STATUS OF MRV SYSTEMS IN THE ECOWAS REGIONFrom the analysis of these three countries, lessons learnt can be identified on setting up the right structures and responsibilities, allocating

STATUS OF MRV SYSTEMS IN

THE ECOWAS REGION

Document elaborated by Factor

November 2016

STATUS OF MRV SYSTEMS IN

THE ECOWAS REGION

Document elaborated by Factor

November 2016

This publication was reproduced from the best available copy submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL.

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iii

Acronyms AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

BURs Biennial Update Reports

CESC Clean Energy Solution Centre

COP Conference of Parties

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

ECOWREX ECOWAS Observatory for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

ECREEE ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

EE Energy Efficiency

EEEP ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Policy

EREP ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy

GHG Greenhouse gases

GIZ German Cooperation Agency

IEA International Energy Agency

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

IT Information Technologies

LUCF Land Use Change and Forestry

NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

NDC Nationally Determined Contribution

MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification

NEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action Plan

NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan

NFI National Focal Institution

PV Photovoltaic

RE Renewable Energy

RECP Renewable Energy Cooperation Program

SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All

TA Technical assistance

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WB The World Bank

iv

Executive Summary A Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) system is a prerequisite for the tracking of a

country's progress towards the mitigation objectives set under its Nationally Determined

Contributions (NDCs).

Monitoring Reporting and Verification Barriers in the ECOWAS Region

The main barriers identified in the ECOWAS countries, related with implementing a comprehensive

MRV system, are mainly lack of finance and limited institutional capacities, as well as, the poor

quality of available data.

Type of barrier Barrier Description Classification

Financial Limited financial capacities

The lack of financial capacities to implement and maintain an MRV system throughout its life time.

High priority

Institutional

Clarity in responsibilities

A lack of Institutional arrangements with clear mandates, timelines and reporting outlines, as well as policy or regulatory endorsement of the MRV setting.

High priority

Communication between institution(s)

A lack of communication, among the institutions that may be involved in the implementation of MRV.

Medium priority

Human and technological resources

A lack of local teams and databases. Existing efforts are strongly dependant on external and foreign technical assistance.

High priority

Information Availability and quality of data

The information available needs improvement and homogenization in order to provide a common and more accurate approach of the progress made in the countries.

Medium priority

Publicly Available Data and Information on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency for the ECOWAS Region

The desk review conducted on renewable energy and energy efficiency data availability and quality

arrived at the following conclusions:

Publicly available data and information on EE and ER is low in quantity and quality.

When existing, usually, data is not up to date and there are no time series, only data for

certain years are available. There is no systematic and continuous effort throughout time to

gather and report EE and RE data, but rather stop and go or ad hoc exercises.

v

There are almost no national public energy databanks in most countries. When there are

national reporting output products, those are not homogeneous. This shows the lack of a

centralized data gathering and reporting system.

There are several top-down initiatives at regional and global level that gather EE and ER data

such as: ECOWREX, IRENA, WB, IEA. In addition, information can be found in several

donor driven programmes such as SE4ALL or Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme

(RECP).

There is no uniformity of reported data. For each of the consulted databanks (ECOWREX,

IRENA, WB, IEA), different RE and EE indicators are reported, but are not comparable.

The sources of data vary from one databank to the other. Each databank (and organization)

has its own sources from which they retrieve the data. Each international organization uses

their own appointed focal points and agents to gather the data. This results in data

discrepancies among databanks.

Different methodologies are applied in each databank with unclear “estimated” values.

International Best Practices for Establishing MRV Systems

In Africa, Ghana, South Africa and Tunisia are countries with successful experiences in designing

and implementing national MRV systems. From the analysis of these three countries, lessons learnt

can be identified on setting up the right structures and responsibilities, allocating the needed

resources and continuous improvement during implementation.

Structure and Responsibilities

Develop a central system at the national level, with one clear organizational chart of all involved institutions. Identify the institution responsible for coordination. In particular, to appoint a manager responsible for the national MRV system in each country.

Develop agreements and/or working arrangements between the participating institutions in the MRV system, clearly assigning responsibilities, deadlines and budgets.

To establish general guidelines, addressing the monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG, mitigation actions and financial support.

Resources

Allocate financial resources for the implementation and operation of the MRV system and ensure availability of long-term funds.

Allocate enough personnel, with clear roles and responsibilities, and train them regularly.

Setting up information and communication (IT) tools. Creation of online integrated systems for monitoring and reporting.

Implementation of the MRV system

Consider the elaboration of National Communications (every four years) as continuous on-going activities and not as isolated projects.

Exploit the possible experience of the private sector in the development of MRV systems.

Increase the quality of information through periodic reviews of the MRV system and plan a system for continuous improvement.

Promote the exchange of information and experiences among countries in the same region.

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Table of Contents 1 General Overview of the Project .............................................................................................................. 1 2 ECOWAS Region Brief Overview ........................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Situation Analysis of the Current State of MRV Systems in the ECOWAS Region ....................... 2 3 Status of MRV systems in ECOWAS Member States ............................................................................... 5

3.1 Results of consultation process with ECOWAS Member States ..................................................... 5 3.2 Conclusions on the status of MRV systems ECOWAS Member States .......................................... 6 3.3 Conclusions on the RE and EE public data desk review ................................................................. 7

Overall ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Bottom-up ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Top-down ......................................................................................................................................... 8

4 Case studies: best practices ...................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 International good practice cases for the implementation of an MRV System ................................ 9 4.2 Conclusions on Best Practices ....................................................................................................... 14

5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Annex 1. Status of energy targets in the ECOWAS region ............................................................................ 16 Annex 2. Status of energy-related public reporting in ECOWAS Member States ......................................... 19

Publicly available energy-related data in the ECOWAS Member Countries ....................................... 19 Benin .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Burkina Faso .................................................................................................................................. 21 Cape Verde .................................................................................................................................... 22 Ivory Coast ..................................................................................................................................... 25 Gambia ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Ghana ............................................................................................................................................. 28 Guinea ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Guinea-Bissaou .............................................................................................................................. 31 Liberia ............................................................................................................................................ 32 Mali ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Niger .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Nigeria ........................................................................................................................................... 37 Senegal ........................................................................................................................................... 38 Sierra Leone ................................................................................................................................... 39 Togo ............................................................................................................................................... 41

Conclusions on the RE and EE Public Data Desk Review ................................................................... 43 Overall ........................................................................................................................................... 43 Bottom-up ...................................................................................................................................... 43 Top-down ....................................................................................................................................... 43

Annex 3. Result of the Survey by Country .................................................................................................... 44 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 45

List of Figures Figure 1. Member countries of the ECOWAS region ................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Types of measurement, reporting and verification of mitigation .................................................. 3 Figure 4. RE and EE policies in place for the ECOWAS region ................................................................ 16

vii

List of Tables Table 1. Identification of Barriers in the ECOWAS Region ........................................................................ 5 Table 2. Classification of Barriers in the ECOWAS Region ........................................................................ 7 Table 3. General Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 14 Table 4. EREP Targets and Goals in the ECOWAS Region ...................................................................... 17 Table 6. EEP Targets in the ECOWAS Region .......................................................................................... 18

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1 General Overview of the Project The ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) was established to

create favourable framework conditions for regional Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

(RE&EE) markets, by supporting activities directed to mitigate existing technology, financial,

economic, business, legal, policy, institutional, knowledge and capacity related barriers. ECREEE

works in 15 West African countries that make up the Economic Community of West African States

(hereinafter, ECOWAS) sub-region.

ECREEE has launched a programme to advance low carbon development in the ECOWAS region

through the implementation of Renewable energy and energy efficiency measures. Through this

programme ECREEE requested the Clean Energy Solution Center (CESC) of the National renewable

energy laboratory (NREL) for technical assistance (TA) to undertake a study on the status of

monitoring, reporting and verification practices (MRV) in the ECOWAS region, a key policy

component for which the CESC is tasked to deliver in the broad spectrum of clean energy policies.

The purpose of the assignment was to determine the current state of MRV in the ECOWAS region to

be able identify needs for future support by ECREEE. This is because ECREEE foresees that

Countries need reliable and consistent information on greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and

actions as well as support for climate change mitigation to be effective in overall mitigation efforts.

An MRV system should therefore be designed suitable for its national implementation, also

considering international methodologies and guidelines in terms of data management, development

of GHG inventories and institutional aspects, among others. A robust MRV system is also a

prerequisite for the tracking of country's progress towards the mitigation objectives set under its

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). However, adequate MRV processes and systems are

yet to be developed in many ECOWAS countries and this is considered a major gap that needs to be

filled to ensure that countries contribute to achieving the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC) led global agreement of limiting global atmospheric temperatures below

2 degrees Celsius.

2

2 ECOWAS Region Brief Overview The ECOWAS is a regional group of 15 countries which aims to promote the integration of

economic activities in sectors such as energy, industry, transport, agriculture, natural resources,

commerce, among many others. With an expanding population of over 334.6 million people,

ECOWAS Member States represent about one third of the sub-Saharan Africa’s total population

(African Economic Outlook 2016).

As the world accelerates towards a low carbon economy, the region is especially facing the urge to

achieve universal access to electricity. In this regard, West Africa’s economies already are, and will

inevitably be, even more confronted with the effects of climate change in the coming decades. Given

the region’s vulnerability and unachieved universal access to modern energy, the urgent need for

reliable, sustainable and affordable energy poses a dilemma for policymakers.

Figure 1. Member countries of the ECOWAS region

ECOWAS countries have made ambitious pledges in terms of renewable and energy efficiency.

ECREEE has taken a pioneering role in the development of a regional sustainable energy framework

in West African region, to provide guidance and support the Member States for the adoption and

creation of renewable energy and energy efficiency markets. Annex 1 summarises the status of

renewable end energy efficiency targets in the ECOWAS region.

Situation Analysis of the Current State of MRV Systems in the ECOWAS Region

The MRV related to mitigation of climate change took appearance in 2007 as part of the Bali Action

Plan. The 2012, Conference of Parties (COP 17) decided on the submission of the first Biennial

Updated Report (BURs) from non-Annex I Parties, consistent with their capabilities and the level of

3

support provided for reporting. Afterward, efforts were made to describe what should be measured,

reported and verified, how, by whom, and for what purpose.

During COP21 in Paris, the UNFCCC launched a robust accountability and transparency framework

to support developing countries to implement the goals and measures set in their NDCs. Furthermore,

this framework is expected to help track the progress of implementation of the agreement and ensure

trust among parties. Based on this international agreement, it is expected that ECOWAS countries

will need to have robust MRV systems in place by 2020 to measure and report their 2020 and 2030

targets.An MRV system is therefore essential to successfully implementing the National Determined

Contributions (NDCs) submitted under the Paris Agreement, which defines countries’ mitigation

goals and policies.

There are three types of MRV systems: (1) MRV of GHG emissions, (2) MRV of mitigation actions,

and (3) MRV of financial support. All three underpin a robust national MRV system. Outside of the

UNFCCC process, MRV systems also provide essential benefits to countries in terms of identifying

national priorities as well as challenges and opportunities, policy planning and prioritization,

developing national data systems and much more.

Figure 2. Types of measurement, reporting and verification of mitigation

Source: World Resources Institute

Out of the 15 countries, only Ghana can be considered as a success case in the implementation of a

reliable MRV system (refer to Section 3. Case studies). In fact, MRV systems in the ECOWAS

region are still enduring some important gaps that need to be urgently filled as part of the climate

change response by ECOWAS Member States, as many countries are yet to move from ad hoc

systems to established sustainable long term systems of reporting.

Therefore, in line with the above, in order to provide technical expertise in the diagnose of the

current state of data gathering and reporting of RE and EE measures in the ECOWAS region, this

study specifically focuses on energy-related MRV processes as most of the current efforts of

countries in implementing clean energy and EE measures have not been adequately measured, nor

reported or verified, even though they contribute to GHG emission reduction/abatement.

4

This report has been structured as follows:

Section 2 presents the result of a consultation process with ECOWAS Member States on

present status of MRV activities in their country.

In line with the above, an overview of international experience and some best practices and

lessons learned in the area regarding MRV system is being presented in Section 3.

Section 4 concludes with a summary of the findings and recommendations for improving

energy related MRV systems in the ECOWAS.

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3 Status of MRV systems in ECOWAS Member States

Results of consultation process with ECOWAS Member States In order to proceed with the assessment and diagnosis of the current state of the MRV systems and to

provide some best-practice recommendations, it is imperative to get an in-depth view of the current

challenges faced by countries in MRV system setup .

