Upload
vanmien
View
232
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
an overviewSteam trapping
1
Steam trapping solutionsWith nearly 100 years of steam engineering experience Spirax Sarco has attained the coveted position as the market leader for supplying steam traps of the highest quality.
When you buy from Spirax Sarco you are investing in more than just a steam trap - We supply high quality, reliable products ensuring that your steam system operates at its’ optimum level at all times.
Our aim is to provide the right solutions and appropriate products to meet all of your application needs by offering unparalleled technical & commercial support, before, during and after purchase.
KnowledgeService
Products
The team you want on your sideOur exceptional team of specialists are
well trained, extremely knowledgeable,
and accessible through our worldwide
network. They’ll take time to understand
your needs and work with you to find
the most effective ways to improve your
business performance by optimizing your
steam or industrial process plant.
Services matched to your needsWe’re renowned for our high quality products and expert
knowledge – however our offering goes way beyond this.
You can benefit from a complete and flexible range of services
that cover all your needs – we’ll carry out a steam trap survey or
project manage a complete new plant, and everything in between.
2
All the products, services and
expertise you need to make the best
investments in building and optimizing
your steam or industrial process plant.
We endeavour to supply quality products
that will create: energy saving, carbon
saving, production output improvement,
less wastage, simplified servicing and
peace of mind.
A global network ofoutstanding local peopleSpirax Sarco is an international organization represented in over 100 countries
with over 1100 specialist field engineers. We have local support only a phone
call away.
All the supportyou needWe have extensive teams of dedicated
personnel strategically placed globally
who are ready to take ownership of your
projects and day-to-day requests, seeing
them through to a satisfactory conclusion.
Forward thinkingto keep youone step aheadSpirax Sarco is a clear market leader in
steam systems. We have the market
presence and resources to keep abreast
of the latest legislative and technological
developments in the steam industry. It is
part of our commitment to share our
insight and knowledge to provide you with
the best advise and solutions.
High performance, high quality productsOur comprehensive product range covers the entire steam and condensate
loop. Forget the hassle and time to source from multiple suppliers – with
everything supplied direct from Spirax Sarco you can be assured that products
will integrate seamlessly, spares are readily available and servicing will be
straightforward.
3
Types
of s
team trap
There is no such thing as a universal steam trap!Steam traps are a critical part of the steam and condensate loop. Selecting an incorrect steam trap for an application,
or not taking into account the load on start-up and during running conditions may have a major impact on your process
efficiency, energy costs, and have safety implications.
Each steam application has its own requirements - it is impossible to meet all needs with just one type of steam trap.
For example: condensate must be removed promptly from a plant where maximum heat transfer is sought at all times. The
presence of excess condensate in an item of heat transfer equipment will reduce its efficiency, preventing it from achieving
its maximum rated output and may also reduce its service life.
However; In other applications, it may be required to hold back the condensate to extract some of its heat and thus save
on steam. Furthermore, by discharging condensate well below steam temperature, flash steam losses can be reduced or
avoided altogether.
Mechanical traps are operated by changes
in fluid density
Mechanical steam traps discharge
condensate at steam temperature. This makes
them the first choice for applications where
the rate of heat transfer is high for
a given heat transfer area, such as
heat exchanger application.
Thermostatic traps are operated by variations
in fluid temperature
Thermostatic steam traps do not
open until the condensate temperature has
dropped below steam saturation temperature.
These traps are widely used in applications
where it is acceptable to utilise some of
the sensible heat in the condensate
and reduce flash steam losses,
such as non-critical tracing.
Thermodynamic traps are operated by changes
in fluid dynamics
Thermodynamic steam traps are compact,
simple, lightweight and not affected by
waterhammer or vibration. Thermodynamic
traps discharge condensate close to steam
saturation temperature. This makes them
the first choice for steam mains
drainage and critical tracing.
The duty of a steam trap is to discharge condensate while retaining live steam in the system
4
Steam trap operation Mechanical Thermodynamic Thermostatic
Steamtrap types
Ball float Inverted bucket Thermodynamic Balanced pressure
Bimetallic
Main features
• High capacity.
• Excellent air venting
capabilities.
• Continuous
discharge of
condensate for
maximum heat
transfer.
• Will not back-up with
condensate.
• High capacity.
• Robust design.
• Near continuous
discharge of
condensate.
• Minimal back-up of
condensate.
• Robust design giving
excellent resistance to
waterhammer and
vibration.
