Statistical Perspectives 2018

Sustainable Energyin Asia and the Pacific

A statistical overview of energy and development

Statistical Perspectives 2018

Sustainable Energy in Asia and the PacificA statistical overview of energy and development

Much of the content contained within this booklet is drawn from the Asia Pacific Energy Portal, an open access data and policy information resource. See more at: www.asiapacificenergy.org

This publication is for reference only. Graphs and charts are based on data sources consulted for this publication. Additional data sources may exist that are not represented. In some cases, data sets may not be complete. ESCAP cannot confirm methodologies of third-party data sources.

Data is not available for all countries for all indicators. Due to data limitations, only selected countries are used in several of the statistical representations. Due to the numerous sources used, latest data available varies.

Data presented in map formats are provided as illustrative charts. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontier or boundaries.

Due to space limitations, data sources for all charts are presented at the end of the publication.

▼ AcknowledgementsStatistical Perspectives 2018: Sustainable Energy in Asia and the Pacific is not an official publication of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). The publication’s contents were developed by Kim Roseberry and Kira Lamont, with support from Margarita Cherkasova and Gennady Fedorov. The Energy Division of ESCAP provided overall guidance to the authors, although the accuracy of the content is the sole responsibility of the authors and ESCAP takes no responsibility in this regard. Design and layout was provided by Lowil Espada.

ii

ESCAP MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members. Information and statistics presented in this publication include only those member and associate member States located in the Asia-Pacific region.

1. China2. Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea3. Hong Kong, China*4. Japan5. Macao, China*6. Republic of Korea7. Mongolia

1. Armenia2. Azerbaijan3. Georgia4. Kazakhstan5. Kyrgyzstan6. Russian Federation7. Tajikistan8. Turkmenistan9. Uzbekistan

1. Brunei Darussalam2. Cambodia3. Indonesia4. Lao People’s

Democratic Republic5. Malaysia6. Myanmar7. Philippines8. Singapore9. Thailand10. Timor-Leste11. Viet Nam

1. Afghanistan2. Bangladesh3. Bhutan4. India5. Islamic Republic of Iran6. Maldives7. Nepal8. Pakistan9. Sri Lanka10. Turkey

1. American Samoa*2. Australia3. Cook Islands*4. Federated States of

Micronesia5. Fiji6. French Polynesia*7. Guam*8. Kiribati9. Marshall Islands10. Nauru11. New Caledonia*12. New Zealand13. Niue*14. Northern Mariana

Islands*15. Palau16. Papua New Guinea17. Samoa18. Solomon Islands19. Tonga20. Tuvalu21. Vanuatu

East & North-East Asia North & Central Asia South-East Asia South & South-WestAsia The Pacific

* Indicates an ESCAP associate member.

iii

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

East & North-East Asia

Pacific

South-East Asia

North & Central Asia

South & South-West Asia

▼ Urbanization Rates, 2016

% of

popu

latio

n

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Hong

Kong

, Chin

aSin

gapo

reGu

amMa

cao,

China

Japa

nCo

ok Is

land

sAu

stra

liaNo

rther

n Mar

iana

s Isla

nds

Naur

uPa

lau

Amer

ican S

amoa

New

Zeal

and

Repu

blic

of Ko

rea

Brun

ei Da

russ

alam

Mala

ysia

Islam

ic Re

publ

ic of

Iran

Marsh

all Is

land

sRu

ssia

n Fed

erat

ion

Turk

eyMo

ngol

iaNe

w Ca

ledon

iaAr

men

iaDP

R Ko

rea

Geor

giaCh

inaFre

nch P

olyn

esia

Azer

baija

nTu

valu Fij

iIn

done

siaTh

aila

ndKa

zakh

stan

Turk

men

istan

Philip

pine

sLa

o PDR

Kirib

ati

Mald

ives

Bhut

anPa

kista

nMy

anm

arBa

ngla

desh

Kyrg

yzst

anUz

bekis

tan

Viet

Nam Niue

Indi

aTim

or-L

este

Tajik

istan

Vanu

atu

Afgh

anist

anTo

nga

Solo

mon

Isla

nds

Micr

ones

ia (

F.S.)

Cam

bodi

aSr

i Lan

kaSa

moa

Nepa

lPa

pua N

ew Gu

inea

Population Size in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2017

Millio

ns

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Urbanization Rate in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2017

% of

popu

latio

n

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

› The Asia-Pacific population has grown to reach nearly 4.5 billion, while urbanization in most of the region is increasing. These factors contribute to the region’s rising energy demand.

1

Index value

0.47 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.86 0.94

What is the Human Development Index?

The Human Development Index, produced by the United Nations Development Programme, offers a broad measure of human development. The composite index “integrates three basic dimensions of human development. Life expectancy at birth reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life. Mean years of schooling and expected years

of schooling reflect the ability to acquire knowledge. And gross national income per capita reflects the ability to achieve a decent standard of living.”

The HDI alone cannot measure the level of a country’s development as other factors are contributors to the broad concept of “human development.” However, the

HDI offers a strong tool for assessing broad development results and can be utilized along with other measures such as the Gender Inquality Index and the Multidimensional Poverty Index.

Source: Humand Development Report Office.

For more information on the Human Development Index, please visit: http://hdr.undp.org/.

Human Development Index, 2015

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

› Energy underpins development and outcomes. Human development – as measured by life expectancy, education levels and income – remains highly varied across economies.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT

2

Total Primary Energy Supply in Asia and the Pacific, by Resource, 1990-2015

Millio

n ton

s of o

il equ

ivalen

t

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

East & North-East Asia

Pacific

South-East Asia

North & Central Asia

South & South-West Asia

Coal

Oil

Natural gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Renewables (excluding Hydro)

Total Primary Energy Supply in Asia and the Pacific, by Subregion, 1990-2015

Millio

n ton

s of o

il equ

ivalen

t

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE3

Total Primary Energy Supply, GDP and Energy Intensity in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2014

1990

= 10

0

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Total primary energy

GDP 2011 PPP $

Primary energy intensity

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE

› The regional growth trend for Asia and the Pacific has largely been driven by the coal supply in East and North-East Asia.