This section is based on results from two surveys. Firstly, from end of July to mid-October, ECREEE

and Factor conducted a survey based in a questionnaire with two blocks of questions, one on general

status and barriers for MRV systems and a second one on specific challenges faced within the energy

sector. The survey was sent to UNFCCC and ECREEE National Focal Institutions (NFI), in all

ECOWAS countries. Out of 15 countries, 40% (i.e. 6 out of 15) provided feedback regarding the

status of MRV systems in their respective countries.

The results achieved were compared and completed with the survey made by the German Federal

Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) on MRV within the Cluster Francophone, early this

year.

It is important to note that despite the follow-up processes undertaken, the response rate achieved

from countries and governmental authorities was low due to different reasons. Some are listed below:

Limited time to implement the survey;

lack of available information;

lack of clarity in responsibility for responding and exchanging of information;

Nevertheless, based on the analysis and results obtained from the surveys, and despite the low

response rate achieved, some important barriers to the implementation of robust MRV systems have

been identified and are expressed here below.

Table 1. Identification of Barriers in the ECOWAS Region

Source: Survey analysis

Barrier 1 Limited financial capacities

Background

Economic resources are, in most cases, a restriction for the establishment of a proper MRV system. It occurs due to the need of strengthening capacity of the team, as well as the possible need for new material resources.

Phase of MRV system affected

All the stages of the system MRV are affected by this barrier, especially monitoring and reporting stages.

Barrier 2 Human and technological resources

Background Rotation of human resources and difficulty of maintaining knowledge and lessons learned in the institutional teams.


Mainly in the stages of data gathering, development of analysis and calculations and reporting.

6

Barrier 3 Clarity in responsibilities

Background High complexity and amount of information and processes to be developed in order to achieve a robust MRV system.


This applies to every stage of the MRV process: collection and treatment of data, development of calculations and analysis of the results.

Barrier 4 Availability and quality of data

Background

Data is a key variable for a good implementation of a MRV system. Measuring and processing data are critical aspects when obtaining reliable results. A very important aspect is that all data considered in the MRV system have traceability and can be reviewed in the present and future, this means that, measures and sources of information used in each case need be localized and archived.


Stage of monitoring, focused on generating and collecting information, as well as in the processes of control and data quality.

Barrier 5 Communication between institution(s)

Background

Derived from the above-mentioned aspects, it is important to strengthen the channels of communication between the institutions involved in monitoring energy data. This is particularly important when there is the aim to build a regional approach.


All stages of the MRV system would be affected by this barrier (collecting information, data processing, quality controls, reporting and verification).

Conclusions on the status of MRV systems ECOWAS Member States

Based on the analysis of the responses of the survey and the barriers identified, the MRV challenges

in the region have been classified according to the level of needed action in the member countries as

a starting point to implement a robust and successful MRV system in each and every Member

Country.

The results from the analysis are highly in line with the international methodologies and the

classification of barriers by type of needs1: (i) financial, (ii) institutional and (iii) information.

However, special emphasis has to be made on the barriers classified as high priority in the ECOWAS

region based on the previous analysis from the surveys, namely:

lack of financial capacities

lack of clarity in responsibilities

1 For more information, please visit

https://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/ws15223_ghana_gpa2015_en_fin_web.pdf.

https://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/ws15223_ghana_gpa2015_en_fin_web.pdf

7

and lack of human resources

On the other part, some obstacles in terms of quality and control of information have been also

detected, as well as some lack of communication and information flow between the different

institutions that must be overcome in order to facilitate the monitoring and correct reporting of

mitigation actions in general and RE and EE in particular.

In addition, it must be taken into consideration that any effort at establishing a MRV system for EE

and ER in the ECOWAS has the goal to monitor the achievement towards the energy sector NDC

targets, which means that this MRV has to be established as a component of a wider MRV system,

that will allow countries to report accordingly within the UNFCCC agreements. In the Annex 2 the

status of energy-related public reporting in ECOWAS Member States is presented and faced against

their declared targets for RE and EE in their NDC.

The following table further analyses the barriers identified and provides a general assessment of the

barriers in the ECOWAS region. Nevertheless, a robust and sustainable MRV system for the

ECOWAS region can only be established if all the barriers are addressed in a comprehensive way.

Annex 3 presents the result of the survey per country.

Table 2. Classification of Barriers in the ECOWAS Region

Type of barrier Barrier Description Classification

Financial Limited financial capacities

The lack of financial capacities to implement and maintain an MRV system throughout its life time.

High priority

Institutional

Clarity in responsibilities

A lack of Institutional arrangements with clear mandates, timelines and reporting outlines, as well as policy or regulatory endorsement of the MRV setting.

High priority

Communication between institution(s)

A lack of communication, among the institutions that may be involved in the implementation of MRV.

Medium priority

Human and technological resources

A lack local teams and databases. Existing efforts are strongly dependant of external technical assistance.

High priority

Information Availability and quality of data

The information available needs improvement and homogenization in order to provide a common and more accurate approach of the progress made in the countries.

Medium priority

Conclusions on the RE and EE public data desk review

A desk review has been performed analysing publicly available data of ECOWAS Member States

regarding RE and EE (Annex 2). The following conclusions were found:

8

Overall

It can be said that publicly available data and information on EE and ER is low in

quantity and quality. There are many data gaps and when existing, usually, data is not up

to date and there are no time series. Only data for certain years are available. According to

specific studies developed during previous years, in many cases there is no systematic and

continuous effort throughout time to gather and report EE and RE data, but rather stop and go

exercises.

Bottom-up

There are almost no national public energy databanks in most countries (with the

exception of a few countries). When there are national reporting output products, those are

not homogeneous. This shows the lack of a centralized data gathering and reporting system in

each country.

Top-down

There are several top-down initiatives at regional and global level that gathers EE and

ER data such as: ECOWREX, IRENA, WB, IEA. In addition, information can be found in

several donor programmes such as SE4ALL or Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme

(RECP).


IRENA, WB, IEA), different RE and EE indicators are reported, but are not comparable. For

instance, IRENA has the indicator “RE electricity generation”, which includes all renewable

sources, while the WB’s indicator of RE electricity production excludes the production from

hydroelectric plants. This heterogeneity of EE and RE indicators is probably increasing the

complexity of the data gathering and reporting process.