• Inexpensive.
• Positive discharge with
tight shut-off.
• Discharge condensate
close to steam saturation
temperature.
• Utilises sensible heat
in the condensate,
reducing flash steam
losses, which saves
energy.
• Excellent air venting
properties for quick
start-up.
• Utilises sensible heat
in the condensate,
reducing flash steam
losses, which saves
energy.
• Excellent air venting
properties for quick
start-up.
Typical applications
Temperature / pressure
controlled applications
with fluctuating loads.
Temperature / pressure
controlled applications
with fluctuating loads.
Mains drainage and all
tracing applications.
Some process applications
with light loads such as
small presses and cylinders.
Where condensate
back-up can be tolerated
or is required to remove
excess enthalpy,
e.g. sterilisers and
non-critical tracing.
Where condensate
back-up can be tolerated
or is required in order to
remove excess enthalpy,
e.g. non-critical tracing.
SizeDN15 – DN100
(½" – 4")
DN15 – DN50
(½" – 2")
DN8 – DN25
(¼"– 1")
DN8 – DN25
(¼"– 1")
DN8 – DN100
(¼"– 4")
Maximum body rating
PN100 and
ASME Class 600PN63 PN250
PN40 and
ASME Class 300
PN420 and
ASME Class 2500
Maximum operating pressure
80 bar g 62 bar g 250 bar g 32 bar g 210 bar g
Spirax Sarco’s steam trap range
The duty of a steam trap is to discharge condensate while retaining live steam in the system
5
Ball float mechanical steam traps
Ball float (FT) mechanical steam traps have an integral air
vent as standard and the options of a manually adjustable
needle valve (SLR - steam lock release mechanism)
and drain cock tapping, the FT range is adaptable to all
applications where ball float traps are recommended and
instantaneous removal of condensate is required.
How a ball float steam trap works
On start-up a thermostatic air vent allows air to bypass the
main valve (1) which would otherwise be unable to escape
(a condition known as 'air-binding').
As soon as condensate reaches the trap, the float is raised and
the lever mechanism opens the main valve (2). Hot condensate
closes the air vent but continues to flow through the main valve.
When steam arrives the float drops and closes off the main
valve, which remains at all times below the water level,
ensuring that live steam cannot be passed.
In syphon dip pipes draining rotating cylinders or long drain
lines, a steam pocket may form which can prevent condensate
from reaching the trap (a condition known as 'steam locking').
A manually adjustable needle valve (SLR - steam lock release
mechanism) should be specified to bleed away the steam (3).
Key features:
• Immediatecondensatedischargewithclean,tightshut-off.Noback-upofcondensateensuresmaximumplantefficiency.
• Worksefficientlyonbothheavyandlightloadswithnopassageoflivesteam.
• Notaffectedbywideandsuddenfluctuationsofpressureorflowrate.
• Stainlesssteelinternalsthatcantoleratecorrosivecondensate.
• Integralairventtoensurerapidwarm-upofplant.
• Robustconstructiontoguaranteelonglifeagainstwaterhammerandvibration.
Mechanical steam traps
1 2 3
6
MaterialMaximumoperatingpressure
Connection
Sizes
InstallationDN15½"
DN20¾"
DN251"
DN321¼"
DN401½"
DN502"
DN803"
DN1004"
Cast iron
13 bar g Flanged
FT43FT43 FT53
FT43 Horizontal
FT43VFT43V FT53V
Vertical down
14 bar g Screwed FT14 Horizontal
SG iron
14 bar g
Screwed
FT14 Horizontal
FT14V Vertical down
Flanged FT14 Horizontal
21 bar g Screwed FT14HC FT14 Horizontal
32 bar g
FlangedFT47 FT57
FT47 FT57
Horizontal
FlangedFT47V FT57V
FT47V FT57V
Vertical down
ENP coatedSG iron coverandstainless steelbody
14.6 bar g
Screwed FTGS14 Horizontal
Flanged FTGS14 Horizontal
17 bar g Screwed FTGS14HC Horizontal
Carbon steel
32 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
FTC32 FT450 Horizontal
FTC32V Vertical down
Flanged
FTC32 FT44 FT54
FT44 FT54
FT44 FT54
FT44 FT450
Horizontal
FTC32V FT44V FT54V
FT44V FT54V
FT44V FT54V
Vertical down
80 bar gSocket weld
FlangedFTC80 Horizontal
Stainless steel
19 bar gScrewed
Socket weld Flanged
FTS14 Horizontal
FTS14V Vertical down
25.5 bar g Flanged FT46 FT46 Horizontal
32 bar g Swivel UFT32 Universal
Stainless steel (Clean steam)
4.5 bar ΔP Clamp
FTS14-4.5 Horizontal
FTS14V-4.5 Vertical down
Ball float steam traps - Product range
7
Inverted bucket mechanical steam traps
Spirax Sarco inverted bucket steam traps employ a
simple and well-proven principle, which relies on the
difference in density between steam (a vapour) and
condensate (a liquid). They have a robust design and
incorporate a simple density sensitive bucket and
lever mechanism.
