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Steady Steps to the UN? Or Steady Steps to the Cold War?. Wartime and postwar conferences. Atlantic/ Newfoundland Conference August 9-12, 1941. US Aims: Gain American support to back British (failed) Assure that there were no secret agreements (eg: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Poland) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Steady Steps to the UN? Or Steady Steps to the Cold War?
Wartime and postwar conferences
Atlantic/ Newfoundland ConferenceAugust 9-12, 1941
US Aims:• Gain American support to back
British (failed)• Assure that there were no
secret agreements (eg: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and Poland)
• Arrange repayment of Lend Lease Act – lower GB tariffs against the US
Atlantic/ Newfoundland ConferenceAugust 9-12, 1941
GB Aims:
• US backing of Allies would deter Japan from attacking
Tehran ConferenceNovember 28-December 1 1943
• Establish an “enduring peace”
• First meeting between Stalin and Allies
• Discuss division of defeated Germany
Yalta Conference February 1945
Yalta Conference February 1945
• British and US try to limit Russian post-war influence in the Crimea
• Roosevelt wants Russia to help in the Pacific theatre
• Discuss division of a defeated Germany
• Russia wants a communist Poland (protection)
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945
• Churchill didn’t really want Stalin to help in the Pacific Theatre so Russia wouldn’t have too much influence in the Far East
• America had successfully tested an atomic bomb and Truman would let Stalin know about a new bomb and Stalin had little reaction
• Stalin’s objective to obtain economic help from war losses – reparations• US and GB no longer needed Russia’s support against Japan
Primary Evidence
Atlantic/ Newfoundland ConferenceAugust 9-12, 1941
Outcomes• Met aboard the USS Augusta to discuss war
strategy/ plans• Outline postwar strategy:
– Would not seek territorial expansion– Liberalization of international trade– Freedom of the seas– International labour, economic, and welfare
standards– Restoration of self-governments for all
countries that had been occupied during the war and allowing all peoples to choose their own form of government
• US is still “neutral”• Creation of the Atlantic Charter
Atlantic/ Newfoundland ConferenceAugust 9-12, 1941
Significance:1. Publicly affirmed solidarity between
U.S. and Great Britain against Axis2. Laid out President Roosevelt’s
Wilsonian-vision for the postwar world (self-determination, collective security, open seas, etc)
3. Inspiration for colonial subjects throughout the Third World to fight for independence.
Tehran ConferenceNovember 28-December 1 1943
Outcomes• Western Allies assured Stalin they would invade France• Operation Overlord set for May 1944 - later delayed
until June• Russia to help fight Japan after Germany was defeated
Tehran ConferenceNovember 28-December 1 1943
Significance:• "We came here with hope and determination. We leave here,
friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose." • Form a UN• Overlord alleviates pressure on Russia• Commission to work out the division of Germany
Yalta Conference February 1945
Outcomes
• Countries in the Crimea and Poland guaranteed free elections
• Creation of UN confirmed (Charter)
• Reparations
• War Crimes
• Soviet control of lands taken by Japan
Yalta Conference February 1945
Significance
• Race to claim Germany – Russia wins
• Russia regains lands in the east
• Russian liberated territories gain free vote
• French to get a portion of the US/ GB zone of Germany
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945
Outcomes:• German military prohibited and prevented• Germany to be administered as single economic unit by Allied Control Council • Stalin allowed to take 25% of West German industry in exchange for food, coal • Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg• Korea to be divided • etc
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945
Significance:• Ultimatum to Japan to surrender• Stalin doesn’t hold to his promise to allow free
votes in eastern Europe• Germany divided
Division of Germany
Russia enters Berlin first so they get a larger portion of Berlin and the area of Germany around it