The region has also experienced a rise in prosperity. This has been accelerated by a decoupling of energy use and GDP over time as more economic value has been created with less energy.

4

Final Energy Consumption in Asia and the Pacific, by Sector 1990-2015

1990

= 10

0

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

400

200

019

90

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Final Energy Consumption in Asia and the Pacific, by Product, 2015

Industry

Residential

Transport

Oil32.0%

Coal20.8%

Other0.7%

Heat4.6%

Biofuels and waste10.1%

Electricity19.1%

Natural gas12.6%

4,465Mtoe equivalent

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE

› Growth, particularly in industrial and transport sectors, has driven increasing energy consumption.

5

Per Capita GDP and Per Capita Final Energy Consumption, 20154000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Kg of

oil e

quiva

lent

2005

US do

llars

per c

apita

45000

40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

Aust

ralia

Maca

o,Ch

inaJa

pan

Singa

pore

Hong

Kong

, Chin

aNe

w Ca

ledon

iaNe

w Ze

alan

dBr

unei

Daru

ssal

amRe

publ

ic of

Kore

aFre

nch P

olyn

esia

Cook

Isla

nds

Turk

eyNa

uru

Pala

uMa

lays

iaTu

rkm

enist

anRu

ssia

n Fed

erat

ion

Kaza

khst

anMa

ldive

s Fiji

China

Thai

land

Islam

ic Re

p. of

Iran

Azer

baija

nMa

rshal

l Isla

nds

Geor

giaTo

nga

Arm

enia

Sam

oaTu

valu

Sri L

anka

Micr

ones

ia (

F.S).

Mong

olia

Bhut

anIn

done

siaVa

nuat

uTim

or-L

este

Philip

pine

sPa

pua N

ew Gu

inea

Indi

aSo

lom

on Is

land

sKi

ribat

iVi

et N

amUz

bekis

tan

Pakis

tan

Lao P

DRCa

mbo

dia

Kyrg

yzst

anBa

ngla

desh

Myan

mar

DPR K

orea

Tajik

istan

Nepa

l

Kg of oil equivalent per capita

173 718 1.3k 1.8k 2.4k 2.9k 3.4k

Per Capita Final Energy Consumption in Asia and the Pacific, 2015

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE

› Fossil fuel exporters and economies with higher per capita GDP levels demonstrate higher levels of per capita energy consumption.

6

▼ 1990 ▼ 2018

Coal

Gas

Oil/Diesel

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar

Geothermal

Biomass

Marine

Power Plants in Asia and the Pacific

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE

› The number of power

plants across the region has increased significantly,

bringing power to growing population and industrial centres. Diversification of the power supply is apparent in

recent years, particularly with the expanding use

of solar and wind.

7

Electricity Production by Product in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2015 TW

h

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Solar/Wind/Tide

Geothermal

Biofuels and Waste

▼ Solar/Wind/Tide % of Electricity Production in Asia and the Pacific,1990-2015

% of

tota

l pro

duct

ion

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

ENERGY SUPPLY and USE

› The Asia-Pacific region’s electricity is largely derived from coal, which represents over half of the power mix. The contribution of renewables other than hydro is growing exponentially, but remains small.

8

Rural and Urban Electrification Rates, 2014Vanuatu Viet Nam

Papua New Guinea Tajikistan

Kiribati Kyrgyzstan

Solomon Islands Cook Islands

Timor-Leste Armenia

Myanmar Australia

Cambodia Azerbaijan

Mongolia Brunei Darussalam

Bangladesh China

Lao PDR French Polynesia

India Georgia

Micronesia (F.S.) Hong Kong, China

Fiji Japan

Marshall Islands Kazakhstan

Nepal Macao, China

Philippines Malaysia

Afghanistan Maldives

Sri Lanka New Caledonia

Tonga New Zealand

Indonesia Republic of Korea

Islamic Rep. of Iran Russian Federation

Pakistan Singapore

Bhutan Thailand

Tuvalu Turkey

Samoa Turkmenistan

Palau Uzbekistan

% of population 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Rural

Urban

India, 269.8

Indonesia, 7.6

DPR Korea, 16.9

Other Asia-Pacific countries, 2.9Afghanistan, 3.3

Bangladesh, 59.8Cambodia, 6.7

Papua New Guinea, 6.0Philippines, 10.8Sri Lanka, 1.6

Myanmar, 25.6Nepal, 4.3

Pakistan, 4.6

Lao PDR, 1.5

People Without Access to Electricity in Asia and the Pacific, 2014(Millions)

ENERGY ACCESS

421 million people

› The majority of the region’s population without access to electricity is located in economies with large, and often growing, rural populations.

› Current data shows 100% electrification rates in many economies. However, existing statistical methodologies fail to capture aspects such as quantity, reliability and affordability. Improved methodologies behind forthcoming data are likely to reveal access gaps in these areas.

ENERGY ACCESS

9

Rural and Urban Number of People with Access to Electricity in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2014

Millio

ns

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Rural population with access

Rural population

Urban population with access

Urban population

› Approximately 9.7% of the Asia-Pacific population lacks access to electricity. Most live in rural areas where the size of the access gap is many times the gap of the region’s urban population.