The sources of data vary from one databank to another. Each databank (and organization)

has its own sources from which they retrieve the data. Therefore, there is no clear centralized

authority in the ECOWAS Member States responsible for reporting the EE and RE data.

Instead, each international organization has their own appointed focal points and agents to

gather the data. This results in data discrepancies among databanks.


9

4 Case studies: best practices MRV systems have been developed in the last decade as a very important part of mitigation projects,

mainly because "you can only manage what you can measure."

A series of success factors for the implementation of a general MRV system based on international

best practices is described below:

Understand the objective and approach of the MRV system.

Suitable information and communication processes.

Institutional arrangements with clear definition of the roles and responsibilities.

Valuable legal arrangements.

Quality in monitoring and reliability of the information with transparent access (avoid

double counting).

Analysis of best MRV existing practices in accordance with national requirements

Conduct of reviews and continuous improvement of the MRV system.

MRV system integrity: ensuring comparability, consistency, accuracy, transparency

and completeness of information in order to identify best practices, strengthen the

learning process and allow an international reference with other countries.

Predictability in financial support subject to the MRV system.

International good practice cases for the implementation of an MRV System

A series of good practice cases is presented below, which include the implementation phases of an

MRV system within the energy sector, among others. For all of the following cases, a brief

description of the project and clarification on why they are considered success implementations is

developed, concluding with the lessons learned from their implementation. Projects carried out in

Africa have been prioritized over other international regions, as they are considered more

representative for the present study.

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Case 1 – An Integrated MRV System in South Africa2

Name of the case study Development of integrated MRV system for comprehensive climate action in South Africa

Sectors involved Energy, Industrial Processes, AFOLU, Waste

Description

South Africa owns a wide experience in the development of a comprehensive MRV system that is integrated into national monitoring and evaluation processes, aligned with the global MRV standards. The monitoring encompasses the whole of MRV process, and the evaluation component provides continuous improvements and modifications to the system. This system includes M&E of all atmospheric emissions through a website called “the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory System” (NAEIS). This integration aims at enabling local governments to monitor the progress on the transition towards the adaptation and mitigation of climate change. The system will also help to update the “National Climate Change Response Database (NCCRD)”, developed in 2009, and formalize key data reporting mechanisms through participatory technical working groups. In conclusion, the system establishes the regular tracking of GHG emissions across a wide range of sectors and is in line with the international requirements.

Why is it good practice Success factors

All relevant sectors included.

Based on internationally recognized methodologies.

Yearly regular monitoring and reporting.

Mitigation policies are evaluated.

Regulatory framework.

Transparency of processes and data collection.

Integrated step-by-step approach.

Integrated cooperation and background research.

Lessons learned

Including international MRV requirements in the national strategies and governance structures can facilitate the design of the MRV system.

Policy direction required for the various institutions involved in an MRV system, as it was not yet clearly defined, in order to promote linking of data sources and with the objective of avoiding double counting.

Strong efforts regarding Knowledge based cooperation play an important role for capacity building and policy development.

2 For more information, please visit https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/integrated-mrv-system-south-africa.

https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/integrated-mrv-system-south-africa

11

Case 2 – Collaborating to Align Data, Information and Mitigation Actions in Tunisia3

Name of the case study Coordination between sectors and stakeholders in the development of a national GHG inventory, MRV and NAMAs

Sectors involved Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste

Description

Tunisia’s economic growth is highly linked to the use of fossil fuels, which in recent decades has led to a marked increase in GHG emissions. In order to fight against climate change, the country has developed strategies, plans and activities in order to promote renewable energy and climate protection while improving the economic and social situation of Tunisians, based on the modernization of industry, the creation of jobs and the design of international climate change mitigation efforts, among others.

This particular case offers a good example of the development of well-linked climate change strategy, NAMAs and supporting MRV arrangements in Tunisia. In particular, the project presents high efforts to collaborate across sectors and government ministries to share data and develop effective use of information to support national inventory, NAMA development and MRV.


A wide coordination in terms of data sharing and dialogue through the working group has ensured reliable data and has improved the measurability and monitoring of reduction actions.

It builds on a long-term vision developed and connected by the Solar Plan, the national constitution and the National Climate Change Strategy.

Development of an MRV framework while strengthening the national GHG inventory and designing MRV specific to each mitigation action.

Coordination across different ministries and sectors.

Participatory approach.

Connection between energy and climate issues.

Extensive knowledge of every sector involved.

Lessons learned

Strong efforts regarding Knowledge based cooperation play an important role for capacity building and motivate the engagement of the stakeholders.

Promoting participation between stakeholders to build confidence, understanding and enable joint working and data sharing.

Extensive collaboration between sectors, ministries and research institutes is extremely important in order to define actions and prioritizations.

3 For more information, please visit https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/collaborating-align-data-information-and-

mitigation-actions.

https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/collaborating-align-data-information-and-mitigation-actions

https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/collaborating-align-data-information-and-mitigation-actions

12

Case 3 – Ghana’s Ambitious Climate Reporting Programme 4

Name of the case study Development of an ambitious reporting system on climate change: an integrated system for continuous data generation on greenhouse gas inventories (GHGI), mitigation actions and support

Sectors involved Energy, Industrial Processes, LUCF and Waste

Description

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Ghana Climate Ambitious Reporting Program following the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC decision to enhance climate reporting.

The Program aims to facilitate the setting up of an integrated climate data management system that meets both national and international reporting standards as well as track national policies implementation.

There are four functional components of the Program, which includes:

Setting up of a revised institutional arrangement.

Operationalizing the collaborative mechanisms (MOUs) that underpin activities of the institutions.

Setting up an online climate change data hub.

Continuous training and capacity development of new and existing teams.

The Data System shall serve as a good example of a comprehensive and well-integrated system into institutional structures and processes.


The scope of this integrated system covers the GHG inventory, UNFCCC reporting requirements and national policies.

New institutional arrangement establishes strong relationships with institutions responsible for the GHG inventories.

The newly developed integrated online climate change data hub will serve as a central database.

Strengthened the coordination of pre-existing national and international reporting mechanisms.

Establishment of the Online Climate Change Data Hub for all climate change related data and activities.

Integration of the national preparation of the NATCOMS and BURs into the national structures for the coordination of planning and implementation of climate change activities.

