ntsh braKiwfntsh braKiwfntsh braKiwfntsh braKiwfntsh braKiwf(((((AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES)

fUafUafUafUafUa(THEORY)

bjhfbjhfbjhfbjhfbjhfnkiy - Kjyh MLnkiy - Kjyh MLnkiy - Kjyh MLnkiy - Kjyh MLnkiy - Kjyh ML

lhik xU ghtbralhik xU bgUFwlhik kj jikaw bra

jehLjehLjehLjehLjehLghl fHfghl fHfghl fHfghl fHfghl fHff rhiy, brid - 600 006

jehL muRytr ghl tHF

l btlglJ(gidF mW)

jehL muRjehL muRjehL muRjehL muRjehL muRKj g - 2010Kj g - 2010Kj g - 2010Kj g - 2010Kj g - 2010

FGjiytFGjiytFGjiytFGjiytFGjiyt

Kidt. r. nkhf,Kidt. r. nkhf,Kidt. r. nkhf,Kidt. r. nkhf,Kidt. r. nkhf,nguha (a Jiw),

jehL ntshik gfiyfHf,nfha - 641 003.

Maf Maf Maf Maf Maf

Kidt j. tr,Kidt j. tr,Kidt j. tr,Kidt j. tr,Kidt j. tr,nguha (ka kW ntsh nta Jiw),

jehL ntshik gfiyfHf,nfha - 641 003.

m. Mdjfiybr,m. Mdjfiybr,m. Mdjfiybr,m. Mdjfiybr,m. Mdjfiybr, bg. Ukhfh,bg. Ukhfh,bg. Ukhfh,bg. Ukhfh,bg. Ukhfh,bjhf Mia (ntshik), bjhf Ma (ntshik),muR Mf nkiyg, muR nkiyg,bjhlhK - 641 109. #f} - 641 113.

uh. ky,uh. ky,uh. ky,uh. ky,uh. ky, r. lh,r. lh,r. lh,r. lh,r. lh,bjhf Mia (ntshik), bjhf Mia (ntshik),muR nkiyg, muR Mf nkiyg,fhukil - 641 104. gyl - 641 664.

ghlf jah : jehL muRfhfg f aff, jehL

60 .v.v.jh mlgLsJ

bt Mbr Kiw mnlh

ghllghllghllghllghll

1.1 .1 .1 .1 . a ntshik tuyhW kW vGa ntshik tuyhW kW vGa ntshik tuyhW kW vGa ntshik tuyhW kW vGa ntshik tuyhW kW vG

ffhy - a ffhy - cnyhffhy - a tuyh ntshik -

Rju ah ntsh ts - IjhL lf - gRiku-

btiku - yu - kru - a ntsh Muh Wtd

- rhjidf.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . jeho jgbtgiyjeho jgbtgiyjeho jgbtgiyjeho jgbtgiyjeho jgbtgiy

thiy - jgbtgiy - Ethiy - jgbtgiy KaJt

- jeho gUtfhyf - jeho Ka gfSnfw glf -

ntsh jgbtgiy klyf kW Muh iyaf - g

cgia ghF fhuf.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . jeho ktsjeho ktsjeho ktsjeho ktsjeho kts

k gf - k clhj - kfl mLFf - jeho k

tiffS, fhzgL lfS - k gf - k Clw

- k FiwghL kW t - k mkhd - knfw gf.

4.4 .4 .4 .4 . jeho Ka czgfjeho Ka czgfjeho Ka czgfjeho Ka czgfjeho Ka czgf

jhagf - Wjhagf - FWjha gf - gaWtif gf

- vbz Jgf - ehgf - rfiu gf - cugf -

tdgf.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . jeho Ka njhlfiy gfjeho Ka njhlfiy gfjeho Ka njhlfiy gfjeho Ka njhlfiy gfjeho Ka njhlfiy gf

njhlfiy - fhfgf - gHgf - HFtif gf - eWkz

gf - kygf - kiynjhlgf - _ifgf - yh

gf.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . cHa KiwfcHa KiwfcHa KiwfcHa KiwfcHa Kiwf

giz - rhFgo - rhFgo tiff - rhFgo Kiw wgrf - g

rhFgo Kiwf - cH - ggLJj - cH Fnfh - cH tiff

- ehwfh - ehwfh tiff - cHfUf - Kjik

cHfUf - ulh iy cHfUf - CLHfUf - w

tif fUf.

iii

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . ij kW ijij kW ijij kW ijij kW ijij kW ij

ij - jha - jukhd ij Fzf - ij cwf - ij ne

- ij ne tiff - ij Kiwf

8.8 .8 .8 .8 . thf thf thf thf thf

ghrd - KaJt - Mjhuf - ghrd jik - ghrd

Kiwf - guhk.

9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . cu kW cu nkghLcu kW cu nkghLcu kW cu nkghLcu kW cu nkghLcu kW cu nkghL

cu - ng%lrJf - ElrJf - cutifghL - cuL

Kiwf - ClrJ gwhFiw - xUizj ClrJ nkyhik.

10.10.10.10.10. fis nkyhikfis nkyhikfis nkyhikfis nkyhikfis nkyhik

fis - fisf af - fisf tifghL - fisfsh VgL

eikf - fisfsh VgL ghf - fisf gu Kiwf -

fisfis fLgLJ Kiwf - xUizj fis fLghL.

11.11.11.11.11. gfis jhF fS, nehfSgfis jhF fS, nehfSgfis jhF fS, nehfSgfis jhF fS, nehfSgfis jhF fS, nehfS

- mf milahsf - thif RH - f

bghUshjhu tifghL - f nrjij bghWj tifghL - f

mfs njhw fhuzf - f myhj Ff - g nehf

- bghUshjhu KaJt - eik jU EQf - F isF

EQf - nehf bghJthd mFf.

12.12.12.12.12. g ghJfhg ghJfhg ghJfhg ghJfhg ghJfh

g ghJfh - g ghJfh mogil bfhiff - g ghJfh

Kiwf - v g tiff - ij ne - neh ffh -

aa Kiw - au Kiw - cHa Kiw - rl Kiw - ca Kiw -

jhtu bfhf - urhad Kiw - xUizj g ghJfh -

bfhfis gagLJ Kiwf

13.13.13.13.13. mWtil kW mWtil nemWtil kW mWtil nemWtil kW mWtil nemWtil kW mWtil nemWtil kW mWtil ne

mWtil - mWtil ne - mWtil Kiwf- ij bjLj -

ijfis , Rj brJ, ju j - cyJj - gjgLJj -

gl - nr - nrlF guhkh.

iv

14.14.14.14.14. gf bghUshjhu KaJtgf bghUshjhu KaJtgf bghUshjhu KaJtgf bghUshjhu KaJtgf bghUshjhu KaJt

jhagf - gaW tif gf - vbz Jgf - ehgf

- rfiu gf - eWkzgf - yhgf - fhf gf -

gHgf - kiynjhl gf - myfhu jhtuf- tdgf.

15.15.15.15.15. fheil ts kW guhkfheil ts kW guhkfheil ts kW guhkfheil ts kW guhkfheil ts kW guhk

fheil cgia mfgjfhd tKiwf - fheilf Ka

df - gh ga ma - Kil ga ma - fheil guhk -

td - dU - fisbaLj - ts

v

bghUslfbghUslfbghUslfbghUslfbghUslf

bghUbghUbghUbghUbghU gf vgf vgf vgf vgf v

1. a ntshik tuyhW kW vG 1

2. jeho jgbtgiy 9

3. jeho kts 19

4. jeho Ka czgf 36

5. jeho Ka njhlfiy gf 41

6. cHa Kiwf 50

7. ij kW ij 71

8. thf 79

9. cu kW cu nkghL 93

10. fis nkyhik 107

11. gfis jhF fS, nehfS 124

12. g ghJfh 155

13. mWtil kW mWtil ne 183

14. gf bghUshjhu KaJt 197

15. fheil ts kW guhk 204

vi

11. a ntshik tuyhW kW vG1. a ntshik tuyhW kW vG1. a ntshik tuyhW kW vG1. a ntshik tuyhW kW vG1. a ntshik tuyhW kW vG

(History of Indian Agriculture and Revolution)

cztF cHbjh ca br bjhlhf bjhWbjhnl

vzgL fUjhF. ehL ctJ, catJ, bghUshjhu iybgW

cWgLtJ ntshik tsia bghUjnjahF. ntshik vgij

xU fiy, ma kW ahghu vW tfyh. cy ehff njhw

ntshik Unj bjhlaJ. nkY ntsh many iwa edfhy

ma jh vd tfgLwJ. cy cs nfhofzfhd jhtu

dfUJ, kj kW kjid rhj yFfSfhf Fl y jhtu

dfis njbjLJ rhFgo br bjhYF ntshikntshikntshikntshikntshik myJ trhatrhatrhatrhatrha

vW bga.

kj njha fhyUnj cz, cil, Ul nghw mogil

njitfSfhf nghuhl elj ntoa mta VglJ. fhy flij

bjhbghU Muhahsf _W fshf Jsd.

1.11.11.11.11.1 ffhy ffhy ffhy ffhy ffhy (Stone Age) : ffhy kj fhLf kW Fiff thJ,Uff iw kW jhtu ghffis cL ehnlho thif thJ tjh.

fhyfl kj fuLKulhd ffis Mjkhf gagLdh. nkY

ia fLoJ mjid gagLj fWbfhlh.

1.21.21.21.21.2 a ffhy a ffhy a ffhy a ffhy a ffhy (New Stone Age) : fhyflij ntshik bjhlffhy vd Twyh. fhy kj fhL uf be, nfhJik, gh nghw gfis

gL, ML, khL, nfh, g nghw yFfis cl tsf Mujh.

nkY fhy fl l L l bgaU ehnlho thif kW cz

nrjiy W, jdF njitahd czit jhnd jahjJl, ntshik

rhj uju FoUfis VgL bfhlh. a ffhyY kj

bjhlJ ffsh Md Mjfisna gagL tjh. vD, mt

mik, tot, Tik kW bkUF Mat Fljf Kndwfis

VgLUjh. fhyfl kj rfufis fLojh. mJ,

kj kW mtid rhj bghUf nghFtuF ttif brjJ.

rfuf fLo kjFy tuyh Ka ikf Mf fUjgLwJ. a

ffhy kj jdJ cz gHftHfij khbfhlJl gU, gR kW

fgahyhd Milfis cLj mUjh.

21.31.31.31.31.3 cnyhf fhy cnyhf fhy cnyhf fhy cnyhf fhy cnyhf fhy (Metal Age) : J jhu, br kW U nghwcnyhffis gagL ntsh fUfis, Mjfis jah brJ

kj gagLa fhy MF. fhyfl cH brj, ij CWj, k

ga m nghwit ntshik Vgl KndwfshF. nkY, kj

gghL kW ehff bgU tsia voaJ.

1.41.41.41.41.4 a tuyh ntshik a tuyh ntshik a tuyh ntshik a tuyh ntshik a tuyh ntshik (Agriculture in Indian History) : affhy bjhla ntsh bjh, ahit bghUjko xU bjhyhf

myhk kj thif Kiwahfnt fUjglJ, ah ntsh

bjhYF mfgL tj KaJtid bfsoa mjrhu,

gila j fshd bjhfha, UFw kW fjuhz nghwt

_ykhf maKowJ.

mjrhu FlgLs jukhd ij, LbghUf nahf,

ghrd trbrj, thiy Kd, gid Egf, nr Kiwf

kW ca Kiw gghJfh nghwit jfhy ntshikF

bghUJtjhfnt csJ.

c.. 1. nfhJik njhW fUJU (SMUT) nehia jf VG ufijfis g itJ ne brj

2. kW rz jhFjiy jf, fU btlgl ghff be

kW nj fyj fyitid Rj.

F, Kiy, kUj, bej kW ghiy vd gila jHf

ytifghil, tUl MW gUtfis, mfhy glgl

gfis bjhfha vD sFwJ. fjuhz, jha taYF

gwit ul brw kd kf tia KUffl kzj fijY

ntshik ga F csJ. jHf nrhH Mfhy ghrd

nkghofhf fh fiufis ffhnrhH vD kd caaJl, fh

M FWnf fyizia fo ntsh bjhYF KaJt mjh.

RHWV dJ cyf mjdh

cHJ cHnt jiy

cGJL ththnu ththk bwyh

bjhGJL br gt

vw Fwghf cHbjh wig, mtaij bjtyt

UtSt mGjkhf FLsh.

31.51.51.51.51.5 Rju ah ntsh ts Rju ah ntsh ts Rju ah ntsh ts Rju ah ntsh ts Rju ah ntsh ts (Agricultural Development inIndependent India) : ah Rju miljl ntsh bjhtsfhf, mJ jiw iyia vl fhQ lfis VgLj

eltoif nkbfhsglJ.

1. cu kW bfh kUJ bjhrhiyf mikj.

2. ghrd kW rhu cg rhj gnehF lf.

3. rKjha Kndw kW nja thf.

4. ntsh gfiyfHff kW Muh iyafis ehL KGtJ

mikj.

vD bgUtU kfbjhifF cz cg nghJkhdjhf iy.

mjdh cz cgia mff ntoa Niy czbghU, gh kW

ts nghwt mf ftd brYj ntoajhW. jid fU

bfhL e eho IjhL lf totikfgld.

1.61.61.61.61.6 IjhLlf IjhLlf IjhLlf IjhLlf IjhLlf (Five Year Plans) : a bghUshjhu, lFGthcUthfgL, bragL, ffhfgL IjhL lfis bghWnj

mikwJ. 1951 - 56 eilKiwgLjgl Kj IjhL l nehf

tWikia nghFtnj MF. nkY Kj IjhL l trhaF,

mizf kW ghrd trfSfhd KjoF KaJt mfglJ.

1961-66 tiuyhd _whtJ IjhL l be cgia bgUf,

trhaF KDik mfglJ. ehfhtJ IjhL l (1969-74)

gdhF a tf njakakhfgld. nkY trha Kndwfhd

gRiku fhy fljh VgLjglJ. 2002 - 07 M Mo

VgLjgl gndhuh IjhL l cehL bkhj cg (GDP) ehFrj mff Kaf nkbfhsgld.

1.71.71 .71 .71 .7 gRiku gRiku gRiku gRiku gRiku (Green Revolution) (1967 - 1978) : cz bghUfcgia mfgLj VgLjgl l gRik ugRik ugRik ugRik ugRik uahF. 1943-M tUl

tfhs Vgl cz gr gRik u Vgl fhuzkh mikjJ.

nkgLjgl ntsh bjhEgf, ca isr jU uff, a a

xL uff fLo Mat _ykhf kf cz njitia

brJ jiw miltnj gRik u nehfkhF. jdh Fghf be

kW nfhJik cg gklF cajglJ. ntsh isyfis

mfj, u rhFgo l, ntshik kW uhkw ts t nghwit

4gRik u btF Jiz jd. lhl..Ruka .Ruka .Ruka .Ruka .Ruka kW lhl.kh.R.kh.R.kh.R.kh.R.kh.R.

RthehjRthehjRthehjRthehjRthehj nghwtf gRikuF monfhatf Mt. lhl. kh. R.

Rthehj gRiku jij gRiku jij gRiku jij gRiku jij gRiku jij vd miHfgLwh. gRik u

isthf cz bghU cg ehF klF tiu mfjJ.

1.81.81.81.81.8 btik u (btik u (btik u (btik u (btik u (White Revolution) (1970 - 1996) (1970 - 1996) (1970 - 1996) (1970 - 1996) (1970 - 1996) : gh kWghbghUf cgia mff l VgLjglJ. ca cg jU

fwit dfshd nAho r, b# nghwit wFk bragL gh

cg mffglJ. lhl t Fa t Fa t Fa t Fa t Fa mtf btik uF

ltuhth. jdh gh kW gh bghUf cg ehF klF tiu

mfjJ.

1.91.91.91.91.9 yu yu yu yu yu (Blue Revolution) (1973-2002) (1973-2002) (1973-2002) (1973-2002) (1973-2002) : flth czbghUfcgia mff VgLjgl lnk yuyuyuyuyuahF. j isthf Rkh

VG klF tiu cg mffglJ.