ENERGY ACCESS

10

▼ Clean Fuels and Technologies Usage Rate, 2014Kiribati

Timor-Leste Lao PDR

DPR KoreaSolomon Islands

MyanmarBangladesh

CambodiaVanuatu

AfghanistanSri Lanka

Micronesia (F.S.)Nepal

SamoaTuvalu

Papua New Guinea Mongolia

IndiaFiji

Marshall Islands Pakistan

PhilippinesViet Nam

GeorgiaIndonesia

ChinaPalauTonga

BhutanTajikistanThailand

KyrgyzstanCook Islands

UzbekistanKazakhstan

NauruAzerbaijan

MaldivesIslamic Rep. of Iran

ArmeniaRussian Federation

Republic of KoreaMalaysia

TurkmenistanAustralia

Brunei DarussalamJapan

New ZealandSingapore

% of total population 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other Asia-Pacific countries, 15.6

India, 852.8

Afghanistan, 26.2

China, 583.8

Bangladesh, 143.0

Indonesia, 110.3

Papua New Guinea, 5.1

Philippines, 54.7

Sri Lanka, 16.8 Cambodia, 13.3

Myanmar, 48.6Viet Nam, 44.6

Nepal, 20.8

Pakistan, 102.1

Lao PDR, 1.5

DPR Korea, 23.4

Thailand, 16.4

People Without Access to Clean Cooking Fuels and Technologies in Asia and the Pacific, 2014(Millions) › Nearly 2.1 billion

people in Asia and the Pacific continue to rely on traditional cooking fuels and technology. Those in rural areas are far more likely to depend on traditional cooking fuels such as wood, dung, and charcoal.

2,084million people

ENERGY ACCESS

11

Primary Cooking Fuel Mix in Selected Asia-Pacific Economies ▼ Urban ▼ Rural

Turkmenistan Malaysia

Russian Federation Russian Federation

Uzbekistan Armenia

Armenia Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan Uzbekistan

Malaysia Kazakhstan

Bhutan Tajikistan

Kazakhstan Thailand

Tajikistan Tonga

Tonga Bhutan

Marshall Islands Philippines

Kyrgyzstan Indonesia

Thailand Viet Nam

Indonesia Georgia

Pakistan Sri Lanka

Viet Nam China

Philippines India

India Nepal

China Pakistan

Sri Lanka Marshall Islands

Afghanistan Vanuatu

Nepal Cambodia

Vanuatu Afghanistan

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands

Mongolia Mongolia

Bangladesh Bangladesh

Myanmar Myanmar

Lao PDR Lao PDR

% of population 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Clean

fuels

Electricity

LPG

Natural Gas

Biogas

Kerosene

Coal

Charcoal

Wood

Dung

Crop waste

Others

ENERGY ACCESS

Note: In cases where data does not sum to 100%, the remaining gap represents households data classified as “non-cooking,” “missing,” or “other.”

ENERGY ACCESS

12

Total final consumption per capita (kg of oil equivalent per capita)

1-700

700-1400

1401-2100

2100-2800

2801-3500

Energy intensity (MJ per 2011 PPP $)1-700

700-1400

1401-2100

2100-2800

2801-3500

GDP per capita (2005 USD per capita)

1 - 875

875 - 2090

2090 - 3541

3541 - 8683

8683 - 52177

GDP Per Capita, Total Final Consumption Per Capita and Energy Intensity, 2014

ENERGY ACCESS

› Richer economies show lower energy intensity levels in relation to per capita consumption levels, while poorer economies tend to demonstrate the opposite trend.

13

Number of Asia-Pacific Economies with Active Energy Efficiency Targets and Regional Energy Intensity

8

7.5

7

6.5

56

5.5

MJ pe

r 201

1 PPP

$

Num

ber o

f eco

nom

ies

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

▼ Energy Intensity, 2014Macao, China

Hong Kong, China, Sri LankaLao PDR

Afghanistan Singapore

Timor-LestePhilippines

TongaFiji

BangladeshMyanmar

TurkeyTuvalu

IndonesiaAzerbaijan

MaldivesJapan

SamoaVanuatu Pakistan

KiribatiIndia

MalaysiaAustralia

Brunei DarussalamSolomon Islands

ArmeniaTajikistanThailand

New ZealandCambodia

GeorgiaViet Nam

Asia and the PacificRepublic of Korea

MongoliaMicronesia (F.S.)

ChinaMarshall Islands

KazakhstanNepal

Islamic Rep. of IranPapua New Guinea

Russian FederationKyrgyzstan

BhutanUzbekistan

PalauTurkmenistan

MJ per 2011 PPP $ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

› Energy efficiency has gained priority, as indicated by the introduction of national targets. Concurrently, energy intensity has steadily declined at the regional level.

14

Overview of Decomposition Analysis

A decomposition analysis, which examines changes in total final energy consumption since 1990 based on three underlying effects of activity, efficiency, and structure, indicates that the regional decline in energy intensity is primarily supported by the effects of growing populations and economic output (activity effect), and, to a lesser degree, energy efficiency (efficiency effect). It also indicates that shifts in the mix of economic activity across sectors (structural effect) did not have a notable impact at the aggregated regional level.

Decomposition analysis is used to quantify relative contributions of predefined factors to the change in energy consumption. Several methods of decomposition analysis exist, which support the assessment of energy policy and technology effectiveness. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition of energy consumption method is used in this example.

Source: World Bank Global Tracking Framework

Decomposition Analysis of Energy Use in Asia and the Pacific

1990

= 10

0

300

250

200

150

100

50

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Activity Effect

Structure Effect

Efficiency Effect

Total Final Energy Consumption

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

› Increased economic activity and energy efficiency have been the drivers of falling energy intensity, while structural changes have had little impact at the regional level.

15

Electricity Losses as a Percentage of Output, 2014

% of

popu

latio

n

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Nepa

l

Cam

bodi

a

Myan

mar

Kyrg

yzst

an

Indi

a

Pakis

tan

DPR K

orea

Turk

ey

Tajik

istan

Mong

olia

Islam

ic Re

p. o

f Ira

n

Hong

Kong

, Chin

a

Azer

baija

n

Bang

lade

sh

Turk

men

istan

Arm

enia

Kaza

khst

an

Philip

pine

s

Russ

ian

Fede

ratio

n

Sri L

anka

Indo

nesia

Brun

ei Da

russ

alam

Viet

Nam

Uzbe

kista

n

World

Aver

age

Geor

gia

New

Zeal

and

Thai

land

Aust

ralia

China

Japa

n

Mala

ysia

Repu

blic

of K

orea

Singa

pore

Energy Intensity by Region, 2014

6.00 5.97 5.80

4.583.91

4.90

MJ pe

r 201

1 PPP

$

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0 Asia and thePacific

Africa North America Europe Latin America andCaribbean

Western Asia

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

› Energy intensity remains high in Asia and the Pacific. Significant gains in energy efficiency have been realized in some sectors, particularly the industrial sector, while others lag, such as the power sector.

16

Percentage

0 15.1 30.1 45.2 60.2 75.3 90.3

2014 Modern Renewable Energy Share of Total Final Energy Consumption and Annualized Change, 2012-2014

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

Annu

alise

d cha

nge (

%)

% sh

are o

f TFE

C

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Tajik

istan

New

Zeal

and

Niue

Geor

giaLa

o PDR

Bhut

anMa

cao,

China

Frenc

h Pol

ynes

iaVi

et N

amDP

R Kor

eaAf

ghan

istan

Turk

eyCh

inaPh

ilippi

nes Fiji

Arm

enia

Nepa

lAu

stra

liaSr

i Lan

kaPa

pua N

ew Gu

inea

New

Caled

onia

Cam

bodi

aJa

pan

Thai

land

Myan

mar

Pakis

tan

Uzbe

kista

nMa

lays

iaRu

ssia

n Fed

erat

ion

Sam

oaIn

dia

Vanu

atu

Indo

nesia

Kaza

khst

anRe

publ

ic of

Kore

aHo

ng Ko

ng, C

hina

Azer

baija

nAm

erica

n Sam

oaIsl

amic

Rep.

of Ir

anTo

nga

Singa

pore

Mong

olia

Micr

ones

ia (F

.S.)

Marsh

all Is

land

sBa

ngla

desh

40.7

Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption, 2014

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

› Renewable energy comprises a large share of final energy consumption for many economies. However, when traditional biomass is excluded, “modern renewable energy” remains. Outside of hydro-rich and some island economies, modern renewable energy shares generally remain low.

17

Top Five Asia-Pacific Economies for Installed Capacity, 2000-2016 ▼ Solar ▼ Wind

GW

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Modern Renewable Energy Consumption in Asia and the Pacific, by Resource, 1990-2014

Exaj

oules

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

› Hydropower dominates renewable energy growth in Asia and the Pacific. However, new capacity additions – particularly solar and wind – in some economies are shifting the regional renewable energy mix.

China

Japan

India

Australia

Republic of Korea

Turkey

Other Asia-Pacific countries

Hydropower

Modern solid biofuels

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Liquid biofuels

Other RE

RENEWABLE ENERGY

18

China India Russian Federation Japan Viet Nam

1,294,210GWh

198,383GWh

177,884GWh

150,406GWh

58,690GWh

Turkey Australia New Zealand Pakistan Indonesia

52,628GWh

37,043GWh

34,458GWh

31.825GWh

26,138GWh

Renewable Power Mix for Top Ten Asia-Pacific Economies for Total Renewable Electricity Generation, 2014

Hydro

Solid biofuels

Solar PV & thermal

Wind

Geothermal

Waste

Biogas

Liquid biofuels

RENEWABLE ENERGY

19

Installed Renewable Capacity and Investment in Asia and the Pacific, 2007-2016

250

200

150

100

50

US$ B

illion

GW

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Small Distributed Capacity Investment, 2016

8.5

3.5

1.2

US$ B

illion

9.0

1.0 0.9 0.6

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0 Japan China Australia Republic of Korea

India Pakistan

Installed Capacity

Investment

RENEWABLE ENERGY

› Installed renewable energy capacity continues to rise while the falling costs of technologies, particularly solar, have contributed to the recent decline in investment numbers. Distributed capacity is increasingly important in some national contexts where small installations, such as on rooftops, have been supported through national policy.

20

Solar power plants by capacity (MW)1 - 285285 - 571571 - 857

857 - 1142

1142 - 1428

1428 - 1714

1714 - 2000

Photovoltaic power potential (KWh/KWp)1

2

3

4

5

6

› The Asia-Pacific region benefits from high solar potential in many areas, subject to seasonal shifts. Due to its versatility as a power source, solar is a viable energy resource for diversifying national power supplies, as well as bringing electricity to households in remote locations. With increasing technology affordability, solar capacity is growing at an exponential rate within the region.

Note: Purple dots indicate the location of solar power plants, scaled by capacity. The highest solar potential is identified in shades of red descending to blue within the basemap.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Solar Potential and Solar Power Plant Locations, 2018

21

Wind power plants by capacity (MW)1 - 25050 - 250250 - 500

500 - 1000

1000 - 5000

5000 - 10000

Mean annual wind speed at 80m (m/s)0

2.25

4.5

6.75

9

› Wind potential is widespread, offering opportunities to increase renewable energy power production across the region. Onshore installations have grown rapidly in recent years while offshore installations are limited to a few locations.

Note: The yellow dots indicate the location of wind power plants, scaled by capacity The highest wind potential is identified in shades of dark blue descending to light yellow within the basemap.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Wind Potential and Wind Power Plant Locations, 2018

RENEWABLE ENERGY

22

Renewable Energy Jobs by Sector, 2016Mi

llions

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 Asia and the Pacific* Rest of World

› Asia and the Pacific dominates global renewable energy capacity, production, consumption, and jobs. In this region, solar jobs comprise more than half of all renewable energy jobs.

Solar (PV, Heating/Cooling, CSP)

Hydropower (Large and Small)

Biogas

Geothermal

Wind

Liquid Biofuels

Solid Biomass

Others* Asia and the Pacific is comprised of summed data for Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia,

Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

23

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Estimated Jobs in Renewable Energy, 2016

China

India

Rest of the world

Japan Bangladesh

Russian Federation

Malaysia

PhilippinesPakistan

Viet Nam Thailand

Turkey

Indonesia Iran

Note: Numbers include direct and indirect jobs, including those in the large hydropower sector

9,823,700global renewable energy jobs

Jobs, thousands

China 3955.5

India 856.6

Japan 330.4

Indonesia 206.0

Bangladesh 162.3

Turkey 127.6

Russian Federation

115.7

Viet Nam 103.5

Thailand 100.0

Malaysia 99.2

Philippines 80.2

Pakistan 73.9

Jobs, thousands

Islamic Rep. of Iran

39.7

Australia 22.6

Republic of Korea

17.1

Myanmar 13.1

Nepal 11.0

Tajikistan 9.7

Cambodia 5.2

Singapore 4.0

Azerbaijan 3.7

New Zealand 3.6

Uzbekistan 3.6

Kazakhstan 2.5

24

Coal power plants by capacity (MW)50.0 - 500.0500.0 - 1000.01000.0 - 2500.02500.00 - 5000.0

5000+

Mean annual ambient PM 2.5 (µg/m3)

0 171 182 193 204 255 306 357 408 459 5010 5511 6012 6513 7014 7515 8016

PM 2.5 Annual Mean Levels (2014) and Coal Power Plant Locations

› Coal power, a significant source of PM2.5, has contributed, alongside other factors, to poor air quality in many urban and industrial centers.

Considerations:The health impacts associated with PM2.5 range from poor visibility in cities, to pulmonary diseases,premature deaths, as well as increased medical and other costs to the state and the larger population.

PM2.5 is not a perfect measure of anthropogenic air quality degradation, as air borne dust and sand particulates from the natural landscape can greatly affect the concentration of PM2.5 seen in some areas.

Although annual averages capture the larger trend in PM2.5 concentrations, it doesn’t allow interested parties to examine the influence of wind patterns on final data, or the impact of transboundary pollution.

PM2.5 concentrations are likely to be more concentrated in large cities with larger populations and affected substantially by the modal split of that city or country, along with the primary fuel source of choice, as well as vehicle and gas emission standards within that country

Note: The yellow colour descending to a deep red indicates dangerous concentrations of particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less, as measured and averaged over the course of 2014. Purple dots indicate the location of coal power plants, and are scaled to reflect plant capacity.

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

25

▼ PM2.5 Mean Annual Exposure, 2015

µg/m

3

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Kirib

ati

Amer

ican

Sam

oa

Sam

oa

Tong

a

Brun

ei Da

russ

alam

New

Zeal

and

Aust

ralia

Solo

mon

Isla

nds

Guam Fij

i

Micr

ones

ia (F

.S.)

Vanu

atu

Marsh

all Is

land

s

North

ern

Maria

na Is

land

s

Japa

n

Papu

a Ne

w Gu

inea

Indo

nesia

Mala

ysia

Russ

ian

Fede

ratio

n

Kyrg

yzst

an

Singa

pore

Timor

-Les

te

Kaza

khst

an

Geor

gia

Philip

pine

s

Mong

olia

Arm

enia

Thai

land

Sri L

anka

Viet

Nam

Repu

blic

of K

orea

Cam

bodi

a

Mald

ives

Azer

baija

n

Turk

men

istan

Lao

PDR

DPR

Kore

a

Turk

ey

Uzbe

kista

n

Islam

ic Re

p. o

f Ira

n

Afgh

anist

an

Tajik

istan

Myan

mar

Bhut

an

China

Pakis

tan

Indi

a

Nepa

l

Bang

lade

sh

AIR QUALITY TARGETS

PM2.5 (µg/m3)

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

WHO Guideline 10 These are the lowest levels at which total, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality have been shown to increase with more than 95% confidence in response to long-term exposure to PM2.5

WHO InterimTarget 3

15 In addition to other health benefits, these levels reduce the mortality risk by approximately 6% [2-11%] relative to the IT-2 level.

WHO InterimTarget 2

25 In addition to other health benefits, these levels lower the risk of premature mortality by approximately 6% [2–11%] relative to the IT-1 level.

WHO InterimTarget 1

35 These levels are associated with about a 15% higher long-term mortality risk relative to the AQG level.

Exceeds all targets

>35

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

› Poor air quality is a significant factor experienced within the Asia-Pacific region, where the vast majority of the population is exposed to pollutant levels well above WHO guidelines.

26

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, by Region, 1990-2015

Millio

n ton

s

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Asia and the Pacific

North America

Europe

Other countries

Latin America and Caribbean

Africa

Waste1%

Coal62%

Natural gas15%

Oil22%

17,623Million tons

CO2 Emissions in Asia and the Pacific by Fuel Source, 2015

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

› Asia and the Pacific, the world’s leading source of regional CO

2 emissions, largely determines global

progress in combating climate change.

27

▼ Per Capita CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion,

in Selected Economies, 2015Nepal

BangladeshMyanmarTajikistan

Cambodia Pakistan

DPR KoreaSri Lanka

PhilippinesIndia

ArmeniaKyrgyzstan IndonesiaViet Nam

GeorgiaUzbekistan Azerbaijan

ThailandTurkey

Mongolia Hong Kong, China

ChinaNew Zealand

Islamic Rep. of IranMalaysia

SingaporeJapan

Russian FederationTurkmenistan

KazakhstanBrunei Darussalam

AustraliaCook Islands

Metric tonnes 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Metric tonnes of CO2 per capita

0 3.3 6.5 9.7 13.0 16.2 19.4

Per Capita C02 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2015

2000

2015

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

› Per capita CO2

emissions are highly varied across Asia-Pacific economies, with some demonstrating falling rates, while others are increasing.

28

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, by Sector, 2014

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Armenia Australia Azerbaijan

China Georgia Hong Kong, China India

Kazakhstan Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Kyrgyzstan

Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Philippines

Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

29

Other2%

Transport13%

Electricity, heat52%

Manufacturing, industries, construction

26%

17,552Million tons of CO

2

Residential buildings,

commercial and public services

7%

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in Asia and the Pacific, by Sector, 2014

› Approximately half of the region’s CO

2 emissions are emitted from

the electricity and heat sectors, and a quarter from manufacturing, industries and construction.

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia

Indonesia Islamic Republic of Iran Japan

Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar

Russian Federation Singapore Sri Lanka

Uzbekistan Viet NamTransport

Industries

Residential

Electricity, Heat

Others

30

Fossil Fuel Subsidisation in Selected Asia-Pacific Economies, 2016

928

435

247

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Aver

age s

ubsid

isatio

n rat

e (%

)

Subs

idy p

er ca

pita

($/p

erso

n)

1000

217196

147130

6027 17 10 8 6 6 3

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Turk

men

istan

Islam

ic Re

p. o

f Ira

n

Kaza

khst

an

Brun

ei Da

russ

alam

Russ

ian

Fede

ratio

n

Uzbe

kista

n

Azer

baija

n

Indo

nesia

China

Mala

ysia

Indi

a

Pakis

tan

Thai

land

Bang

lade

sh

Sri L

anka

Repu

blic

of K

orea

Viet

Nam

3 1

Subsidy per capita ($/person)

Average subsidisation rate (%)

Real 2016 $million % of GDPChina 36,783 0.3%

Islamic Republic of Iran 34,803 9.2%Russian Federation 28,220 2.2%

Indonesia 15,550 1.7%India 13,352 0.6%

Turkmenistan 5,048 14.0%Uzbekistan 4,652 7.0%

Kazakhstan 4,389 3.3%Pakistan 1,497 0.5%

Azerbaijan 1,269 3.4%Bangladesh 1,018 0.4%

Malaysia 511 0.2%Thailand 437 0.1%

Republic of Korea 150 0.0%Viet Nam 101 0.1%

Brunei Darussalam 92 0.8%Sri Lanka 64 0.1%

Note: The IEA measures fossil fuel consumption subsidies using a price-gap approach. This compares final end-user prices with reference prices, which correspond to the full cost of supply, or, where appropriate, the international market price, adjusted for the costs of transportation and distribution. The estimates cover subsidies to fossil fuels consumed by endusers.

For more detail on fossil fuel consumption subsidies see the ‘documentation’ section on the World Energy Outlook website: http://www.iea.org/weo/.

ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

31

Average Pump Prices, 2016Turkmenistan

Brunei Darussalam Islamic Rep. of Iran

KazakhstanMalaysiaMyanmar

KyrgyzstanAzerbaijanDPR Korea

Russian FederationIndonesia

AfghanistanThailand

TajikistanMongolia

GeorgiaArmeniaPakistan

Viet NamFiji

PhilippinesSri Lanka

Cambodia Samoa

NepalLao PDR

AustraliaChinaIndia

BhutanUzbekistan

JapanTimor-LesteBangladesh

Republic of KoreaSingapore

VanuatuNew Zealand

TurkeyHong Kong, China

$ per litre 0 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50Gasoline

Diesel

US$ per litre

0.22 0.53 0.83 1.14 1.45 1.75 2.06

ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

Average Gasoline Pump Prices in Asia and the Pacific, 2016

› Inefficient fossil fuel subsidies hinder clean energy development and climate action. Recent policy reforms have helped move many Asia-Pacific economies further toward market-based pricing, though progress has been slow in some sectors.

32

▼ Residential ($/MWh)Pakistan $125

Nepal $104

Indonesia $102

Armenia $94

China $83

Viet Nam $79

India $77

Bangladesh $76

Sri Lanka $65

Mongolia $51

Uzbekistan $44

Azerbaijan $44

Kazakhstan $41

Myanmar $29

Tajikistan $20

Kyrgyzstan $10

▼ Commercial ($/MWh)Pakistan $148

Sri Lanka $147

Bangladesh $123

India $116

China $115

Viet Nam $111

Nepal $107

Indonesia $102

Myanmar $73

Mongolia $60

Tajikistan $58

Azerbaijan $56

Uzbekistan $45

Kyrgyzstan $30

Average Electricity Prices, 2016(selected economies)

ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

33

▼ Industrial ($/MWh)Pakistan $138

India $100

Bangladesh $100

Indonesia $84

Sri Lanka $84

China $83

Nepal $80

Armenia $79

Mongolia $73

Myanmar $73

Viet Nam $69

Tajikistan $58

Azerbaijan $56

Uzbekistan $44

Kyrgyzstan $30

▼ Retail ($/MWh)Pakistan $133

Bangladesh $100

China $99

India $98

Nepal $97

Indonesia $96

Armenia $86

Sri Lanka $86

Viet Nam $74

Mongolia $62

Myanmar $58

Azerbaijan $52

Tajikistan $45

Uzbekistan $45

Kazakhstan $41

Kyrgyzstan $21

› Energy affordability is a pressing issue faced by consumers in many Asia- Pacific countries. High electricity prices can encumber economic and social development, while low prices may encourage wasteful consumption.

ENERGY AND ECONOMICS

34

▼ 2000

Coal and Coal Products China

Japan

Republic of Korea

Singapore

Turkey

Other Asia-Pacific countries

Africa

Europe

North AmericaLatin America and CaribbeanOther countries/areas

Crude Oil

Oil and Oil Product

Gas

Electricity

Coal and Coal Products

Kazakhstan

Singapore

TurkeyOther Asia-Pacific countriesAfrica

Europe

North America

Latin America and Caribbean

Other countries/areas

Crude Oil

Oil and Oil Product

Gas

Electricity

6.1% of total exports

valued at $35.8 billion

31.4% of total exports

valued at $171 billion

ENERGY TRADE

› The region’s

largest energy exporter has increasingly turned toward Asia-Pacific

economies.

▼ 2015

Export Trends for Asia-Pacific’s Largest Energy Exporter: The Russian Federation

ENERGY TRADE

35

▼ 2000 ▼ 2015

6.1% of total exports

valued at $35.8 billion

37.5% of total imports

valued at $183.7 billion

Coal and Coal Products

Crude Oil

Oil and Oil Product

Gas

Electricity

Australia

Republic of Korea

Russian Federation

Singapore

Viet Nam

Thailand

Other Asia-Pacific countries

Non Asia-Pacific

countries

Indonesia

Islamic Republic of Iran

Malaysia

Coal and Coal Products

Crude Oil

Oil and Oil Product

Gas

Electricity

Australia

Republic of Korea

Russian Federation

Singapore

Turkmenistan

Other Asia-Pacific countries

Non Asia-Pacific countries

Indonesia

Islamic Republic of Iran

MalaysiaKazakhstan

› The region’s

largest energy importer has increasingly relied on

energy from outside the Asia-Pacific

region.

Note: Import and export flow diagrams are shown in terms of trade value. Imports are not necessarily consumed domestically, but may be exported. More interactive trade flow charts are available at www.asiapacificenergy.org

Import Trends for Asia-Pacific’s Largest Energy Importer: China

ENERGY TRADE

36

Proved Fossil Fuel Reserves in Asia and the Pacific

India1.2

Uzbekistan1.1

Malaysia1.2

Myanmar1.2

Kazakhstan1.0

Kazakhstan30

Indonesia2.9

China5.4

China26

Turkmenistan17.5

RussianFederation

32.3

RussianFederation

110

104trillion cubic metres

348billion barrels

Islamic Republic of Iran

33.5Islamic

Republic of Iran158

Other Asia-Pacific

countries Other Asia-Pacific

countries24

2.3Indonesia 25,573

Turkey11,353

Kazakhstan 94,769

India 94,769

Australia 160,364

Azerbaijan 1.1

Australia 3.5

China244,010

RussianFederation

160,364

728,093 Million short tons

› Energy resources are unevenly distributed across the Asia-Pacific region. While some economies are rich in energy resources, others lack, or face dwindling reserves. Trade creates opportunities for increasing regional cooperation and energy security.

21,601

Coal Natural Gas Crude Oil

ENERGY TRADE

37

Natural Gas R/P ratio

Turkmenistan 262

Islamic Republic of Iran 166

Azerbaijan 66

Myanmar 63

Viet Nam 58

Russian Federation 56

Kazakhstan 48

India 44

Indonesia 41

China 39

Australia 38

Brunei Darussalam 35

Papua New Guinea 20

Uzbekistan 17

Malaysia 16

Pakistan 11

Bangladesh 8

Thailand 5

Other Asia-Pacific 14

Oil R/P ratio

Iran 94

Kazakhstan 49

Viet Nam 36

Australia 30

Uzbekistan 29

Russian Federation 27

Brunei Darussalam 25

China 18

India 15

Malaysia 14

Indonesia 10

Turkmenistan 6

Thailand 2

Other Asia-Pacific 3

Coal R/P ratio

Russian Federation 417

Uzbekistan 355

Azerbaijan 66

Australia 294

Japan 261

Kazakhstan 250

Republic of Korea 189

Turkey 163

India 137

Viet Nam 85

China 72

Mongolia 66

Thailand 63

Indonesia 59

Other Asia-Pacific 29

Reserves to Production Ratios*

* Reserves to production (R/P) ratios are used as an indicator of the remaining years a resource will last at current production rates. Many factors determine ratios, such as new reserve discoveries, technology changes, and economic factors; therefore, these numbers can be inaccurate.

ENERGY TRADE

38

ENERGY INVESTMENTS

Investment in Energy Projects with Private Participation, 2012-2016

0.3 2.6

14.9

0.4

US$ m

illion

40

18.9

13.8

0.0

7.9 6.3

0.2 0.2 1.1 4.2

9.8

1.9 0.4

9.4

32.4

2.3

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Arm

enia

Bang

lade

sh

China

Geor

gia

Indi

a

Indo

nesia

Kyrg

yzst

an

Lao P

DR

Mala

ysia

Mong

olia

Myan

mar

Nepa

l

Pakis

tan

Philip

pine

s

Russ

ian F

eder

atio

n

Sri L

anka

Thai

land

Turk

ey

Viet

Nam

Investment in Energy Supply, 2016$ b

illion

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0 China India Japan Russian Federation South-East Asia

Oil & gas, upstream/downstream

Coal

Renewable transport & heat

Power generation

Electricity networks

Note: Investment in energy projects with private participation covers infrastructure projects in energy (electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution) that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public.

ENERGY INVESTMENTS

39

Investment in Power Generation, 2016

China India Japan

134$ billion

34$ billion

26$ billion

South-East Asia World

17$ billion

440$ billion

Fossil fuel

Renewable

Nuclear

› In 2016, investment in power generation and electricity networks was higher than in fossil fuel supply. New renewable capacity investments competed with fossil fuels for electricity spending in several contexts.

ENERGY INVESTMENTS

40

Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) scores

Mobilizing investment requires strong regulatory regimes. According to a RISE assessment, Asia-Pacific economies generally demonstrate stronger policies in support of Energy Access, followed by Renewable Energy and, lastly, Energy Efficiency.

RISE, produced by the World Bank, is a set of indicators which supports the comparison of national policy and regulatory frameworks to advance sustainable energy. Twenty-seven indicators are considered across the three pillars of Energy Access, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency to produce aggregate scores.

Source: World Bank, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy 2016

More information is available at: rise.worldbank.org.

2016 Overall RISE score

Energy Access score

Renewable Energy score

Energy Efficiency score

Afghanistan 23 24 27 18

Armenia 68 100 63 42

Australia 81 100 73 71

Bangladesh 49 68 57 23

Cambodia 42 70 34 21

China 81 100 74 68

India 70 84 67 60

Indonesia 50 61 55 34

Islamic Republic of Iran 74 100 59 62

Japan 82 100 78 68

Kazakhstan 78 100 75 59

Kyrgyzstan 64 100 53 38

Lao PDR 33 47 46 8

Malaysia 73 100 68 52

Maldives 50 100 36 14

Mongolia 43 28 39 62

Myanmar 38 59 43 13

Nepal 36 43 45 20

Pakistan 58 59 77 38

Philippines 64 82 67 42

Republic of Korea 85 100 72 83

Russian Federation 77 100 61 70

Solomon Islands 33 40 46 12

Sri Lanka 61 67 62 54

Tajikistan 60 100 36 44

Thailand 74 100 59 63

Turkey 79 100 71 65

Uzbekistan 61 100 30 52

Vanuatu 25 48 17 11

Viet Nam 78 100 64 70

RISE score

≥ 67

33< x < 67

≤33

ENERGY INVESTMENTS

41

Charts and Data Sources

Charts and Data Sources

Page Charts and Data Sources1 Population Size in Asia and the Pacific,

1990-2017Data Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects

Urbanization Rate in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2016; Urbanization Rate, 2016Data Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects

2 Human Development Index, 2015Data Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

3 Total Primary Energy Supply, GDP and Energy Intensity in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2014Data Source: International Energy Agency (IEA), UN Statistics

4 Primary Energy Supply by Product in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

6 GDP Per Capita, 2015Data Source: United Nations Statistics Division, NAMAD and World Population Prospects

GDP Per Capita and Final Energy Consumption Per Capita, 2015Data Source: United Nations Statistics Division, NAMAD and World Population Prospects; ESCAP based on data from IEA and World Population Prospects

5 Final Energy Consumption in Asia and the Pacific, by Product, 2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

7 Power Plants in Asia and the Pacific, 1990, 2018Data Source: ESCAP

8 Electricity Production by Product in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

Solar/Wind/Tide % of Electricity Production in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

9 People Without Access to Electricity in Asia and the Pacific, 2014Data Source: World Bank

Rural and Urban Electrification Rates, 2014Data Source: World Bank

10 Rural and Urban Number of People with Access to Electricity in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2101Data Source: World Bank

11 People Without Access to Clean Cooking in Asia and the Pacific, 2014Data Source: World Bank

Clean Fuels and Technologies Usage Rate, 2014Data Source: World Bank

12 Primary Cooking Fuel Mix in Selected Asia-Pacific EconomiesData Source: World Health Organization

13 GDP Per Capita, Total Final Consumption Per Capita and Energy Intensity, 2014Data Source: United Nations Statistics Division, NAMAD and World Population Prospects; IEA

14 Number of Asia-Pacific Economies with Active Energy Efficiency Targets and Regional Energy IntensityData Source: ESCAP; IEA

Energy Intensity, 2014Data Source: IEA

15 Decomposition Analysis of Energy Use in Asia and the PacificData Source: IEA and UN Statistics

16 Energy Intensity by Global RegionData Source: IEA

Electricity Losses as a Percentage of Output, 2014Data Source: IEA

17 Renewable Share of Total Final Energy ConsumptionData Source: IEA and UN Statistics

2014 Modern Renewable Energy Share of Total Final Energy Consumption and Annualized Change 2012-2014Data Source: IEA and UN Statistics

42

18 Top Five Asia-Pacific Economies for Installed CapacityData Source: UN Statistics

Modern Renewable Energy Consumption in Asia and the Pacific, by Resource, 1990-2014Data Source: IEA and UN Statistics

19 Renewable Power Mix for Top Ten Asia-Pacific Economies for Total Renewable Electricity GenerationData Source: IEA

20 Installed Renewable Capacity and Investment in Asia and the Pacific, 2007-2016Data Source: IRENA; Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Small Distributed Capacity Investment, 2016Data Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

21 Solar Potential and Solar Plant Locations, 2018Data Source: NASA; ESCAP

22 Wind Potential and Wind Power Plant Locations, 2018Data Source: NASA; ESCAP

23 Renewable Energy Jobs by Sector, 2016Data Source: IRENA

24 Estimated Jobs in Renewable Energy, 2016Data Source: IRENA

25 PM 2.5 Annual Mean Levels (2014) and Coal Power Plant LocationsData sources: NASA and ESCAP

26 PM2.5 Mean Annual Exposure, 2015Data Source: WHO

27 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, by Global Region, 1990-2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in Asia and the Pacific, by Fuel Source, 2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

28 Per Capita CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2015Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

29 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, by Sector, 2014Data Source: IEA

30 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in Asia and the Pacific, by Sector, 2014Data Source: ESCAP based on data from IEA

31 Fossil Fuel Subsidisation in Selected Asia-Pacific Economies, 2016Data Source: IEA

32 Average Gasoline Pump Prices in Asia and the Pacific, 2014Data Source: World Bank

Average Pump Prices, 2014Data Source: World Bank

33 Average Electricity Prices, 2016Data Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

34 Export Trends for Asia-Pacific’s Largest Energy Exporter: The Russian FederationData Source: UN Comtrade

36 Import Trends for Asia-Pacific’s Largest Energy Importer: ChinaData Source: UN Comtrade

37 Proved Fossil Fuel Reserves in Asia and the Pacific, End of 2016Data Source: BP

38 Reserves to Production RatiosData Source: BP

39 Investment in Energy Supply, 2016Data Source: IEA

Investment in Energy Projects with Private Participation, 2012-2016Data Source: World Bank

40 Investment in Power Generation, 2016Data Source: IEA

41 Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) scoresData Source: World Bank

Charts and Data Sources

43

www.asiapacificenergy.org