How a inverted bucket steam trap works
Key features:
• Nearcontinuouscondensatedischargewithtightshut-off.Minimalback-upofcondensateensuresmaximumplantefficiency.
• Deepwater-sealtoprotectagainstthepossibilityofsteamloss.
• Suitableforsuperheatconditionswhenfittedwithinternalinletcheckvalve.
• Simpleandrobustconstructiontoguaranteelonglifeagainstwaterhammerandvibration.
• Stainlesssteelinternalsareattachedtothecoverforeaseofmaintenance.
• Integralstrainer(HM,HM34andSCAmodelsonly).
• Optionalblowdownvalve(onlyforHMandHM34).
Mechanical steam traps
1. As condensate reaches the trap it forms
a waterseal inside the body. The weight
of the bucket keeps the valve off its seat.
Condensate can then flow around the
bottom of the bucket and out of the trap.
2. When steam enters the underside of the
bucket it gives it buoyancy and the bucket
rises. This positions the lever mechanism
such that the main valve 'snaps' shut due
to flow forces.
3. The bucket will lose its buoyancy as the
enclosed steam condenses due to
radiation losses and steam escapes
through the vent hole. Once this happens
the weight of the bucket will pull the valve
off its seat and the cycle is then repeated.
4. Any air reaching the trap will also give
the bucket buoyancy and close the valve
preventing condensate flow. The small vent
hole positioned at the top of the bucket will
bleed air into the top of the trap. Because
the vent hole at the top of the bucket is
small in diameter it will vent air very slowly.
Consequently a separate external air vent
may therefore be required to ensure speedy
and efficient start-up of steam plant.
8
MaterialMaximumoperatingpressure
Connection
Sizes
InstallationDN15½"
DN20¾"
DN251"
DN401½"
DN502"
Cast iron
13 bar gScrewed Flanged
S SF
Horizontal
14 bar gScrewed Flanged
HM Horizontal
22 bar gScrewed Flanged
200 Vertical up
Carbon steel
32 bar gScrewed
Socket weld Flanged
HM34 Horizontal
41 bar gScrewed
Socket weld Flanged
SCA Horizontal
Stainless steel
30 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
Flanged
SIB30 SIB30H
Horizontal
SwivelUIB30
UIB30HUniversal
60 bar gScrewed Flanged
SIB45 Horizontal
Alloy steel
41 bar g Flanged 600 Vertical up
62 bar g Flanged 900 Vertical up
Inverted bucket steam traps - Product range
9
Thermodynamic steam traps
The Spirax Sarco TD was first launched in 1950 and has
become the most advanced thermodynamic steam trap
available. Constant design improvements have made
today’s TD an extremely robust steam trap, ideally suited
to the rigorous demands of any steam system.
How a thermodynamic steam trap works
On start-up, incoming pressure raises the disc and cooled
condensate, plus air, is immediately discharged (1).
Hot condensate flowing through the trap releases flash steam.
High velocity creates a low pressure area under the disc and
draws it towards the seat (2).
At the same time there is a pressure build-up of flash steam
in the chamber above the disc which forces it down against the
pressure of the incoming condensate until it seats on the inner
ring and closes the inlet. The disc also seats on the outer ring
and traps pressure in the chamber (3).
Pressure in the chamber is decreased by condensation of
the flash steam and the disc is raised. The cycle is then
repeated (4).
Thermodynamic steam traps
Key features:
• Positivecondensatedischargewithcleantightshut-off.Dischargecondensateatveryclosetosteamtemperaturethatensuresmaximumplantefficiency.
• Justonemovingpart,adisc,ensuresreliableoperationandminimalmaintenance.
• Compactandlightweight,reducinginstallationcosts.
• Hardeneddiscandseatforlonglife.
• Onetrapcoversawiderangeofoperatingpressuresmakingselectionandreplacementsimple.
• Optionalinsulatingcoverforlowambienttemperatureorwetenvironments.
• Optionalblowdownvalveforsomemodels.
1 2
3 4
10
MaterialMaximum operating pressure
Connection
SizesRecommended
installationDN8¼"
DN10"
DN15½"
DN20¾"
DN251"
Low temperature steel
42 bar g Socket weldTD42S3
TD42S3LCHorizontal
Carbon steel 42 bar g Socket weldTD42S2
TD42S2LCHorizontal
Stainless steel
10 bar g Screwed TD10 Horizontal
30 bar g SwivelUTD30L UTD30H
Universal
32 bar g FlangedTD32F
TD32FLCHorizontal
42 bar g
Butt weld TD3-3TD3-3
TD3-3LCTD3-3 Horizontal
ScrewedTD259 TD52M
TD42LC TD42L TD52M
TD42 TD42LC TD42H TD42L TD52M
TD52MLC
TD42 TD42H TD42L TD52M
TD42H TD42L TD52M
Horizontal
Swivel UTDM42L Universal
45 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
Butt weldTD1464 Horizontal
FlangedTD1464 TD45
Horizontal
Alloy steel
62 bar gScrewed
Socket weld Flanged
TD62M TD62LM
Horizontal
250 bar gSocket weld
Butt weld Flanged
TD120M Horizontal
Stainless steel (Clean steam)
10 bar g
Screwed BTD52L Horizontal
Clamp Tube end
BTD52L Horizontal
Thermodynamic steam traps - Product range
11
Thermostatic steam traps
Balanced pressure thermostatic steam traps
Spirax Sarco has been manufacturing balanced pressure
thermostatic steam traps for over 70 years. Continuous
investment in product development has resulted in a
design evolution, which leads the world.
How a balanced pressure thermostatic steam trap works
On start-up, cold air and condensate enter the trap. As the capsule is also cold, the valve is open and the air and condensate are discharged (1).
The capsule warms up as the condensate approaches steam temperature. Its liquid filling boils, and the resultant vapour pressure acting on the diaphragms pushes the valve head towards the seat (2), fully closing at the selected discharge temperature before any steam is lost.
As the condensate within the trap cools, the vapour filling condenses and the internal capsule pressure falls. The valve reopens, discharges condensate and the cycle repeats (3).
Key features:
• Condensateisdischargedatbelowsteamsaturationtemperature,utilisingsensibleheatinthecondensateandreducingflashsteamlosses.
• Automaticallydischargesairandotherincondensablegasestoaidrapidwarm-upofplant.
• Itautomaticallyadjustsitselftovariationsofsteampressureuptoitsmaximumoperatingpressureandcantoleratesuperheatupto70°C.
• Dischargetemperaturesetbycapsuleselection–norequirementtoadjustonsite.
• Patenteddesignofcapsulemanufacturedusingadvancedtechnologytoexactingqualitystandards.
• Allstainlesssteelinternalsextendworkinglifeandreducesplantmaintenance.
• TheBPC32andBPS32serieshasatwoboltcoverdesignforeaseofmaintenance.
1 2 3
12
MaterialMaximum operating pressure
Connection
SizesRecommended
installationDN8¼"
DN10"
DN15½"
DN20¾"
DN251"
DN401½"
Brass 13 bar g Screwed
BPT13SBPT13US
Horizontal
BPT13ABPT13UA
Angle
Carbon steel
21 bar g
Screwed BPM21L Horizontal
Socket weld BPM21L Horizontal
32 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
BPC32 BPC32Y
Horizontal
Flanged
BPC32 BPC32F BPC32Y
BPC32YF
Horizontal
Stainless steel
21 bar g
Screwed MST21MST21
MST21H TSS21
MST21H Vertical down
Sandwich between flanges
BPW32 Vertical down
30 bar gScrewed
Socket weld Flanged
SBP30 Horizontal
32 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
Flanged
BPS32 BPS32Y
Horizontal
Swivel UBP32 Universal
Stainless steel (Clean steam)
7 bar g
ScrewedBTM7 BTS7
BTM7 BTS7
Vertical down
ClampBTM7 BTS7
Vertical down
Tube endBTM7 BTS7
Vertical down
6 bar gClamp
Tube endBT6-BH BT6-BL
Vertical down
Balanced pressure thermostatic steam traps - Product range
13
Bimetallic thermostatic steam traps
Spirax Sarco has been manufacturing bimetallic
thermostatic steam traps for over 40 years. Bimetallic
thermostatic steam traps are primarily used to control
the release of condensate so that its sensible heat can
be utilised and energy losses caused by flash steam on
discharge reduced. These factors are all important in
today’s energy conscious world.