1.101.101.101.101.10 kr u kr u kr u kr u kr u (Yellow Revolution) (1986 - 1990) (1986 - 1990) (1986 - 1990) (1986 - 1990) (1986 - 1990) : vbz J gfcgia mff brjny l nehf MF. a xL uf ijf

kW Ua rhFgo Kiwf _ykhf vbz J gf rhFgo IJ

klF tiu mffglJ.

nkY fhf kW gHf cgia mff jf u jf u jf u jf u jf u (GoldenRevolution) vw l tFfglJ. a ntsh kW Muh Wtd(ICAR) g, tWik kW ClrJ Fiwghoid mf, RWNH ghJfhignkgLj thd uthd uthd uthd uthd u (Rainbow Revolution) vw bjhiynehFlijmKfgLaJ. l Ka nehf eehL cz cg jiw

miltJl, njitF mf ms cg brJ VWkF ttif brtjhF.

1.111.111.111.111.11 a ntsh Muh Wtd a ntsh Muh Wtd a ntsh Muh Wtd a ntsh Muh Wtd a ntsh Muh Wtd (Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch) (ICAR) : a ntsh Muh Wtd 16.07.1929 mW VgLjgLJoia jiyik lkhf bfhL a tUwJ. Wtd ehblY 45

gfiyfHff kW 97 f WtdfSl njhlfiy, fheil ma,

ts cl ntsh ma f kW Muhia xUizJ,

t el, fLgLJ jiyik bghWig twJ. Wtd cy fbga

mikghF. a ntsh Muh Wtd Muh kW bjhEg

ts eho cz bghU cgF ttFjJ. mjdh 1950 - 51F wF

cz bghU cg ehF klF, njhlfiy g cg MW klF,

5cg xgJ klF, gh kW gh bghUf cg MWklF kW Kil

cg 14 klF mfJsJ.

1.121.121.121.121.12 rhjidf rhjidf rhjidf rhjidf rhjidf (Achievements) :1. ca isr juToa be, nfhJik rhFgoah ehL Rju miljnghJ

50 a lfshf Uj cz cg gRik u _y 1968

ML 198 a lfshf cajJ. nkY 2007 - 08 Mo f mf

msthf 227.32 a lf cgia vo cz jha cg

ah rhjid (All Time Record) giljJ.2. btik uah ehL Rju milj jUz 17 a lfshf

Uj gh kW gh bghUf cg 1992 - 93 M tUl 69 a

lfshf, 2001 - 02 M tUl 88 a lfshf cajglJ.

3. yu 1951 M tUl 0.75 a lfshf Uj cgia 1997

M ML 5.4 a lfshf cau brjJ. jdh cy e

cg ah ulh lij miljJ.

4. Rju bghGJ IJ a lfshf Uj vbz Jf

cg 25 a lfshf kr u _y mffglJ.

5. ntshik kW ntsh rhj bghUfis bghUjtiu ah cyf

ms ulhtJ bgU cgahsuhf csJ. nkY cehL bkhj

cg (GDP) 2008 - 09 M Mo 18rj gfig bfhLJsJ.6. K, njfh, njiy, , kr kW FWsF cg ah

cyfs Kjl twJ.

7. nfhJik, be, fU, yfliy kW cg cyf ms ulh

lij bgW ah rhjid gilJsJ.

8. cyf ms cs fheilf vif ah Kjl twJ

(281 a). nkY gh kW ghbghUf cgY Kjl twJ.

9. ah Vgl gRik u isthf y cgw Rkh 30

rjF nk mf braglJ. jdh v jiw iy

vlglJ.

10. ca isr uff gaghL 7 rjUJ ruhrahf 22 rjkhf

cajglJ. J nfhJik, be kW jha gf cg bga

khwij VgLaJ.

11. eho VgLjgl gfiyfHff (Agricultural Universities), antsh Muh Wtd (ICAR) kW ntsh ma iyafMuh kW f _ykhf ntsh bjh ts, isbghU

6cg mfjJ. nkY iyaf bfhLF VWk Fj

jftfsh ehL Kndw ghij brtJl cz gjgLJj, ca

isr uffis cUthFj nghw gntW JiwfY

ntiythid mJ jkj tUkhdij casJ.

ekJ Kndhf mDgt mit gagL g rhFgo nkbfhld.

Mdh tsJ tU kfbjhif bgUfF mDgt m kL nghjhJ;Phd bjh Egfis nrJ g cg

71973 - 2002 yu fl thczbghUf

cg mf

1986 - 1990 kr u vbz Jfcg mf

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. kj ia fLoJ gagLj fW bfhl fhy ........................

m. a ffhy M. giHa ffhy . jhufhy

813. cnyhf fhy trha ts g vGJ.

14. bjhfha kW fjuhz trhaij g cs F ahJ?

15. ah Rju miljl VgLjgl lf vbdd?

16. _W kW ehfh IjhL lf g vGJ.

17. btik u - W F tiuf.

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila18. ffhy kW cnyhf fhy g t.

19. a tuyh ntshik g sF.

20. IjhL lf trha ts g sF.

21. FbgGJ - btiku, yu, kru.

22. a ntsh Muh Wtd lf g sF.

V. thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila23. RjuF Kija ntshik g xU fLiu tiuf.

24. ntshik VgLjgl rhjidf ahit?

25. ntsh tsfhf VgLjgl lf (u) ahit? mtiwg

sF.

92. jeho jgbtgiy2. jeho jgbtgiy2. jeho jgbtgiy2. jeho jgbtgiy2. jeho jgbtgiy

(Climate of Tamilnadu)

g rhFgo jgbtgiy Ka gF twJ. Fl g

ts, cg kW isbghU ju Matiw mgF y

jgbtgiyna zwJ. cyYs midJ cdf thif

jgbtg iyia Mjhukhf bfhnl mikJsJ. flj fhy Vgl

grf ah, bgUkiH kW bfhoa tw fhuzkhfnt VgL UwJ.

xU gF fhyiyna mgF jhtu d tiffis, mij ga

ntshik Kiwfis khwJ. xU gF njhWw k tiffS

jgbtg iyia bghWnj mikwJ; Vbd jg btg iyid bghWJxnu jh ghiw UJ btntW jkhd k tiff njhwTL.

rhjfkw jgbtg iy fhuzkhf bgUks f kW nehf

njh rhFgo bragL giu ghfyh. jgbtgiy ga m xU wj

_yjdkhF. Mfnt ntsh bjh

11

trahf UF. gUt iyia ga tuf bjJ UgJ, kW

nehfSbfuhd jL eltoif vLf cjahf UF.

y thiyia mJ cuLtJ wjJ; cjhuzkhf bgUkiHF Kdculh, mJ kiH fyJ zhF. f k oF fhy kiH bgjh,

jhaf gjuhF. Kj jhaf KisJ nrjkil. nkY a uffis

rhFgo bra jgbtgiy g mUgJ f mta.

2.52.52.52.52.5 thiy Kd KaJt thiy Kd KaJt thiy Kd KaJt thiy Kd KaJt thiy Kd KaJt :1. g cgia ghF fhuf thiy 50 rj tiu khWghLfis

VgLJwJ.

2. kiH ga thiy Kd, xU gF g cgia zJ

eho bghUshjhuij ghwJ.

3. xU gF mf kiH bgW nghJ bts thuz gfis, Fiwj

kiH bgW nghJ nr Kiwfis llyh.

4. jf jUz bragL rahd thiy Kd rakhd

cgF ttif brwJ.

5. rhjfkw thiyah neuoahf, kiwKfkhf VgL Hfis

thiy Kdgh Fiwfyh.

6. thiy khwfsh VgL , neh jhFjf g Kd brJ

Hig jfyh.

7. thiy Kdid g gaghL g llyh.

2.62.62.62.62.6 jeho gUt fhyf jeho gUt fhyf jeho gUt fhyf jeho gUt fhyf jeho gUt fhyf (Seasons of Tamil Nadu) : xU l yjgbtg iyia bghWnj ntsh gUt fhyf mikwd. jeho J

ehF fhyfshf fgLsJ.

1. gfhy - #dt - ut

2. nfhilfhy - kh - nk

3. bjnkF gUtfhy - #& - brlg

4. tlHF gUtfhy - mnlhg - org

gUtfis bghUJ, jeho gntW gFf g uff

njbjLfgL glgLwd.

12

2.72.72.72.72.7 jeho Ka glf kW gfjeho Ka glf kW gfjeho Ka glf kW gfjeho Ka glf kW gfjeho Ka glf kW gf (Important Seasons andCrops of Tamil Nadu) :iugl (Vu-nk) be, nrhs, f, uh, Jtiu, girgaW,

jilgaW, mtiu, yfliy, fU,

Nafh

Mogl (#&-#&iy) be, nrhs, f, uh, kfhnrhs, id,

rhik, tuF, Jtiu, cSJ, girgaW,

jilgaW, mtiu, bkhir,

nrhahbkhir, yfliy, v,

MkzF, Nafh, bjid, fU,

fhff.

ulh gl (br-mnlhg) be, nfhJik, f, uh, kfhnrhs,

Fiuth, gtuF, Jtiu, cSJ,

girgaW, jilgaW, mtiu,

nrhahbkhir, gU

Iggl (m-etg) nfhJik, bfhS, bfhilfliy,

FRgh

fhifgl (etg - org) v, Nafh

khfgl (org - #dt) uh, yfliy, Nafh, bjid,

fU

ijgl (#dt-ut) be, nrhs, kfhnrhs, gU, fU,

fhff

khgl (ut-kh) nrhahbkhir, yfliy, v

2.82.82.82.82.8 jeho ntsh jgbtg klyf kW Muh iyafjeho ntsh jgbtg klyf kW Muh iyafjeho ntsh jgbtg klyf kW Muh iyafjeho ntsh jgbtg klyf kW Muh iyafjeho ntsh jgbtg klyf kW Muh iyaf

(Agroclimatic Zones and Research Stations of Tamil Nadu) : jehobgwgL kiHas, ghrd tr, kts, glgL g uff Matiw

bghUJ jehL VG ntsh jgbtg iy klyfshf fgLsJ.

m. tlHF kly m. tlHF kly m. tlHF kly m. tlHF kly m. tlHF kly (North Eastern Zone) : Utq, nt, brfgL,Utzhkiy, Gu, brid, fl kW bgug khtl xUy

gFf kly mlF. kly %Fg, u,%Fg, u,%Fg, u,%Fg, u,%Fg, u,

otd, Ujhry, Foahj, fl, gh, brid, ntgjilotd, Ujhry, Foahj, fl, gh, brid, ntgjilotd, Ujhry, Foahj, fl, gh, brid, ntgjilotd, Ujhry, Foahj, fl, gh, brid, ntgjilotd, Ujhry, Foahj, fl, gh, brid, ntgjil

Ma lf Muh iyaf csd.

14

M. tlnkF kly M. tlnkF kly M. tlnkF kly M. tlnkF kly M. tlnkF kly (North Western Zone) : nry, ehkf, UZz kWjUk khtl bgUghyhd lf kly csd. gF

Vjh, ig Vjh, ig Vjh, ig Vjh, ig Vjh, ig Ma lf Muh iyaf mikJsd.

. nkF kly . nkF kly . nkF kly . nkF kly . nkF kly (Western Zone) :

15

2.9.1 jgbtg iy fhuf 2.9.1 jgbtg iy fhuf 2.9.1 jgbtg iy fhuf 2.9.1 jgbtg iy fhuf 2.9.1 jgbtg iy fhuf (Climatic Factors) : btg, fhW, kiH kW

16

kiHnghJ bttU kthridF MondhikLf vD yth

EQfns fhuzkhF.

ca fhuf k mikig mU brJ iybgw

brwd. k fhnwhlij mfwd. jiHrij k

iyWJwd. mff bghUfis y kf brJ g tsF

cjwd.

c.. k fhnwhl tr kW

k ts mfj - kG

k jiHrij iyWJj - ghOahf

mff bghUfis kfbrj - MOndhikLf

gtsia zg thiy bgUgF twJ. vdnt ij

ij Kj isbghU mWtil tiu thiy Kdid cgnahJ

gabgwyh.

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. jhtuF mUfhik cs thiyia FF brh.

m. jgbtgiy M. thiy . btgiy

17

7. ........................k g rhFgoF VwJ.

m. f M. kz . tl

18

30. k aid g t.

31. ca fhuf g cgia ghF jid sF.

32. mf kiH bgW klyij g t.

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila33. jgbtgiy fhuf g cgia vthW ghwd?

34. k fhuf g cgia vthW ghwd?

35. ca fhuf g cgia vthW ghwd?

36. FbgGJ - thiy, jbtgiy, E thiy

37. jgbtgiy g mtj KaJtij sF

V. thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila38. jeho ntsh jgbtg klyfis t.

39. g cgia ghF fhufis sF.

19

3. jeho k ts3. jeho k ts3. jeho k ts3. jeho k ts3. jeho k ts

(Soil Fertility of Tamilnadu)

"knw kj rKjha iy" vgJ z. Vbd kUJcgahF jhtuf kW tuhf nghwtiw rhnj kj thwh.

jhtu tsF njitahd jhJf kW mff bghUf mla gy

flfshyhd (horizon) mikng kzhF. xbthU k mLF bgsf, urhadkW ca gf khWgLwJ.

k mL fQF bj gF nk k vd, jhtu nt

klyij jh, rJfis bfhLF gF mok vd miHfgLwJ.

3.13.13.13.13.1 k gf k gf k gf k gf k gf (Functions of Soil) :1. brof C f Clfkhf bragLwJ .

2. jhtu tsF njitahd rJfis nj itJ mwJ.

3. ntf Rthf fhnwhlij mwJ.

4. g tsF njitahd id nrJ itwJ.

5. nt kly rhjfkhd btgiyia guhkwJ.

3.23.23.23.23.2 k cUthf fhuzf k cUthf fhuzf k cUthf fhuzf k cUthf fhuzf k cUthf fhuzf (Soil Formation) : bgsf, uhrhad kWca fhuf TWfshd jgbtgiy khw, fhnwhl, nuhl, jhtu

ts, cf braf Matwh ghiwf ijJ k cUthwJ.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . bgsf fhuf bgsf fhuf bgsf fhuf bgsf fhuf bgsf fhuf (Physical Agents) : btgdh ghiwf tilJRUFtjh jfj VgLwJ. nuhlf kW ciwj Matwh ghiw

mkhd VgLwJ. nkY jhtuf ntghff ghiwf sfis

VgLJwJ. nkTa brafdh ghiwf ijW mijfUJ k

clhwJ.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . uhrad fhuf uhrad fhuf uhrad fhuf uhrad fhuf uhrad fhuf (Chemical Agents) : gF, fhgfuz kWMfuz Mat fhuzkhf jhJbghUf nt khw VgL ghiwf

ijtilJ k clhwJ.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . ca fhuf ca fhuf ca fhuf ca fhuf ca fhuf (Biological Agents) : k thG cf kWEQf jhtu tsF njitahd Cl rJfis k nrJ k

cUthf cjwJ.

3.33.33.33.33.3 k fl mLFf k fl mLFf k fl mLFf k fl mLFf k fl mLFf (Soil Profile) : y nkguUJ mo csjhghiw tiu gntW jkhd gofSF k flf vW bga. k

20

mLif nu~ig (Profile) vW brht. J O, A, B, C kW R vd IJflfshf fgLwJ. O, A kW B g ts bgJ gnfwJ.

jeho k tiffS, fhzgL lfS jeho k tiffS, fhzgL lfS jeho k tiffS, fhzgL lfS jeho k tiffS, fhzgL lfS jeho k tiffS, fhzgL lfS (Soil Types of Tamil Naduand its Distribution) : jeho IJ Ka k tiff csd. mit brk(62 rj), tl k (16 rj), fr k (12 rj), ruis k (3 rj) kW kzrh

k (7 rj) MF.

ktifktifktifktifktif lflflflflf

1. brk

a) brk (Red soil) U, kJiu, uhkehjub) brnjhk (Red loamy soil) brfgL, tlMfhL, bjMfhL, nry

kW Uuhg

c) MHkw brk (Shallow red soil) nfhit, kJiud) MHkhd brk (Deep red loam) nfhit, kJiu, uhkehju, Ubent

kW fahFk

e) brk kW fr nfha, kJiu, uhkehju kWfyit (Mixed red & black) Ubent2. tl k jrh, Uth%, ehfgod, Gu,

JFo, Uuhg, fl kW

fahFk khtl

3. fr k (Black soil) uhkehj, Jnfhil, Uuhg, flkW jeho midJ gFfY, y

khtl ju

4. brruis k (Laterite) brfgL, fhu, Utq,fahFk, jrh, Jnfhil kW

y kiygFf

5. kzrh k (Red Sandy soil) flY, fhu, ntY, nry, jk,uhkehju, U, Jnfhil, jrh,

tfif, UJef, kJiu, Lf,

ehfgod, JFo, Ubent, nfhit,

U kW y

22

3.53.53.53.53.5 k gf k gf k gf k gf k gf (Characteristics of Soil) : k gfisflthW _tifahf fyh.

