone is coming to my party.

5. Look at the picture for two minutes. Then answer the questions.

1. Did you see anything on the shelves?2. Was there anything written on the notice-board?3. Was the teacher holding anything in her hands?4. Was anybody drinking tea?5. Was anybody doing their test?6. Was anybody talking on the phone?7. Did you see anything on the teacher’s desk?8. Was there anybody outside the classroom?

4. Complete the sentences with the correct indefinite pronoun.

1. There is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in your bag. It’s empty.2. I can’t find my watch. Perhaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stole it in the

gym.3. “Did you take absolutely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?” “Yes, I didn’t

leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the house.”4. They cried loudly but unfortunately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . heard

them.5. “Did . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see the robbers?” “No, they said

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . was there.”6. Are you busy? I have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to tell you. 7. You can buy You can buy Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at Harrods, from a pin to an

elephant.8. Would you like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the ice-cream shop?

6 six

step 3 Free time

1. Read the information about an Easter holiday and answer the questions below.

1. What agency are you going to travel with?2. Where are you going?3. Where will you fly from?4. Where are you going to stay?5. What will the cost include?

GrammarPresent Continuous as Present Continuous as Present Continuous as Present Continuous as Present Continuous as Present Continuous as

futurefuturefuture

The Present Continuous is used for planned actions (booked or confirmed) in the future and is always used with reference to a specific time and/or place (tonight, tomorrow, on/next Saturday, next week – the doctor’s, the theatre, the dentist’s). R I’m taking a tour of Sicily in two weeks.

Fabulous SicilyBook your 5-day special tour now!

What is your idea of a perfect holiday? Would you like to relax on a beautiful sandy beach by a clear blue sea? Then Sicily is the answer! Besides its wonderful beaches, Sicily is also rich in history and culture. You can visit breathtaking archeological sites, bustling towns and enjoy dramatic views while drinking wine and eating delicious local food.

Departure from Gatwick on 1st April.st April.st

Accommodation in a luxury hotel with a private beach.

Full guided tour of the Valley of the Temples on 3rd April included.

2. Complete the conversation using the Present Continuous.

Martin: I 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to go) to France with Jo at Easter. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to come) too?

Sheila: It would be great, but I 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to spend) my holidays in Sicily.

Martin: Really? Who 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to go) with? Sheila:Sheila: My sister Rose 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to come) with me.Martin:Martin: When 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to leave)?Sheila:Sheila: On the 1st of April. We st of April. We st 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to fly) from

Gatwick. Martin:Martin: How long 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to stay) there?Sheila:Sheila: Five days. Martin:Martin: 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to go) to Palermo? Sheila:Sheila: Yes, and we Yes, and we Y 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to visit) the Valley of

the Temples, too.Martin:Martin: Great! Have a nice holiday and send me a postcard!

Grammarto be going to to be going to to be going to to be going to

Affirmative form3 I am going to visit the British Museum.

Interrogative form3 Are you going to see the Valley of the Temples?

Negative form3 She isn’t going to buy a ticket for New York.

To be going to is used:1. to express future plans and intentions; R I am going to study harder next year. to study harder next year. to study2. immediate predictions based on intuition or present indicators. R The sky is really dark. It is going to rain.

3. 3. Write what is going to happen in each picture.

Magic WorldYour travel experts15, High St, Guildford £6

00 A

ll in

clus

ive

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

3

2

4

7seven

bridge module

4. Complete the sentences with to be going to or the Present Continuous.

1. How many people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to come) to the concert tonight?

2. The Queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to open) the Parliamentary session next month.

3. I saw Mary in town yesterday. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have) a baby.

4. Watch out for that flower pot! It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to fall)!5. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to go) to bed early tonight because I’m

very tired. 6. Be careful! You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to hurt) yourself.7. Dan Brown’s latest novel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to come) out

tomorrow.8. Oh dear! Look at that man. He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to fall) off

that ladder.

GrammarSimple Future Simple Future Simple Future Simple Future

Affirmative form3 Cities will become more crowded in the future.

Interrogative form3 Will this encourage people to use cars less?

Negative form3 They won’t be able to find the house.

The Simple Future is used to express:Simple Future is used to express:Simple Future1. a spontaneous decision at the time of speaking;

R Wait, I’ll open the door for you.2. predictions based on certainty or opinion with

verbs like: to think, to know, to hope, to expect, to be sure; R I think prices will increase dramatically in the next few months.

3. a promise or resolution; R I will stop eating so much chocolate.

4. an inevitable future fact or event. R It will be my birthday tomorrow.

5. Put the verbs in the correct form of the Simple Future.

1. I feel exhausted. I think I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have) a rest.2. We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (probably / to eat) meat for dinner.3. Don’t worry! I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to make) that telephone call

for you.4. What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to do) if you miss your train?5. I’m sure he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to arrive) on time.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (your dad / to help) us with our science

project?7. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to tell) Andrew about his surpise party.

6. Complete the sentences with the correct future form.

1. This bag is very heavy. Don’t worry, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to carry) it for you.

2. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to work) for an important law firm after they graduate.

3. Do you think my mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to like) her birthday present?

4. The flight to Tokyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to last) 13 hours.5. Do you think the children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to eat) this dish?6. “We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have) dinner at a fancy restaurant

tonight.” “Why?” “We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to celebrate) our anniversary.”

7. “What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to tell) him?” “I don’t knowwhat I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to say), but I’m sure he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(to be) kind to me.”8. Look! The old lady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to cross) the street. I

hope that car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to stop).

7. Write a dialogue using the instructions below. You and your friend are arranging to go out together on Saturday night.

1. Ask your friend if he/she has any plans for the weekend.

You

Your friend

2. Say you have no plans.

3. Suggest going out for a drink.

4. Disagree and suggest eating out.

5. Ask where you are going to eat.

6. Say that there is a new restaurant in the town centre and you think they serve Japanese food.

7. Say that you have no intention of eating Japanese food. Suggest going out for a pizza.

8. Agree. Arrange where and when to meet.

9. Say where and when.

10. Agree and say goodbye.

8 eight

step 4 Talking about experiences

GrammarPresent PerfectPresent PerfectPresent Perfect

Affirmative form3 subject + have / has + past participle

Snowstorms have hit Europe.

Interrogative form3 have / has + subject + past participle Has the snow covered the houses?

Negative form3 subject + have / has + not + past participle

I haven’t been out in the snow.

The Present Perfect tense is used to express past actions Present Perfect tense is used to express past actions Present Perfectwithout a specific time definition or actions whose time hasn’t finished.

Heavy snowstorms have hit several European countries. These are the worst storms Europe has seen for years. The snow has reached the height of four metres in some areas and has covered city streets and motorways. One passenger has died in Belgium and several other people have been injured.

Fallen trees have blocked roads in Germany and damaged parts of buildings. Thousands of people in northern Europe have lost electricity.

Experts say temperatures have never reached these lows so early in the season. The weather forecast for tomorrow is not encouraging and the county authorities have already drawn up an emergency plan for icy temperatures during the coming week.

SnowStormS Hit EuropE

wEatHEr

1. Read the text and correct these statements.

1. One metre of snow has covered the streets.2. Eight people have died.3. Trees have fallen and damaged the motorways.Trees have fallen and damaged the motorways.T4. The weather will certainly improve tomorrow.5. The authorities have not made any rescue plan yet.

2. Write the correct form of the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / ever / to be) to England?2. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to lose) her keys.3. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to speak) to him.4. “Where . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Lindy / to go)?” “To the chemist’s.”5. The rescue workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to take) the injured people

to the hospital.6. The snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to cover) the roofs of the houses.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (he / to come) back home?8. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to read) the book you gave me.

GrammarPresent Perfect with Present Perfect with Present Perfect with Present Perfect with justjust, just, just

alreadyalreadyalreadyalready, , already, alreadyalready, already yetyet, , yet, yetyet, yet ever, and , and , and , and ever, and ever nevernevernevernevernevernever

The Present Perfect is often used with:Present Perfect is often used with:Present Perfect3 just (= appena(= appena( ) in affirmative sentences, placed

between the auxiliary and the past participle;R Henry has just arrived.

3 already (= già(= già( ) in affirmative sentences, placed between the auxiliary and the past participle;R Sally has already seen that film.

3 yet? (= già(= già( ) in interrogative sentences, placed at the end of the main clause; R Has Sally watched the news yet?

3 not … yet (= non ... ancora(= non ... ancora( ) in negative sentences, placed at the end of the main clause; R We’re still waiting for Henry. He hasn’t arrived yet.

3 ever (= mai?(= mai?( )= mai?)= mai? in interrogative sentences, placed between the subject and the past participle;R Have you ever had an accident?

3 never (= non ... mai(= non ... mai( )= non ... mai)= non ... mai in negative sentences without not, placed between the auxiliary and the past participle. R They have never seen so much snow.

bulletin

9nine

bridge module

3. Write what Allie has already done and what she hasn’t done yet using the verbs below. In picture A Allie is cleaning her bedroom. In picture B it’s two hours later and she is still working.dust | do the hoovering | tidy | make | hang up | iron | wash | empty | sweep

Example Allie has already dusted the furniture.

4. Match the phrases in the first column with a response from the second. Then rewrite the responses using the adverbs in brackets.

1. Would you like something to drink?2. Do you know the Parkers?3. Can you lend me your car?4. Can you play the guitar?5. Why is he so tired?6. Why do you look so upset?7. Where are the students?8. What a beautiful dress!

a. They have gone to the language lab. (already)b. I have had any lessons. (never)c. No, I haven’t met them. (yet)d. I’m sorry, I have taken it to the mechanic’s. (just)e. I bought it at Mel’s. Have you been there? (ever)f. Someone has stolen my bag. (just)g. He has had an awful day at work. (just)h. No, thanks. I’ve had a glass of water. (already)

5. Complete the sentences in a logical way using the Present Perfect.

1. She is worried because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. He has gone to the doctor’s because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. I’m not hungry because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Don’t touch the oven because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. They have no money because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Complete the sentences with the Simple Past or the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.

1. We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to go) to a disco last night.2. “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to have) lunch yet?” “Yes,

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (already / to eat).”3. It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to stop) snowing yet.4. “. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (he / ever / to play) baseball?” “No,

but he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (just / to be) to see a match.”5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to give) up smoking last week?6. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (never / to know) the truth about the

accident.7. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to spend) the night in hospital

after the snowstorm.8. Jim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to carry) a heavy bag yesterday

and now he has a backache.

a

B

I STEP 4.indd 9 28/06/10 17:13

10 ten

step 5 Strange days

GrammarPresent Perfect Present Perfect Present Perfect ContinuousContinuousContinuous

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed as follows:3 subject + have / has + been + -ing form

It is used to express an action or situation that has just finished and whose effects are still visible in the present. R I’m very tired because I’ve been working in the garden.

1. Look at the picture. Louise is exhausted because she has been working in the garden all day. Write sentences about what she has been doing. Use the verbs below.water | plant | mow | paint | throw away | pick up | repair

2. Ask and answer questions about the picture with a classmate.Example Has Louise been watering the flowers?

3. Listen [[ 1:3] to this strange story and complete the statements below.

because she has been working in the garden

Paul Blair has been 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for five years. He works in a 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At night he3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in his own kitchen. He cooks while he is 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paul has been sleepwalking 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . His parents were afraid he might 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . His wife has seen him making 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . every night for 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . now.He tastes 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . every time. But he has never 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11eleven

bridge module

GrammarDuration FormDuration FormDuration Form

past future

present

The Duration Form is used for actions that began in the past but still continue in the present. In Italian the equivalent action is expressed using the present tense, but in English it is expressed with the Present Perfect Continuous. R Mary studia inglese da sei anni. = Mary has been studying English for six years.

In negative sentences the Present Perfect Simple is Present Perfect Simple is Present Perfect Simplenormally used. R Non mangio da due ore. = I haven’t eaten for two hours.

Stative verbs of opinion, feelings, involuntary perception, possession or desire do not usually take the continuous form and use the Present Perfect Simple to express the same concept. R E’ in cucina da due ore. = He has been in the kitchen for two hours. /Lo conosco da quando eravamo piccoli. = I have known him since we were children.

4. Complete the sentences with the Duration Form of the verbs in brackets.

1. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to write) an essay for hours.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Mum / to do) the shopping since three?3. It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to be) sunny for days.4. John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to ski) since he was six.5. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to wait) for the bus for ten minutes.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / to study) history since lunchtime?7. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have) this car since September.8. He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to eat) anything since this morning.

Usageforfor or for or for sincesince

past present

since for

Since indicates the beginningbeginning of a period of time in beginning of a period of time in beginningwhich an action has taken place. R Paul has been the best chef in New York since 2005.

For indicates the length of time the action has taken length of time the action has taken place. R We’ve been going out for five years.

How long…? is used in questions about duration. R How long has Paul been a chef?

5. Write the time expressions in the correct column.last weeklast week | three dayslast week | three dayslast week | three days | two months | dinnertime | yesterday afternoon | ages | the 19th century | a few minutes | 5.30 | 10 years | October 14th | I was twelve | last summer | a moment | Friday night | a long time | 1992 | six hours

FORthree days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SINCElast week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Rewrite the sentences using the Duration Form. Add for or since where necessary.

1. I started to study Spanish two years ago. I have been studying Spanish for two years.2. She moved to Edinburgh in 2000.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. The last time I saw Jane was three months ago.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Sylvia gave up skiing when she broke her leg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. We bought this house last summer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. The Browns arrived here at ten o’clock.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. I stopped drinking coffee when I was twenty.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. It started to rain two hours ago.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 twelve

step 6 Amazing coincidences

Grammarrelative pronouns relative pronouns relative pronouns relative pronouns relative pronouns relative pronouns

People Animals / things

Subject who / that/ that/ which / that

Object whom / that which / that/ that/

Indirect objectobject

preposition +whom

preposition + which

Possession whose whose

I knew the boys who were separated at birth.Have you read the story which speaks about the twins’ lives?Have you seen the dog whose name is Toy?The programme in which she was interested was on the BBC. (formal use only)

Whom, which and that can be omitted when they are the object.The twins (whom) I read about were born in Ohio.I like the name (that / which) you chose for your dog.

Which can refer to a complete phrase which is preceded by a comma.She drinks very little water, which is bad for her health.

2. Complete the sentences with a suitable relative pronoun when necessary.

1. That is the couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bought the Smiths’ house.2. The bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . goes to the railway station runs

every twenty minutes.3. The girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is talking to Brian is my brother’s

girlfriend.4. This is the room in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I always study.5. The cake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you made is delicious.6. The old man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they saw at the exhibition is a

famous painter.7. I can’t sleep very well at night, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . makes me

tired and agitated.8. A lawyer is a person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . works in court.

2.

1.2.

3.

4.5.6.

7.

8.

1. 1. Read the text and decide if the statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F). Correct the false ones.

1.1. The twin brothers were born in the USA. T | F2.2. They were brought up together. T | F3.3. They had different names. T | F4.4. They were both good at working with wood. T | F5.5. Their wives had the same name. T | F6.6. They gave similar names to their sons. T | F7.7. They both married once. T | F8.8. They had no pets. T | F9.9. They never met. T | F

The stories of identical twins’ nearly identical lives are often astonishing, like this one of two identical twins that were born in Ohio. The twin boys, who were separated at birth, were adopted by different families. Unknown to each other, both families named the boys James. And here the coincidences just begin. Both grew up not even knowing of the other, yet both had abilities in mechanical drawing and carpentry and each married a woman named Linda. They both had sons, whom one named James Alan and the other named James Allan. The twin brothers also divorced their wives and married other women who are both named Betty. And they both owned dogs which they named Toy. Forty years after their childhood separation, the two men were reunited to share their amazingly similar lives.

TWIN BOYS

TWIN LIVES

13thirteen

bridge module

3. Match the word to its definition. Then write complete sentences using indefinite and relative pronouns.Example 1. A butcher is someone who sells meat.

1. A butcherA butcherA2. A teapotA teapotA3. A teetotallerA teetotallerA4. A spectatorA spectatorA5. A suitcaseA suitcaseA6. A passportA passportA7. An architect8. A dishwasherA dishwasherA

4. Listen [[ 1:4] and number the pictures in the correct order.

Grammarififif-clauses: Zero and First -clauses: Zero and First -clauses: Zero and First -clauses: Zero and First -clauses: Zero and First -clauses: Zero and First

if-clauses: Zero and First ifif-clauses: Zero and First ifif-clauses: Zero and First if ConditionalConditionalConditional

Zero ConditionalIf-clause: if + Simple PresentMain clause: Simple Present

The Zero Conditional indicates a factual, very probable Zero Conditional indicates a factual, very probable Zero Conditionalor inevitable result. R If you think of the negative consequences, you don’t achieve your goal.

First ConditionalIf-clause: if + Simple PresentMain clause: Simple Future If she gets slimmer, she’ll have to buy new clothes.

The First Conditional (periodo ipotetico del 1¡ tipo) is First Conditional (periodo ipotetico del 1¡ tipo) is First Conditionalused:1. to express a concrete future possibility; If I have

enough money, I’ll buy a bigger house.2. for warnings.for warnings.f R If you lose the map, you’ll get lost.

5. Complete the sentences with the Zero or First Conditional.

1. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to put) ice cubes into water, they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to melt).

2. If we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to go) to england, we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have to) change our euros to pounds.

3. If they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to visit) London, they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(to see) Big Ben.4. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to water) a plant, it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(to die).5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (he / to ask) a policeman for directions if he

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to find) the way?6. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to run out) of fuel, the car

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to stop).7. If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to feel) well, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to

play) tennis tomorrow.8. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to break) a mirror, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(to have) seven years of bad luck.

6. Answer the questions using the First Conditional.

What will happen if…1. you get a date with the boy/girl you fancy?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. you earn some pocket money? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. your parents leave you the house free for the weekend? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. you get a bad mark at school? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. you lose your wallet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a. sells meat.b. pack your clothes into.c. designs houses.d. to make tea.e. watches a film.f. to go abroad.g. to wash dishes.h. never drinks alcohol.

What will

happen if

I succeed?happen if

I succeed?happen if

a

c

e

g

b

d

f

h

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

14 fourteen

step 7 Keeping healthy

1. Listen [[ 1:5] to Doctor Judge’s advice about keeping healthy and complete the table below.

QU

ESTI

ON

1 Doctor’s question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QU

ESTI

ON

2 Doctor’s question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QU

ESTI

ON

4 Doctor’s question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QU

ESTI

ON

3 Doctor’s question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QU

ESTI

ON

6 Doctor’s question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QU

ESTI

ON

5 Doctor’s question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

QU

ESTI

ON

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’s advice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I STEP 7.indd 14I STEP 7.indd 14I STEP 7.indd 14I STEP 7.indd 14 28/06/10 17:1228/06/10 17:1228/06/10 17:1228/06/10 17:1228/06/10 17:12

15fifteen

bridge module

Grammarififif-clauses: Second -clauses: Second -clauses: Second -clauses: Second -clauses: Second -clauses: Second

if-clauses: Second ifif-clauses: Second ifif-clauses: Second if ConditionalConditionalConditional

If-clause: if + Simple Past Main clause: Present Conditional If you took vitamins, you’d ( (would) feel better.

The Second Conditional (periodo ipotetico del 2¡ tipo) Second Conditional (periodo ipotetico del 2¡ tipo) Second Conditionalis used for hypothetical situations which can be possible or imaginary. R If I were sick, I would get some rest.

In the if-clause were is used for all persons of the verb to be. R If I were you, I’d eat healthy food.

In the main clause, should is used instead of would to express advice.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If we got a lift, we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to arrive) in time to see the match.

2. If I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to be) you, I’d take vitamin C.3. What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to happen) if you left a bottle of

water in the freezer?4. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to get) a flu vaccine in autumn,

perhaps you would have less chance of getting a cold.5. If you tried to lift that heavy table, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to

hurt) yourself.6. You You Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to play) basketball better if you

trained harder.7. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not to sleep) properly, you wouldn’t

be able to study.8. You wouldn’t get lost in New York City if you You wouldn’t get lost in New York City if you Y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (to have) a map.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. Use should instead of would for advice.not wear | stay | put | give | get | do | take | persist | sprain | buy | take | break | have | catch

1. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . warm clothes in winter, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a cold.

2. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in bed if I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a high temperature.

3. If the doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you some pills, (you) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . them?

4. What (she) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . if she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her ankle?5. If the backache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a

painkiller.6. (we) (we) ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some mixture at the chemist’s if the

cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worse?7. If you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a leg, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it in plaster.

4. Write sentences in the Second Conditional saying what you would do in the following situations.

Your fridge doesn’t work.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Your mother has asked you to help her prepare the Christmas dinner.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

You are elected Prime Minister of your country.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

You are leaving for your business trip tomorrow, but you have forgotten to book a hotel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Your friend has given you a lovely sweater for your birthday.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

You see your favourite actor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

3

5

2

4

6

I can do it confidently!

I can do it!

I can’t do it!

Self-assessment

Listening xxx xx xB1 I can understand details about a crime or medical advice. B1 I can identify specific information in simple speech. B1 I can understand a short narrative. B1 I can understand people talking about past experiences. B1 I can understand people making predictions.Reading

B1 I can skim a holiday brochure to identify the most important pieces of information.

B1 I can understand the main points in a short article. B1 I can skim and scan an article for specific information. Spoken interaction

B1 I can talk about past events or activities. B1 I can discuss pictures about familiar topics. B1 I can compare and contrast photos. B1 I can make arrangements. B1 I can discuss health. B1 I can maintain a collaborative task on an everyday topic. Spoken production

B1 I can make promises, predictions and resolutions for the future.

B1 I can give a short account of my life story, plans and ambitions.

B1 I can give a short account of my experiences. B1 I can describe and give definitions using indefinite and

relative pronouns.

Use of language

B1 I can make predictions. B1 I can describe recent and past experiences. B1 I can express hypothetical reactions or consequences. B1 I can give advice. Writing

B1 I can write a simple story. B1 I can write a dialogue following instructions.

The descriptors on this page are based on CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference).

Think about the level you have reached in every ability and tick the correct column. Then discuss your results with your teacher.

I STEP 7.indd 16 28/06/10 17:12