How a bimetallic thermostatic steam trap works
On start-up, the bimetallic element is relaxed and the valve
is open. Cooled condensate, plus air, is immediately
discharged (1).
Hot condensate flowing through the trap heats the bimetallic
element causing it to pull the valve towards the seat (2).
As the hot condensate is discharged and approaches steam
saturation temperature the bimetallic element closes the valve
(3). When there is no flow through the trap the condensate
surrounding the element cools causing it to relax and the
upstream pressure opens the valve. Condensate is discharged
and the cycle repeats.
Thermostatic steam traps
Key features:
• Condensateisdischargedatbelowsteamsaturationtemperature,utilisingsensibleheatinthecondensateandreducingflashsteamlosses.
• Automaticallydischargesairandotherincondensablegasestoaidrapidwarm-upofplant.
• Thebimetalelementscanworkoverawiderangeofsteampressureswithoutanyneedforon-siteadjustment.
• Patenteddesignofbimetallicelement.
• Resistanttowaterhammerandfreezing.
• TheSMC32serieshasatwoboltcoverdesignforeaseofmaintenance.
1 2 3
14
MaterialMaximum Operating Pressure
Connection
SizesRecommended
installationDN8¼"
DN10"
DN15½"
DN20¾"
DN251"
DN401½"
DN502"
DN803"
DN1004"
Carbon steel
21 bar gSocket weld
Butt weld Flanged
SP80 SP100 Horizontal
32 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
Butt weld
SMC32 SMC32Y
Horizontal
Flanged
SMC32 SMC32F SMC32Y
SMC32YF
Horizontal
40 bar gScrewed
Socket weld Flanged
ABL Horizontal
45 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
Butt weld Flanged
HP45 Horizontal
Stainless steel
17 bar g Screwed T3 Vertical down
21 bar g Swivel USM21 Universal
32 bar g
Swivel USM32 Universal
Screwed Socket weld
FlangedPBX Horizontal
Alloy steel
45 bar g
Screwed Socket weld
Butt weld Flanged
SM45 Horizontal
80 bar gSocket weld
Butt weld Flanged
HP80 Horizontal
100 bar g HP100 Horizontal
150 bar g HP150 Horizontal
210 bar g HP210 Horizontal
Bimetallic thermostatic steam traps - Product range
15
Pipeline connectors
Steam traps
The pipeline connectors require 2 bolts for connection with a steam trap.
Key features:
• Asimpletwo-boltconnectordesignallows
quickandsimplemaintenanceofasteamtrap
-Reducingsystemdowntimeandmaintenance
costscomparedtotraditionaltrappingstations.
• Singlepermanentin-linecomponentforease
ofspecificationandinstallation.
• Prefabricatedconstructionminimiseson-site
fabricationandtheweldedjointseliminate
potentialleakpaths.
• Allstainlesssteelconstructionformaximum
systemlife.
PC10 up to 32 bar g
PC10HP up to 42 bar g
PC20up to 32 bar g
PC30 seriesup to 42 bar g
IPC20 and IPC21up to 32 bar g
Pipeline connector with integral
Spiratec sensor
Reducing production running costs
Spirax Sarco can supply fabricated steam trap stations and a range of ‘quick-fit’ solutions that will allow rapid steam trap replacement and significantly reduce labour costs.
UTD30L and UTD30Hup to 30 bar g
Thermodynamic steam trap
UTDM42L up to 42 bar g
Thermodynamic steam trap
16
Pipeline connectors
Steam traps
The pipeline connectors require 2 bolts for connection with a steam trap.
Downstream isolation valve
Upstream isolation valve
Check valve
Pipeline connector with an integral strainer screen
STS17up to 17.5 bar g
Steam trapping station
PC40 seriesup to 42 bar g
Reducing production running costs
Spirax Sarco can supply fabricated steam trap stations and a range of ‘quick-fit’ solutions that will allow rapid steam trap replacement and significantly reduce labour costs.
