Status of Coral Reefs in and around Komodo National Park: 2009

8/9/2019 Status of Coral Reefs in and around Komodo National Park: 2009

1/84

Corl Rs in n ron Kooo Ntionl Prk: Stts Rport 2010

Coral Reefs in andaround Komodo

National Park:

Status Report 2009.

PT. PUTRI NAGA KOM DO


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

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C o r a l R e e f s i n a n d a r o u n d K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k

S t a t u s R e p o r t 2 0 0 9

H a R v e y a & y u S a m a N d R a H

m a R C H 2 0 1 0

K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k C o r a l R e e f S t a t u s S e r i e s : 2 0 0 9


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

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Th Nt Cnsnc

The mission o The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities thatrepresent the diversity o lie on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. The Conservancy

launched the Global Marine Initiative in 2002 to protect and restore the most resilient examples o oceanand coastal ecosystems in ways that beneft marine lie, local communities and economies. The Conservancyoperates over 100 marine conservation projects in more than 21 countries and 22 US states; they work withpartners across seascapes and landscapes through transormative strategies and integrated planning andaction. The ocus is on: (1) Setting priorities or marine conservation using ecoregional assessments andtools or ecosystem based management; (2) Ensuring coral ree survival by creating resilient networks o

marine protected areas; (3) Restoring and conserving coastal habitats by utilizing innovative new methods;(4) Building support or marine conservation through strategic partnerships and working to shape globaland national policies. Marine conservation in The Nature Conservancy builds upon the organizations corestrengths: achieving demonstrable results; working with a wide range o partners, including non-traditional

partners; science-based, robust conservation planning methodologies; our experience with transactions; and,perhaps most importantly, our ability and commitment to back up our strategies with human, fnancial andpolitical capital. For more inormation e-mail [email protected] or go to www.nature.org/marine.

PT Pt N Kd

PT Putri Naga Komodo is a non-or-proft tourism destination management company and holds the sole

tourism concession license to operate within Komodo National Park. Putri Naga Komodos mission is toachieve fnancial sustainability or park management through the development o tourism, and to supportbiodiversity conservation and compatible community development initiatives lead by the Komodo National

Park Authority. The company is a joint partnership majority owned by The Nature Conservancy, who providetechnical expertise and support to science-based management initiatives.


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Published by: The Nature Conservancy and PT Putri Naga Komodo

Copyright: 2010 The Nature Conservancy/ PT Putri Naga Komodo

Reproduction o this publication or educational or other non-commercial purposes isauthorized without prior written permission rom the copyright holders provided the sourceis ully acknowledged.

Reproduction o this publication or resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout prior written permission o the copyright holders.

Citation: Harvey A & Yusamandra H (2010), Coral Rees in and around Komodo National Park: StatusReport 2009. The Nature Conservancy & PT Putri Naga Komodo, Bali, Indonesia.

Illustrations: Donald Bason

Available rom:

The Nature Conservancy, Jl. Pengembak No. 2, Sanur, Bali 80228, Indonesia.

PT Putri Naga Komodo, Gang Mesjid, Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, NTT, Indonesia. www.gokomodo.org


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Sumary or DeCiSioN maKerS

KNPs corl rs proi goos n srics tht spport

locl lilihoos, conois n oo scrit. Corl

rs r worth n stit uS$ 129,000 pr hctr

pr r (TeeB 2009). Corl r onitoring ssists prk

ngrs to inti thrts n trns, n to sstin

ths locl, ntionl n globl bnts.

Btwn 1996 n 2002 r hlth incrs both

insi n otsi KNP, bt clin ro 2003 to 2006

to ntrl ctors. Rs otsi KNP sbsqntl

rcor t rt o 1.40% pr r. Rs insi KNP

show no inc o rcor.

No inc o rcnt bob g to rs ws

tct in 2009, n srillnc, norcnt n

ction orts shol b intin. No inc o

blching, Crown-o-Thons Strsh, or nchor g

wr tct, lthogh ths thrts r locliz in

spc n ti.

Li hr corl cor is n inictor o r hlth. Highst

corl cor ws rcor in Wst Kooo, n lowst

in st Kooo. Low corl cor n high rbbl wr

rcor in North KNP..Rgions o low corl cor, sh bioss n r

rcor coinci with rgions o high rsorc s

intnsit. appliction o th prctionr principl is

isbl, pning rthr ssssnt o cs-n-

ct rltionships. Corl cor n sh bioss within

no-tk rs b inhibit s rslt o liit

iplnttion o KNPs zontion sst n high

lls o shing ctiit within no-tk rs.

!"#$%&' (%&"' )*#+",-+./%' ' ' ' ' ' '

!"#"$"%&'()% *+)(,$'%-./% 0122% % % % %

%% 789$,),":9;%


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

8

Biologicl irsit nhncs clit chng rsilinc.

High corl irsit xists throghot KNP, n consists

o srl gogrphic conit tps. This rport

stblishs bslin or hrbioros sh bioss,

ginst which r rsilinc, phs shits, n trtrns cn b ssss. Hrbioros sh ngnt

in Loh Lwi throgh sll no-tk rs col ssist prk

ngrs to rss phs-shit risks.

dstrcti shing (.g. bob shing) is grtl rc

in KNP, n crrnt ngnt orts shol contin.

Low r hlth coincis with high rsorc s, n

riw o ngnt objctis, gps n ns (sp.

zontion sst) wol ssist prk ngrs to ppl

prctionr principls n sgr KNPs globl,

ntionl n locl bnts.


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abbreviaTioNS

BTNK Balai Taman Nasional Komodo (Komodo National Park Authority)

FRS Floating Ranger Station

GIS Geographic Inormation System

GPS Global Positioning System

IFC International Finance Corporation

KNP Komodo National Park

LHCC Live Hard Coral Cover

LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (The Indonesian Institute o Sciences)

MDS Multi-Dimensional Scaling

PHKA Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Departemen Kehutana (Forest Protection and NatureConservation, Ministry o Forestry)

PNK PT Putri Naga Komodo

RHM Ree Health Monitoring

RUM Resource Use Monitoring


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

10

aCKNowleDgemeNTS

This binnil stts rport is bs on t collct b PNK ring 2009. It incorports nlsis o long-

tr trns, sing t collct b BTNK, TNC n PNK btwn 1996 n 2009.

Btwn 2005 n 2009 lwork ws spport b grnts ro th IFC n TNC. Bor 2005, TNC n

thir onors nnc lwork.

Th thors r grtl or th orts o ll BTNK, PNK n TNC st tht h contribt to collcting

th inortion prsnt in this rport.

Th thors cknowlg th criticl rol o crrnt n pst irctors o Kooo Ntionl Prk or

rcognising th iportnc o R Hlth monitoring, spporting th progr, n thir coitnt

to scring KNPs sccss s bioirsit rg, tritionl s r n toris stintion.

Th thors r thnkl to th district Gornnt o Wst mnggri, locl conitis n othrstkholrs who h spport th r hlth onitoring progr, rcognis its l, n

incorport rslts into locl sstinbl lopnt strtgis.


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exeCuTive Summary

Kooo Ntionl Prk (KNP), Inonsi incorports both trrstril n rin hbitts o th Lssr

Sn corgion o th Corl Tringl, n is signt s uNeSCO Worl Hritg Sit n mn nBiosphr Rsr. KNPs rin cossts proi goos n srics t th globl, ntionl n locl

ll. Th intnnc o hlth rin cossts is criticl or sstinbl lopnt within th Wst

mnggri rgion, strngthning locl lilihoos, toris n shr conois, n oo scrit.

This rport prsnts th 2009 phs o corl r hlth onitoring in Kooo Ntionl Prk. Btwn 5th

n 23r Octobr 2009, 35 sits wr spl insi n otsi KNP sing sr tchniqs conoring

to intrntionls stnrs to ssss bnthic conit strctr, corl irsit, sh bioss n sh

irsit.

No inc o rcnt bob shing ws tct, sggsting tht srillnc, norcnt n otrch

progrs within KNP h sccssll iinish th thrt o bob shing to KNPs rin hbitts. Noinc o Crown-o-Thorns g, nchor g or blching ws tct. Howr ths ipcts

b loclis in ti n spc, n ngnt rspons plns shol b lop..

Btwn 1996 n 2002 th hlth o corl rs both insi n otsi KNP incrs. Following

Crown-o-Thorns ipct in 2003, corl rs otsi KNP rcor t rt o 1.40% pr r. Howr

rs insi KNP show no signs o rcor.

Th hlthist rs (highst li hr corl cor (LHCC) n sh bioss) wr rcor in Wst Kooo.

Th lst hlth rs wr rcor in est Kooo n North KNP, n corrspon to rs o high

rsorc s prssr. Pning rthr st to inti cs-n-ct rltionships btwn rsorc

s n r hlth, prctionr pproch is is. Riw o ngnt objctis, gps n nswol ssist prk ngrs to itigt rsorc s prssrs on r hlth, spcill i strngthn

iplnttion o KNPs zontion sst.

Inictions o trophiction risk wr tct in Loh Lwi, est Kooo, possibl rising ro swg,

nil or orgnic wst ischrg ro Kooo illg. Frthr onitoring o this r is is to tct

trns. Strngthning o wst ngnt objctis in otrch n ction progrs wol ssist

prk ngrs to iniis trophiction risks.

a bslin or sh bnnc n bioss hs bn stblish, ginst which tr ssssnts o

cosst chng cn b ssss. dirs nctionl grops o sh incrs rsilinc to clit chng

n phs shit ipcts. mngnt o hrbioros sh throgh sll-scl, strictl norc no-tkrs nr Loh Lwi ssist prk ngrs to itigt trophiction ipcts n nhnc stkholr

nggnt.

KNPs rin cossts proi lbl ntrl ssts tht spport locl conois, lilihoos n

oo scrit. Prctionr ngnt pprochs r isbl. Riw o ngnt objctis,

gps n ns wol ssist prk ngrs to bil on xisting sccss storis (.g. rction in bob

shing) n pt ngnt pprochs to rss crrnt thrts (.g. clos corrltion btwn

rsorc s pttrns n r stts). Priorit rs incl est Kooo n North KNP, n sn hot

spots o high toris n shing ctiit.


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

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CoNTeNTS

1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 15

1.1 Komodo National Park..........................................................................................161.1.1 Physical Features and Biodiversity..............................................................16

1.1.2EcosystemServicesandBenets ................................................................17

1.1.3 Governance ..................................................................................................18

1.1.4 Marine Threats and Impacts ........................................................................18

1.2 Coral Reef Management and Monitoring .............................................................20

2 Methodology .................................................................................................... 212.1 Site selection .........................................................................................................22

2.2 Survey schedule ....................................................................................................22

1.1 Survey Team ..........................................................................................................22

2.3 Transect deployment .............................................................................................232.4 Fish Stock Assessments ........................................................................................23

2.5 Benthic Assessments ............................................................................................23

3 Results ............................................................................................................. 253.1 Benthic cover ........................................................................................................26

3.1.1 Long-Term Temporal Trends .......................................................................26

3.1.2 Reef Community Structure ..........................................................................26

3.1.3 Indicators of reef health and resilience: hard coral cover and diversity ......28

3.1.4 Indicators of reef degradation: eutrophication and other impacts ...............29

3.2 Fish diversity and biomass ....................................................................................29

3.2.1 Indicators of Management Effectiveness: Fish biomass .............................29

3.2.2Indicatorsofreefresilience:shdiversityandfunctionalgroups...............30

4 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 314.1 Long-Term Trends in Reef Status .........................................................................32

4.2 Success Stories and Diminished Threats to Reef Status .......................................32

4.3 Current Threats to Reef Status ..............................................................................33

4.4 Management Effectiveness ...................................................................................33

4.5 Resilience to Climate Change and Other Threats .................................................34

4.6 Priority Considerations for Adaptive Management ..............................................35

4.7 Limitations and Future Monitoring .......................................................................35

5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 37

6 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 396.1 Management ..........................................................................................................40

6.2 Monitoring ............................................................................................................40

Appendix A: Site map & coordinates ......................................................................... 47

Appendix B: Survey Equipment ................................................................................. 53Appendix C: Survey Proorma ................................................................................... 55Appendix D: Indicator Fish ...................................................................................... 57Appendix E: Statistical Tests .................................................................................... 61Appendix F: Raw Data ............................................................................................. 69


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

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Introduction1


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

16

Kooo Ntionl Prk (KNP) contins xtnsi corl

r hbitts tht spport high rin bioirsit

n proi cosst srics ssntil or hn

wll-bing n conoic lopnt. KNPs corl

rs n ssocit cossts c growingprssr ro ntrl n nthropognic thrts,

incling clit chng, toris, n nrglt

rsorc s.

In 1996 th Gornnt o Inonsi init Th

Ntr Consrnc (TNC) to ssist th Kooo

Ntionl Prk athorit (BTNK) to strngthn

rin n trrstril ngnt strtgis in

KNP. a long-tr ngnt pln or KNP ws

lop with spcic objctis to sstin corl

r cosst goos n srics (PHKa & TNC2000), incling:

Establish a terrestrial and marine reserve in KNP

that ully protects the natural communities,

species, and the terrestrial, coastal and marine

ecosystems.Use the Parks resources in a sustainable way, or

tourism, education, tourism, and research.Protect the stocks o exploited ree fsh and

invertebrates in the reserve, thereby creating a

source o recruits to enhance fsheries on fshing

grounds in and around the Park.In 2005 th Kooo projct ws xtn

with instnt ro th Globl enironnt

Fcilit (GeF) throgh th Intrntionl Finnc

Corportion (IFC), with th i o nsring th

long-tr cti ngnt o KNP throgh

collborti ngnt pproch. a k

prornc inictor or corl r ngnt

ws n no signicnt rction in li hr

corl cor (LHCC) to locl hn ipcts (IFC2004).

This rport scribs th 2009 stts o corl

rs in KNP, n xins long-tr trns n

iplictions or ngnt.

K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k1 . 1

P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s a n d1 . 1 . 1

B i o d i v e r s i t y

Kooo Ntionl Prk (11930e, 835S) is loctin th Lssr Sn islns o Inonsi, est Ns

Tnggr proinc. Ling in th Sp strits btwn

Flors n Sbw, it copriss th thr islns

o Kooo, Rinc n Pr, sllr srroning

islns, th strits btwn th in islns n ll

wtrs within 1000 o shor (Figr 1 ). Kooo

Ntionl Prk (KNP) ncopsss both rin n

trrstril nironnts, incling hbitts o th

lnrbl Kooo rgon (Varanus komodoensis)n 132,000 h o th worls richst rin

nironnts, incling corl rs, ngros,

sgrss ows, sonts n bs.

KNPs rin cossts spport high bioirsit,

incling or 1,000 spcis o sh, 385 spcis

o r biling corls (Bgr & Trk 2005), 70

spcis o spong (PHKa & TNC 2000) n 9 spcis

o sgrss (Pedju 2004). Lrg christic n,

incling 10 spcis o olphin, 7 spcis o whl

(Khn 2000) n two spcis o s trtl, contribt

1: lctn Kd Ntn Pk, indns thn th lss Snd nd C Tn n c-n.


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to KNPs ppl s toris stintion. Thrtn

or nngr spcis (IuCN 2009) h bn

rcor within KNPs wtrs, incling gongs

(Dugong dugon), nt rs (Manta birostris),

whittip r shrk (Triaenodon obesus), blcktip rshrk (Carcharhinus melanopterus), Brni co(Cromileptes altivelis), Npolon wrss (Cheilinusundulates), hwksbill trtl (Eretmochelys imbricata),grn trtl (Chelonia mydas), n gint cl(Tridacna gigas) (ern 2004).

E c o s y s t e m S e r v i c e s a n d1 . 1 . 2

B e n e f i t s

KNP intins cosst goos n srics

(millnni ecosst assssnt 2005) tht

proi bnts t th locl, ntionl n globl ll(Box 1). High conoic ls h bn ttribt

to th tps o costl cossts contin within

KNP to th srics th proi: ngro

ssts r worth n stit uS$ 4,290 nnll

pr hctr, sgrsss n lgoons proi

bnts o ron uS$ 73,900 pr r pr hctr,

whil corl rs r ong th ost conoicll

lbl o ll cossts t uS$ 129,000 pr r

pr hctr (TeeB 2009).

as protct r contining rin n costl

cossts, KNP pls k rol in:

Maintaining Indonesias healthy coasts and seas in

order to sustain social and economic development;

and

Maintaining signifcant natural resources on behal

o the global community (IUCN et al2008).

at th locl ll, KNPs rin cossts nrpin

conois, lilihoos n oo scrit throgh,

or xpl:

Increased diving tourism and resulting revenues

(Bonaire Marine Park, Netherlands Antilles);

Increased subsistence fsh catches, expanded

tourist activity, and greater involvement o local

people in managing resorts and boats (Tai Island,Fiji);

Growth o tourism and resulting revenue through

gate, guide, and camping ees, rental o boats and

equipment, and hotel expenses (Malindi/ Watamu,

Mobasa and Kisite/ Mpunguti National Parks and

Reserves, Kenya); and

Accrual o indirect benefts through the creation o

jobs in hotels and or guides and boatmen (Salm

et al2000).

Th conoic l o KNP, in trs o inco

ro shris n toris lon or th rsints

o Kooo district is stit t ron 60 billionrpih (pproxitl uSd 6 illion) pr nn

b 1 - mPa nfts

MPAs provide a range o global, national and local benefts (Kelle-her 1999), including:

Conservation o biodiversity, especially critical habitats othreatened species;

Protection o attractive habitats and species on which sustain-able tourism can be based;

Increased productivity o fsheries by:

insurance against stock collapse;

buer against recruitment ailure;

increase in densities and average sizes o individuals;

increase in reproductive output;

provision o centres or dispersal o propagules and adults

(spillover);containing more natural species composition, age struc-ture, spawning potential and genetic variability;

Contribute to increased knowledge o marine science through:

inormation on unctional linkages,

implementation o the precautionary principle,

provision o control sites or research and ecologicalbenchmarks against which to measure human-inducedchange;

potential as nodes in monitoring networks;

more natural systems where natural mortality can becompared with fshing mortality;

A reuge or intensely exploited species;

Protection o genetic diversity o heavily exploited popula-

tions;

Protection o cultural diversity, e.g. sacred places, wrecks andlighthouses.


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KNPs hn popltions, which pn principll

on shing or thir lilihoos, h incrs b

1000% sinc 1930, bringing rslting incrs in

nthropognic istrbncs (PHKa & TNC 2000).

Globl isss sch s clit chng n ocnciiction to ths thrts. Th ipct o

ltipl strssors, both ntrl n nthropognic,

h ltiplicti ct on cossts (Brnt

t l 1998), with hn-g rs or

lnrbl to ntrl istrbncs n tking

longr to rcor (Brown 1997).

Prir thrts to th cosst goos n srics

ri ro KNPs rin cossts inclstrcti shing (spcill blst n cni

shing), orshing, Crown-o-Thorns Strsh, ss

blching nts n nchor g (mos t l

2007; PHKa & TNC 2000).

b 3: Connectivity between coral ree, mangrove and sea grass habitats (CRMP 2004).

b 5: Dstnc t C rs

Natural disturbances to coral rees include:

disease,

temperature extremes,

pest outbreaks including Crown-o-Thorns Starfsh,

cyclones,

seismic events including earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes

Anthropogenic disturbances to coral rees include:

Pollution , including mine runo and sewage discharge, poi-sons ree communities, pollutes ree waters and promotes algalgrowth (Bjork et al1994; Brown 1997; Richmond 1994);

Overfshing results in shits in fsh size, abundance and speciescomposition o ree communities. The removal o key herbivore

and predator species may cause cascading eects in the trophicweb, bringing large scale changes to ecosystems and the servic-es they provide (Bohnsack 1993; Dulvy et al2004; Jennings &

Polunin 1996; Pennisi; Pinnegar et al2002; Roberts 1995).

Destructive fshing practices, including bomb and cyanide fsh-ing, muroami and trawling, are non-selective, remove largenumbers o undersized target species and non-target species

and cause habitat damage. Cyanide fshing to support the liveood fsh trade has led to widespread reductions in groupers, Na-poleon wrasse and other species (Johannes & Riepen 1995).

Climate change will increase background disturbances (throughe.g. elevated sea surace temperatures, ocean acidifcation andincreased storm requency and intensity) reducing resilience toother human disturbances (Bryant et al1998).

Coastal development , including reclamation and construction,alters coastal dynamics, removes important nursery grounds, andincreases terrestrial run-o and pollution (Wilkinson 2004).

Unregulated tourism can impact on coral rees through tram-pling by swimmers and divers, anchor damage, and sewage dis-charge rom hotels (Global Environment Facility 1996).


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

20

C o r a l R e e f M a n a g e m e n t1 . 2

a n d M o n i t o r i n g

KNPs R Hlth monitoring (RHm) progr ws

stblish in 1996 to proi n rl wrningo cologicl chng, lt ngnt

pprochs, inor pti ngnt n

incrs th l prsnc o prk st, thrb

prnting illgl rsorc s (mos t l 2007).

monitoring o 185 sits ws rpt r two

rs btwn 1996 n 2006 (mos t l 2007).

This rport scribs th 2009 phs o binnil r

hlth onitoring in KNP. It s to KNPs globll

rr long-tr tbs on corl r stts,

prois prk ngnt with criticl inortion

on tporl n sptil trns in r stts within

KNP, n spports ltion n pttion o

cti ngnt within KNP.

RHm 2009 xtns this binnil ssssnt

throgh pt onitoring protocols (Wilson

& Grn 2010) tht rct crrnt intrntionl

stnrs opt b LIPI. Ths protocols ipro

intgrtion o KNPs RHm into ntionl n globl

ssssnts, n nhnc t prcision nrplicbilit (.g. throgh ccrt GPS positions

n n trnsct irctions). K irncs

r sris in Tbl 1. dt ri ro ths

protocols rin coprbl with prios t,

whil proiing itionl inortion n nr

rsoltion.

RHm 2009 i to:

Establish a database on KNP ree community

structure, diversity and distribution to provide

management insights into current status, threats,

!"#$%&'()*#+,&-&.&/0) 12-3+#-)*#+,&-&.&/0)

!"#$%&'()*(&+,'"(",-& !"#$%&'()*(&+,'"(",-&

."/$%&'0"/&,1$*&2-%$3"-$%&)*$)& 4$3"-$%&(*)-'$5(&6$-7(8&

.*)-'$5(&%"*$5(",-&%"5()($%&9:&52**$-(&*$'26("-7&"-&1)*")(",-& !"#$%&(*)-'$5(&%"*$5(",-&;%$-("3"5)(",-&,3&9*,)%&9$-(8"5&5)($7,*"$'&"66&6$1$6& F"78$*&'>"66&6$1$6&!trends and resilience;

Provide a benthic community baseline or uture

assessment o phase-shits;

Begin in-situ assessments o fsh stocks in KNP,

and establish a baseline or monitoring any uture

change;

Develop a database on ree fsh community

structure, abundance, biomass and distribution to

provide management insights into current status,

threats, trends and resilience;

Examine similarities and dierences in ree

status between management zones, and evaluate

management approaches;

Assist in indentiying key threats, areas o

resilience and management priorities within KNP,

providing an early warning o ecological change,

and implementing adaptive management.

S u m m a r y o s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d d i e r e n c e s b e t w e e nT a b l e 1 :p r e v i o u s a n d n e w s u r v e y m e t h o d o l o g i e s .


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Methodology2


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

22

S i t e s e l e c t i o n2 . 1

Sr sits wr slct ro 185 long-tr corl

r onitoring sits (mos t l 2007) (appnix

a).all sit coorints wr to Gogrphicl

Inortion Sst (GIS) n ctgoris into

rgions.

Komodo West;

Komodo East;

Rinca West (incl. Padar);

Rinca East; and

North KNP.

Ths rgions wr consir to posss siilr

nironntl chrctristics (xposr, slop)

bs on cobintion o prsonl obsrtion

n prios stis (Bgr & Trk 2005; mos t

l 2005).

Within ch rgion, sits wr rthr ctgorisbs on ngnt zon:

Wilderness zone;

Traditional use zone;

Outside KNP.

For ch zon within ch rgion, thr rplict

sits wr slct or spling t rno (sing rno nbr gnrtor) (appnix a). Two

pths wr spl t ch sit (shllow, p),

proiing nst sr sign (Figr 2).

I conitions in th l i not llow s to i t

pr-slct sit, w rloct to th nxt sit in th

s zon, contining in th irction o trl.

Sits coorints wr ri ro (mos t l

2005). So coorints h to b jst in th

l, to pblish coorints not locting

r. In ll css, ocnt sit coorints n

sit scriptions wr crll riw bor

cision ws to rloct. Coorints wr

jst to loct th nrst r corrsponing to

ocnt sit chrctristics sing bst gss

pproch (appnix a).

S u r v e y s c h e d u l e2 . 2

monitoring ws conct btwn 5th n 23r

Octobr 2009. Sr ts wr ll qipp

or th plnn work (appnix B). Srs wr

coplt throgh cobintion o lti

xpitions sing th Floting Rngr Sttion n

singl xcrsions sing spbot (Tbl 2).

S u r v e y T e a m1 . 1

ech sr i consist o two bnthic srors,

two sh srors n on stnb st ir on

th src. Th t consist o:

Andrew Harvey PNK Conservaon Manager

Hery Yusamandra PNK Science and Monitoring

Coordinator

Rafael PNK FRS crew

Sukardin PNK speed crew

!"#$% &$''$(% )*+"#,*-%

!"#"$"%&'()*+" ,-."/0123045*+" 6*4'"/(7(8(9":;4'"/(7(8("

(+;10" %?'408*"@(+'5"/@A"


23/84


Harris PNK speed Captain

Sinta WCS Fish Biologist

Udin WCS Fish Biologist

T r a n s e c t d e p l o y m e n t2 . 3

Sr sits wr pproch b ingh or

spbot, sing hnhl GPS (Grin Trx

HCx) to ccrtl loct th sit. dirs wr ll

kitt p n h coplt ll pr-i b

chcks. Onc or th sit (20) irs ntr

th wtr n rpil scn to oi riting.

dirs scn to pth o 10, whr thrk trnscts sing 50 brglss roll trs

fx to th r sbstrt ollowing protocols

scrib b Wilson & Grn (2010). all trnscts

wr plo r-right ollowing th 10

contor. Trnsct plont n sh srs wr

conct siltnosl, with th trnsct-n

rining clos bhin th sh-sror to oi

istrbing sh, n conicting trnsct strt

n n sing tnk-clngr.

W plo thr 50 rplict trnscts t 10.In contrst to (Wilson & Grn 2010), onl thr

sh trnscts wr coplt t ch pth to

ilbl ti n ti winows. For tr RHm,

wll prctic t col coplt trnscts

t ch pth ring np tis or on shltr

sits. atr ll sh n bnthic srs h bn

coplt, trnscts wr rcor n irs

scn to 5 (2) n rpt th sr t

this pth.

enironntl prtrs wr rcor ring

th sr, incling isibilit, xposr, r slop,

n crrnt.

F i s h S t o c k2 . 4

A s s e s s m e n t s

Fish conit coposition n bioss ws

ssss long thr rplict 50 trnscts tch sit ollowing protocols scrib b Wilson &

Grn (2010). Trnscts wr initill sr or

lrg n/ or trnsint sh tht b istrb

b th prsnc o irs. Th trnsct ws thn

rsr or sllr, rsint n crptic spcis.

all sh wr inti to spcis ll, nrt,

n clssi into 5c siz ctgoris. dt wr

rcor on wtrproo proor (appnix C).

Fish bioss pr hctr ws clclt sing th

lngthwight rltionship W = Lb (Klbicki t l

2005).

To inti bro pttrns o siilrit in sh

conit strctr btwn sits, non-tric

mlti-dinsionl Scling (mdS) plots wr

lop, bs on Br-Crtis siilrit tricso sqr-root trnsor srs o spcis

prsnc/ bsnc within PRImeR .6 (Ploth

Rotins in mltirit ecologicl Rsrch).

Th dIveRSe rotin within PRImeR .6 ws s

to clclt th nbr o gnr inti t

ch sit (S), log

Shnnon irsit inx (H), n

Pilos inx o nnss (J).

Six corcill iportnt oo sh ilis

(acnthri, Crngi, Lthrini, Ltjni,Scri n Srrni) (Bgr & Trk 2005 n

prsonl obsrtions), iportnt spcis in th

ornntl sh tr (Woo 2001 n prsonl

obsrtions), n nctionl grops o hrbioros

sh (Grn & Bllwoo 2009) wr inti

(appnix d). Th innc o ngnt zon

n rgion on bioss o corcill iportnt

oo sh, ornntl sh n hrbioros nctionl

grops ws instigt sing Gnrl Linr

mol (GLm) in SPSS o orth-root trnsor

srs o sh bioss s th pnnt ribl,with th in cts rgion, zon, n th nst

ct rgion(zon).

B e n t h i c A s s e s s m e n t s2 . 5

Bnthic conitis wr ssss sing

Point Intrcpt Trnsct (PIT) ollowing protocols

scrib b Wilson & Grn (2010). Thr rplict

50 trnscts wr s, with sbstrt ctgorn li-ors (Tbl 3) rcor t 0.5 intrls,


24/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

24

proiing 100 t points pr trnsct. Th rg

prcntg cor or ch bnthic ctgor ws

clclt or ch pth n sit.

Long-tr LHCC trns wr ssss b rrnc

to historicl RHm t (mos t l 2007).

To inict n bro trns n pttrns, non-

tric mdS plots wr lop, bs on Br-Crtis siilrit trics o sqr-root trnsor

srs o th rlti bnnc within PRImeR

.6. Sr sits wr grop ccoring to th

rlti hoognit o spcis ssblgs. To

ccoot th nblnc spling sign,

anlsis o Siilritis (aNOSIm) ws ppli to

tct signicnt irncs in th conit

ssblg btwn rgion, zon, pth, xposr

n r tp.

Gin th iportnc o LHCC s n inictor o rhlth n consqntl in ngnt cision-

king, th hr corl coponnt ws isolt ro

th conit ssblg. a GLm ws constrct

in SPSS sing sqr-root trnsor srs o

li hr corl prcntg cor s th pnnt

ribl to inti signicnt trns btwn th

in cts rgion, zon, pth, xposr, n th

nst ct rgion(zon).

all sot n hr corls ncontr on th PIT

wr inti to gns ll (NB: txonoic t

ws not collct or sits within th KoooWst n Kooo est rgions). an pproxit

intiction ws in-situ, n 2-5 rrncphotos collct. all intictions wr conr

b rrnc to (vron 2000).

Th dIveRSe rotin within PRImeR .6 ws s

to clclt th nbr o gnr inti t

ch sit (S), log

Shnnon irsit inx (H), n

Pilos inx o nnss (J). To tct signicnt

irncs in irsit to th in cts rgion

n zon, n th nst ct rgion(zon), GLm

ws bilt in SPSS cpbl o ccooting th

nblnc sr sign sing Shnnon irsit

inx (H) s th pnnt ribl.

!"#$%$#&&'() *+#'),$#+-) ./01#213#+21() !-4+1) 563(2#+21()

!"#$ !%&'('&)$*$

#&)+%,-+.$

"#$ "'&)/$*$

#&)+%,-+.$

0"$ 0'12$"'&)/$ "!$ ")/%)&3'45$

!/.)3$

0$ 0)+6$

!"7$ !%&'('&)$*$7+%&452-+.$

"7$ "'&)/$*$7+%&452-+.$

89$ 83+-)$ :!$ :)/-;36)$


25/84


Results3


26/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

26

B e n t h i c c o v e r 3 . 1

L o n g - T e r m T e m p o r a l3 . 1 . 1

T r e n d s

Btwn 1996 n 2002 LHCC incrs signicntlinsi KNP ro 15% to 24%. Fro 2002 to 2006

hr corl cor crs insi KNP to 15%, n

otsi KNP to 17% (mos t l 2007).

In 2009, rcor o LHCC to 19% ws tct on

rs otsi KNP. Insi KNP LHCC rin t

15%, with no rcor ro 2006 ipcts tct

(Figr 3).

R e e f C o m m u n i t y3 . 1 . 2

S t r u c t u r e

Th tsts xin in this st r coplx.

mltipl ctors h potntil ipct on th n

coponnts o th r conit. To inti

bsic trns n pttrns, th bnthic conit

strctr ws rst clclt n plott or ll

sr sits (Figr 4).

Th highst LHCC ws rcor t sit 3143 (63.3%;

wilrnss zon, Kooo Wst). For ll sits, th

oinnt coponnts o th bnthic conit

wr hr corl, sot corl, rbbl, sn n rock,

with rlti proportions ring btwn sits.

mdS ws s to inti pttrns o siilrit

btwn sits. mdS plots ll bnthic ribls onto

x- n -xs, with siilr sits rprsnt closr

togthr on th mdS plot. mdS t 75% siilrit

rl on otlir (


27/84


Sn n silt oint in Kooo est n Rinc

est rgions, both o which r chrctris b

shltr bs.

Zone and Reef Community Structure3.1.2.2Sits wr spl within thr ngnt

zons: tritionl s, wilrnss n otsi KNP.

mngnt zon h signicnt innc on

conit strctr (Globl R: 0.079 p %

%% &,;$'8:'((% 4136% 3100% 0100% 0100% 33100%

!"#"$"%?9()% 789$,),":9;%


28/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

28

conit strctr (Globl R: 0.092, p < 0.01%).

Th grtst LHCC ws rcor on shllow rs,

with sn/silt or prlnt on pr rs.

Exposure and Reef Community Structure1.1.0.1

Rs wr clssi into thr xposr tps

(shltr; si-xpos; xpos). exposr h

signicnt innc on conit strctr

(Globl R: 0.073, p 0.01).

I n d i c a t o r s o f r e e f 3 . 1 . 3

h e a l t h a n d r e s i l i e n c e : h a r d

c o r a l c o v e r a n d d i v e r s i t y

LHCC is n inictor o orll r hlth. Rgion

(F4,131

=5.549, p


29/84


Highst rg LHCC ws rcor in th Kooo

Wst rgion within wilrnss zons (29.33% LHCC)

n otsi KNP (29.66% LHCC). all rining rs

h


30/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

30

nithr rgion (F4,143

= 2.358, p=0.056) nor zon

(F2,143

=3.178, p=0.045) wr signicnt prictors o

oo sh bioss.

I n d i c a t o r s o f r e e f 3 . 2 . 2

r e s i l i e n c e : f i s h d i v e r s i t y a n d

f u n c t i o n a l g r o u p s

Th highst bioss o hrbioros sh ws

rcor or browsrs in Wst Rinc, n rslt

ro lrg nbr (50) o lrg (>40c) Naso

brachycentron. Totl bioss o hrbioros sh ws

low throghot th prk, with grzrs/ tritiors

n scrprs/ sll scrprs ointing t ost

sits (Figr 15).

No signicnt innc ro rgion, ngntzon, or th nst ct rgion(zon) ws tct

on bioss o ths or hrbioros sh nctionl

grops (appnix e)

Fish spcis irsit ws siilr throghot KNP,

n show no signicnt corrltion with rgion

(F4,23

=1.924, p=0.141), ngnt zon (F2,23

=0.153, p =0.859), or th nst ct rgion(zon)

(F5,23

=0.578, p =0.716) (Figr 16).

15: vtn n ss nctn ps hs fsh tn ns nd nnt zns KNP.

16: N fsh spcs, dst (H ()) nd n-nss (J) css () nnt zns nd () pk ns.


31/84


Discussion4


32/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

32

L o n g - T e r m T r e n d s i n4 . 1

R e e f S t a t u s

Btwn 1996 n 2002 rg LHCC incrs t

rt o 1.40% pr r insi KNP, n 0.93% prr otsi KNP. a clin in LHCC btwn 2002

n 2006 (8.59% insi KNP, 6.11% otsi KNP)

ws ttribt to COTS otbrk to th northwst

o KNP n contin blst shing ron Bnt

Isln, northwst o KNP (mos t l 2007).

Sinc 2006 this sittion hs rrs, with

highr rts o rcor rcor on sits otsi

KNP (1.58% pr r). Rs nr ngnt

sprision insi KNP show no signicnt

rcor (0.06% pr r). This ning rlts toconit prcptions within KNP, which inict

clining nironntl qlit (mnls &

Fjrin 2010).

LHCC rcor rts o 1.58% pr r otsi

KNP inict high potntil or r rcor in

n ron KNP. High rts o corl sttlnt

n growth h lso bn rcor on rticil

sbstrts within KNP (Fox 2005). Btwn 2006

n 2009 rts o corl rcor wr lowr insi

KNP thn otsi, sggsting tht corl growthor sttlnt rts r locll inhibit insi

KNP. Th intiction n ngnt o thos

gnts inhibiting r rcor wol ssist prk

ngrs to chi objctis spci in long-

tr ngnt plns (PHKa & TNC 2000) o:

Fully protecting the natural communities,


ecosystems;Sustainable resource use by tourism, education,

and research sectors; andProtecting the stocks o exploited ree fsh and



grounds in and around the Park.

S u c c e s s S t o r i e s a n d4 . 2

D i m i n i s h e d T h r e a t s t o

R e e f S t a t u s

KNP ngnt plns n n prioritis thollowing thrts to KNPs corl rs n ssocit

cosst srics:

Orshing;1.

dstrcti shing thos (ost notbl2.

blst shing);

Crown-o-Thorns Strsh;3.

mss blching nts;4.

anchor g5.

dring this sr, no inc o thrts 2 4

bo wr rcor. Howr it is iportnt to

not th ollowing:

Crown-o-Thorns Starfsh plagues are periodic,

unpredictable, and can arise without warning;

Surveys were carried out during a period o

seasonally cool sea surace temperatures, and the

risk o bleaching was low;

Surveys were not conducted on or near key dive

and tourism sites, where the risk o anchor damage

may be higher.

Th bsnc o ths thrts ring this sr

shol not grnt coplcnc, n contin

onitoring, rl tction n prnngnt plns r ssntil to iniis th

xtnt o n tr incints.

most notbl, no inc o rcnt bob g

ws rcor on rs both insi n otsi KNP.

This is consirbl sccss stor, gin rcors

ro th rl 1990s tht inict p to 30-rcor

incints o bob shing pr onth (mos t l

2007). existing ngnt plns ppr to h

bn highl cti t controlling n rcing

bob shing throgh trgt norcnt notrch cpigns. agin this shol not grnt


33/84


coplcnc, n th contintion o ngnt

orts is ssntil to prnt n r-rgnc

o bob shing within KNP. Howr, this sr

sggsts tht bob shing is no longr th prir

thrt to th hlth o rin cossts nssocit srics in KNP.

C u r r e n t T h r e a t s t o4 . 3

R e e f S t a t u s

Inictions o potntil ntrint nrichnt n

trophiction wr tct within tritionl

s zons o th Kooo est rgion. This b

inicti o swg, orgnic rbbish or nilwst nrichnt ro Kooo illg. Phs

shits rising ro ntrint nrichnt h

bn wil rport, with rslting cologicl,

conoic n clit chng rsilinc ipcts

(don 1992; Hs t l 2009; Hghs t l 2007;

mcClnhn t l 2002; mcClnhn 2003; mcCook

1999; mcmns & Polsnbrg 2004; Nstr t l

2000). at prsnt this nrichnt pprs to b

loclis, n this rport proi bslin ginst

which n tr nrichnt or phs shit cn bssss. Intgrtion o swg, rbbish n nil

wst ngnt plns into xisting conit

otrch progrs, n onitoring o ntrint

loing n cologicl ipcts in this r, wol

ssist prk ngrs to tct rl inictions

o phs shit n pt ngnt strtgis

ccoringl.

a clos corrltion btwn low LHCC, low sh

bioss, rc rcor o rbbl-oint

rs, high shing intnsit (Hr & ysnr2010), n high toris intnsit (Hr &

ysnr 2010) ws tct. This is prticlrl

tr within th North KNP n Rinc est rgions,

incling within Wilrnss Zons. Thr is

coplling inc tht shing prssr within

KNP hs incrs, with signicnt growth o th

KNP shing t sinc 2003 (Hr & ysnr

2010). Whil no cs-n-ct rltionship

btwn rsorc s n r stts hs t bn

stblish in KNP, consirtion shol b ginto th prctionr pproch rcon

b Principl 15 o th 1992 Rio dclrtion on

enironnt n dlopnt n in th prbl

to th 1992 Conntion on Biologicl dirsit.

Strtgis tht clri ngnt zon nitions

(prticlrl signt no-tk rs) n thirssocit rgltions, n tht sk to rc

n ristribt rsorc s intnsit ro criticl

hbitts wol ssist prk ngrs to iniis

nthropognic cts on rc sh bioss,

LHCC, n corl r rcor rts.

M a n a g e m e n t4 . 4

E f f e c t i v e n e s s

KNPs 25-r mngnt Pln spcis th

ollowing objctis:

Establish a terrestrial and marine reserve in KNP

that ully protects the natural communities,


ecosystems.Use the Parks resources in a sustainable way, or

tourism, education, tourism, and research.Protect the stocks o exploited ree fsh and



grounds in and around the Park.a zontion sch ws nors b PHKa in 2001

to spport ths ngnt objctis. KNPs

zontion sch ns no-tk rs (Wilrnss,Toris n Rsrch zons) within which ntrl

rsorc s rstrictions ppl. This protction

prits rcor o hbitts n sh stocks n

spill-or to jcnt shing grons, n prois

sh bnk or KNP.

In 2009 no incrs in sh bioss or LHCC ws

tct within no-tk rs. Howr low sh

bioss n low LHCC wr rcor in rs

with high rsorc s intnsit. Th bsnc o

ll iplnttion or KNPs zontion sch,incling contin rsorc s prssr within


34/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

34

no-tk rs (Hr & ysnr 2010), is likl

to liit th xtnt to which ngnt objctis

h bn chi. a riw o ngnt

objctis n spporting lgisltion is rgntl

rqir to ssist prk ngrs to xiisngnt ipcts on LHCC n sh bioss

within KNP.

R e s i l i e n c e t o C l i m a t e4 . 5

C h a n g e a n d O t h e r

T h r e a t s

No inc o blching, iss, COTS or

corl wr tct ring this st, howr thsipcts cn occr prioicll n nprictbl.

Th in cologicl ctor tht cts corl r

rsilinc is irsit (Grisitch t l 2006). a

rltil high irsit o corl gnr, bt low

irsit o sh spcis ws rcor throghot

KNP. Rgion ws strong prictor o corl irsit.

Bnthic conit strctr corrlt with

rgion, ngnt zon, xposr n pth,

sggsting tht KNPs rin bioirsit is not

nl istribt throghot th prk. KNPs high

lls o bioirsit rslt ro srl istinct

conit tps innc b nironntl

prtrs, n chrctris b shltr, si-

shltr n xpos tps (Bgr & Trk 2005).

mngnt strtgis tht qll ncopss ll

conit n hbitt tps r ssntil to ssist

prk ngrs to intin KNPs high bioirsit

l, gntic irsit n rsilinc.

Th Kooo Wst rgion contin th hlthistrs ncontr ring this sr, with high

LHCC, sh bioss, n irsit. Low shing

intnsit, low toris intnsit n low srillnc

n norcnt intnsit r lso rcor in this

r (Hr & Ps 2010; Hr & ysnr

2010). Frthr nlsis in this rgion col ssist

ltions o cs n ct ro shing, toris

n srillnc n norcnt on r stts.

Rts o corl sttlnt n growth r high

within KNP (Fox 2004; Fox 2005), inicti ogoo lrl sppl, connctiit, n orbl

crrnt ows. RHm in 2009 s to th inc

or high r rcor potntil in n ron KNP.

High LHCC ws rcor on priosl srl

gr rs o Bnt Isln (mos t l 2007),

copris proinntl oAcropora n Montiporarcnt growth. No inc o bob shing, othr

ct ipcts, or shing ctiit ws rcor

ron Bnt Isln. Th inclsion o Bnt Isln

in Rum wol ssist prk ngrs to lt th

innc o rsorc s pttrns on r stts,

n to istingish th rlti rols o sbstrt

obilit (Fox & Clwll 2006; Fox t l 2005; Fox t

l 2003), rsorc s prssr n othr ctors on

r rcor in North KNP n othr rgions.

Sr hn ipcts on corl rs r otnssocit with phs shit ro corl-oint

to lgl- or icrobil-oint rs. algl cor

ws low throghot KNP, with so inc

o loclis trophiction within Tritionl

us zons o Kooo est. Bckgron ntrint

nrichnt lls in KNP r rltil high

to pwlling o p ocnic wtrs. an tr

incrs in nthropognic ntrint sorcs (.g.

ro gricltrl rn-o, swg ischrg ro

sttlnts or hotls) will lt bckgronntrint ll csing n iti ct tht

rpil rch tipping thrshol. mintnnc o

hlth conit o hrbioros sh cn ssist

prk ngrs to rglt lgl growth, iniis

risk o cologicl phs shit, n nhnc rsilinc

to clit chng n othr thrts.

This rport stblish bslin ssssnt o

nctionl grops o hrbioros sh in KNP, n

sptil trns cross prk rgions n ngnt

zons. Grzrs/ tritiors n scrprs/ sllxctors oint on ost rs. Hrbioros

sh bioss ws low in Kooo est, Rinc Wst

n within Tritionl us zons o Rinc est. No

innc o ngnt zon on hrbioros

sh bioss ws tct nirsll cross ll

rgions. This inortion prois bslin or

ssssing tr chng in KNP. assssnt o

historicl hrbioros sh popltions (.g. i

gornnt shr rcors, tritionl knowlg

or ir logbooks) wol incorport consirtionor shiting bslins (Pl 1995) into KNP


35/84


ngnt plnning.

P r i o r i t y4 . 6 C o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r

A d a p t i v e M a n a g e m e n t

Low LHCC, low sh bioss n high rbbl cor

wr rcor within th Rinc est n North KNP

rgions. In North KNP, LHCC n sh bioss wr

lowr within wilrnss zons thn insi tritionl

s zons. Ths rgions r crrntl iportnt or

both rin toris n shris, n xprinc

high rsorc s b both sctors tht rslt

in rsorc sr conict n ispt (Hr &ysnr 2010).

To iniis potntil or ngti ipcts on

locl lilihoos, conois n oo scrit

rslting ro r grtion in ths rgions,

ngnt plns prioritis intining toris

n shr potntils. Riw o ngnt

plns n objctis wol ssist prk ngrs to

nsr tht prctionr principls r ppli to

th ngnt o KNPs rin rsorcs. Sch

riw ight consir:

Objectives o existing management plans and degree

to which they have been achieved, including fsh

bank objectives;

Status o policy and supporting legislation

governing resource use in KNP, particularly zoning

schemes and resource use restrictions;

Levels o compliance with resource use

regulations;

Ecological condition and trends in KNP;

Integration between KNP management plans and

wider spatial planning and marine and fshery

management within the West Manggarai district.

North KNP contin lowst LHCC n r hlth,

n two o sn hot spots o high rsorc s

in KNP (Hr & ysnr 2010). R stts is

criticl coponnt in th sstinbilit o KNPs

rin rsorc s. mngnt strtgis

ocss on ths hot spots wol ssist prk

ngrs to scr toris n rlt sstinblnncing objctis in KNP throgh th intnnc

o k cologicl ttrctions n slling points.

High LHCC n sh bioss wr rcor in th

Kooo Wst rgion, n corrlt with low lls o

toris n shing ctiit (Hr & ysnr

2010). This r prois prk ngrs with n

opportnit to ipro nrstnings o rsorc

s pttrns in corl r stts. Howr crrnt

liit nrstning o cs n ct shol

not inhibit ngnt ction n ppliction oth prctionr principl.

L i m i t a t i o n s a n d4 . 7

F u t u r e M o n i t o r i n g

Liittions o ti n ccss rslt in bnthic

srs bing coplt t onl on pth in

th Kooo Wst n Kooo est rgions. No

txonoic ssssnts o corls wr in ths

rgions. This liit th xtnt o irsit n r

stts ssssnts, n rslt in n nblnc

xprintl sign. Sttisticl pprochs s

in this rport ccont or this iblnc, bt r

coplx. Ftr KNP-RHm shol opt blnc

nst xprintl sign to i rpi nlsis.

Liittions o ti n ccss rslt in sh

conit ssssnts bing coplt or

onl thr rplict trnscts t ch pth.msrnt prcision col b nhnc b s

o rplict trnscts (Wilson & Grn 2010).

assssnts o lrg trnsint spcis (.g. shrks)

col b ipro throgh incorportion o long

swi (Wilson & Grn 2010).

This st ctgoris KNP into rgions:

Kooo Wst, Kooo est, Rinc Wst, Rinc est

n North KNP. Othr rin onitoring progrs

in KNP rr to 12 biogogrphic rgions (S1 - S12).

aitionl RHm within spcic biogogrphicrgions wol hlp ipro nrstnings o th


36/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

36

corrltion btwn rsorc s pttrns n r

stts. RHm cross ll 12 biogogrphic rgions is

likl to b nsibl in trs o cost n ti.

Focs on w k biogogrphic rgions, slct

or xtr high or low rsorc s intnsit, wolproi sfcint ssssnt o n cs n

ct, in ition to th long-tr n broscl

pttrns ri ro th KNP-RHm progr.


37/84


Conclusions5


38/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

38

Btwn 1996 n 2003 r hlth incrs both

insi n otsi KNP. Following clin in r

hlth btwn 2003 n 2006 ttribt to ntrl

ctors, LHCC o corl rs otsi KNP rcor t

rt o 1.58% pr r. Howr rs insi KNPshow no rcor (0.06% pr r).

In 2009 no inc o ct thrts to KNPs corl

rs wr tct, incling no bob shing,

blching, or COTS inc. Howr ths

ipcts cn occr prioicll n nprictbl.

Srillnc, norcnt n ction progrs

ppr to h sccssll itigt strcti

shing thrts, n orts shol contin to

prnt r-rgnc.

Sptil pttrns o rsorc s (Hr &

ysnr 2010) corrlt with pttrns o r

hlth. Low LHCC, low sh bioss n low rts o

r rcor wr tct within rgions o high

toris n shr ctiit. No nhncnt o

sh bioss or LHCC ws rcor within no-tk

rs, to lck o ll iplnttion o zontion

ssts n high rsorc s within no-tk rs

(Hr & ysnr 2010). Opportnitis xist

or rthr stis to xin cs-n-ct

rltionships btwn r hlth n rsorc s

pttrns in KNP: Bnt Isln n Kooo Wst r

rs o low rsorc s, high LHCC n high sh

bioss, n contrst with North KNP n RInc

est whr low LHCC, low sh bioss n high

rsorc s wr rcor. In th bsnc o ths

stis, ppliction o th prctionr principl is

isbl. Prk ngrs col strngthn rin

consrtion in KNP b riwing ngnt

objctis n coplinc, n ssssing gps n

ns (spcill rgring spporting lgisltion)or iplnttion o KNPs zontion sst.

Possibl inictions o ntrint nrichnt n

trophiction wr tct in Kooo Wst,

prticlrl within Loh Lwi. enrichnt

origint ro swg, orgnic rbbish or nil

wst ro Kooo villg, n brings risk o

potntil cologicl phs shit. Strngthning o

wst ngnt objctis within otrch n

ction progrs, copl with nironntl

onitoring o this r, wol ssist prk ngrs

to iniis risk o cologicl phs shit in this

rgion.

Clit chng prsnts growing thrt to globl

corl rs. dirs nctionl grops o rin

sh nhnc rsilinc to clit chng ipcts.

This rport stblishs bslin or hrbioros

sh bioss n nctionl irsit within KNP,

to ssist prk ngrs to lt tr chng

n likl clit chng ipcts. Consirtion o

shiting bslins col b incorport into KNP

ngnt plns throgh riw o historicl

hrbioros sh stocks ro gornnt shr

rcors, tritionl knowlg or ir logbooks.

mngnt o KNPs rin cossts is

to scr criticl cosst srics tht spporttoris, shris n rlt sctors within Wst

mnggri, n proi lilihoos, rns n

oo scrit. Sstinbl lopnt n growth

within Wst mnggri is closl link to KNPs

nironntl qlit throgh sh bnk n

torist ttrction cts. High lls o rsorc s

in KNP corrlt with rc r hlth, n

inhibit locl lopnt objctis. This ct

b xcrbt b liit iplnttion

o KNPs zontion sch. Throgh riw o KNP

ngnt objctis, ssssnt o gps n

ns (prticlrl rlt to zontion schs n

spporting lgisltion), n intgrtion btwn

KNP ngnt plns n Wst mnggri

costl plnning, prk ngrs cn tk stps to

consr KNPs corl rs, scr Wst mnggri

sstinbl lopnt objctis, n nsr

tht KNP contins to lir bnts t th globl,

ntionl n locl ll.


39/84


Recommendations6


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

40

M a n a g e m e n t6 . 1

Continuation o existing surveillance, enorcement

and education programs would assist park managers

to maintain trends or reduced destructive fshing

in KNP.

Regions o low ree health correlate with regions

o high resource use, and application o the

precautionary principle is advisable. Review o

management objectives, gaps and needs (especially

related to zonation systems and supporting

legislation) would assist park managers to minimiseresource use impacts and enhance tourism and

fshery potential. O particular importance are

seven hot spots o high fshery and tourism

activity (Harvey & Yusamandra 2010).

Development o waste management objectives

within existing communication and outreach

programs, coupled with targeted environmental

monitoring within Loh Lawi, would assist park

managers to address detected nutrient enrichment

and eutrophication (possibly rom sewage, organic

rubbish or animal waste rom Komodo village) and

mitigate phase-shit impacts on ree ecosystems,

fsheries and other resource uses.

Diverse and abundant stocks o herbivorous fsh

provide resilience to algal phase shits, and are

low within Loh Lawi and the Komodo East region.

A trial program o strictly enorced small-scale

no-take areas near to Loh Lawi would enable park

managers to evaluate the role o herbivorous fsh

management or enhancing ree resilience to climate

change and algal phase shits, with potential or

additional community engagement benefts.

Close integration between KNP and West Manggaraicoastal management strategies would assist park

managers to manage species and habitats not

constrained by administrative boundaries, sustain

West Manggarais fshery and tourism economies,

and maximise local, national and global beneftsderived orm KNP.

M o n i t o r i n g6 . 2

Future RHM should aim to ensure a balanced survey

design. Limitations o time and access in 2009

enabled only partial sampling in Komodo West and

Komodo East, resulting in an unbalanced design

and complicating statistical analysis.

All sites surveyed during 2009 should be considered

as permanent monitoring stations, and revisited

during subsequent RHM to identiy long-term

trends. Additional sites may be selected rom Mous

Mous et al2007 as required.

Additional sites should be pre-selected or

environmental variables (region, zone, depth,

exposure) to ensure a balanced survey design.

Broadscale mapping o KNPs rees using in-situ

(e.g. manta tow) or remote sensing approaches

(e.g. Quickbird, CASI-LIDAR) would assist site

selection.

Benthic surveys incorporating video transects

or photo quadrats would provide a documented

record o ree status, acilitating uture checking

or reanalysis o results using existing or emerging

techniques. Video or photo transects could be

completed rapidly by trained non-specialists, and

analysed later by scientists.

Stakeholder engagement with RHM could be

enhanced, increasing data while reducing costs.Dive site status provides an opportunity or


41/84


assessment by communities or dive operators (e.g.

by Ree Check methodology).

Use o fve replicate fsh transects and long-swims

would enhance fsh monitoring (Wilson & Green

2010). Complementary monitoring programs

(e.g. market surveys, fsh landings) could provide

additional management inormation. Historical

fshery records (government records, tradition

knowledge, diver logbooks) could improve

consideration o shiting baselines.

In addition to biennial RHM, additional monitoring

within biogeograhic regions (S1 S12) indentifed

as important by other monitoring programs (e.g.

RUM) would assist park managers to evaluate

correlations between resource use and ree status.


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

42


43/84


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44/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

44

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Site map &

coordnates

A


48/84

Kooo Ntionl Prk

48

a1: Sktch p Kd Ntn Pk shn shtstd s sts ctsd n ( = Kd wst, = K-d est, = rnc wst, = rnc est, = Nth KNP) nd nnt zn (d = tdtn s, n = dnss, = tsd KNP).


49/84


T a1: a KNP-rHm n-t ntn sts {ms}. Sts sd dn KNP-rHm 2009 n d. rn (1: Kdwst, 2: Kd est, 3: rnc wst, 4: rnc est, 5: Nth KNP), Zn (1: Tdtn us, 2: wdnss, 3: otsd mPa), eps(1: Shtd, 2: S-epsd, 3: epsd) nd Sp (1: gnt Sp, 2: Sp, 3: r t, 4: w). adjstnts t pshdndctd.

No NameRegion

Zone

Exposure

Slope

Published

Posion

Adjusted Posi-

on Reason

3011 Takatengirri 5 3 2 2 S 827.150

E 11947.640

3012 S 829.750

E 11947.560

3018 S 832.730

E 11948.670

3020 S 831.650

E 11947.750

3021 Pulau Pungu Kecil 5 3 2 4 S 830.900E 11947.650

3022 S 833.200

E 11947.900

3025 S 830.000

E 11945.300

3026 S 829.470

E 11945.130

3027 S 829.160

E 11943.700

3032 S 831.700

E 11944.130

3033 S 832.410

E 11944.130

3034 S 832.630

E 11943.140

3035 Papagarang West 5 1 2 2 S 833.380

E 11944.400

S 8 33.703

E 119 44.387

Depth at published coordinates >20m

3038 Pulau Panikia 5 2 2 2 S 835.220

E 11944.200

3039 S 836.100

E 11942.470

3039 S 836.100

E 11942.470

3040 S 835.160

E 11941.850

3042 Pulau Mangiatan 5 1 2 2 S 833.220

E 11941.120

3043 S 833.000

E 11940.380

3045 Pulau Siaba Besar North 5 2 2 3 S 831.470

E 11939.760

3046 S 832.230

E 11938.310

3047 S 833.310

E 11938.580

3052 Suknar 4 1 1 2 S 840.500

E 11947.700

S 8 40.726

E 119 47.964


3054 S 841.100

E 11945.600


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

50

No NameRegion

Zone

Exposure

Slope

Published

Posion

Adjusted Posi-

on Reason

3055 Pulau Muang 4 1 1 3 S 842.560E 11945.770

S 8 42.768E 119 45.847

Published coordinates on sand with no proximatereef.

3056 S 842.500

E 11945.960

3057 S 842.930

E 11948.400

3058 Tororase 4 3 3 4 S 843.820

E 11947.660

S 8 43.772

E 119 47.842

Published coordinates on sand with no proximate

reef.

3059 S 845.000

E 11948.100

3060 Pulau Baleh 4 3 3 4 S 846.540

E 11948.240

S 8 46.923

E 119 48.300


3062 S 847.660

E 11946.640

3063 Gili Mota East 4 2 3 2 S 848.420

E 11948.400

S 8 48.273

E 119 48.125


3064 Torokeritator 4 3 3 2 S 847.200

E 11950.100

S 8 47.304

E 119 49.563

Published coordinates on land

3065 Loh Baru West 4 1 1 1 S 842.140

E 11942.270

S 8 41.876

E 119 42.589


3066 Loh Baru South 4 2 1 3 S 844.000

E 11942.220

3067 Torowalu 4 2 2 2 S 845.120

E 11943.460

S 8 45.286

E 119 43.594


3072 S 835.210

E 11945.3903074 Kalong Rinca 5 1 2 2 S 836.570

E 11945.260

S 8 36.570

E 119 45.260


3087 Tj. Lohkerbau 3 2 3 2 S 840.690

E 11937.730

3090 S 842.190

E 11937.520

3091 Padar 3 2 3 1 S 842.450

E 11937.400

3094 S 845.260

E 11936.190

3095 S 830.980

E 11938.640

3095 S 830.980

E 11938.640

3096 S 830.360

E 11938.160

3097 S 832.820

E 11935.870

3098 S 832.490

E 11935.310

3099 S 832.230

E 11934.480

3100 S 833.770

E 11935.700

3101 S 833.520E 11935.450


51/84


No NameRegion

Zone

Exposure

Slope

Published

Posion

Adjusted Posi-

on Reason

3104 S 830.290E 11935.450

3107 Pulau Bugis 5 2 2 2 S 829.580

E 11935.460

3119 Loh Wau 2 1 1 1 S 840.410

E 11926.260

3120 S 839.120

E 11928.250

3121 Loh Namo 2 2 1 1 S 838.480

E 11928.930

S 8 38.495

E 119 28.889


3122 S 838.340

E 11929.300

3123 S 836.600

E 11929.380

3124 Loh Lawi 2 1 1 1 S 836.950

E 11928.360

S 8 36.479

E 119 28.304


3125 S 836.200

E 11929.560

3128 S 836.130

E 11931.400

3129 S 836.390

E 11931.130

3130 S 836.930

E 11931.900

3132 S 837.970

E 11935.1603138 S 840.820

E 11933.480

3139 Padar 3 2 1 1 S 839.240

E 11934.520

3141 S 847.290

E 11936.780

3143 Loh Sarikaya 1 2 2 1 S 833.290

E 11924.800

S 8 33.209

E 119 24.510


3144 S 833.000

E 11924.580

3145 S 831.750

E 11925.250

3146 Loh Wenci 1 2 3 3 S 831.240

E 11924.720

3147 Loh Boko South 1 1 2 1 S 830.360

E 11925.800

S 8 29.865

E 119 25.204


3148 Loh Boko North 1 1 2 1 S 829.270

E 11925.580

S 8 28.344

E 119 25.838


3149 Loh Boko Headland 1 2 3 3 S 828.280

E 11925.490

3150 S 827.280

E 11925.160

3150 S 827.280

E 11925.160

3151 S 827.320E 11918.950


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

52

No NameRegion

Zone

Exposure

Slope

Published

Posion

Adjusted Posi-

on Reason

3152 Gili Banta South 1 3 1 2 S 826.410E 11919.560

3153 Gili Banta East 1 3 2 2 S 825.490

E 11920.700

S 8 25.533

E 119 19.982


3156 Gili Banta North 1 3 1 2 S 824.990

E 11917.000

S 8 28.084

E 119 17.003


3163 S 825.920

E 11918.800

3164 Loh Sera 2 2 1 1 S 841.800

E 11926.970

3165 S 841.100

E 11927.770

3177 Loh Langtoi 1 2 2 2 S 843.350

E 11922.450

S 8 43.204

E 119 22.510


3178 S 842.350

E 11922.920

3179 S 840.450

E 11924.200

3181 Loh Wia 1 1 2 3 S 837.960

E 11923.640

S 8 37.965

E 119 23.788


3182 S 837.410

E 11923.250

3183 S 837.350

E 11922.760

3184 S 835.610

E 11922.7303185 S 834.550

E 11922.300


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Survey EquipmentB


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Kooo Ntionl Prk

54

TOOLS MEALS (Example) for 10 days

GPS 3 unit beras 50 kg

roll meter 6 unit mie kering 5 box

small buoys 6 unit telur ayam 6 ppn

underwater paper 2 rim gula pasir 8 kg

plasct slates 10 pieces teh celup 5 ktk

lackban 10 roll kopi NTC 400 gr 5 bks

rst aid kid 1 package garam yudium 4 bks

DAN O2 kit 1 unit kerupuk udang 2 bks

pencil 2 box masako 5 ppn

sharper 10 pieces bimoli 1 ltr 7 ltr

tools box 1unit sirup marjan 3 btl

1 mm rope 1 ball tepung mamasuka 12 bks

cuer 5 pieces tabung elpiji 2 tbg

underwater camera 1 unit blue band 1 kg

tears drop 1 btl tepung beras 3 kg

survei manual 2 books tepung terigu 3 kg

survei map 5 pieces sambal botol besar 2 btl

saos botol besar 2 btl

DIVE EQUIPMENT kecap manis besar 1 btl

BCD 8 unit fermipan 1 btl

regulator 8 unit saos ram 1 btl

dive com 8 unit baterei kecil (alkaline) 1 doss

masker 10 pieces baterei besar 6 psg

snorkel 10 pieces rinso 3 kg

knive dive 4 pieces molto 2 btl

ns open hill 8 psg sunlight cair 3 btl

equipment service tools 1 unit majun 6 kg

wet suit 8 pcs vixal 3 btl

weight 40 kgs bayfress 1 btl

belt 8 pcs baygon 1 btl

oat sosis 6 pcs ajinomoto 2 ppn

fanta/coca-cola 2 krat

pocari sweat 4 krat

buah2an secukupnya

bumbu2 secukupnya

sayur2an secukupnya

cuka makan kecil 3 btl


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Survey ProformaC


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PIT

Island/Reef: Site no and GPS:: Habitat (slope, exposure, depth):

Date: Observer: Visibility:

Notes (COTS/ disease/bleaching):

Code Point Code Point Code Point Code Point Code Point Code Point Code

Acropora BranchingACB 0.5 25.5 0.5 25.5 0.5 25.5

Acropora EncrustingACE 1 26 1 26 1 26

Acropora SubmassiveACS 1.5 26.5 1.5 26.5 1.5 26.5

Acropora Table ACT 2 27 2 27 2 27

2.5 27.5 2.5 27.5 2.5 27.5

Coral Branching CB 3 28 3 28 3 28

Coral Encrusting CE 3.5 28.5 3.5 28.5 3.5 28.5

Coral Foliose CF 4 29 4 29 4 29

Coral Massive CM 4.5 29.5 4.5 29.5 4.5 29.5

Coral Submassive CS 5 30 5 30 5 30

Coral Mushroom CMR 5.5 30.5 5.5 30.5 5.5 30.5

6 31 6 31 6 31

6.5 31.5 6.5 31.5 6.5 31.5

Soft CoralSC 7 32 7 32 7 32

Xenia XN 7.5 32.5 7.5 32.5 7.5 32.5

Sponge SP 8 33 8 33 8 33

Hydroids HY 8.5 33.5 8.5 33.5 8.5 33.5

OtherOT 9 34 9 34 9 34

9.5 34.5 9.5 34.5 9.5 34.5

10 35 10 35 10 35

Coralline Algae CA 10.5 35.5 10.5 35.5 10.5 35.5

HalimedaHA 11 36 11 36 11 36

Macro algae MA 11.5 36.5 11.5 36.5 11.5 36.5

Sand S 12 37 12 37 12 37

Rubble R 12.5 37.5 12.5 37.5 12.5 37.5

Silt SI 13 38 13 38 13 38Rock/Turf Algae RCK 13.5 38.5 13.5 38.5 13.5 38.5

14 39 14 39 14 39

14.5 39.5 14.5 39.5 14.5 39.5

15 40 15 40 15 40

15.5 40.5 15.5 40.5 15.5 40.5

16 41 16 41 16 41

16.5 41.5 16.5 41.5 16.5 41.5

17 42 17 42 17 42

17.5 42.5 17.5 42.5 17.5 42.5

18 43 18 43 18 43

18.5 43.5 18.5 43.5 18.5 43.5

19 44 19 44 19 44

19.5 44.5 19.5 44.5 19.5 44.5

20 45 20 45 20 45

20.5 45.5 20.5 45.5 20.5 45.5

21 46 21 46 21 46

21.5 46.5 21.5 46.5 21.5 46.5

22 47 22 47 22 47

22.5 47.5 22.5 47.5 22.5 47.5

23 48 23 48 23 48

23.5 48.5 23.5 48.5 23.5 48.5

24 49 24 49 24 49

24.5 49.5 24.5 49.5 24.5 49.5

25 50 25 50 25 50

TRANSECT II TRANSECT IIITRANSECT I


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Indicator FishD


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T D1: Ctstn fsh nt spcs cts:-o: onnt sh, : cc ptnt d sh, H:nctn ps Hs fsh (1: bss, 2: gzs/dtts, 3: Scps, 4: Scps/ s cts)

Family Species OF FF FH

ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus aurancavus 1 2

Acanthurus guatus 1 2

Acanthurus leucocheilus 1 2

Acanthurus lineatus 1 1

Acanthurus mata 1 1

Acanthurus nigricans 1 1

Acanthurus nigrofuscus 1

Acanthurus nubilus 1

Acanthurus olivaceus 1 1

Acanthurus pyroferus 1 2

Acanthurus thompsoni 1

Ctenochaetus binotatus 1

Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus 1

Ctenochaetus marginatus 1

Ctenochaetus striatus 1

Ctenochaetus strigosus 1

Ctenochaetus tominiensis 1

Naso brachycentron 1 1

Naso brevirostris 1 1

Naso hexacanthus 1

Naso lituratus 1 1 1

Naso minor 1

Naso vlamingii 1

Paracanthurus hepatus 1 1

Prionurus chrysurus 1

Zebrasoma desjardinii 1 1 2

Zebrasoma scopas 1 1 2

APOGONIDAE Apogon komodoensis 1

BALISTIDAE Balistoides conscipillum 1

CAESIONIDAE Caesio cuning 1

Caesio lunaris 1

Caesio teres 1

Pterocaesio digramma 1

CARANGIDAE Caranx ignobilis 1

CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon adiergatos 1

Chaetodon auriga 1

Chaetodon baronessa 1

Chaetodon citrinellus 1

Chaetodon ephipium 1

Chaetodon falcula 1

Chaetodon kleinii 1

Chaetodon lineolatus 1

Chaetodon lunula 1

Chaetodon lunulatus 1

Chaetodon melannotus 1

Chaetodon mertensii 1

Chaetodon ocellicaudus 1

Chaetodon octofasciatus 1

Chaetodon punctatofasciatus 1

Chaetodon raesi 1

Chaetodon speculum 1

Chaetodon trifascialis 1

Chaetodon trifasciatus 1

Chaetodon unimaculatus 1

Chaetodon vagabundus 1

Chelmon rostratus 1

Coradion chrysozonus 1

Forcipiger avissimus 1

Heniochus acuminatus 1

Heniochus chrysostomus 1

Heniochus pleurotaenia 1

Heniochus varius 1

Parachaetodon ocellatus 1

HAEMULIDAE Diagramma melanacrum 1

Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 1

Plectorhinchus avomaculatus 1

Sargocentron cornutum 3

Sargocentron spiniferum 3

KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus biggibus 3

Kyphosus vaigiensis 3

LABRIDAE Anampses geographicus 4

anampses meleagrides 4

Bodianus axilaris 4

Bodianus bilunulatus 4

Bodianus mesothorax 4

Cheilinus chlorurus 4

Cheilinus oxycephala 4

Cheilio inermis 4

Choerodon anchorago 4

Choerodon zosterophorus 4

Cirrhilabrus aurandorsalis 4

Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura 4

Cirrhilabrus lubbocki 4

Cirrhilabrus solorensis 4

LETHRINIDAE Gnathodentex aurolineatus 1

Lethrinus erythracanthus 1

Lethrinus erythrophterus 1

Lethrinus harak 1

Lethrinus obsoletus 1

Lethrinus ornatus 1

Monotaxis grandoculis 1

LUTJANIDAE Aphareus furca 1

Lutjanus argenmaculatus 1

Lutjanus biguatus 1

Lutjanus bohar 1

Lutjanus carponotatus 1

Lutjanus decussatus 1


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Lutjanus ehrenbergii 1

Lutjanus fulviamma 1

Lutjanus fulvus 1

Lutjanus gibbus 1

Lutjanus kasmira 1

Lutjanus lutjanus 1

Lutjanus penh 1

Lutjanus quinquelineatus 1

Lutjanus via 1

Macolor macularis 1

Macolor niger 1

OSTRACIDAE Ostracion cubicus 1

POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge bicolor 1

Pomacanthus imperator 1

Pomacanthus navarchus 1

Pomacanthus semicirculatus 1

Pomacanthus sexstriatus 1

Pomacanthus xanthometopon 1

Pygoplites diacanthus 1

POMACENTRIDAE Pomacentrus adelus 1

Pomacentrus alexanderae 1

Pomacentrus amboiensis 1

Pomacentrus auriventris 1

Pomacentrus bankanensis 1

Pomacentrus brachialis 1

Pomacentrus burroughi 1

Pomacentrus cf. brachialis (spot on

dorsal)

1

Pomacentrus chrysurus 1

Pomacentrus coeless 1

Pomacentrus geminospilos 1

Pomacentrus komodoensis

Documents

Status of Coral Reefs in and around Komodo National Park: 2009