1. bgsf gf

2. urhad gf

3. ca gf

k gghdJ Jf ms, k ea, k mik, k ml, gUk

ml, Jf ilbt, k w, k btg, yfhW, y,

ow, ykF kW k thG cdf Matiw bghWJ

khWgL.

3.5.1 bgsf gf 3.5.1 bgsf gf 3.5.1 bgsf gf 3.5.1 bgsf gf 3.5.1 bgsf gf (Physical Properties)

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Jf ms Jf ms Jf ms Jf ms Jf ms (Particle Size) : k Jff FWfsit bghUJ kJff ehF tifahf fgLwJ.

Jf tifJf tifJf tifJf tifJf tif FWfs (.)FWfs (.)FWfs (.)FWfs (.)FWfs (.)

bgUkz (Coarse sand) 2.0 - 0.2Wkz (Fine sand) 0.2 - 0.02tl (Silt) 0.02 - 0.002f (Clay) < 0.002

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . k ea k ea k ea k ea k ea (Soil Texture) : kYs Jf tiff j mogilkz, fk, tl vd _W fshf fyh. Jf tiff rjj

khWghonfg cH Kiw, ow kW Clw Mait khWgL.

kz Jff 85 rjF nk Ujh mJ kzrh k vdgL. J mf

fhnwhl bfhljhf,

23

4.4.4 .4 .4 . k ml k ml k ml k ml k ml (Particle Density) : xU fd br.. mss k Jffiwia uh FF v k mlahF. J ruhrahf 2.65 bkfh uh / fd

Mf UF.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . gUk ml gUk ml gUk ml gUk ml gUk ml (Bulk Density) : xU fd br.. cyj k cs Jf kWJf ilbt Mat iwia uh FF v gUk ml vdgL.

k Jff ilbt fd msit bfhnl k fhnwhl, o

w, flJ w nghwit zfgLwJ. J ruhrahf 1.33 bkfh uh

/ fd. Mf UF.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . Jf ilbt Jf ilbt Jf ilbt Jf ilbt Jf ilbt (Pore Space) : k JffSF ilna cs ilbtJf ilbt MF. J Jff mLfgoUF jij bghWJ khWgL.

Jf ilbt fhW, U UF. Jf ilbt kz f

Fiwthf, f kW tl k mfkhf UF.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . k w k w k w k w k w (Soil Colour) : kYs fkf jik kWmsit bghWJ k w khWgL. ka mffbghU iwj k fUik

wY, UgrJ iwj k t wY, nuw bgw U rJs

k kr wY, tofh tr Fiwj k ywY UF.

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . k btg k btg k btg k btg k btg (Soil Temperature) : k btgiy ijKisgjF, g tsF mtakhF. nkY k urhad kW ca

khwfSF k btg mtakhwJ. k btgkhdJ k

ea, mik, w, mffbghUf ms,

25

10.10.10.10.10. yfhWyfhWyfhWyfhWyfhW (Soil Air) : k JffSF il cs fhW yfhwhF.J ntf RthrF f mta. k JffSilna cs ilbt

ms mfF bghGJ yfh ms Fiw. y kW yfhW

rkms k ilbtf UgJ g tsF cfjJ.

11.11.11.11.11. ykF ykF ykF ykF ykF (Soil Humus) : kYs mff bghUf EQfshijfgL nghJ njhW bghU y kfhF. y k msit bghWJ

k Clw kW cg w khWgLwJ.

3.5.2 urhad gf (3.5.2 urhad gf (3.5.2 urhad gf (3.5.2 urhad gf (3.5.2 urhad gf (Chemical Properties)

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . fhu my iy fhu my iy fhu my iy fhu my iy fhu my iy (pH) : kYs iAu# maf brnt mj fhumy iy pH vdgL. J 0 - 14 vw msnfh FlgLwJ. 0 - 6.5 tiumy iy vd, 6.5 - 7.5 tiu eLiy vd, 7.5 - 8.5 ct iyahf > 8.5fsiyahf fUjgLwJ. eLiyYs k midJ ClrJfS

gfSF ilF iy Ugjh g tsF cfjjhF.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . flJ w flJ w flJ w flJ w flJ w (Electrical Conductivity) : kYs bkhj fiuaToacf ms flJ w _y zfgLwJ. J k ct

jikia zwJ.

flJ w flJ w flJ w flJ w flJ w (dsm-1) ggggg0-1.0 rhjfkhdJ

1.1 - 3.0 ij Kiswid ghF

> 3.1 g tsia ghF

3.3 .3 .3 .3 . ma gkhw ma gkhw ma gkhw ma gkhw ma gkhw (Ion Exchange) : f Tkf mtF btna csne myJ v ndw bgw mafis uJ bfhL jdfnj cs

ne myJ v mafis btL braYF ma gkhw vW bga.

khnkhnyhid (Montmorillionite) f Tk mfKs k nema gkhw mfkhf, U kW mYa Mi[L Tk mf cs

k v ma gkhw mfkhf UF. mff bghUf mfKs

k ma gkhw mfkhf UF. ma gkhw mfKs knz

ClrJfis iyW gfSF mF tskhd kzhF.

26

3.5.33.5.33.5.33.5.33.5.3 ca gf ca gf ca gf ca gf ca gf (Biological Properties)k thG cdf k thG cdf k thG cdf k thG cdf k thG cdf (Soil Microorganims) : kYs cdfkW EQf mff to (ilfhj iy) cs ClrJfis

mdff to (ilF iy) khw cj wd.

ccccc braghLbraghLbraghLbraghLbraghL

1. ghOah ieu#id k iyWj brwJ.

ienu, ieiuil njhWwJ.

fjf kW Uig Mfuz brwJ.

2. rz mff bghUis k kf brwJ.

3. MondhikLf ClrJf g tsF v ilf brwJ.

mff bghUfis k kf brwJ.

4. kG mokiz nkguF lbga brwJ.

k fhnwhl tria VgLJwJ.

tofh tria nkgLJwJ.

5. G kYs kF mffbghUfis kW

EQfis cwJ.

3.63.63.63.63.6 k Clw k Clw k Clw k Clw k Clw (Soil Fertility) kW k cg w kW k cg w kW k cg w kW k cg w kW k cg w (SoilProductivity) : gUF njitahd midJ ClrJfis rahdj mF k w mk Clw vdgL.

gf eF tstjF njitahd Niy rahd j

ClrJfis mF kzhdJ ey kfNiy bfhLF. k wnd

k cgw vdgL.

"vyh tskhd kQ cg w cs kzy. Mdh

cg w cs k midJ tskhd knz"

k cg wid mfF Kiwf k cg wid mfF Kiwf k cg wid mfF Kiwf k cg wid mfF Kiwf k cg wid mfF Kiwf (Methods of Improving SoilProductivity) :

1. njitnfg rahd Kiw cuLj

2. g RHia gWj

3. fy gLj

4. k mkhdij jLj

5. Kiwahd rhFgo ntiyfis nkbfhSj

6. kiz UJ bghUfis Lj

27

3.73.73.73.73.7 k FiwghL kW t k FiwghL kW t k FiwghL kW t k FiwghL kW t k FiwghL kW t (Problem Soil and its Reclamation) :g ts kW cgia ghF jik bfhl kF urid cs

k vW bga. k bgsf kW urhad khWghLfsh k

Clw ghfgL urid cs k cUthwJ. Fiwj CLU

jiks k, mf CLU jiks k, mok Wf, nkk

Wf, ij k, my k, fs k kW ct k nghwit urid cs

k tiffshF.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Fiwj CLU jiks k Fiwj CLU jiks k Fiwj CLU jiks k Fiwj CLU jiks k Fiwj CLU jiks k (Slow Permeable Soil) : f rjjmfkhf csjh cF w FiwJ, nkgu Xl VgL.

nuhljh nk k mJ brygLtjh, ClrJfS

moJbrygL. tofh tr FiwghL VgL. kiz nkgLj tofh

tria nkgLj ntL. MW kz, myJ kzghfhd brk Ltj

_y f jikia Fiwfyh.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . mf CLU jiks k mf CLU jiks k mf CLU jiks k mf CLU jiks k mf CLU jiks k (Excessively Permeable Soil) : jurid cs k kz ms 70 rjF mfkhf Ugjh ghR

bghGJ kW ClrJf g tsF gaglhk mo flfSF

toJ brW L. kiz t bra Rkh 400 nyh vil bfhl f

cUisia jFj

28

vlUF 2 l vw ms L cH bra ntL. mf ms mff cufis

lntL.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . ijk ijk ijk ijk ijk (Fluffy Paddy Soil) : bjhlJ jiu nj, nrWH brtjhk mik cilabgW k mikyhk khL. jdh k gy

FiwJ nrWH brnghJ kho fhf ijJ L. k gUk ml

FiwJL. nkY ntf C f VJthf yhjjh g kfN bgJ

ghfgL. kiz t bra Rkh 400 nyh vil bfhl f cUisia

vL Kiw gagL kiz fodgLjjyh.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . my k my k my k my k my k (Acid Soil) : mf kiHunjrfY, y rkhdmfKs gFfY kiHuh, fha, bka, bghlha, nrhoa

maf HL VgL iAu# maf br Fj myk

clhwJ. j fhu my iy 6.5F Fiwthf UF.

my kzh VgL uidf my kzh VgL uidf my kzh VgL uidf my kzh VgL uidf my kzh VgL uidf :1. k gUF F isfToa mYa kW U maf

mfkhf UF. it Ng ghng LnghJ fiuahj mYa kW

U ghngLfis njhWgjh u k gydfhJ.

2. fha kW bka rJf FiwghL VgL.

3. ghOahf braghL k Fiwthf UF.

4. neh fhuf u mfkhF.

my k Uj my k Uj my k Uj my k Uj my k Uj (Reclamation of Acidic Soil) : my kiz Uj fhafhgnd (CaCO3) myJ fha Mi[L (CaO) myJ fha iAuhirL[Ca (OH2] Mat VjhtJ xid L iAu# mafis mfWtj_y yij tsgLjyh.

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . fs k fs k fs k fs k fs k (Sodic Soil) : k fJff nrhoa maf mfkhfgoJ fhzgLtJ fs kzhF. j fhu myjik 8.5F mfkhf,

nrhoa maf go 15 rjF mfkhf UF.

fs kzh VgL uidf fs kzh VgL uidf fs kzh VgL uidf fs kzh VgL uidf fs kzh VgL uidf :1. fhgnd kW igfhgnd cf mfkhf fhzgLtjh k fhu

myjik gJF mfkhF.

2. cF jik FiwJ nj F.

3. k Fiwj fhnwhl y.

29

4. nk k Wf mfF.

5. EQf braw Fiw.

6. jiH, k, U kW Jjehf rJf k Fiwthf UF.

fsy Uj fsy Uj fsy Uj fsy Uj fsy Uj (Reclamation of Sodic Soil) :1. fs yij rnfg rk brJ WW gFfshf J tofhfis

mikf ntL.

2. ehF mFy cau njF msF tuf mikf ntL.

3. ghf cw MHkhf nrWH bra ntL.

4. k gnrhjid gJiugo r L gh kufyigah nkyhf

kiz eF fyf ntL.

5. toj wF kWgo gh cGJ toa lntL. thW _W

myJ ehF Kiw bra ntL.

6. gRjh cu, fngh Kjamff bghUfis k L eF cH

bra ntL.

7. be, uh, gU, td kW kutiffis g brayh.

8. fh gF TLjyhd cugJiuia gw ntL.

8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . ct k ct k ct k ct k ct k (Saline Soil) : fiu jikila cfshd nrhoaFnshiuL kW nrhoa rngil mf ms bfhoUF k ct

kzhF. j cf g tsia bgUks ghwd. k fhu

myjik 8.5F Fiwthf UF.

ct kdh VgL ghf ct kdh VgL ghf ct kdh VgL ghf ct kdh VgL ghf ct kdh VgL ghf :1. k nkgu btw c gu fhzgL.

2. gf cR w ghfgL.

3. gUF rahd ms ClrJ ilfhJ.

4. EQf vif kW mt braw Fiw.

5. mffbghUf ijWj jilgL.

ct y Uj (ct y Uj (ct y Uj (ct y Uj (ct y Uj (Reclamation of Saline Soil) ) ) ) ) :1. jukhd ghrd iu gagL cig btnaw ntL.

2. ghrh Kiw g ij brayh.

3. mff cufis k lyh.

4. mf ms jiHrid lntL.

5. brhL ghrd mikgj _y ct jik ghid Fiwfyh.

6. mLjLj rhf ghrd nkbfhsyh.

30

3.83.83.83.83.8 k mkhd k mkhd k mkhd k mkhd k mkhd (Soil Erosion) : XlUJ knwh lF nk kmJ brygLtJ k mkhd vdgL. J aif k mkhd kW

braif k mkhd vd U tifgL. fhW kW kiH Mat _ykhf

aif Kiw k mkhd VgLwJ. braif k mkhd kj

braghLfsh kLnk VgLwJ.

3.8.13.8.13.8.13.8.13.8.1 k mkhd Vgl fhuzf k mkhd Vgl fhuzf k mkhd Vgl fhuzf k mkhd Vgl fhuzf k mkhd Vgl fhuzf (Reasons for Soil Erosion)

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . kiH kiH kiH kiH kiH (Rainfall) : mf kiH fhuzkhf y nkgu tnjhL k mkhdij VgLJwJ.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . k jik k jik k jik k jik k jik (Soil Type) : f ua kY, nkgu fodkhfUF kY kiH cfhk tnjhL. mthW tnjhL nk

kiz mJ brY.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . y r y r y r y r y r (Slope of Land) : y r mfF nghJ kiH ntfkhf tnjho k mkhdij VgLJ.

4.4 .4 .4 .4 . fhW fhW fhW fhW fhW (Wind) : aif myJ braif fhW jLghf yhj nghJfh _y k mkhd VgLwJ.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . jhtuf jhtuf jhtuf jhtuf jhtuf (Vegetation) : jhtuf beUfkhf tsJs yguilbt yhjjh k mkhd VglhJ. brof yhj flhjiu kiH

GnghJ kJff j, XL jUl fyJ k mkhd VgL.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . kj kj kj kj kj (Human) : fhil mj, jiuf fheilfis nkjkW g rhFgo kW gntW fhuzfSfhf kjdh XlUJ knwh

lF k bfhL brygLtjh mkhd VgLwJ.

3.8.23.8.23.8.23.8.23.8.2 k mkhd isf k mkhd isf k mkhd isf k mkhd isf k mkhd isf (Effects of Soil Erosion) :1. ClrJf Fj nk k moJ brygLwJ.

2. ijfgl yf ij kW gf k mkhdjh

ghfgLwJ.

3. k mkhdjh bfhL brygL k Xl FfgLtjh mj

l cs gf ghfgLwd.

4. rthd gF ntfkhf tnjhLtjh k iu cRtJ FiwJ g

ts ghfgLwJ.

5. y gsfis (Gullies) njhWJ y ghHhwJ.

31

3.8.33.8.33.8.33.8.33.8.3 k mkhdij jLF Kiwf k mkhdij jLF Kiwf k mkhdij jLF Kiwf k mkhdij jLF Kiwf k mkhdij jLF Kiwf (Soil Conservation Methods)1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . rk cau tuf rk cau tuf rk cau tuf rk cau tuf rk cau tuf (Contour Bunding) : xnu ms cauKs lfisxW nrJ rk cau tuf mikJ gLtjh k mkhdij jLfyh.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . rF vuhf rhFgo brj rF vuhf rhFgo brj rF vuhf rhFgo brj rF vuhf rhFgo brj rF vuhf rhFgo brj (Cultivation Against Slope) : krkhdF vuhf cH brJ, ijJ, kw rhFgo ntiyfis nkbfhtjh

k mkhd jLfgLwJ.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . tofh tr brj tofh tr brj tofh tr brj tofh tr brj tofh tr brj (Providing Drainage) : mfgoahd kiH btnawKiwahd tofh tr mikgj _y k mkhdij Fiwfyh.

4.4 .4 .4 .4 . beUf el / rhFgo beUf el / rhFgo beUf el / rhFgo beUf el / rhFgo beUf el / rhFgo (Dense Cropping) : ntfkhf tsJ yguigMfuF gfis rhFgo brJ k mkhdij Fiwfyh.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . tuf mikj tuf mikj tuf mikj tuf mikj tuf mikj (Compartmental Bunding) : rF vuhf yijWgFfshf J tuf mikJ mkhdij Fiwfyh.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . fhW jLghf fhW jLghf fhW jLghf fhW jLghf fhW jLghf (Wind Break) : rF, l, mnrhfku,ikfUnt nghw kufis fhW jLghdhf tsJ fh ntfij

Fiwfyh.

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . giz Filf mikj giz Filf mikj giz Filf mikj giz Filf mikj giz Filf mikj (Farm Ponds) : W Filf mikJtoJ tU iu nrfJ itgjh k mkhdij Fiwfyh.

gizFilf mikfgL lij tnjhL ms, yr,

kiHas, ktif kW k CLU wid bghWJ bj bra

ntL.

8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . CLg CLg CLg CLg CLg (Intercrop) : gU nghw gfis tir eL g brnghJ tirilna cSJ, fliy nghw gfis g brJ kzig

fLgLjyh.

9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . y_lhF y_lhF y_lhF y_lhF y_lhF (Mulching) : giz ffis gagL y_lhFbrJ k mkhdij jLfyh.

9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . fheilf nkriy jj fheilf nkriy jj fheilf nkriy jj fheilf nkriy jj fheilf nkriy jj (Prohibiting Grazing) : r mfKslf fheilf nktij jLJ k mkhdij Fiwfyh.

10.10.10.10.10. y Uj y Uj y Uj y Uj y Uj (Reclamation) : mkhdjh ghfgl lF tskhdkiz L Ujyh. mff bghUfis mf L kzig

Fiwfyh.

32

3.93.93.93.93.9 knfw gfknfw gfknfw gfknfw gfknfw gf

k tifk tifk tifk tifk tif Vw gfVw gfVw gfVw gfVw gf

tl k nfhJik, be, kfhnrhs, yfliy, fU, rz,

Nafh, gU, thiH, kr kW tdgf

fr k gU, f, id, nrhs, kh, MuR kW bfhah

brk W jhagf, be, yfliy, nrhah,

nfhnfh, uhir, thiH, ggh, kh, ftHF,

TfHF kW Mlhbjhil

brruis k be, , sF, thiH, bjid, ghF, K,

nfhnfh, fh kW ug

my k

(k fhu myiy)

4.5 vYir

5.0 njiy, M, uhir, s kW jr

5.5 fhuhk, nrhah, gU, nfhJik, X, glh,

jfh kW nrhs

6.0 yfliy, Kilnfh, nfu, btfha, Ks,

kW fhst

6.5 M / Mgh kW rfiuHF

ctk M / Mgh kW rfiuHF

fsk gh, rfiuHF gU, fU, fLF, be,

kfhnrhs, Jtiu, girgaW, Nafh, v,

f, nrhs, jfh, nfh, fhst, r, ghf,

%, bfhah, thiH, bjid, uhir kW

khJis

k FiwghL Vglh kj rKjha mtJ z. cjhuzkhf ienu

edh yFHij clhwJ. vdnt e tUfhy rjd eykhf Uf

ntLbk k ts fhf ntoaJ mta. k mff kW mdff

cufis nrJ xUizj ClrJ Ltj _y k ts fhJ g

tsia bgUf Ko.

k ts fhJ

kj ey fhngh.

33

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. y nkguUJ jhghiw tiu cs gntW jkhd gof

........................ vdgL.

m. nk k M. mok . k flf

34

19. mok Wf vwh vd?

20. Fiwj CLU jiks k vjdh VgLwJ?

III. ehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ila21. k gf ahit?

22. k cUthf fhuzfis vGJf.

23. k flf vwh vd? mit ahit?

24. k tiff vGJf.

25. Jf ms vwh vd? mt tiff ahit?

26. kiz ea mogil tifgLJf.

27. k mik vwh vd? mt tiff vGJf.

28. k ml kW gUk ml g vGJf.

29. Jf ilbt g vGJf.

30. kiz w mogil tifgLJf.

31. k btg g vGJf.

32. y tiff g vGJf.

33. ow g vGJf.

34. yfhW vwh vd?

35. k fhumy iyid vGJf.

36. flJ w _y vtiw mayh? mj gfis vGJf.

37. k Clw kW cg w g vGJf.

38. k cg wid mfF Kiwf ahit?

39. urid cs k tiff ahit?

40. ijk vwh vd?

41. mf CLU jiks k vwh vd?

42. nk k Wf vwh vd?

43. my k ikf

44. fs k ikf

45. my kiz UJ Kiw

46. fs kiz UJ Kiw

47. ct k vwh vd?

48. ct k ikf

49. ct kiz UJ Kiwf

50. magkhw vwh vd?

35

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila51 k tiffS mit fhzgL lfS g vGJf.

52. k cs cfS mt braghLfis sFf.

53. my k vwh vd? mt ghfis UJ Kiwfis

vGJf.

54. fs k vwh vd? mt ghfis UJ Kiwfis

vGJf.

55. ct k vwh vd? mt ghfis kW UJ

Kiwfis vGJf.

56. k mkhdij jLF Kiwf ahit?

57. k mkhd Vgl fhuzf ahit?

V. thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila58. k gf g vGJf.

59. k FiwghLfS mt tia vGJf.

60. k mkhd g xU fLiu tiuf.

36

4. jeho Ka g tiff4. jeho Ka g tiff4. jeho Ka g tiff4. jeho Ka g tiff4. jeho Ka g tiff

(Important Agricultural Crops of Tamilnadu)

cy ydfis nghy jhtuf vif vylfh.

mtW ekF cgnahfkhd jhtuf kL rhFgo bragLwd. mit

kjUF rj czit bfhLgJl fheilfSF tdkhf

gagLwd. y gf k tsij mfgLJwd.

4.14.14.14.14.1 jhagf jhagf jhagf jhagf jhagf (Cereals) : kj cznjitfhf mf msrhFgo bragL khrij Mjhukhf bfhl tif FLgij rhj

gf jha gf jha gf jha gf jha gf jha gf vdgL. khrij ju uj, bfhG, jhJ cf,

itlf Mait csd.

c.. be, nfhJik, gh, X

tW be kW nfhJik cyf ms Kjik cz guhf rhFgo

bragLwJ. jeho be kLnk Kjik guhf glgLwJ.

4.2.14.2.14.2.14.2.14.2.1 Wjha gf Wjha gf Wjha gf Wjha gf Wjha gf (Major Millets) : jhagfSF mLjgoahf mfgugs rhFgo bragL tif FLgij nrj gf

Wjhagf Wjhagf Wjhagf Wjhagf Wjhagf vdgL. it mf ms khrij Fiwj ms

uj, bfhG, jhJ cf kW itlf Matiw bfhLsd.

c.. kfhnrhs, nrhs, f, uh.

Wjha gf kfhnrhs jeho trhfsh mf ms

glgLwJ.

4.2.24.2.24.2.24.2.24.2.2 FWjha gf FWjha gf FWjha gf FWjha gf FWjha gf (Minor Millets) : W jhagfSF mLjgoahftwia jhF, Fiwj kiHas bgW lf khdhthahf g

bragL gfSF FWjha gf FWjha gf FWjha gf FWjha gf FWjha gf vW bga.

c.. id, rhik, tuF, gtuF, Fiuth.

37

jeho Ka jha gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka jha gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka jha gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka jha gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka jha gf gu, cg kW isr(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)*

ggggg gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isr isr isr isr isr(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l)(l)(l)(l)(l) (/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)

be 1931397 33.06 6610607 3423nrhs 294376 5.04 293940 999kfhnrhs 197782 3.39 759112 3838uh 95478 1.63 148148 1552f 65512 1.12 98969 1511

(*jeho 2006-07M Mo bkhj rhFgo guig (5842790 vl)

mogilahf bfhL fzlglJ)

Mjhu : gUt kW g mif 2006 - 07 - jHf muR

4.34.34.34.34.3 gaW tifgfgaW tifgfgaW tifgfgaW tifgfgaW tifgf (Pulses) : kjDF, fheilfSF njitahdujrij bfhLfToa byT FLgij nrj gf gaWtif gfgaWtif gfgaWtif gfgaWtif gfgaWtif gf

vdgL.

c.. Jtiu, mtiu, cSJ, bfhilfliy, girgaW, jilgaW, bfhS,

bkhir, nrhahbkhir.

jeho Ka gaWtif gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka gaWtif gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka gaWtif gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka gaWtif gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka gaWtif gf gu, cg kW isr(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)

ggggg gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isr isr isr isr isr(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l)(l)(l)(l)(l) (/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)

cSJ 251014 4.30 143053 570girgaW 134071 2.29 77404 577bfhS 55635 0.95 32549 585Jtiu 29197 0.50 21334 732bfhil fliy 5933 0.10 3831 646

4.44.44.44.44.4 vbz J gf vbz J gf vbz J gf vbz J gf vbz J gf (Oil Seed Crops) : bfhGrij bghUshjhuKaJt thj bghUshf bfhLF gf vbz J gfvbz J gfvbz J gfvbz J gfvbz J gf

vdgL.

c.. yfliy, bjid, v, MkzF, Nafh, Mij kW fLF

38

jeho Ka vbzJ gf gu, cg, vbzjeho Ka vbzJ gf gu, cg, vbzjeho Ka vbzJ gf gu, cg, vbzjeho Ka vbzJ gf gu, cg, vbzjeho Ka vbzJ gf gu, cg, vbzms kW isr (2006-07)ms kW isr (2006-07)ms kW isr (2006-07)ms kW isr (2006-07)ms kW isr (2006-07)

ggggg gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isr isr isr isr isr vbzvbzvbzvbzvbz(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l)(l)(l)(l)(l) (/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl) msmsmsmsms

(rjrjrjrjrj)

yfliy 508032 8.70 1006475 1981 45-52bjid 374604 6.41 54299 14495 50-65

fhf/vv 52624 0.90 27328 519 47-52Nafh 26194 0.45 47884 1828 36-40MkzF 5289 0.09 1674 317 50-55

4.54.54.54.54.5 ehgf ehgf ehgf ehgf ehgf (Fibre Crops) : kjDF njitahd Mil kW wbjhfSF njitahd ehbghUis bfhLF gf ehgf ehgf ehgf ehgf ehgf vdgL.

J fh, jL kW iygFfUJ bgwgLwJ.

fh - gU

jL - rz, rz, ir

iy - fwhiH, gid

jeho gU 2006-2007 Mo 100339 vl (2rj) gugs rhFgo

bragL 220864 ngf cg braglJ. xU vl ruhrahf Rkh 374

nyh gU cg braglJ.

4.64.64.64.64.6 rfiu gf rfiu gf rfiu gf rfiu gf rfiu gf (Sugar Crops) : mf ms rfiu rij jdfnjbfhl gfSF rfiu gf rfiu gf rfiu gf rfiu gf rfiu gf vW bga. J vw myfh

mslgLwJ. fU, %, gid nghw gfUJ rfiu

bjLfgLwJ. cyf rfiu cg Rkh 60 rj fUUJ, 38 rj

% gUJ, 2 rj ju gfUJ cg bragLwJ.

jeho fU 2006-07 M Mo 391201 vl gugs (7 rj) rhFgo

bragL 48037332 lf cg braglJ. xU vl ruhrahf 123 l fU

cg braglJ.

4.74.74.74.74.7 cugf (cugf (cugf (cugf (cugf (Manure Crops) : yF ts nrf gagLjgL gfcugf cugf cugf cugf cugf vdgL. J tU uL fshf fgLsJ.

39

4.7.14.7.14.7.14.7.14.7.1 gRjh cugf gRjh cugf gRjh cugf gRjh cugf gRjh cugf (Green Manure Crops) : xU y rhFgo bragLby FLg g uffis kl cGJ mnj yF cukhdh mgf

gRjh cugf gRjh cugf gRjh cugf gRjh cugf gRjh cugf vdgL.

c.. rzig, jifL, bfhS, egaW, kyh mf, m.

gRjh cugf jiHrJ ms :gRjh cugf jiHrJ ms :gRjh cugf jiHrJ ms :gRjh cugf jiHrJ ms :gRjh cugf jiHrJ ms :

cugcugcugcugcug jiHrJ msjiHrJ msjiHrJ msjiHrJ msjiHrJ ms (rjrjrjrjrj)

rz 2.8 - 3.2jifL 2.6 - 3.2kyh mf 3.2 - 3.4egaW 2.2 - 3.0

4.7.24.7.24.7.24.7.24.7.2 gRjiH cugf gRjiH cugf gRjiH cugf gRjiH cugf gRjiH cugf (Green Leaf Manure Crops) : y jhtufiyf kW bka jLgFf ntW lUJ mWtil brJ bfhL

tugL rhFgo y kl cGtjh cukhwd. tif gf gRjiHgRjiHgRjiHgRjiHgRjiH

cugf cugf cugf cugf cugf vdgL.

c.. f, nt, vUF, tuR, isoah, Mthiu, Ngh

gRjiH cugf jiHrJ ms gRjiH cugf jiHrJ ms gRjiH cugf jiHrJ ms gRjiH cugf jiHrJ ms gRjiH cugf jiHrJ ms :

cugcugcugcugcug jiHrJ ms (rjjiHrJ ms (rjjiHrJ ms (rjjiHrJ ms (rjjiHrJ ms (rj)

nt 1.0 - 1.2vUF 1.3 - 1.5isoah 2.2 - 2.7Ngh 2.5 - 3.7f 1.3 - 1.5

4.84.84.84.84.8 tdgf tdgf tdgf tdgf tdgf (Forage Crops) : fheilf tdfhf tsfgLgf tdgf tdgf tdgf tdgf tdgf vdgL. J ehF tifgL.

1. tif tdgf - f nea, ah

2. jha tif tdgf- td nrhs, td kfhnrhs

3. gaW tif tdgf - Fiukrh, ntkrh, td jilgaW

4. kutif tdgf - Rgh, mf

40

tsJ tU kf bjhif vfhy njitfis rkhf g

isriy mfgJ mtakhwJ. vdnt midJ g tiffY ca

isr jU uffis njbjLJ, rahd rhFgo Kiwfis g mf

kfN bgWtnj wj tahF. Mnuhakhd kj thfhd rj czit

gWtJ eho tsikF t tFF.

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. fhgdtW vJ jhag?

m. be M. bkhir . bjid

41

5. jeho Ka njhlfiy gf5. jeho Ka njhlfiy gf5. jeho Ka njhlfiy gf5. jeho Ka njhlfiy gf5. jeho Ka njhlfiy gf

(Important Horticultural Crops of Tamilnadu)

njhlfiynjhlfiynjhlfiynjhlfiynjhlfiy (Horticulture) : gHgf, fhf gf, kygf, eWkzgf, kiynjhl gf, _if gf nghwt rhFgo, njhlfiy

totik kW isbghUfis gjgLJ Kiwf ga aYF

njhlfiy njhlfiy njhlfiy njhlfiy njhlfiy vW bga.

a bghUshjhu KndwF KJbfYghf sFgit

njhlfiy gfshF. njhl gUJ ilF bghUf maehoF

VWk bragLwd. mj _y thg tsJ ma bryht

ilwJ.

5.15.15.15.15.1 fhf gf fhf gf fhf gf fhf gf fhf gf (Vegetable Crops) : fhf gfis ga mafhfa fhfa fhfa fhfa fhfa (Olericulture) MF. kj cz fhff gF faikahjJ. gf nt, jL, iy, , fh, gH, ij nghw ghffis

girahfnth, riknjh cz cj jhtu tiff fhff fhff fhff fhff fhff vW bghJthf

miHfgLwd.

fhff, crJf (Vitamins), jhJbghUf (Minerals), ujrJ(Proteins), khrJ (Carbohydrates) nghwtiw mf ms bfhLsd.kj jh cQ cz ruhrahf 20 rj msF fhffis vLJ

bfhs ntL.

5.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.15.1.1 itl itl itl itl itl A mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff : nfu, jfh, Kilnfh, dh,bfhjk, jLiu, KUifiu.

5.1.2 itl 5.1.2 itl 5.1.2 itl 5.1.2 itl 5.1.2 itl B mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff : nrhah, gl, glh,Ks, bgyh btfha.

5.1.3 itl 5.1.3 itl 5.1.3 itl 5.1.3 itl 5.1.3 itl C mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff : Kilnfh, jfh, sfh,Kisiu, unfh

5.1.4 itl 5.1.4 itl 5.1.4 itl 5.1.4 itl 5.1.4 itl D mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff : nrhah, gl, mtiufh,bfhjtiu, Kilnfh, by^.

5.1.5 itl 5.1.5 itl 5.1.5 itl 5.1.5 itl 5.1.5 itl E mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff : btilfh, ffh,nfhitfh, by^, Kilnfh, fhst.

42

5.1.65.1.65.1.65.1.65.1.6 itl itl itl itl itl K mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff mf cs fhff : fh~st, jfh, Kilnfh,by^, ffh, btilfh.

5.1.75.1.75.1.75.1.75.1.7 fha rJs fhff fha rJs fhff fha rJs fhff fha rJs fhff fha rJs fhff : sfh, btilfh, mtiufh,nridHF

5.1.85.1.85.1.85.1.85.1.8 ghgu rJs fhff ghgu rJs fhff ghgu rJs fhff ghgu rJs fhff ghgu rJs fhff : bts, fh~st, griyiu

5.1.95.1.95.1.95.1.95.1.9 UrJs fhff UrJs fhff UrJs fhff UrJs fhff UrJs fhff : fUntiy, ghffh, dh, %,KUiffh, KUifiu.

jeho Ka fhf gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka fhf gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka fhf gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka fhf gf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka fhf gf gu, cg kW isr

(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)

ggggg gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isr isr isr isr isr

(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l)(l)(l)(l)(l) (/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)(/vl)

btfha 29587 0.51 258333 8731

jfh 22433 0.38 282912 12611

fjfh 6059 0.10 67247 11099

btilfh 3578 0.06 26829 7498

Kilnfh 2313 0.04 130099 56247

5.25.25.25.25.2 gHgf gHgf gHgf gHgf gHgf (Fruit Crops) : ah gyjkhd jgbtgiy ytjhgytifgl gHgf rhFgo bragLwd. gHf ga maYF

gHagHagHagHagHa (Pomology) vW bga. gHgf dU, jukhd gHf cg,gHgf ghJfh kW gjgLJj Mait mlF.

gHf fhzgL rJf gHf fhzgL rJf gHf fhzgL rJf gHf fhzgL rJf gHf fhzgL rJf : xU kj ehbshWF ruhrahf 25 uhgHfis cz nrJ bfhs ntL. gHf khrJ, uj, itlf

kW jhJ cf csd.

5.2.15.2.15.2.15.2.15.2.1 khrJ iwj gHf khrJ iwj gHf khrJ iwj gHf khrJ iwj gHf khrJ iwj gHf : thiH, ngir, M, gyhgH

5.2.25.2.25.2.25.2.25.2.2 jhJbghUf mf cs gHf jhJbghUf mf cs gHf jhJbghUf mf cs gHf jhJbghUf mf cs gHf jhJbghUf mf cs gHf : K, btbz gH, t,uhir, ngir, vYir, ggh

43

5.2.35.2.35.2.35.2.35.2.3 ehrJ Fj gHf ehrJ Fj gHf ehrJ Fj gHf ehrJ Fj gHf ehrJ Fj gHf : thiH, mdhgH, rnghlh, khgH.

5.2.45.2.45.2.45.2.45.2.4 itl itl itl itl itl C rJs gHf rJs gHf rJs gHf rJs gHf rJs gHf : vYir, bfhah, uhir.

gHf cs mff myf gia l, cz brf cj

wd. ggh ujij fiuF behf csd. ijju brYnyh,

bgo, bg nghw rJfS mf fhzgLwd. gHf wj

fhzthf, Jiz czthf bragLwd. gHgf kh kW thiH

mf gugs rhFgo bragLwJ. gyhgH gHgf uh#h vW

kFjh uh vW miHfgLwJ.

jeho Ka gHf gu, cg kW isr (2006-07)jeho Ka gHf gu, cg kW isr (2006-07)jeho Ka gHf gu, cg kW isr (2006-07)jeho Ka gHf gu, cg kW isr (2006-07)jeho Ka gHf gu, cg kW isr (2006-07)

gHgHgHgHgH gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isrisrisrisrisr

(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l) (l) (l) (l) (l) (/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)

khgH 125856 2.15 694554 5519

thiHgH 105206 1.80 5637371 53584

K 103968 1.78 51057 491

vYir 7964 0.14 20569 2583

bfhah 7792 0.13 85952 11031

gyhgH 2919 0.05 404224 13848

uhir 2581 0.04 76953 29815

MuR 2139 0.04 4324 2021

mdhgH 634 0.01 20970 33076

5.35.35.35.35.3 HF tifgf HF tifgf HF tifgf HF tifgf HF tifgf (Tuber Crops) : HF tif gf Ka JizczbghUfshf gagLwd. t rfiutHF, kutHF,

nridHF, nrgHF, bfhotHF, fUizHF, WHF kW

cUisHF nghwit Ka HF tif gf MF.

HF tif gf rfiurJ, ujrJ, khrJ kW

jhJrJf ml csd. nkY itlfS mf fhzgLwd.

44

j eho HF tif gf gu, cg kW isrj eho HF tif gf gu, cg kW isrj eho HF tif gf gu, cg kW isrj eho HF tif gf gu, cg kW isrj eho HF tif gf gu, cg kW isr

(2006- 07)(2006- 07)(2006- 07)(2006- 07)(2006- 07)

ggggg gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isrisrisrisrisr

(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l) (l) (l) (l) (l) (/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)

kutHF 139628 2.39 5635436 40360

cUisHF 5190 0.09 77443 14922

rfiu tHF 1127 0.02 18933 16799

5.45.45.45.45.4 eWkz gf eWkz gf eWkz gf eWkz gf eWkz gf (Spices and Condiments) : ntsh bghUf abghUshjhu KndwF ttFgJ eWkz gfns MF. kj

kUJt njitfhf, czbghUfis kz_l, Ritl

eWkzbghUf gagLjgLwd.

gntW jhtuf btntW ghffshd iyf, fhf, gilf, f,

bkhLf, ijf nghwit eWkz_l gagLjgLwd.

5.4.15.4.15.4.15.4.15.4.1 ij eWkzgf ij eWkzgf ij eWkzgf ij eWkzgf ij eWkzgf : bfhjk, bgUuf, Vyfh, sF, uf,btja, nrh, Xk nghwit Ka ij eWkzgfshF. sF

thrid gf uh#h vd, Vyfh uh vd miHfgLwd. nkY

sF fW jf vd ntW bgaU cL.

5.4.25.4.25.4.25.4.25.4.2 kuthrid gf kuthrid gf kuthrid gf kuthrid gf kuthrid gf : uh, #hfh, ytfgil, fntiy.

5.4.35.4.35.4.35.4.35.4.3 _if thrid gf _if thrid gf _if thrid gf _if thrid gf _if thrid gf : nuhnk, u

5.4.45.4.45.4.45.4.45.4.4 ju thrid gf ju thrid gf ju thrid gf ju thrid gf ju thrid gf : btyh, FFk, bgUfha, btisL,, kr.

45

jeho Ka eWkzgf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka eWkzgf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka eWkzgf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka eWkzgf gu, cg kW isrjeho Ka eWkzgf gu, cg kW isr

(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)(2006-07)

ggggg gugugugugu rhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gurhFgo gu cgcgcgcgcg isrisrisrisrisr

(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl)(vl) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (rj) (l) (l) (l) (l) (l) (/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)(/ vl)

sfh 61418 1.05 42719 696

kr 30528 0.52 175388 5745

20488 0.35 64382 3142

bfhjk 17425 0.30 5676 326

ghF 5526 0.09 11904 2154

(gjgLjgl

bfhilf)

Vyfh 4441 0.08 404 91

sF 3703 0.06 843 228

uh 673 0.01 661 982

669 0.01 12468 18638

L 528 0.01 3139 5945

5.55.55.55.55.5 kygf kygf kygf kygf kygf (Flower Crops) : kyf, mHF, m kW mikmilahskhf fUjgLwd. J kL bfhky cg kW thrid

uaf jah nghwit eho bghUshjhu nkgho Ka gF

twd. kyf jkhditfshf fUjgLtjh, fl tghL, Hhf

nghwt gagLjgLwJ. kyfUJ bgwgL thrid bghUf

gntW bjhrhiyf gagLjgLwd. ky gf ij kW

ehwfh cg gyUF ntiy thid mJ tUwJ.

5.5.15.5.15.5.15.5.15.5.1 mHF kygf mHF kygf mHF kygf mHF kygf mHF kygf : nuh#h, kif, Kiy, rhk, fdfhgu, brgf,kndhuj, jhH.

5.5.25.5.25.5.25.5.25.5.2 myfhu kygf myfhu kygf myfhu kygf myfhu kygf myfhu kygf : nuh#h, kif, , brgU, jhkiu, m,rhk, Ma, b#bguh, b#nua, ah, shonahy, brLk, mu.

5.5.35.5.35.5.35.5.35.5.3 thrid ua kygf thrid ua kygf thrid ua kygf thrid ua kygf thrid ua kygf : nuh#h, kif, rhk, kbfhGJ.

46

5.5.45.5.45.5.45.5.45.5.4 bghUshjhu KaJt thj kyf bghUshjhu KaJt thj kyf bghUshjhu KaJt thj kyf bghUshjhu KaJt thj kyf bghUshjhu KaJt thj kyf : nuh#h, b#bguh, b#nua,ah, shonahy, Ma.

5.65.65.65.65.6 kiynjhl gfkiynjhl gfkiynjhl gfkiynjhl gfkiynjhl gf (Plantation Crops) : kiyunjrf glgLgfSF kiynjhlgf kiynjhlgf kiynjhlgf kiynjhlgf kiynjhlgf vW bga. fh, njiy, nfhnfh, bjid,

fKF, K, nfhdh, fl, ug nghwit kiynjhl gf

Kakhdit. fh, njiy, nfhnfh nghwit wj cz rhj

bghUfshf gagLwd. ug, bjid, _, rF nghwit mf

ntf tstjh kiHia tUJ tsij nkgLJwJ.

ggggg cgnahfgL ghffcgnahfgL ghffcgnahfgL ghffcgnahfgL ghffcgnahfgL ghff

fh ij

njiy bfhGJ iyf

bjid fh

fKF gH

K bghf

fl iy

nfhnfh fh

5.75.75.75.75.7 _if gf _if gf _if gf _if gf _if gf (Medicinal Plants) : xU y gf kW gfghff kj kW fheilfSF VgL nehfis fLgLJ kUjhf

gagLjgLwd. tif gf _if gf_if gf_if gf_if gf_if gf vdgL.

tif gf ghff nrJ itfgL urhad TL bghUf

kUJt Fz bfhlitfshf Uwd. kUJt Fzij bghWJ

_if gf tUkhW tifgLjgLwd.

5.7.1 _if gf tifghL5.7.1 _if gf tifghL5.7.1 _if gf tifghL5.7.1 _if gf tifghL5.7.1 _if gf tifghL

5.7.1.15.7.1.15.7.1.15.7.1.15.7.1.1 mfyhLf mfyhLf mfyhLf mfyhLf mfyhLf (Alkaloids) : nfhdh, Ckij, nfhnfh, bgynlhdh

5.7.1.2 isnfhiyLf 5.7.1.2 isnfhiyLf 5.7.1.2 isnfhiyLf 5.7.1.2 isnfhiyLf 5.7.1.2 isnfhiyLf (Glycolides) : fwhiH, m

5.7.1.3 fhonfhouhLf 5.7.1.3 fhonfhouhLf 5.7.1.3 fhonfhouhLf 5.7.1.3 fhonfhouhLf 5.7.1.3 fhonfhouhLf (Corticosteroids) : lanfhah, kUJfj

5.7.1.4 mahta vbzf 5.7.1.4 mahta vbzf 5.7.1.4 mahta vbzf 5.7.1.4 mahta vbzf 5.7.1.4 mahta vbzf (Essential Oils) : dh

5.7.25.7.25.7.25.7.25.7.2 _if gf KaJt _if gf KaJt _if gf KaJt _if gf KaJt _if gf KaJt :

1. neh F kUJ jah Ka gF twd.

47

2. _if gf e eho ma bryhtia bgUFwd.

3. _if g cg kW gaghL ntiy thF ttif

brwJ.

5.8 yh gf 5.8 yh gf 5.8 yh gf 5.8 yh gf 5.8 yh gf (Norcotics) : y gf ghffis cbfhsgagLJnghJ mtYs urhad bghUf eu klyij o

Jzia VgLJwd. mtif gf yh gf yh gf yh gf yh gf yh gf vdgL.

c.. fh, njiy, ifiy

5.8.15.8.15.8.15.8.15.8.1 ifiy ifiy ifiy ifiy ifiy : J iyfhf rhFgo bragL Ka gzguhF. nrh,rha bjhrhiyf kL bfh kUJ jahf, nghijbghU

jahY gagLwJ.

jeho ifiy 2006-07 M Mo 5041 vl gugs 1532 /vl

vw ms isfgL 7724 l iyf cg braglJ.

5.8.25.8.25.8.25.8.25.8.2 njiy njiy njiy njiy njiy : J Mnuha g vW miHfgLwJ. cy mf kfgagLJ Ka ghd tifahF.

5.8.35.8.35.8.35.8.35.8.3 fh fh fh fh fh : j ijf Jz mF ghd jahf gagLwJ. fh~ vw urhad bghU mlsJ.

njhl, kyf, gHf nghw thijf egaid mF njhlfiy

gfSl bjhlilaJ. itlf kW jhJ cf f Fiwj msnt

njitglhY, f mtakhdJ vgjh xbthU njhlfiygU kj

thF f KakhdjhF. vdnt njhlfiyg cg kjDF

yhgij bfhLgJl m, mik, mHF, eWkz kW ma

bryhtia bfhLwJ.

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. itl A mf cs fhf ........................

m. f M. btil . jfh

48

4. thridgf uh#h ........................

m. uf M. nrh . btja

49

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila26. gHf fhzgL rJfis bfhL gHfis tifgLJf.

27. eWkz gf tiff ahit?

28. ky gfis tifgLJf.

29. _if gfis tifgL KaJtij vGJf.

30. yh gfis g vGJf.

V ..... thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila31. fhf gf fhzgL lf g vGJ.

32. njhlfiy gfis g t.

50

6. cHa Kiwf6. cHa Kiwf6. cHa Kiwf6. cHa Kiwf6. cHa Kiwf

(Agronomic Practices)

g rhFgonfw Niyf g rhFgonfw Niyf g rhFgonfw Niyf g rhFgonfw Niyf g rhFgonfw Niyf : y RWNH k tif kW ghrd tsikMatF Vwhnghy rhFgo Kiwf ntWgLwd.

6.1 tiuaiwtiuaiwtiuaiwtiuaiwtiuaiw

giz giz giz giz giz (Farm) : Flgl viy tiuaiuFgl gf, fheilf kWmijrhj giz bjhf Mait xUizj ygF gizgizgizgizgiz

vdgLwJ.

rhFgo rhFgo rhFgo rhFgo rhFgo (Cultivation) : Na Mwiy gaDsjhf kh jhtuf kW yFf_y bghUshjhu jufis cg br KiwF rhFgo rhFgo rhFgo rhFgo rhFgo vW bga.

6.2 rhFgo tiff 6.2 rhFgo tiff 6.2 rhFgo tiff 6.2 rhFgo tiff 6.2 rhFgo tiff (Types of Cultivation) :

ebr rhFgo

br rhFgo

khdhth rhFgo

ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo (Wetland Cultivation) : V, Fs, fhth kW zWf _ykhfghrd tr bragL, rhFgo fhy KGtJ njFkhW bragL rhFgo

ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo ebr rhFgo MF.

c.. be

br rhFgo / njhlfh rhFgo br rhFgo / njhlfh rhFgo br rhFgo / njhlfh rhFgo br rhFgo / njhlfh rhFgo br rhFgo / njhlfh rhFgo (Gardenland Cultivation) : kiH _ybgwgl yjo iu gagL, TLjyhf ghrd tr brJ g isriy

brj br myJ njhlfh rhFgo njhlfh rhFgo njhlfh rhFgo njhlfh rhFgo njhlfh rhFgo vdgLwJ.

c.. gU, fU

khdhth rhFgo khdhth rhFgo khdhth rhFgo khdhth rhFgo khdhth rhFgo (Rainfed Cultivation) : KGtJ kiHia kL e, kiH

51

rhFgo Kiwf wgrfrhFgo Kiwf wgrfrhFgo Kiwf wgrfrhFgo Kiwf wgrfrhFgo Kiwf wgrf

wgrwgrwgrwgrwgr ebrebrebrebrebr njhlfhnjhlfhnjhlfhnjhlfhnjhlfh brbrbrbrbr khdhthkhdhthkhdhthkhdhthkhdhth

i) rhFgo fhy 9 -12 khjf 9 -12 khjf < 6 khjf 6 -8 khjfii) ghrd MW, Fs, zW kiH < 800 . kiH < 800 .

fkh

iii) Niy twl, twl, twl gF, gF GfGfKila GfKila twl NH GfKila

NH NH NH

iv) ghrd Kiw aif Xl iwj iy iyv) ghrd mf Fl ghJfh mf nkyhik nkyhik ms btnaw

gaghL

vi) cunkyhik jhuhskhf jhuhskhf Fiwthf nghJkhdjhfvii) Fnfh ca ca iyahd iyaw

isr isr isr isr

viii) rthf c goj c goj k m k misr

6.36.36.36.36.3 g rhFgo Kiwfg rhFgo Kiwfg rhFgo Kiwfg rhFgo Kiwfg rhFgo Kiwf(Cultivation Methods)

6.3.16.3.16.3.16.3.16.3.1 g RH g RH g RH g RH g RH (Crop Rotation) : g RH g RH g RH g RH g RH vgJ xU Fl yKTona llthW gntW tifahd gfis isjnyahF. J

bjhlahd g rhFgo bjhlahd g rhFgo bjhlahd g rhFgo bjhlahd g rhFgo bjhlahd g rhFgo vd miHfgLwJ. UfToa tsfis mf

ms gagL kts ghfglhj tif cajgr g isriy

bgWtnj g RH FnfhshF.

g RH jJt g RH jJt g RH jJt g RH jJt g RH jJt (Principles of Crop Rotation) : gaW tif gfis jha g rhFgoF Kdjhf isJ t kly

jiHrij k iyWJj.

Mnt bjhFila gfis bjhlJ rnt bjhFila gfis

gL gfSfhd rJ iljiy cW brj.

njitnfg gfis njbjLj

xnu FLgij nrj gfis bjhlahf glhk kh gL

f iy jikia mj.

g nj cHtf bghUshjhu rF Vwjhf Uj.

g nj mjj gF jgbtg iyF cfjjhf Uj.

52

rthd ygFf k mkhdij jLfToa jL gfis

gLj.

khdhth ygu twia jhF gfis njbjLj.

jhthd kW rJ ygFf W isaToa gfis

njbjLJ gLj.

wj g RH vgJ FLg cs egfSF ML KGtJ

ntiythig jUtnjhL k eyij cWgLj ntL.

c.. XuhL RH - be - be - gaWtiff

53

J g isriy mfwJ. u rhFgo, ilfToa y, ,

ntiyahf kW bghUshjhu nghw tsfis bghWJ bragLwJ.

c.. gU - gaW tiff

6.46.46.46.46.4 rhFgo Kiwf (rhFgo Kiwf (rhFgo Kiwf (rhFgo Kiwf (rhFgo Kiwf (Cultivation Methods)))))I. gg rhFgogg rhFgogg rhFgogg rhFgogg rhFgo

i. bjhlahd (mLjLj) rhFgoii. bjhl (xiw bjhL xW) rhFgoiii. kWjh (xUJ) rhFgo

II. CLg rhFgo CLg rhFgo CLg rhFgo CLg rhFgo CLg rhFgo (Inter Cropping)III. fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo (Mixed Cropping)I. gg rhFgogg rhFgogg rhFgogg rhFgogg rhFgo

i. bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo (Sequential Cropping) : uL myJ mjF nkglgfis xU y Xuho g brj bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo bjhlahd rhFgo vdgLwJ.

ulhtjhf bragL guhdJ Kj g mWtil brjwF ijfgLwJ.

c.. be - be - gU

ii. bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo (Relay Cropping) : Kj g mWtilF KngulhtJ giu ijJ br rhFgoF bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo bjhl rhFgo vdbga. Kj

gUF l ClrJf cg, k

54

caj ms rJf njitgL fhyf gf xWbfhW

nghoLjiy jj

njbjLfgL gf xWbfhW xJ nghF jikahdjhf

Uj

fay th (CO2), j, x kW ltr nghwtF mfnghoia jj

gf btntW nt mik, MH nghwtiw bfhoUj

CLg rhFgo eikf CLg rhFgo eikf CLg rhFgo eikf CLg rhFgo eikf CLg rhFgo eikf (Benefits of Intercropping) : g ts tsfshd x, rJf kW nghwtiw ey Kiw

gagLJj

fis fLghL

iyahd isr kW TLj tUkhd ilj

neh kW jhFj Fiwj

k kW RWNH ghJfhj

c.. kfhnrhs + cSJ

nrhs + Jtiu

yfliy + Jtiu

cUisHF + fLF

III. fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo (Mixed Intercropping) : vj tir mikgwglhk uL myJ mjF nkgl gfis xnu neu

isjiy fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo fy g rhFgo vnwh. J bgUghikahf khdhth

rhFgo gw gLwJ. gntW gf ijf fyfgL bkhjkhf

ijf gLwJ. btntW klf tsuToa gfS, xWbfhW

cj gfS njbjLfgLwd.

c nrhs, f kW jilgaW

6.56.56.56.56.5 cH cH cH cH cH (Tillage) : cH cH cH cH cH vgJ fUf kW aufis bfhLkiz ij isrYF, g isrYF VwthW gFtgL jah

brjyhF. cH jij vd miHfgL UF #nuhbl #nuhbl #nuhbl #nuhbl #nuhbl vgt kiz

ggLJtjF cHnt jiyahaJ vwh.

ggLJj ggLJj ggLJj ggLJj ggLJj (Tilth) : ggLJj ggLJj ggLJj ggLJj ggLJj vgJ cH _y milabgW iyahF.ggLJj nknghfhd ggLJj, eLju ggLJj, Ea

ggLJj vd _W tiff cL.

55

6.5.16.5.16.5.16.5.16.5.1 cH FnfhfcH FnfhfcH FnfhfcH FnfhfcH Fnfhf

wj ijF, KisF VwthW kiz ggLJj.

g isrYF cfjthW kiz jahgLJj

btfukhf fisia fLgLJj

kiHiu cthF jkhf kiz cGj

cu kW rJfis kQl eF fyf brj

k fhnwhl Vgl brj

CLU jikia jugLJj

nk kiz ggLJj

6.5.2 cH tiff 6.5.2 cH tiff 6.5.2 cH tiff 6.5.2 cH tiff 6.5.2 cH tiff (Types of Tillage)

I. gUt cH gUt cH gUt cH gUt cH gUt cH (Seasonal Tillage) : gUt cH gUt cH gUt cH gUt cH gUt cH vgJ rahd gUtfhy kiHia bjhlJ kiz cGJ g rhFgo brtJ MF. J Kjik

cH kW CLH vd U tifgL.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Kjik cH Kjik cH Kjik cH Kjik cH Kjik cH (Primary Tillage) : Kjik cH Kjik cH Kjik cH Kjik cH Kjik cH vdgLtJ kiz eFcGJ, yij ijF Vwh ngh jahgLJj MF. fisf, g

filf nghwit U c _lgL kf itfgLwd.

Kjik cH tiffKjik cH tiffKjik cH tiffKjik cH tiffKjik cH tiff

i. Kjiy cH Kjiy cH Kjiy cH Kjiy cH Kjiy cH (Primary Tillage) : mWtilF mLJ cldoahf yijcGJ ggLJjny Kjiy cH Kjiy cH Kjiy cH Kjiy cH Kjiy cH vdgLwJ. ehL fyig, U wif

fyig, ngh fyig kW ouhlf bfhL cGtJ Kjiy cH MF.

ii. ulh iy cH ulh iy cH ulh iy cH ulh iy cH ulh iy cH (Secondary Tillage) : Kj iy cHF kizEa Kiw ggLJtjF bragL cH ulh iy cHulh iy cHulh iy cHulh iy cHulh iy cH

vdgLwJ. foia cilj, klgLJj, Lj nghwit ulh iy

cH MF.

iii. _wh iy cH _wh iy cH _wh iy cH _wh iy cH _wh iy cH (Tertiary Tillage) : gh XLj, tu fLj nghwit_wh iy cH _wh iy cH _wh iy cH _wh iy cH _wh iy cH MF.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . CLH CLH CLH CLH CLH (Inter Tillage) : CLH CLH CLH CLH CLH vgJ giu ghfhk, gUil cHbrjyhF. bfhJ fyig bfhL k mizj, fisbaLj, cul k

nfhJj nghwit CLH tifia rhjitahF.

56

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . twl cH Kiw twl cH Kiw twl cH Kiw twl cH Kiw twl cH Kiw (Dry Tillage) : twl ygu g KisgjF kL

57

ghnyh, G ghnyh gh jahf tsJ, elF gagLj ggLJ

lnk MF.

ehwfhf tiff ehwfhf tiff ehwfhf tiff ehwfhf tiff ehwfhf tiff : eir yf Fghf begUFgagLjgL ehwfhf _W tifgL. J ju fhf gfSF

ehwfh Kiw gwgLwJ.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .

58

4.4.4 .4 .4 . nkLgh ehwfh (nkLgh ehwfh (nkLgh ehwfh (nkLgh ehwfh (nkLgh ehwfh (Raised Bed Nursery) ) ) ) ) : jhaf uhF kLnkLgh ehwfh mikfgLwJ. eF Gahfgl yFthd k

nghJkhd ms mfy nkLgh (Rkh 15 br. MHF ta Flgl

gFia RY kbtoah njho vLfgL nghJ 15 br.. cauKs

nkLgh ilfbgW) mikf ntL. uh ijfis gutyhf

gh jf gUt gJ el bra ntL. bgUghyhd fhffS

nkLgh Kiw ehwfhf tsfgLwd.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . ed ehwfhf (ed ehwfhf (ed ehwfhf (ed ehwfhf (ed ehwfhf (Special Nursery) ) ) ) ) : fhffSbfnw jahf edehwfhf mikfgL tUwd. fhf gf nkLgh ehwfh

gwglhY ghRnghJ if ms j gagLjgL mj gaDW

ms (Use efficiency) FiwwJ. Mdh ed ehwfhf bj ghrd Kiw,F milf, ts Clff kW tiy Tlf mikfgL ehWf

tsfgLwJ. ma tkhf, Fiwj ms tsf gagLjglY

izJ Ja giz jJt jnghija njitnfg ehwfh Kiw

edkakh csJ.

6.76.76.76.76.7 cH fUf (cH fUf (cH fUf (cH fUf (cH fUf (Tillage Implements) ) ) ) ) : VjhtJ xU ntiyF gagLrhjd bghJthf fU vdgLwJ. fUf fheilfis bfhnlh ir

G (Tractor)fis bfhnlh afgLwd. tif fUf KjikcH fUf, ulh iy cH fUf kW CLH fUf vW

mt njitnfg tifgLjgLwd.

6.7.16.7.16.7.16.7.16.7.1 Kjik cHfUf (Kjik cHfUf (Kjik cHfUf (Kjik cHfUf (Kjik cHfUf (Primary Tillage Implements) ) ) ) ) :1. ehL fyig (Country Plough)2. nkgLjgl U fyig (Improved iron Plough)3. nk fyig (Melur Plough, Bose Plough)4. U wif fyig (Mould Board Plough)5. ro fyig (Disc Plough)6. Ugjf ro fyig (Reversible disc Plough)7. lty khwjf Ufyig (Turnwrest Plough)8. c fyig (Chisel Plough)

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . ehL fyig (ehL fyig (ehL fyig (ehL fyig (ehL fyig (Country Plough) ) ) ) ) : gHfhybjhL e KndhfshfLofgL gagLjgL tU fyig ehL fyigahF. kujh

Md tis JL, mJl izfjf mikyhd ifo JL (nk)

bfhlJ. tis Jo ika JislgL skhd kurl

60

izfgoUF. vUJf LtjF trahf Efjo vdgL

kujhyhd FWF rlK UF. tis Jo jo E

JUathW mik Ughyhd gilf bghWjgoUF. J cH

nghJ kiz J 'V' tot gsij (rh) VgLJ. Efjoia KD Def izJ MHkhd cH myJ nknghfhd cHit bgwyh.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . KgLjgl U fyig (KgLjgl U fyig (KgLjgl U fyig (KgLjgl U fyig (KgLjgl U fyig (Improved Iron Plough) ) ) ) ) : ehLfyigianghnw vyh tifY braglToaJ. Mdh tis joF gyhf U

rlfis bfhL gF izfgoUF. Mdh rlK, EfK

kujhyhdjhf UF. J njkhd milahk l eh ciHfToaJ.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . nkY fyig / ngh fyig (nkY fyig / ngh fyig (nkY fyig / ngh fyig (nkY fyig / ngh fyig (nkY fyig / ngh fyig (Melur Plough - Bose Plough) ) ) ) ) : Jkujhyhd fyigjh. ehLfyigia xjJ. Mdh gF U

bfhGF gyhf U gil bghUjgoUF. J bgUghY eir

yf gagLjgLwJ.

4.4 .4 .4 .4 . U wif fyig (U wif fyig (U wif fyig (U wif fyig (U wif fyig (Mould Board Plough) ) ) ) ) : cH c sfgLk, U nH GkhW tisthf thfgl Ughyhd rlfSl Toa

fyig U wif fyig U wif fyig U wif fyig U wif fyig U wif fyig MF. J vUJfshY, ir GfshY

afjf tif totikfgoUwd. thrl, ifo rl,

bfhG kW KndhL rfu Mad csd. it aghd ehL fyig

cH MHij l MHkhf mjhtJ Rkh 30 br. MHF cHit VgLJwd.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . rofyig (rofyig (rofyig (rofyig (rofyig (Disc plough) ) ) ) ) : ro fyig myJ jLfyig vgJrof nghw fod Ughyhd jLfsh kiz uonghL tif cH

bra gagLtJ J irGah kL afToaJ. j jLf 60

Kj 90 br. lKilad. xbthU jL jjahd mRf RHY

tz mikfgLsJ. ro fyigia Wa k gu, fod fhj y,

ff iwj fuLKulhd y, fisf koa y kW MH cH njitgL

y Mat gagLjyh.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . Ugjf ro fyig ( Ugjf ro fyig ( Ugjf ro fyig ( Ugjf ro fyig ( Ugjf ro fyig (Reversible Disc Plough) ) ) ) ) : Ugjfro fyigahdJ ro fyigia nghnw bragl ToajhD J cHdh

btobaLfgL kiz mjF Kija cH gs L u tif

mikfgoUF. jdh cHF ta eF rkgLjglJ nghy njhW.

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . U fyig (U fyig (U fyig (U fyig (U fyig (Turnwrest Plough))))) : J xUtifahd Ugjffyigjh. Mdh roF gyhf UF th rlij ikaF lkhf

63

tykhf kh mikJ bfhsjf tif mikfgoUF. U

wif fyig bragL cHF khwhf bto bgafgL k xnu

ir GkhW mikfgLsJ.

8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . cfyig (cfyig (cfyig (cfyig (cfyig (Chisel Plough) ) ) ) ) : fodkhd kghfhf, nk k jilcilF j mikfgoUgJ cfyigahF. 'C' to tisfglcahdJ 37 br. tis Muij bfhL 3 br. jokDl UF. J xU

cWahd rldh izfgoUF. J Fiwjgr 45 br. tiu MHkhf

cHToaJ.

6.7.26.7.26.7.26.7.26.7.2 ulh iy cHfUf (ulh iy cHfUf (ulh iy cHfUf (ulh iy cHfUf (ulh iy cHfUf (Secondary Tillage Implements) ) ) ) ) : KjikcHF nk kiz ggLJtjfhf ulh iy cH fUf

gagLwd. it

yyyyy fofis ciljyyyyy ghfis mikf trahf kiz bghoahFjyyyyy fisfis fLgLJjyyyyy _lhFfis kQl fyFjyyyyy cufis kQl fyFjyyyyy ijj ijfis _Lj

nghw nkk braghLfSF it gagLwd.

ulh iy cHfUf tiffulh iy cHfUf tiffulh iy cHfUf tiffulh iy cHfUf tiffulh iy cHfUf tiff

1. bfhJfyig (bfhJfyig (bfhJfyig (bfhJfyig (bfhJfyig (Cultivator)))))2. gYFgYFgYFgYFgYF (Harrows)

2.1. bfhJg gYF (Spike tooth harrow)2.2. RU f gYF (Spring type harrow)2.3. r gYF (Chain harrow)2.4. ro gYF (Disc harrow)2.5. CLH gYF (Intercultivating harrow)2.6. f gYF (Blade harrow)

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . ij fUfij fUfij fUfij fUfij fUf

3.1 ehL ijgh (bfhU) (Country seed drill / Gorru)3.2 au ijgh (Mechanical seed drill)

66

3.2.1 jehL ntsh gfiyfHf el fU (TNAU improved planter)3.2.2. ir G el fU (Tractor drawn seed drill)3.2.3 be cUis ijgh (Paddy drum seeder)

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . bfhJfyig bfhJfyig bfhJfyig bfhJfyig bfhJfyig : tif fUf 20-30 br. sKilajhd jiuiasF jik cila bfhGfis bfhoUF. it cWahd rldh

izfgoUF. j _y fodkhd nkguig Rkh 20 br. MHF

cHKo. tif fyigf fodkhd ro fyig nghwtwh bgaJ

nghlgl bga fofis cilgjfhf gagLjgLwd.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . gYF (gYF (gYF (gYF (gYF (Harrows) ) ) ) ) : J bfhJ fyig nghnw Mdh mf msbfhJfis bfhljhf UF. t bfhJf 5 Kj 8 br.

ilbt bghUjgoUF. nkY bfhJ fyigdh cilglhk

Lgl W fofis cilf gagLjgLwd.it Rkh 10 br. msyhd

MH cH brwd.

6.7.36.7.36.7.36.7.36.7.3 CLH fUf (CLH fUf (CLH fUf (CLH fUf (CLH fUf (Intertillage Implements) ) ) ) ) :

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . #gha RH fisbto (#gha RH fisbto (#gha RH fisbto (#gha RH fisbto (#gha RH fisbto (Japanese Rotary Weeder ) ) ) ) ) : uL agfis bfhl cUisf xU rlD mikfgoUF. xbthU

cUisY 5 gfis bfhl ff bghUjgoUF. fUia iffsh

K dhf j aF nghJ (be taf) fisf wj Kiw

mfgLwd. nkY it btlgl fisfis J cGJ Ltjh mit

k kQF cukhwd.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . T fisbto (T fisbto (T fisbto (T fisbto (T fisbto (Cone Weeder) ) ) ) ) : uL cUisfSF gyhfTf mikfgoUF. it beta gaglToajhF.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . sifo fisbto (sifo fisbto (sifo fisbto (sifo fisbto (sifo fisbto (Long Handled Weeder ) ) ) ) ) : tirahf elbragl gf r nt bjhFila fisfis mf gagL fUahF.

k

67

6.7.46.7.46.7.46.7.46.7.4 w tif fUf (w tif fUf (w tif fUf (w tif fUf (w tif fUf (Special Implements) ) ) ) ) : cH bjh gagLy w tif fUf nH bfhLfgLsd.

1. gga fUf - ntsh cgfuzfis vLJ bry

(Multipurpose tool bar/carrier) gagLwJ.2. y klgLJ fUf

(Land levelling implements)m. nkk brJ - yij klgLJ nghJ kiz

(Buck scrapper) bjhiy bfhL bry gagL.M. klgyif (Levelling board) - G fho kiz klgLJtjF

gagL

. gu (Wooden float) - nrW ta taiy klgLJtjFgagL

3. ghfyig - fU, gU, fhff nghw

(Ridge plough) gfSfhd ghfmikf gagLwJ.

4. tu fyig (Bund former) - caukhd ghf (tuf) mikfgagLwJ

5. gh - tu mikF - Fl ilbt gh mt

fU (Bed-furrow former) gh tu mikf gagL6. cUisf (Rollers) - k WfF gagLjgL fUf

m) U cUis (Iron roller)M) f cUis (Stone roller)

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. ebr rhFgo g ........................

m. khdhth M. kfhnrhs . nftuF

68

5. nrWH rhFgo vgUF VwJ?

m. nfhJik M. be . fU

69

23 cHdh btobaLfgL kiz Kija cH gs u

fyig ........................

24. be taf fis vLf gagL fisbto ........................

III. ehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ila25. giz, rhFgo - tiuaW.

26. rhFgo tiffis cjhuzJl vGJf.

27. g RH vwh vd? mj Fnfh ahJ?

28. g RH eikf ahit?

29. xU g l vwh vd? mt isfis vGJf.

30. gy gl g vGJf.

31. rhFgo Kiwf ahit?

32. bjhlahd rhFgo vwh vd?

33. CLg rhFgo vwh vd? mt jJtf uoid TWf.

34. CLg rhFgo jJtf vGJf.

35. fy g rhFgo vwh vd?

36. Kjik cH vwh vd? mt tiff ahit?

37. CLH vwh vd?

38. gUtyh cH vwh vd?

39. ehwfh tiff ahit?

40.

70

54. CLH fUf ahit?

55. #gha RH fisbto g vGJf.

56. sifo fisbto g vGJf.

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila57. g RH jJtfis vGJf.

58. CLg rhFgo jJtfS, eikfS vGJf.

59. cH kW ggLJj vwh vd? mt Fnfhf vGJf.

60. gUt cH vwh vd? mt tiff ahit?

61. w tif cHf g vGJf.

62. cH vwh vd? Kjik cH fUf ahit?

63. ulh iy cHfUf g vGJf.

64. w tif fUfS mj gaghoid vGJf.

V. thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila65. rhFgo Kiwf g vGJf.

66. ehwfh tiff vGJf.

67. Kjik iy cH fUfis t.

68. ulh iy cH fUfis t.

71

7. ij kW ij7. ij kW ij7. ij kW ij7. ij kW ij7. ij kW ij

(Seeds and Sowing)

nj isrYF Mjhu. jukhd ijfns cathd isrYF

mojskhf mikwd. tsJ tU ntsh bjhEg ij Ka

kthd LbghUshF. ClrJf, , g ghJfh LbghUf Matiw

rahf, Kiwahf gagLdhY, jukhd ijfis njbjLfiyba,

isr KG gaid bgw KoahJ. mjdh jukhd ijia njbjLj

xU Ka gahF.

7.17.17.17.17.1 ij tiuaiw ij tiuaiw ij tiuaiw ij tiuaiw ij tiuaiw (Seed - Definition) : j jhia nghw njhw kWgfSila mLj rjia cUthF jF bgw, fUw, Kj Nyfnk

ij ij ij ij ij vdgL.

ijbagJ gHf UJ ilF ijfis kL Fgiy.

HFf (kr), iyl nrj jLf (KUif), fuizf (fU), Kis

gFf (cUis HF) Matiw FF.

jha tiuaiw (jha tiuaiw (jha tiuaiw (jha tiuaiw (jha tiuaiw (Grain - Definition) : czfhf rhFgo bragL jhtuisbghUfSF jha jha jha jha jha vW bga. J czfhf gagLjgL

jhtuf midJ gFfis FF.

7.27 .27 .27 .27 .2 jukhd ij Fzf jukhd ij Fzf jukhd ij Fzf jukhd ij Fzf jukhd ij Fzf (Characteristics of Quality Seed):

1. mLj rjia cUthF jF bgwjhf Uf ntL.

2. mfik, wik bgwjhf Uf ntL.

3. Fiwjgr Kis wid bgUf ntL.

4. nrbghGJ ij a kW Kis w ghfgl TlhJ.

5. ij nedh a ghfglTlhJ.

7.37 .37 .37 .37 .3 ij cwf ij cwf ij cwf ij cwf ij cwf (Seed Dormancy) : rhjfkhd Niy mikjhY yijf cldoahf Kisfhk, Fl fhyF ng Kiswd. j

X iyF cwf iy cwf iy cwf iy cwf iy cwf iy vW bga. ij cwf uL tifgL.

m) Kjiy cwfiy

M) ulh iy cwf iy

72

m.m.m.m.m. Kj iy cwf iy Kj iy cwf iy Kj iy cwf iy Kj iy cwf iy Kj iy cwf iy (Primary Dormancy) : y ijf KisgjFca rhjfkhd Niy mikjhY, mt cs fod nkYiw, ij fU Kwhj

iy nghw fhuzfsh cldoahf Kisgiy. jF Kjiy cwf iyKjiy cwf iyKjiy cwf iyKjiy cwf iyKjiy cwf iy

vW bga. Kj iy cwf iy _W fshf fgLwJ.

1. a cwfiy

2. ghuga cwf iy

3. lgl cwf iy

M .M .M .M .M . ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy (Secondary Dormancy) : ey Kis wcs ijf Tl rhjfkw Niy cwf iyia milwd. jF

ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy ulh iy cwf iy vW bga.

ulh iy cwf iyahdJ btgiy khWghL, x gwhFiw,

urhadf, thf, tsia jLF bghUf Matwh VgLwd.

cwfiyia Fj cwfiyia Fj cwfiyia Fj cwfiyia Fj cwfiyia Fj (Breaking Dormancy) :1. aufis bfhL ij ciwf nk uhfis VgL cwf

iyia fyh c.. gaW tiff.

2. urhad kUJfis gagL ijne brJ cwf iyia

Fiwfyh c.. gU my ij ir

3. ts Cfis bfhL ne brJ cwf iyia fyh.

c.. u my - nfhJik, gh

4. f Fiwj btgiy (5 - 10oC) Fl fhyF ijfisitUJ cwf iyia fyh.

c.. M, nuh#h, ADT 43 uf be ijia 40-50oC btgiyy 10 litJ cwf iyia fyh.

5. ijfis XL Fl fhy itgjh, Kisig jil br

mfwgL cwfiy urhadf fgLwJ.

c.. bfhjk.

6. y ijfis L vJ, ij ciw jokid FiwJ cwf iy

fgLwJ

c.. njF ijf

7. mf btgiy cs Fl fhy itJ cwf iyia fyh

c.. ntyku.

8. y ijfis CwitJ ijgjh cwfiy fgLwJ.

c.. fUnty

73

9. ijfis iffsh jiu njJ cwf iyia fyh. J midJ

kugfSF wj gyid mF.

7.47.47.47.47.4 ij ne ij ne ij ne ij ne ij ne (Seed Treatment) : ijfis urhad kUJfSl irbrtjF ijne vW bga. ij ne tU fhuzfSfhf

nkbfhs gLwJ.

1. jhFjiy jf

2. rz jhFjiy jLf

3. Cl rJfis iyWj

4. Kis wid l

5. twia jhf

1.1 .1 .1 .1 . bfh ij ne bfh ij ne bfh ij ne bfh ij ne bfh ij ne (Insecticide Seed Treatment) : ij kWtsU gf jhFjiy Fl fhy tiu fLF itf ne

nkbfhsgLwJ.

c.. gU kW btil ijf lhFnsh ir

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . rz ijne rz ijne rz ijne rz ijne rz ijne (Fungicide Seed Treatment) : ijf _y gunehfis Mugnyna fLgLj ne cjwJ.

c.. jha kW gaW tif gf fhgl ij ne.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . c cu ne c cu ne c cu ne c cu ne c cu ne (Biofertilizer Treatment) : t kly cs ieu#idnt KoRf iy Wj, k ilfhj iy cs krij

ilF totF khw c cu ne bragLwJ.

c.. jha gf - mnrhigy, mrnlhngl

gaWtif gf - iunrha

midJ gf - ghngh ngOah

4.4.4 .4 .4 . Kis wid mfF ij ne Kis wid mfF ij ne Kis wid mfF ij ne Kis wid mfF ij ne Kis wid mfF ij ne (Seed Treatment to ImproveSeed Germination) : ijf Kis wid o, mf Kis widbgw urhadfis gagL ijne bragLwJ. c.. u my.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . fodkhf ijne fodkhf ijne fodkhf ijne fodkhf ijne fodkhf ijne (Seed Hardening) : khdhth yf twiajh tsu ijfSl urhad kUij bfhL ne brj fodkhf ij

neahF.

c.. bghlha il iAu# ghng KH2PO4, bghlha FnshiuL KCl

75

7.5 ij ne tiff 7.5 ij ne tiff 7.5 ij ne tiff 7.5 ij ne tiff 7.5 ij ne tiff (Types of Seed Treatment) : ij nenkbfhsgL Kiwia bghWJ

1.

77

eikfeikfeikfeikfeikf

1. el ta jahuhfhj iy ehwfh jah brJ jf rka el

brayh.

2. Fl ilbt tir el brtjh rahdg vifia

guhkfyh.

3. el ta Fiwthd ehf Ugjh g ghJfh bry FiwtJl,

iu K iyia milwd. vdnt mLj giu fhyjhkj

rhFgo brayh.

4. jukw kW , nehfsh ghfgl ehWf ehwfhnyna

mfwgLtjh, Mnuhakhd ehWf kLnk el taYF bfhL

brygLwd.

g, uf, gl, ij Kiw Matiw bghWJ ijnjit

khWgLwJ. g cg kF mLjgoahf ijnf mf KaJt

mfgLwJ. ij ne thyhf a kW Kisw

ghJfhfgLtJl, kW nehf Mug iynyna fLgLjgLtjh

g cg bry FiwJ yhg mfF.

kLkLkLkLkL

I. bghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ilabghUjkhd ila1. jukhd ijF ........................ njit

m. rj cUthF jF M. wik

. mfik

78

II. XU thij ilaXU thij ilaXU thij ilaXU thij ilaXU thij ila6. fUw Kj Nyf ........................

7. ijf clnd Kisfhk Flfhy ilbtF Kisj

........................

8. rhjfkhd NH UjhY Kisfhj ij cwf iy ........................

9. Kisw UJ rhjfkw Niy Kisfhj ij cwf

iy

10. ijfis urhad kUJfSl ir brtjF

III. ehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ila11. ij, jha tiuaiw

12. jukhd ij Fzf ahit?

13. ij ne nehf vd?

14. ij ne tiff ahit?

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila15. ij cwf kW cwf iy g sFf,

16. cwfiy Fj g vGJf.

17. ij iy Fj g vGJf,

V. thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila18. ij vwh vd? ij Kiwf tiff kW mt eikf

g vGJf.

19. ij cwf g t.

79

8. thf8. thf8. thf8. thf8. thf

(Water Management)

ghrd ghrd ghrd ghrd ghrd (Irrigation) : jhtuf jfsJ tsF, cgF njitahdid kiH _ykhf bgWwd. kiHdh bgwgL kLnk jhtu

tsF nghJkhdjhf Ugiy. gUF gwhFiw VgL fhyf,

braif Kiw id ghRtjF ghrd ghrd ghrd ghrd ghrd vW bga.

8.18.18.18.18.1 KaJt ( KaJt ( KaJt ( KaJt ( KaJt (Importance of Water) :1. jhtuf eilbgW gntW clbraa ffSF

njitgLwJ.

2. jhtu xU ghfYs rJ bghUfis, kW nt bghUfis,

jhtu w ghffSF vLJ bry njitgLwJ.

3. jhtu eilbgW x nrifF njitgLwJ.

4. l iy kYs rJ bghUfis uhdJ ut iyF kh

jhtufSF bfhLwJ.

5. jhtu 90 rjF nk fhzgLwJ.

6. k btgiyia Fiwf, uh ngh _y jhtuf cl

btgiyia Fiwf njitgLwJ.

8.28.28.28.28.2 Mjhuf Mjhuf Mjhuf Mjhuf Mjhuf (Water Sources) : ilF lid bghWJ mtiwuL tiffshf fyh.

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . y nkgu nj itfgL y nkgu nj itfgL y nkgu nj itfgL y nkgu nj itfgL y nkgu nj itfgL (Surface Water) : kiHkW gJf _y bgwgL mlF. nkY MWf, Vf, Fsf,

mizf nj itfgL U tif bgwgL uhF.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . y mo nj itfgL y mo nj itfgL y mo nj itfgL y mo nj itfgL y mo nj itfgL (Subsurface Water) : kiH_y bgwgL y cns brW yjo uhf nrfgLwJ. jid wj

bt zWf (Open Wells) kW MFHh zWf MatUJ vLJ ghrdF gagLjyh.