UFT32up to 32 bar g
Ball float steam trap
UIB30 and UIB30Hup to 30 bar g
Inverted bucket steam trap
UBP32up to 32 bar g
Balanced pressure steam trap
USM21 up to 21 bar g
USM32up to 32 bar g
Bimetallic steam trap
UTDM42L up to 42 bar g
Thermodynamic steam trap
17
Steam tracing using the Spirax Sarco compact dual duty manifoldSteam tracing is used principally to maintain a
reasonable product temperature and viscosity in
order to simplify pumping, avoid freezing,
solidifi cation and stagnation. Although the rates of
condensate are relatively small, trap populations
will be large since all tracer lines should be
individually trapped. For ease of design and layout,
the condensate from the traps is collected in a
manifold. The steam to the tracers can be distributed
utilizing a similar manifold arrangement.
The Spirax Sarco forged MSC series manifold
minimises on-site fabrication and testing.
Key features:• Minimiseson-sitefabricationandtesting.
• Lowercostthanconventionalweldeddesign.
• Shortensprojectleadtimes.
• Spacesavingwithstandardiseddesign.
• Lightweighttosupportandeasytoinstallwithoptionalmountingkit.
• Easytomaintain.
• Optionalinsulationjacketforenergyconservation.
Steam main
Condensate main
To tracer lines From tracer lines
Product line
MSC steam distribution manifold
MSC condensate collection manifoldConsult Spirax Sarco
regarding steam trap type
18
Spirax Sarco can help you manage your steam trap population through Steam System Services Working in partnership to deliver a cleaner more efficient future – ‘Our aim is to reduce your total cost of ownership
through improved efficiency of your steam system.’
It has been evident in recent years that our customers’ requirements have changed due to the significant increase in
fuel cost and environmental issues. In addition, many of our customers have been forced to make cost cutting exercises
resulting in the reduction of maintenance teams and loss of steam engineering experience. This is where our Steam
System Services have evolved to support you, by helping you to maintain performance and reduce costs, by working
alongside your maintenance teams to improve and sustain your plant’s efficiency.
Steam System
Services
ServiceMaintaining plant performance
Installation and commissioning
Solution implementation
AuditsProblem and potential solution identification
Benefits to your business
Steam System Services can help to maintain your steam system at it’s optimum level, ensuring that steam reaches the
point of use at the correct quantity, quality and pressure.
Increased turnover
• Reduced downtime through preventative maintenance.
• Reduced product rejects by ensuring steam reaches point of use at correct
conditions.
• Faster warm-up times through good engineering practices.
Health and safety• Helping you comply
with regulations / legislation.
Increased profit
• Reducing energy wastage and emissions.
• Reducing stock holding through rationalisation of steam equipment
and using a single supplier.
• Lower fuel bills through improved energy efficiency.
• Reduced administration costs.
• Accessing steam expertise through Spirax Sarco without the
extra overhead.
19
Spirax-Sarco LimitedCheltenham UK
GL53 8ERt: +44 (0)1242 521361f: +44 (0)1242 573342
© Copyright 2010 Spirax Sarco is a registered trademark of Spirax-Sarco LimitedSB-GST-33 ST Issue 1
Some products, services or solutions may not be available in certain markets
20
Distributors
AfricaAlgeriaCameroonEthiopiaGhanaIvory CoastLibyaMalawiMauritiusMoroccoNamibiaNigeriaSenegalSudanTanzaniaTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe
AmericasBoliviaChileColombiaCosta RicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaHondurasJamaicaNicaraguaPanamaParaguayPeruTrinidad and TobagoUruguayVenezuela
Sales offices
AfricaEgyptKenya
AmericasColombiaVenezuela
AsiaHong KongIndonesiaPakistanPhilippinesVietnam
EuropeAustriaHungaryIrelandRomaniaUkraine
Middle EastUAE
Group companies
AfricaSouth Africa
AmericasArgentinaBrazilCanadaMexicoUSA
AsiaChinaIndiaJapanKoreaMalaysiaSingaporeTaiwanThailand
AustralasiaAustraliaNew Zealand
EuropeAustriaBelgiumCzech Republic DenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyItalyNorwayPolandPortugalRussiaSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey UK
AsiaBangladesh
AustralasiaFiji
EuropeBulgariaCroatiaCyprusEstoniaGreeceIcelandLatviaLithuaniaMaltaNetherlandsRomaniaSlovenia
Middle EastBahrainIranIsraelJordanKuwaitLebanonOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaSyria