Stationary Battery Storage Systems - Technology Overview, Cost Calculation and Application Examples - Dirk Magnor Chair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion

Stationary Battery Storage Systems

- Technology Overview, Cost Calculation and Application Examples -

Dirk Magnor

Chair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems (Univ.-Prof. Dirk Uwe Sauer)Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical DrivesRWTH Aachen University

Definition of a Storage System

Stationary Battery Storage Systems 2

3Stationary Battery Storage Systems

Definition of a Storage System – Pumped Hydro Storage


What Size do Storage Systems Have?

Pumped Hydro Storage: 1 m3 at a hight of 360 m for 1 kWh

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Definition of a Storage System – Battery Storage


What Size do Storage Systems Have?

Battery Storage: 20 ft container can house 1 MWh / 1 MW

lithium ion batteries Approx. 4 times the size for

same amount of lead-acidor redox-flow batteries

PV battery systems haveapprox. the size of a fridge

Most modern class of container ships can carry approx. 15,000 containers (400 m x 56 m base area)


Example for Storage Dimensions


Completely loaded with battery containers, this equals a capacity of 15 GWh / 15 GW (all German pumped hydro plants: 60 GWh / 6 GW)



≡Energy


Completely loaded with battery containers, this equals a capacity of 15 GWh / 15 GW (all German pumped hydro plants: 60 GWh / 6 GW)



≡Power

Battery Technology Overview

Aspects of Battery Cost Calculation

Application Examples


Outline


Lead Acid Batteries

Parameter

Efficiency 80 % – 85 %

Calendar Life 5 – 15 years

Cycle Life 500 – 2.000

Specific Energy Cost 80 – 200 €/kWh

Specific Power Cost 100 – 200 €/kW

SWOT

Strengths High availabilityExperience with large systems

Weaknesses Low cycle lifeSpace ventilation mandatory

Oportunities Many manufacturers worldwideCost reduction potentials

Threads Limited reservoirs of leadCompeting with lithium ion batteries

Sources: V

arta, Hoppecke B

aterrien

Electrolyte H2SO4

Separator

Positive Electrode +

PbO2

Negative Electrode -

Pb

HSO4-

H+


Lithium Ion Batteries

Parameter



Cycle Life 1.000 – 5.000



SWOT

Strengths Long lifetimes, high efficiencies,High energy density

Weaknesses High costIntrinsic safety

Oportunities High cost reduction potentials

Threads Lithium reservoirs limited to few countries

Sources: S

aft, Kokam

, GS

YU

AS

A

Negative electrode Positive electrodeElectrolytes

Oxygen

Metal

Lithium-ion

Carbon

DischargeCharge

Separator


High Temperature Batteries

Parameter



Cycle Life 5.000 – 10.000



SWOT

Strengths Long lifetimes, existing systemsCheap raw materials (NaS)

Weaknesses Thermal lossesHigh operation temperatures

Oportunities Expiring patentsAvailability of raw materials

Threads Few manufacturers

Quelle: NGK, MES-DEA

Elektron Sodium Sodium ion Sulfur Sodium polysulfide Discharge

Charge

Sodium (liquid) Sulfur (liquid)

Neg

ativ

e el

ectr

ode

Positive electrode

Beta alumina (solid)


Redox Flow Batteries (Vanadium)

Parameter



Cycle Life > 10.000



SWOT

Strengths Power and energy capacities independently scalable, high cycle life

Weaknesses System complexityHigh maintenance cost

Oportunities Expiring patents

Threads Vanadium is rare material

Quelle: w

ww

.vrbpower.com

Tank 1 Tank 2

Pump 1 Pump 2

Anode

Membrane

Cathode

Power InDuring Charging

Power OutDuring Discharging


Redox Flow Batteries (Vanadium) – Functional Principle

Tank 1 Tank 2

Pump 1 Pump 2

Anode

Membrane

Cathode




Definition of a Storage System - Redox Flow Battery


Redox Flow Batteries (Vanadium)

Parameter



Cycle Life > 10.000



SWOT

Strengths Power and energy capacities independently scalable, high cycle life

Weaknesses System complexityHigh maintenance cost

Oportunities Expiring patents

Threads Vanadium is rare material

Source: w

ww

.vrbpower.com

Tank 1 Tank 2

Pump 1 Pump 2

Anode

Membrane

Cathode



Lead acid batteries Lithium ion batteries

NiCd batteries

High temperature batteries(NaS, NaNiCl2)

Redox flow batteries


Battery Technologies – Interim Conclusion

Currently dominating technologiesfor decentralized PV battery systems

Application especially for larger systems feasible; market not stimulated through small systems‘ sales

Technologically viable, but not to beexpected to large extent


Cost Calculation

electricity cost[€ct/kWh]

capital cost [%]

energy [kWh]

system lifetime [a]

cycles [#/d]

power [kW]

specific energy cost [€/kWh]

specific power cost [€/kW]

efficiency [%]self discharge [%/d]

maximum depth of discharge (DOD)

[%]

cycle life @ DOD [#]maintenance &

repair [%/a]

energy storage cost[€ct/kWh]

annuity method

Technologyparameters

Applicationparameters

Goal: Construction and operation of a 5 MW / 5 MWh hybrid BESS in the reserve market with