8.2.18.2.18.2.18.2.18.2.1 jeho Mjhuf jeho Mjhuf jeho Mjhuf jeho Mjhuf jeho Mjhuf (Water Resources of Tamilnadu) : MWf, Vf,Fsf kW MJis zWf nghwt UJ gUF njitahd ghrd

bgwgLtjh tiw ghrd _yf ghrd _yf ghrd _yf ghrd _yf ghrd _yf vdyh.

jeho bkhj fu ghrdgu Rkh 29 yr vl MF.

80

Mjhuf Mjhuf Mjhuf Mjhuf Mjhuf ghrdgu (rj)ghrdgu (rj)ghrdgu (rj)ghrdgu (rj)ghrdgu (rj)

zWghrd 55

fhth 26

Vghrd 18

ju Mjhuf 1

jHf tf flnyhu o gFf tlHF gUt kiHdh

gabgWwd. kiH bgUghY Vf _y nrfgL gagLjgLwJ.

UjnghY jHf bgUghyhd fhthf mil khyfsha nfush

kW fehlfhitna oF bgJ esd. a xUikghL vgJ

eho KJbfYghd trha jh cWgLjgLwJ. trha brtjF,

FoUF, milkhy tsfis eUgJ, mil khyf cz

njitfSfhf, bjhfSfhd _ybghUf, rijgLJj, trha

rhj w njitfSfhf xnwhblhW rhUF. d, bkh, fyhrhu

jho a xUikghL brtnd sfbrtJ trhank.

8.2.28.2.28.2.28.2.28.2.2 jHf Ka ghrd lf jHf Ka ghrd lf jHf Ka ghrd lf jHf Ka ghrd lf jHf Ka ghrd lf :

yyyyy nk^ mizyyyyy gth rhf mizyyyyy mkuht mizyyyyy bgah itif mizyyyyy ghgehr jhugu mizyyyyy kKjhW ujhd fhthyyyyy ng ghiw kW bgUgh mizyyyyy UZz mizyyyyy rhj} mizyyyyy guFs Mah l kWyyyyy U_ miz

Mait jHf Ka fhth ghrd lfshF.

j ghrd lf _y Rkh 8 yr vl y g rhFgo

bragLwJ. mfgrkhf Rkh 80 rj ms beg rhFgo bragLwJ.

nkY nk^ miz ogh jrh, Uth% kW ehfgod khtlf

kL Rkh 52 rj tiu ghrd tr bgWwJ. kw mizlfsh jHf Rkh

10 rjF Fiwthfnt ghrd tr bgWwJ.

81

zW ghrd iwghf _ykhf yjo ga gLjgLwJ.

jeho nfhaK khtl, ahF njitahd 60 rj

iwghfis cg brJ jjik twJ.

8.38.38.38.38.3 ghrd jik ghrd jik ghrd jik ghrd jik ghrd jik (Quality of Irrigation Water) : ghrdFgagLjgL jikahdJ m fiuJs cf msit bghWJ

mikwJ. it fiuaToa cf kW nj F bghUf vd

uL tifgL. t ms TLnghJ myJ FiwbghGJ ij

Kisj Kj mWtil tiu gntW ghfis VgLJwJ.

ghrd jik fl fhufis bghWJ mikwJ

1. fiuJs cf flJ w

2. bkhj c ms fiu nrhoa c j

3. rng, FnshiuL, fhgnd kW ig fhgnd v maf

4. fha ka nrhoa kW bghlha ne maf

5. nghuh ms

6. RWw NH

7. fhu myjik kW EQf khR

ghrd t ghrd t ghrd t ghrd t ghrd t (Reclamation of Irrigation Water) :1. eLiyF mfkhf fhu myjik cs iu eLiyahf fjf my

nrf ntL.

2. nrhoa maf mf cs r nrJ t brayh.

3. v fiu cf k mo mLFfSF toJ bry bjhGcu

Lj ntL.

8.48.48.48.48.4 ghrd Kiwf ghrd Kiwf ghrd Kiwf ghrd Kiwf ghrd Kiwf (Types of Irrigation) :

ghrd _yfUJ gyjkhd Kiwf ghrdF bfhL

tugLwJ. t eh njbjLF Kiwia bghWJ ghrd zhj

jLfgLwJ. mit,

1. kzh mikfgL thfh

2. bk thfh

3. fh FHhf

4. totikfgl wj fh thfh

5. ... FHhf

82

nkTa xbthU KiwY bry, ghrdw, zhF ms

nghwit khWgLwd.

thfhf _ykhf bfhL tugL uhdJ, rhFgo tafSF tU

_W Ka Kiwf ghrd bragLwJ.

I. gu ghrdII. mok ghrdIII. t ghrd

I..... gu ghrd gu ghrd gu ghrd gu ghrd gu ghrd (Surface Irrigation) :

ij MWtiffshf fyh

1. gut ghrd 5. giz ghrd

2. gh ghrd 6. brhL ghrd

3. rh ghrd 7. bj ghrd

4. mf ghrd 8. fghrd

1.1 .1 .1 .1 . gut ghrd gut ghrd gut ghrd gut ghrd gut ghrd (Flood Irrigation) : yij RY tuf mikJ yguid rkgL thfh _y tU iu xU thkil tahf

yF gh y KGtJ gut br KiwF gut ghrdgut ghrdgut ghrdgut ghrdgut ghrd vW bga.

gut ghrd Kiw ghrgL , y KGtJ gu y nj

wJ. jHf be, fU, kr nghw gfSF gut ghrd Kiw

ghrgLwJ. y rit bghWJ ta gu khWgL.

iwfiwfiwfiwfiwf

1. gut ghrdij gWnghJ thfh kW fiuf mikgj _y

y zhtJ jLfgLwJ. jdh y glgL g

vif mfwJ.

2. xU eh xU ntiyahis gagL 15 Vf gugs cs yF gut

ghrd Kiw ghryh.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . gh ghrd gh ghrd gh ghrd gh ghrd gh ghrd (Bed irrigation) : yij Rkh 5 l s, mfyKs Utir ghfshf mikJ eLnt thfh mikJ, thfh tU iu

yF ghRtjF gh ghrd gh ghrd gh ghrd gh ghrd gh ghrd vW bga. nrhs, f, uh, sfh, fj

nghw gfSF, njhlfh yf glgL gfSF ghghrd

Kiw ghrgLwJ.

84

iwfiwfiwfiwfiwf

1. ghghrd Kiw ghRtjh Mahj _y zhtJ

jLfgLwJ. jdh ghrd fdkhf gagLjgLwJ.

2. beUfkhf glgL gfSF ghRtjF gagLwJ.

3. gh ghrd Kiw y a fshf fgLtjh mj a

gFid kL rkgLdh nghJkhdJ.

4. gut ghrdij fhoY fdkhf gagLjgLwJ.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . rh ghrd rh ghrd rh ghrd rh ghrd rh ghrd (Furrow Irrigation) : yij rkgL a fshf J,y gh mikJ ghfSF il cs rhf tahf ghR KiwF

rh ghrdrh ghrdrh ghrdrh ghrdrh ghrd vW bga.

mf ilbtl tirahf elgL gU, fU, ifiy, fhf

brof kW HF tif brofSF rh ghrd Kiw ghrgLwJ.

nklhf mikJs ghf gf tirahf elgLwd. uL

ghfSF eL mikUF gskhd gFahd rhf tahf

ghrgLwJ.

iwfiwfiwfiwfiwf

1. y cs rh gFf kLnk

86

mfghrd Kiw ghrgL yf Rkh 4 l ilbtF xU

mf btlgLwJ. y uL irfSF izahf j mff

btlgLwd. j mff 30 br.. mfyK, 60 br. MHK cilajhf UF.

jF ilnas ilbt mikJs ygF glgLwJ.

ghrd _yf UJ tUw ghrd thfhf _y mffSF

bfhL tugL mff nj wJ. mfkhd kiH bg fhyf

yF tUw mf ms kiH j mff _y yUJ

btnaw gagLtjh it tofhfshf gagLwd.

iwf iwf iwf iwf iwf :1. mfghrd Kiw ghRtjF Fiwj ms Mf nghJkhdJ.

2. mf kiH bg fhyf j mff tofhfshf bragL mf

dh g ghfglhk jLfgLwJ.

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . giz ghrd myJ tlgh ghrd (giz ghrd myJ tlgh ghrd (giz ghrd myJ tlgh ghrd (giz ghrd myJ tlgh ghrd (giz ghrd myJ tlgh ghrd (Basin Irrigation ) ) ) ) ) :gHnjhlfY gizfY cs bga kufis R xU l Rws

tl to ghf mikfgL ghrd br KiwF giz ghrdgiz ghrdgiz ghrdgiz ghrdgiz ghrd

vW bga.

iwf iwf iwf iwf iwf :1. y KGtjF ghrhk kuid Rs a ghf kL

ghrgLtjh ghrd fdkhf gagLjgLwJ.

2. Mahj _yK, f _yK mf ms zhtJ

FiwfgLwJ.

3. ku ntgF gus ygu kL ghrd bragLwJ.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . brhL ghrd (brhL ghrd (brhL ghrd (brhL ghrd (brhL ghrd (Drip Irrigation))))) : ghrd id jhtu nt klygLgo brhL brhlhf ghR KiwF brhL ghrd brhL ghrd brhL ghrd brhL ghrd brhL ghrd vW bga.

iwf iwf iwf iwf iwf :1. ilw Fiwj ms fdkhd Kiw gagLjgLwJ.

2. Mahj kW f _y zhtJ KGikahf jLfgLwJ.

3. thfh kW tuf mikfhk j Kiw ghRtjh y

zhtJ jfgLwJ.

4. fiu cufis Kiw _y gfSF bfhLfyh.

5. fisf njhWtJ btFthf FiwwJ.

88

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . bj ghrd (bj ghrd (bj ghrd (bj ghrd (bj ghrd (Splash Irrigation) ) ) ) ) : ghrd _yfUJ tUw ghrdid thfhf nj itJ iffsh bjF KiwF bj ghrdbj ghrdbj ghrdbj ghrdbj ghrd

vW bga.

y 4 l ilbt y FWfhf thfhf mikJ m

ghrd iu njf itJ id gf J gLgo bjfgLwJ.

nftuF, v kW fhff nghw gfSF bjj ghrd Kiw

ghrgLwJ.

iwiwiwiwiw : ilw Fiwj ms KGtJ yYs gfSF gagLtif, gf J KGikahf bjfgLwJ.

8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . f ghrd (f ghrd (f ghrd (f ghrd (f ghrd (Sewage and Sullage Irrigation) ) ) ) ) : bga efuf LfkW bjUfUJ btnaW f iu wj thfhf _y bfhL tJ

ghrdfhf gagLjgLwJ. jF f ghrd f ghrd f ghrd f ghrd f ghrd (Sullage Irrigation)vW bga.

y efuf cs Lf UJ btnawgL f kj

ffS nrJ btnawgL mij ghjhs rhfil fhthf _y bfhL

tJ ghrdF gagLjgLwJ. jF rhfil ghrd rhfil ghrd rhfil ghrd rhfil ghrd rhfil ghrd (Sewageirrigation) vW bga.

j uL f Y fheil f bghUfS kw Fig

bghUfS fyJ Tkiy UF. uhdJ neuoahf ghrdF

gagLjgLwJ. f ghrd Kiw kJiu efu wghf

bragLjgLwJ. f iu yF ghRnghJ f bghUfS f

Ul nrJ tUtjh k UJthf UF. msF mfkhd y

nkguUJ Mahjyh btg jfgLwJ.

f jhtufSF wj cukhf gaLwJ. fheilfSfhd td

gfis g bra f ghrd gagLjgLtjh td gwhFiw

VgLtJ jfgLwJ. ghrd iu gagL fhf gfS

glgLwd.

f _y y neh Uf fheilfSF tdg _y

gutjh fheilf y rkaf ghfgLwd.

II..... mok ghrd myJ yjo ghrd (mok ghrd myJ yjo ghrd (mok ghrd myJ yjo ghrd (mok ghrd myJ yjo ghrd (mok ghrd myJ yjo ghrd (Sub Soil Irrigation) ) ) ) ) : ghrd_yfUJ tUw ghrd id neuoahf k mLFfSF

89

bfhL brW yid

90

t ghrd iwft ghrd iwft ghrd iwft ghrd iwft ghrd iwf

gut ghrd Kiwfis xLnghJ t ghrd Kiw y wf csd.

1. gut ghrdij bra Koahj nkL, gs, k m VgL gFf t

ghrd f bghUjkhdjhF.

2. f Fiwthd o jiks kzghfhd yf, k fl

f Fiwj ruisf yf, mfkhf iu toa L yf

MatF ghrd f VwJ.

3. iu f fdkhf gagLjyh.

4. ehwfhfSF J fwj ghrdKiw.

5. ghf mikj, kil Uj nghw g iy.

6. vj yrthd gFF VwJ.

7. ciwg, fL btg nghwtUJ giu fhf cjwJ.

8.58.58.58.58.5 guhk guhk guhk guhk guhk (Water Management) : fl fhufis fUbfhL ghrd iu fdkhf, zhfhkY gagLjyh.

1. glgLs g

2. k ts

3. y jgbtgiy

4. ghrdnjit

5. ghrd w

1.1 .1 .1 .1 . glgLs g glgLs g glgLs g glgLs g glgLs g : xU g njit g uf, iyaik,twia jhF w, g taJ, g ts iy Matiw bghUJ

khWgLwJ. Fiwj taJ cila uffSF Fiwthd njit, mf

iygu cila uff mf njit cilajhf UF.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . k ts k ts k ts k ts k ts : k jik, k ts, y mik, k ow Matiw bghUJ ghrd Kiw, ghrd ms, ghrd bra

ntoa fhy Kjatiw zfyh. mjhtJ, tl k mf njF

w cilajhf, kz Fiwj njF w cilajhf UF. mnjngh,

rkkhd y njit Fiwthf, rthd y njit mfkhf

UF.

mf Clw cs kF Fiwj ms ghrd U, Fiwthd

Clw cs kF mf ms ghrd U njitgLwJ.

91

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . jgbtg iy jgbtg iy jgbtg iy jgbtg iy jgbtg iy : kiHas, kiH ehf, fh ntf, fh

92

III. ehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ilaehF tf ila11. ghrd vwh vd?

12. jeho Ka ghrd lf ehid TW.

13. ghrd Kiwf ahit?

14. ghrd jik vfhufis bghWJ mikwJ?

15. gut ghrd vwh vd?

16. ghghrd vwh vd?

17. tlgh ghrd - FbgGJ

18. brhL ghrd vwh vd?

19. mok ghrd g mtbjd?

20. F tiuf : tghrd, bjghrd21. f ghrd kW rhfil ghrd uoF ilna cs

ntWghLf vd?

22. guhk bra fU bfhs ntoait ahit?

IV. xU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ilaxU gf ms ila23. guhk g t?

24. ghrd vwh vd? KaJt ahJ?

25. jeho Mjhufis g t

26. gut ghrd g t.

27. gh ghrd br Kiw g sF

28. rhghrd vwh vd? mj iwf ahit? vbjj gfSF Kiw

gadhF?

29. mfghrd brj g t.

30. gHkufSF gagLjgL ghrdKiw g sF.

31. brhL ghrd g sF.

32. yjo ghrd g sF.

33. t ghrd vgfSF VwJ? vthW mjid brth?

34. f ghrd g t.

35. guhk bra fU bfhs ntoait vbdd? VnjD

_id sF.

V. thd ilathd ilathd ilathd ilathd ila36. ghrd vwh vd? Mjhufis g xU fLiu tiuf.

37. ghrd Kiwf ahit? VnjD uL Kiwfis g t.

38. KaJt ahJ? guhk g xU fLiu tiuf.

93

9. cu kW cunkghL9. cu kW cunkghL9. cu kW cunkghL9. cu kW cunkghL9. cu kW cunkghL

(Fertilizer and its Management)

gUF njitahd ClrJfis mF mff kW mdff

bghUfSF cu cu cu cu cu vW bga. jhtufSF njitahd ClrJfis ng%l

rJf kW ElrJf vd Utiffshf fyh.

9.19.19.19.19.1 ng%lrJf ng%lrJf ng%lrJf ng%lrJf ng%lrJf (Macronutrients) : jhtuf ts kW cgFmf ms njitgL rJf ng%lrJfshF.ng%lrJfshF.ng%lrJfshF.ng%lrJfshF.ng%lrJfshF. mitahtd : fhg(C), iAu# (H), M# (O), ieu# (N), ghgu (P), bghlha (K), fha(Ca), ka (Mg), kW fjf (S). rJfis jhtuf k, kWfhUJ bgW bfhwd