statistics 2,04

8/12/2019 statistics 2,04

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2.4 - 1Copyright 2010, 2007, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Slides

Elementary StatisticsEleventh Edition

and the Triola Statistics Series

by Mario F. Triola


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Chapter 2Summarizing and Graphing

Data

2-1 Review and Preview

2-2 Frequency Distributions

2-3 Histograms

2-4 Statistical Graphics2-5 Critical Thinking: Bad Graphs


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Section 2-4

Statistical Graphics


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Key Concept

This section discusses other types of

statistical graphs.

Our objective is to identify a suitablegraph for representing the data set. The

graph should be effective in revealing the

important characteristics of the data.


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Frequency Polygon

Uses line segments connected to points directly

above class midpoint values


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Relative Frequency Polygon

Uses relative frequencies (proportions or

percentages) for the vertical scale.


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Ogive

A line graph that depicts cumulativefrequencies



Dot Plot

Consists of a graph in which each data value isplotted as a point (or dot) along a scale of values.

Dots representing equal values are stacked.



Stemplot (or Stem-and-Leaf Plot)

Represents quantitative data by separating each

value into two parts: the stem (such as the leftmost

digit) and the leaf (such as the rightmost digit)

Pulse Rates of Females



Bar Graph

Uses bars of equal width to show

frequencies of categories of qualitative data.

Vertical scale represents frequencies or

relative frequencies. Horizontal scaleidentifies the different categories of

qualitative data.

A mult ip le bar graphhas two or more sets ofbars, and is used to compare two or more

data sets.



Multiple Bar Graph

Median Income of Males and Females


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Pie Chart

A graph depicting qualitative data as slices of a

circle, size of slice is proportional to frequency count



Scatter Plot (or Scatter Diagram)

A plot of paired (x ,y) data with a horizontal x-axis

and a vertical y-axis. Used to determine whetherthere is a relationship between the two variables



Time-Series Graph

Data that have been collected at different points in

time: t ime-series data



Important PrinciplesSuggested by Edward Tufte

For small data sets of 20 values or fewer, usea table instead of a graph.

A graph of data should make the viewer

focus on the true nature of the data, not onother elements, such as eye-catching butdistracting design features.

Do not distort data, construct a graph to

reveal the true nature of the data.

Almost all of the ink in a graph should beused for the data, not the other design

elements.



Important PrinciplesSuggested by Edward Tufte

Dont use screening consisting of featuressuch as slanted lines, dots, cross-hatching,because they create the uncomfortableillusion of movement.

Dont use area or volumes for data that areactually one-dimensional in nature. (Dontuse drawings of dollar bills to represent

budget amounts for different years.)Never publish pie charts, because they wasteink on nondata components, and they lackappropriate scale.



Car Reliability Data


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Recap

In this section we saw that graphs are

excellent tools for describing, exploring andcomparing data.

Desc r ib ing data: Histogram - consider

distribution, center, variation, and outliers.

Explor ing data: features that reveal some

useful and/or interesting characteristic of the

data set.Compar ing data: Construct similar graphs to

compare data sets.

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statistics 2,04