Establishment of institutional arrangements with clear mandates, timelines and reporting outlines, data access and management and budgets.

Lessons learned

The revised institutional arrangement is more coordinated at all levels, with the working groups having been given clear mandates and timelines.

This arrangement relies heavily on existing structures and technical expertise of team members and data providers as a basis for broadening the stakeholder base.

Creating the Online Climate Change Data Hub based on the integration of previous data has proved useful in generating new activity data into one central database.

4 For more information, please visit https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/ghana%E2%80%99s-ambitious-climate-

reporting-programme

https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/ghana%E2%80%99s-ambitious-climate-reporting-programme

https://mitigationpartnership.net/gpa/ghana%E2%80%99s-ambitious-climate-reporting-programme

13

Example of development of a MRV tool by IRENA5

Description

The aim of the tool (Excel format) is to collect data on renewable energy production and use. The participating Countries are requested to provide statistics about hydropower, marine energy (tidal, wave, oceanic), wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, bioenergy and other renewable energy, including detailed information about different types of bioenergy. Data on off-grid electricity generation and capacity can also be reported when available.

Structure

The tool consists in five different tables (Excel sheets):

In the first two tables, the production and consumption of energy in the specific country for the last two years should be reported.

The other three tables present time series for electricity and heat production and electricity generating capacity. If the country has provided data before, it will be shown in the tables in black type. Data collected by IRENA from other sources (IRENA estimates) are shown in red italics. If the country can provide official data to replace these estimates, it should be developed in order to include more accurate data.

5 For more information, please visit

http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=Subcat&PriMenuID=36&CatID=141&SubcatID=330.

http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=Subcat&PriMenuID=36&CatID=141&SubcatID=330

14

Conclusions on Best Practices

A table including the main milestones to implement an MRV System in the energy sector is

presented below, taking into account the (1) Structure and Responsibilities, (2) Resources, and (3)

Implementation.

Table 3. General Recommendations

Structure and Responsibilities

Develop a central system at the national level, with one clear organizational chart of all involved institutions. Identify the institution responsible for coordination. In particular, to appoint a manager responsible for the national MRV system in each country.

Develop agreements and/or working arrangements between the participating institutions in the MRV system, clearly assigning responsibilities, deadlines and budgets.

To establish general guidelines, addressing the monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG, mitigation actions and financial support.

Resources

Allocate financial resources for the implementation and operation of the MRV system and ensure availability of long-term funds.

Allocate enough personnel, with clear roles and responsibilities, and train them regularly.

Setting up information and communication (IT) tools. Creation of online integrated systems for monitoring and reporting.

Implementation of the MRV system

Consider the elaboration of National Communications (every four years) as continuous on-going activities and not as isolated projects.

Exploit the possible experience of the private sector in the development of MRV systems.

Increase the quality of information through periodic reviews of the MRV system and plan a system for continuous improvement.

Promote the exchange of information and experiences among countries in the same region.

15

5 Conclusions During COP21 in Paris, the UNFCCC launched a robust accountability and transparency framework

to support developing countries implement the goals and measures set in their NDCs. Based on this

international agreement, ECOWAS countries need to have functioning MRV systems in place by

2020 in order to measure and report their 2020 and 2030 targets.

Deployment of renewable energies and implementation of energy efficiency measures are among the

most relevant National Determined Contributions to mitigate climate change in the ECOWAS region.

Publicly available data and information on energy efficiency and renewable energies for the

ECOWAS countries is low in quantity and quality. There are many data gaps and when existing,

usually, data is not up to date and there are not time series.

In general, existing information from global databases present: (i) no uniformity in the data reported

(different indicators); different sources (different focal points in the countries); (iii) Different

methodologies for data treatment.

It is crucial to shift from the current stop-and-go (based on punctual studies financed by donors) and

top-down (global) approach for data gathering and reporting to a continuous on-going bottom-up

MRV programme that allows the elaboration of comparable long data time series.

Barriers identified for establishing a bottom-up approach in the ECOWAS region are related with: (i)

limited financial capacities; (ii) clarity in responsibilities; (iii) communication between institution(s);

(iv) human and technological resources; (v) availability and quality of data.

There is an important need to implement a comprehensive capacity building strategy (financial,

institutional, human and technical) on MRV systems for RE and EE targets set in the NDCs of the

Member Countries of the ECOWAS region.

It is central to anchor the initiative at regional level to guarantee the sustainability of the action, the

homogeneity of the monitoring and reporting from each country, the development of a regional

reporting and to play the role of single source for existing global initiatives.

16

Annex 1. Status of energy targets in the ECOWAS region The ECOWAS region ranks among the lowest in terms of electricity access rates in the world. The

region is still constantly confronting the need of universalized modern sources of energy.

Furthermore, there is an important disparity regarding energy access in the region. In fact, electricity

access varies widely from Niger, for instance, which had a rate of nearly 9% back in 2011, to Cabo

Verde which had nearly achieved universal access by then (ECREEE 2014).

A political process has been established with the aim of achieving ECOWAS development goals in

general, and specific goals for the energy sector, notably for energy security and for energy access.

Figure 3. RE and EE policies in place for the ECOWAS region

Source: ECREEE 2014

Despite the availability of renewable energy resources in the region, mainly solar, hydro and wind,

less than 30% of the population has currently access to electricity (ECREEE 2015b). In contrast with

fossil fuels, renewable energy resources are more equitably distributed within the region, providing

opportunities for all the ECOWAS countries to benefit from them. For instance, an estimated 23,000

MW of hydroelectric potential is concentrated in 5 of the 15 member countries of which only 16%

has been exploited.

Also, small hydropower potential in the region amounts to around 6,000 MW. In this regard, there is

good potential for all form of bioenergy use in the region. There is also vast solar energy potential

with high radiation averages of 5 to 6 kWh/m2 per year.

The region is eager to follow its quest towards the establishment of a favourable environment based

on investments in clean, efficient and renewable technologies. In fact, about 60% of the electricity

capacity is still based on fossil fuels, and traditional biomass accounts for 80% of the domestic

energy needs of the community (ECREEE 2015b).

That is why, through the EREP and EEEP, the ECOWAS region has set a clear target to ensure the

increase use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and small-scale hydro and bioenergy

for grid electricity supply and for access to energy services in the region. In this regard, the share of

In October 2012, the ECOWAS Energy Ministers expressed their willingness to work towards the achievement of the SE4ALL targets in West Africa.

In July 2013, the Authority of ECOWAS Heads of State and Government adopts the ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy (EREP) and the ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Policy (EEEP) and charge ECREEE to support the implementation and monitoring of these policies.

In 2014/2015 ECOWAS Member States develop National Renewable Plans (NREAPs), National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) and SE4ALL Action Agendas.

17

renewable energy in the region’s overall electricity mix has been set to 10% in 2020 (35% including

large hydro) and 19% in 2030 (48% including large hydro) (ECREEE 2015b).

Furthermore, the EREP vision is to secure an increasing and comprehensive share of the Member

States’ energy supplies and services from timely, reliable, sufficient, cost-effective uses of renewable

energy sources enabling:

Universal access to electricity by 2030;

Access to modern energy services by 2020, such as, domestic energy services for cooking.

Table 4. EREP Targets and Goals in the ECOWAS Region

Source: ECREEE 2015b

Targets set Goals

2020 2030

Grid-connected renewable energy applications

35% of RE in the electric mix

10% or 2.425 MW of RE installed capacity in the region

48% of RE in the electric mix

19% or 7.606 MW of RE installed capacity in the region

Off-grid and stand-alone application

60,000 installed mini grids

22% rural population access to mini grids or private grids

128,000 installed mini grids

25% rural population access to mini grids or private grids

Domestic RE application 60% household access to better domestic RE conditions

100% household access to better domestic RE conditions

In terms of EE, together with the policies on energy access and renewable energy, the EEEP aims to

achieve Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) goals by 2030. In this regard, the overall objective of

regional policy adopted in 2012 is to double the annual improvement in energy efficiency by 2020, to

attain comparable levels worldwide, by especially focusing efforts in improving efficiency in the

cooking, lighting, buildings and electricity distribution market segments.

Every member country has an energy policy in place either in form of a national policy, a sectorial

policy, or an energy strategy. However, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Senegal

have a renewable energy policy while only Liberia and Nigeria have an energy efficiency policy. The

rest of countries, such as Benin, the Ivory Coast, Guinee and Mali are still working on their

comprehensive approach towards RE and EE policies.

The specific targets set in order to achieve the before mentioned objective is to implement EE

measures that free-up 2000 MW of power generation capacity by 2020 through the set of actions

stated in table 2.

18

Table 5. EEP Targets in the ECOWAS Region

Source: ECREEE 2015a

Targets Set

Phase out inefficient incandescent lamps by 2020

Reduction of current electricity losses to less than 10% by 2020

Creation of a technical Committee in ECOWAS for the harmonization of the energy efficiency labels and regulations by 2020

Promote EE in industries in order to achieve reducing the consumption in 20% - 30% by 2030

Develop and adopt region wide efficiency standards for buildings

Create instruments for financing sustainable energy, including carbon finance

19

Annex 2. Status of energy-related public reporting in ECOWAS Member States Publicly available energy-related data in the ECOWAS Member Countries

ECOWAS countries have made ambitious pledges in their National Determined Contributions in

terms of renewable and energy efficiency. Countries will have to report their progress against these

targets.

This Annex gathers the targets from the NDCs and the result of a desk review conducted in order to

evaluate the existing reporting exercises, as well as, quality and amount of data made available

regarding RE and EE activities of the ECOWAS Member States that are publicly available in various

databanks.

BENIN

Country’s RE and EE Goals and Targets

RE Targets EE Targets

Unconditional commitments

T1. Promote solar PV public lightning in rural and peri-urban roads:

1.000.000 solar lamps and torches in households

T2. Promote the construction of 40 MW solar power plants

T3. Construction of 259.9 MW hydroelectric dams

Conditional commitments

T1. Electrification of 1,000 villages

T2. Promotion of household access to energy efficient lamps

1.2 million lamp

T3. Support acquisition by SBEE of 200,000 household wiring kits

T4. Promote household access to butane gas cooking equipment

275,000 households and 35% subsidy for gas refills

T5. Increase production of electricity from natural gas:

Construction of oil/gas power plant (400MW)

20

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Publicly Available Data

Databank Data Data series

Latest value

Source

ECOWREX

Final energy per capita 2010 0.473 toe/capita

Computed by ECREEE

Access to electricity (national %) 2012-2015 32.44% ECREEE Baseline Report for Benin 2014

Generation from RE (share) 2010; 2013; 2015

60% ECREEE Baseline Report for Benin 2014

Generation from RE (GWh) - N.a. Information not available

On-grid RE installed capacity (hydro, solar, wind, bioenergy)

2012; 2014 2 MW

ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report 2014

Off-grid RE installed capacity (hydro, solar, wind, bioenergy)

- N.a. Information not available

IRENA

RE electricity generation 2000-2014 2.8 GWh IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.

RE total capacity 2000-2015 1.8 MW IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.

World Bank

Energy use per capita 1971-2013 0.393 toe/capita

IEA Statistics

Access to electricity (national %) 1990; 2000; 2010; 2012

38.4%

Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL), Global Electrification database.

RE output (% of total electricity output)

1990-2012 0.61%

OECD/IEA and World Bank, based on IEA data in IEA World Energy Balances

Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (GWh)

1971-2013 1 GWh IEA Statistics

Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (% of total)

1971-2013 0.6% IEA Statistics

IEA National policies and measures on RE

No policies in the database

21

National policies and measures on EE


Governmental Public governmental databank on RE and EE

None

BURKINA FASO



T1. Doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

T1. Achieve universal access to modern energy services.

T2. Double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency.



Latest value Source

ECOWREX

Final energy per capita - N.a. Information not available

Access to electricity (national %) 2011-2015

18.50% ECREEE Baseline Report for Burkina Faso 2014

Generation from RE (share) - N.a. Information not available



2014 5.8 MW



2015 26.68 MW Personal Interviews/ Correspondences/ Emails

IRENA

RE electricity generation 2000-2014

100.40 GWh IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.

RE total capacity 2000-2015

39.3 MW IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.

World Bank

Energy use per capita - N.a. Information not available

Access to electricity (national %)

1990; 2000; 2010; 2012

13.1% Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL), Global Electrification database.

22


Latest value Source


1990-2012

0%6






IEA

National policies and measures on RE

Country not included in the database




None

CAPE VERDE




T1. Achieve 100% grid Access by 2017 T1. Reduce overall energy demand by 10% in relation to the base scenario by 2030. T2. Achieve 30% RE penetration rate into the

electric grid by 2025


T3. Increase the RE uptake in electricity to 100% by 2025 following the trajectory:

35% RE penetration rate in 2016-2018



T2. Reduce overall energy demand by 20% in relation to the base scenario by 2030, (efforts to achieve this target by 2025)



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX Final energy per capita 2010-2015 0.0207 toe/capita

Computed by ECREEE

6 The RE output for 2011 was 15.46 % of total electricity output, according to the World Bank. The value of 2012 (0%) is

probably due to a fault in the reporting process.

23


Latest value

Source

Access to electricity (national %) 2011-2013 90.40%

ECREEE Baseline Report for Cabo Verde 2014

Generation from RE (share) 2011-2013 20%

ECREEE Baseline Report for Cabo Verde 2014



2014 32.4




IRENA

RE electricity generation 2002-2014 114.40 GWh

IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.


World Bank


IEA Statistics


70.6%



1990-2012 0%7






7 The RE output for 2011 was 6.79% of total electricity output, according to the World Bank. The value of 2012 (0%) is


24


Latest value

Source

IEA






None

25

IVORY COAST



T1. Increase the use of renewable energy in electricity production:

Composition of the electricity mix:

26% coal,

32% of natural gas combined cycle

26% hydro and

16% of other renewable sources of energy (RE)

T1. Improve the population's access to electricity and energy at an affordable price.



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX

Final energy per capita 2010-2013 0.333 toe/capita

Computed by ECREEE

Access to electricity (national %) - N.a. Information not available




2014-2015 500.8 MW

Personal Interviews/ Correspondences/ Emails


2015 25 MW


IRENA

RE electricity generation 2000-2014 1,753.6 GWh



World Bank


IEA Statistics


55.8%


26


Latest value

Source


1990-2012 26.44%






IEA






http://energie.gouv.ci/index.php/energie/statistiques-dactivites.html

GAMBIA




T1. Reach 78.5 Gg CO2e reduction by 2025 by the use of renewable energy measures


T1. Reach 42.9 Gg CO2e reduction by 2025 by the use of efficient lighting

T2. Reach 19.3 Gg CO2e reduction by 2025 by the use of solar water heating

T3. Reduce 121.7 Gg CO2e by 2025 by the use of extended renewable energy and energy efficiency

T4. Reduce 287.6 Gg CO2e by 2025 by the use of efficient cook-stoves

T5. Reach 114.0 Gg CO2e reduction by 2025 by the use of vehicle efficiency standards



27



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX






2014 1 MW




IRENA

RE electricity generation - N.a. Information not available

RE total capacity - N.a. Information not available

World Bank


IEA Statistics


34.5%



1990-2012 0%






IEA





28


Latest value

Source


None

GHANA




T1. Double energy efficiency improvement to 20% in power plants


T1. Scale-up renewable energy penetration by 10% by 2030

T2. Expand the adoption of market-based cleaner cooking solutions

T2. Promote clean rural households lighting



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX


Computed by ECREEE

Access to electricity (national %) 2014 75% ECREEE Baseline Report for Ghana 2015


Generation from RE (GWh) 2013-2014 8,387 GWh VRA Fifty Third Annual Report & Accounts 2014


2014-2015 1,580 MW



2010 12 - 59 MW Hydrological Service Department

IRENA RE electricity generation 2000-2014 8,391 GWh Questionnaire to IRENA Focal Point

29


Latest value

Source

RE total capacity 2000-2015 1,582.5 MW


World Bank


IEA Statistics


64.1%



1990-2012 67.12%






IEA


https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Ghana




http://www.energycom.gov.gh/data-center

GUINEA



T1. Produce 30% of its energy (excluding fuelwood) with renewable energy.

T1. Universal access to electricity by 2030.

T2. Double the ratio of "consumed energy/gross energy consumption” by 2030.



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX Final energy per capita - N.a. Information not available



http://www.energycom.gov.gh/data-center

30


Latest value

Source





2014-2015 75 MW



2015 33.06 MW


IRENA



World Bank



26.20%



1990-2012 0%8






IEA







31


Latest value

Source


None

GUINEA-BISSAOU




T1. 80% renewable energy in the national energy mix by 2030.

T1. Increase in electric power capacity of at least 90 MW by 2020 using petroleum products (diesel and heavy fuel oil).

T2. Energy efficiency - reduce energy losses up to 10% in the 2030 time span.

T3. 80% of access to electricity by 2030.



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX






2014 0 MW



2015 0 MW


IRENA

RE electricity generation - N.a. Information not available

RE total capacity - N.a. Information not available

32


Latest value

Source

World Bank


IEA Statistics


60.60%



1990-2012 0.00%






IEA






None

LIBERIA



T1. Raise share of renewable energy to at least 30% of electricity production and 10% of overall energy consumption by 2030

T1. Improve energy efficiency by at least 20% by 2030

T2. Replace low thermal efficiency cooking stoves (5-10%) with higher-efficiency (40%) stoves.



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX



33


Latest value

Source




2012; 2014 4.66 MW



2015 4.8 MW


IRENA



World Bank



9.80%



1990-1998 36.71%






IEA






None

34

MALI



T1. Promote renewable energy and energy efficiency:

install over 100 MW of renewable energy;

reach the target of 10% of renewable energy in the energy mix by 2020, expanding photovoltaics, wind, small hydro and biomass energy.



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX

Final energy per capita - N.a. -

Access to electricity (national %) - N.a. -

Generation from RE (share) - N.a. -

Generation from RE (GWh) - N.a. -


2011; 2014; 2015

151.64 MW 2011; 2014; 2015


2015 6.3 MW 2015

IRENA

RE electricity generation 2000-2014 982.3 GWh 2000-2014

RE total capacity 2000-2015 189.7 MW 2000-2015

World Bank

Energy use per capita - N.a. -


25.60% 1990; 2000; 2010; 2012


1990-2012 0%9




35


Latest value

Source





IEA






None

NIGER



T1. Increase the installed capacity from 4 MW in 2010 to 250 MW in 2030, of which 130 MW hydroelectric Kandadji and 20 MW from wind power (0,035 MW currently).

T1. 25% decrease in the energy intensity of GDP (modern and traditional energy).

T2. Doubling the rate of renewable energy to 30% in the primary and final energy balances.

T2. Improvement of energy efficiency in industries, households, transport and distribution of electricity (by reducing losses, from 12% to less than10% in 2020).

T3. Construction of low-carbon residential buildings.

T4. Increase in the access to electricity (in total, from 10% in 2010 to 60% in 2030, from 47% to 100% in urban areas and from 0.4% to 30% in rural areas in 2030).



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX


Computed by ECREEE



36


Latest value

Source

Generation from RE (GWh) 2010-2012 4 GWh ECREEE Baseline Report for Niger 2014.


2014 0 MW




IRENA



World Bank


IEA Statistics


14.40%



1990-2012 0%






IEA






None

37

NIGERIA



T1. 31 million tons potential GHG reductions per year in 2030 by the use of renewable energy measures.

T1. 2.5% per year energy efficiency (30% by 2030)

T2. 40% energy efficiency target

T3. 179 million tons potential GHG reductions per year in 2030 by the use of economy-wide energy efficiency



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX


Access to electricity (national %) 2014 64% Online/Internet Expert Publication




2011; 2014; 2015

2,043.4 MW



2015 32.4 MW


IRENA

RE electricity generation 2000-2014 5,363.0 GWh


RE total capacity 2000-2015 2,059.8 MW


World Bank


IEA Statistics


55.60%


38


Latest value

Source


1990-2012 19.71%






IEA


https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Nigeria


https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/energyefficiency/?country=Nigeria


http://www.power.gov.ng/index.php/78-featured/73-annual-reports

SENEGAL



T1. Improvement of the distribution of electricity and domestic fuel

T1. Improvement of energy efficiency



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX


Computed by ECREEE





2014 0 MW








39


Latest value

Source



IRENA



World Bank


IEA Statistics


56.50%



1990-2012 9.83%






IEA


https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Senegal




None

SIERRA LEONE



No specific target No specific target



40



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX


Access to electricity (national %) 2011-2013 12.5%

ECREEE Baseline Report for Sierra Leone 2014




2014-2016 86.55 MW



2014-2015 13.3 MW


IRENA

RE electricity generation 2000-2014 130 GWh IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.


World Bank



14.20%



1990-2012 0%10






41


Latest value

Source



IEA






None

TOGO



T1. Establishment of incentives for the use of renewable energy.

T1. Adoption of a national energy policy.

T2. Development of renewable energy (to 4% of the energy mix).

T2. Revision of the Electricity Act and creation of a national agency for rural electrification.



Latest value

Source

ECOWREX






2014-2015 65.6 MW



2014-2015 4.7 MW


IRENA RE electricity generation 2000-2014 89.8 GWh IRENA estimated based on publicly available data.

42


Latest value

Source


World Bank


IEA Statistics


31.50%



1990-2012 84.68%






IEA






None

43

Conclusions on the RE and EE Public Data Desk Review

The desk review has been performed analysing publicly available data of ECOWAS Member States

regarding RE and EE. The following conclusions were found:

Overall

It can be said that publicly available data and information on EE and ER is low in

quantity and quality. There are many data gaps and when existing, usually, data is not up

to date and there are no time series. Only data for certain years are available. According to

specific studies developed during previous years, in many cases there is no systematic and

continuous effort throughout time to gather and report EE and RE data, but rather stop and go

exercises.

Bottom-up

There are almost no national public energy databanks in most countries (with the

exception of a few countries). When there are national reporting output products, those are

not homogeneous. This shows the lack of a centralized data gathering and reporting system in

each country.

Top-down

There are several top-down initiatives at regional and global level that gathers EE and

ER data such as: ECOWREX, IRENA, WB, IEA. In addition, information can be found in

several donor programmes such as SE4ALL or Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme

(RECP).


IRENA, WB, IEA), different RE and EE indicators are reported, but are not comparable. For

instance, IRENA has the indicator “RE electricity generation”, which includes all renewable

sources, while the WB’s indicator of RE electricity production excludes the production from

hydroelectric plants. This heterogeneity of EE and RE indicators is probably increasing the

complexity of the data gathering and reporting process.

The sources of data vary from one databank to another. Each databank (and organization)

has its own sources from which they retrieve the data. Therefore, there is no clear centralized

authority in the ECOWAS Member States responsible for reporting the EE and RE data.

Instead, each international organization has their own appointed focal points and agents to

gather the data. This results in data discrepancies among databanks.


44

Annex 3. Result of the Survey by Country

Factor BEN CV GHA LIB NI NE SEN SL TOG

Institution

Responsible

MRV O-chart

Human

Resources

Guidelines

Access to

information

Reporting/

verification

Not in place Partially In place

45

Bibliography African Economic Outllok. African Economic Outllok. 15 11 2016.

http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/statistics.

ECOWREX. ECOWREX Country Profiles. 2016. http://www.ecowrex.org/page/tableau-country-profiles-

dashboard (accessed October 2016).

ECREEE . “ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Status Report.” Praia, 2014.

ECREEE & NREL. Situation Analysis of Energy and Gender Issues in ECOWAS Member States. ECREEE,

2015.

ECREEE. ECOWAS Energy Efficiency Policy (EEEP). Praia: ECREEE, 2015a.

ECREEE. ECOWAS Renowable Energy Policy (EREP). Praia: ECREEE, 2015b.

—. Regional Framework for Monitoring, Revision and Reporting of ECOWAS Renewable Energy and

Energy Efficiency Policies and National Action ans and SE4ALL Action Agendas. 2014.

—. Workshop on Doubling the Global Rate of Improvement in Energy Efficiency by 2030: Options,

Implementation, Issues and Way Forward. Copenhagen, 2014.

IEA. IEA Policies and Measures Database. 2016. https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/ (accessed

October 2016).

IRENA. IRENA Country Profiles. 2016. http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/# (accessed October

2016).

Singh, N., Finnegan, J. & Levin, K. MRV 101: Understanding Measurement, Reporting and Verification of

Climate Change Mitigation. Washington DC: World Resources Institute, 2016.

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Documents

STATUS OF MRV SYSTEMS IN THE ECOWAS REGIONFrom the analysis of these three countries, lessons learnt can be identified on setting up the right structures and responsibilities, allocating