2 x Li: NMC/LMO and LFP/LTO2 x Pb: OSCM and VRLANaNiCl

Budget: 12.5 Mio. € total6.5 Mio. € public funding

20

Project Example – M5Bat


Applications – Primary Control Reserve (PCR)

Fre

qu

en

cy

[H

z]

72 % of the time no load (dead

band)

Activation nearly symmetrical

pos. and neg. reserve – not quite

Maximum demand in 3 months

70 %

of nominal power rating Activation of > 25 % of

nominal power in 0,36 % of the time 15,4 hours per year

Activation of > 50 % of nominal power in 0,0036 % of the time 8,5 minutes per year


Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – Load Profile

Data 3,5 months cleaned data

> 25 % 25 % <

> 50 % 50 % <

Market volume in Germany: Positive SCR 2.470 MW Negative SCR 2.420 MW 267 M€ in 2012 (BNetzA)

Period of supply min. 4 h (4 MWh per MW)

Potential earnings (ideal) 200 k€ / MW = 50 k€ / MWh

Invest MW-battery system 2015 ca. 550 k€ / MWh Annuity (550 k€; 12 years, 8 %) = 68 k€ / MWh Plus operation cost and electricity purchase

Currently, batteries can not provide SCR economically

Viable approx. 2020 - 2025


Applications - Secondary Control Reserve (SCR)

Traded seperately


Prospective Storage Markets

min max min max min max2023 2033 2050

020406080

100120140160180200

Installed Power in the Electricity Grid in GW

Regelreserve E-/ Plugin-Hybrid PKW Hausspeicher Control Reserve EV / PHEV PV home storage

Increasing electricity cost + PV cost

Increasing margin for storage operation

Dependent on cost for generation, electricity purchase, storage


Why Decentrelized Storage?

Strom kosten

H ausha lte 1 000 kW h/a b is 2 500 kW h/a

(2000-2011: +4% /a ; ab 2012 : +3% /a )

H ausha lte 2 500 kW h/a b is 5 000 kW h/a

(2000-2011: +4 ,6% /a; ab 2012: +3% /a)

Industrie 500 M W h/a bis 2 G W h/a

(2000-2011: +5 ,3% /a; ab 2012: +2 ,5% /a)

Industrie 20 G W h/a bis 70 G W h/a

(2000-2011: +5% /a ; ab 2012 : +2% /a )

EE G Vergütung für P V

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Jahr

€Ce

nts

/ k

Wh

Industrie

Haushalte

Photovoltaik

P V D achan lage b is 10 kW

(2004-2012: -12,6% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)

P V D achan lage 10 kW bis 40 kW

P V D achan lage g rößer 40 kW

(2004-2012: -13,9% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)

(2004-2012: -13,9% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)

P V Fre iflächenan lage

(2004-2012: -14,4% /a; ab 2013 : -13% /a)

B.B

urg

er,

Fra

un

hofe

r IS

E,

Sta

nd

28

.01

.20

14

Data

: B

MU

, E

EG

20

13

un

d B

MW

i E

nerg

ied

ate

n

PV reimbursement German EEG

Households

Industry

Storage

Storage

Different applications need different storage solutions Batteries support short to medium term storage For each application load profiles need to be evaluated to

select the right battery

Large battery capacities will be available in the electricity grid from: Increasing numbers of electrified vehicles PV battery systems

Multiple use of storage systems can open markets earlier and improve economics of battery storage


Conclusion – Take Home Messages

Thank you very much for your attention.

Contact Details:

www.isea.rwth-aachen.de

Dirk [email protected]


http://www.isea.rwth-aachen.de/

mailto:[email protected]

Operational strategy for

compensation of losses necessary

(slow and low power)

Time share at given SOC depends

on size of battery – influence on

aging

Smaller capacity results in larger

variation of SOC i.e. increased

aging

String influence on invest (capex)

Prequalification requires 2 x 15

min full load, ENTSOE pushing

towards

2 x 30 min

Technically 0.5 MWh / MW

sufficient


Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – SOC Profile

State of Charge (SoC) of the battery [%]

Dw

ell

tim

e at

res

pec

tive

So

C [

h]

Impact Factors: ∆SoC and SoCavg

Shallow Cycles long lifetime Deep Cycles short lifetime


Battery Aging – Example: Lithium Ion Batteries

95

50

5

1000

11000

21000

31000

41000

51000

1 3 5 10 40 70 100SO

C_av

g

# of

cyc

les

DaltaSOC

100

60

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SOC_

avg

lifeti

me

/ a

Temp / °C

Calendar LifeCycle Life

Impact Factors: Temp. and SoCavg

Full LiB are aging faster Cool LiB are aging slower


Lithium Ion Batteries – Functional Principle

Negative electrode Positive electrodeElectrolytes

Oxygen

Metal

Lithium-ion

Carbon

DischargeCharge

Separator


High Temperature Batteries – Functional Principle

Elektron Sodium Sodium ion Sulfur Sodium polysulfide Discharge

Charge

Sodium (liquid) Sulfur (liquid)

Neg

ativ

e e

lect

rode

Positive electrode

Beta alumina (solid)

Documents

Stationary Battery Storage Systems - Technology Overview, Cost Calculation and Application Examples - Dirk Magnor Chair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion