statiebi ganaTlebis sakiTxebze

2010

mTargmnelebi: maia Canqseliani Teo nefariZe

redaqtorebi: maia menabde sofio gorgoZe naTia nacvliSvili

dizaini da dakabadoneba: giorgi bagrationi

© maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri, 2010.

Tbilisi, 0102, uznaZis q. 52.

tel: (+995) 91 14 53, 95 58 33.

veb-gverdi: www.tpdc.ge el-fosta: info@tpdc.ge

ISBN 978-9941-0-2219-7

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sarCevi

endi hargrivsi

swavleba codnis sazogadoebaSi: ganaTleba gonierebisTvis 7

devid f. labare

progresivizmi, skolebi da ganaTlebis

fakultetebi: amerikuli romantika 37

hovard gardneri

adreuli asakis Teoriebis Zala 55

m. siuzan donovani da kon d. brensfordi

rogor vswavlobT: istoria,

maTematika da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi 73

Teodor r. saizeri

saxviTi xelovneba da musika saswavlo gegmaSi 97

norman qunqi

mikuTvnebis grZnoba: maslous

saWiroebaTa ierarqiis axleburad gaazreba 103

joan g. qarfisi

kognituri procesebi kritikul azrovnebaSi 119

artur kropli da devid kropli

SemoqmedebiTobis stimulireba Sefasebis meSveobiT 147

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Zvirfaso maswavleblebo,

warmogidgenT statiebis krebuls ganaTlebis sakiTxebze. aRniSnuli krebuli warmoadgens sxvadasxva ucxour gamocemaSi moZiebuli statie-bis kompilacias. yvela statias mTavari Tema _ ganaTleba aerTianebs, sxvadasxva specifikur sakiTxs mimoixilavs da warmatebul ucxour gamocdilebas gviziarebs. agreTve, krebulSi warmodgenili statie-bi exmianeba im sakiTxebs, romelTa codnac maswavlebels maswavleb-lis profesiuli standartis mixedviT moeTxoveba da, aseve, zogadad, ganaTlebis miznebs, prioritetebsa da koncefcias gansazRvravs Tana-medrove msoflioSi.

imedi gvaqvs, warmodgenili krebuli daxmarebas gagiwevT saskolo praqtikis gaumjobesebasa da profesiul ganviTarebaSi. dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi, mogvwereT TqvenTvis saintereso Temebisa da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da, krebulis Semdegi gamocemis momzadebisas, Tqvens interesebs aucileblad gaviTvaliswinebT.

gisurvebT warmatebebs!

pativiscemiT,

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri

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paradoqsuli profesia

maswavlebloba paradoqsuli profesiaa. yvela im saqmianobas Soris, romelic ukve aris an yali-bdeba profesiad, mxolod maswa-vlebels moeTxoveba iseTi unar-Cvevebisa da SesaZleblobebis gan-viTareba, romelTa meSveobiTac individebi da organizaciebi ga-darCebian da miaRweven warmatebas Tanamedrove codnis sazogadoeba-Si. maswavleblebi, yvela sxva pro-fesiis warmomadgenlebze metad, valdebulni arian, Seqmnan mswav-lelTa sazogadoeba, codnis sazo-gadoeba da ganaviTaron inovaciis, moqnilobisa da cvlilebebisadmi mzadyofnis SesaZleblobebi, vi-naidan, dRes ekonomikur keTil-dReobas swored es ganapirobebs. amavdroulad, maswavleblebs im farTomasStabian problemebTan brZolac evalebaT, romlebsac Ta-vad codnis sazogadoeba qmnis. ase-Ti problemebis magaliTebia gada-Warbebuli momxmarebloba, Temis daSla da mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris mzardi sxvaobebis gaCena. maswavleblebs am urTierTsawina-aRmdego miznebis ganxorcieleba Tanadroulad uwevT. maTTvis swo-red es warmoadgens profesiul pa-radoqss.

amasTanave, saxelmwifo xarje-bi, ganaTleba da socialuri pro-gramebi, pirvel rigSi, codnis eko-nomikis mier Sekvecil saxelmwifo biujets Seewira. sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis sferoSi gaRebul msxverplTa Soris maswavleble-bis xelfasebi da samuSao pirobebi yvelaze ZviradRirebuli iyo.

industriuli revoluciis Se-degad, adamianis SromiTma re-sursebma soflidan qalaqSi gad-moinacvla. masobrivma migraciam dikensiseuli qarxnebi da bneli satanuri wisqvilebi muSaxeliT Seavso. qalaqebis gadatvirTvam da moWarbebulma urbanizaciam sazo-gadoebriv sivrcesa da cxovreba-Si didi institutebis Seqmnasac Seuwyo xeli. aseTi institutebia saxelmwifo ganaTleba, sajaro bi-blioTekebi da didi municipaluri parkebi. industriuli revoluciis ekonomikuri afeTqeba SeuzRudavi ar yofila. misi winaRoba samoqa-laqo da filantropuli qmedebebi iyo, romlebic swavlebis, saskolo procesisa da mwvane urbanuli si-vrcis ganviTarebas ganapirobebd-nen da, Sedegad, xalxisTvis sarge-beli mohqondaT.

codnis revoluciam resursebis gamoyenebas kidev erTxel Seucvala mimarTuleba: amjerad, resurseb-

endi hargrivsi

swavleba codnis sazogadoebaSi: ganaTleba gonierebisTvis*

* Andy Hargreaves, Teaching in the Knowledge Society, 2004, pp. 1-22.

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ma sajaro qisidan kerZo jibisken gadainacvla, rac momxmareble-bis mxridan Sesyidvebis gazrdasa da saaqcio bazarze investiciebis stimulirebas isaxavda miznad. me-ore revoluciis farglebSi socia-luri kompensaciisa da winaaRmde-gobis nakleb niSnebs vxedavT. mar-Tlac, sajaro xarjebze SezRud-vebis dawesebam da kerZo arCevanis waxalisebam iseTi sazogadoebrivi institutebic ki safrTxis winaSe daayena, rogoricaa, magalTad, sa-xelmwifo ganaTleba. maSin, roca maswavleblebisgan moveliT, moswa-vleebi codnis sazogadoebisTvis moamzadon, maswavleblebis xelfa-sebis jamuri Rirebuleba bevr mTa-vrobas aiZulebs, SezRudon an Sea-mciron is resursebi da mxardaWe-ra, rac maswavleblebs efeqturo-bis gaumjobesebisTvis sWirdebaT. momavali Taobebis maswavleblebs amiT did zians vayenebT, codnis ekonomika STanTqavs axalgazrde-bis potencials.

codnis sazogadoebaSi maswav-leblis profesia WeSmaritad saswa-vlo profesiad ver yalibdeba. misi

mizani swavlebisa da swavlis maRa-li standartebis dakmayofilebaa, Tumca, amavdroulad, maswavle-blebs saxelwifo Tavdasxmis sa-frTxeebsac uqmnis; amcirebs maT avtonomias da uzRudavs samuSao pirobebs; qmnis standartizaciisa da regulirebis epidemiur jaWvs; iwvevs Tanamdebobis datovebasa da adreulad pensiaze gasvlas, pro-blemebs axali kadrebis daqira-vebaSi da enTuziasti da unariani liderebis naklebobas. profesia, romelsac, rogorc xSirad amboben, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs cod-nis ekonomikisTvis, daufasebelia; ufro da ufro met maswavlebels uCndeba samuSaos mitovebis survi-li, ufro da ufro naklebi iCens am profesiis dauflebis survils da kidev ufro naklebi adamiania dainteresebuli am sferoSi lide-robiT. es ki paradoqsze meticaa. es, savalalod, didi masStabis kri-ziss warmoadgens.

amdenad, maswavleblebi dRes erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli in-teresebisa da principebis samku-TxedSi aRmoCndnen (grafiki 1.1):

katalizatorebi mowinaaRmdegeebi

msxverpli

maswavleblebi

da swavleba

grafiki 1.1 swavleba codnis sazogadoebaSi

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iyo codnis sazogadoebisa da •masTan asocirebuli SesaZle-blobebisa da keTildReobis katalizatori;

iyo im safrTxeebis • mowinaaRmdege, rac codnis sazogadoe-baSi inkluzias, usafrTxoebasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas emuqreba;

iyo codnis sazogadoebis • msxver pli iseT samyaroSi, sadac ga-naTlebisadmi molodinis zrdas mosdevs standartuli reagire-ba minimaluri danaxarjiT.

es sami Zala, maTi urTierTq-medeba da zegavlena ganapirobebs swavlebis statuss, maswavleblis profesiis mniSvnelobasa da mis mdgradobas codnis sazogadoeba-Si.

codnis sazogadoebamde

savaldebulo saskolo gana-Tlebis dawesebisa da gavrcelebis Semdeg, saxelmwifo ganaTleba mu-dmivad sazogadoebis gadamrCenlis rolSi iyo. skolebisa da maswavle-blebisgan yovelTvis moelodnen bavSvebis siRaribisa da gaWirve-bisgan xsnas, omis Semdgom _ ero-vnulobis aRdgenas, universaluri wignierebis ganviTarebiT _ eko-nomikur gadarCenas; kvalificiu-ri muSaxelis momzadebas maSinac ki, Tu maTTvis sakmarisi samuSao adgilebi ar iqneboda; toleran-tobis ganviTarebas bavSvebSi iq, sadac ufrosebs Soris religiuri da eTnikuri konfliqti arse bobs;

demokratiuli Rirebulebebis Se-Tvisebas im sazogadoebis mier, romelsac totalitaruli reJimis daRi aCnia; ganviTarebuli erebis ekonomikuri konkurentunariano-bis SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebadi qveynebis am mimarTulebiT wayvanas; narkomaniis problemis Semsubuqe-bas, Zaladobis aRmofxvras; Zveli Taobis codvebis gamo dakarguli keTildReobis dabrunebas, gana-Tlebis sistemis reformiT, moma-vali Taobebis mosamzadeblad.

molodini saxelmwifo gana-Tlebis mimarT yovelTvis maRa-li iyo, Tumca maTi gamoxatva sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvarad xdeboda. meore msoflio omidan ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, wamyvan qvey-nebSi ganaTlebas adamianur kapi-talSi, samecniero da teqnolo-giuri sferoebis ganviTarebaSi Cadebul investiciad miiCnevdnen.1 demografiuli bumi, romelsac erik hobsbaumi `istoriis oqros xanad~2 moixseniebs, meti maswav-leblis saWiroebas qmnida. gana-Tlebis Zalis mimarT optimisturi ganwyoba, siamaye sakuTari profe-siiT da maswavleblis profesiis mimarT mzardi pativiscema maswa-vleblis xelfasebis zrdis safu-Zvels amzadebda; maswavleblis profesia metad kvalificiuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone kadre-bis SerCevas moiTxovda. maswavle-beli ufro maRal statuss, Tavi-suflebasa da avtonomias iRebda samuSaos Sesrulebisas. im perio-dSi, romelsac me `avtonomiuri profesionalis saukune~ davarqvi, ganviTarebuli, demokratiuli

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qveynebidan bevrma maswavlebelma isargebla mosaxleobis raodeno-bis zrdiT, mzardi ekonomikiTa da xelgaSlili saxelmwifoTi.3 miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnulma optimizmma, gafarToebam da avto-nomiam saxelmwifo ganaTlebis xa-risxi gazarda, Tavad ganaTlebisa da maswavleblebis meTodolo-giis fundamentur maxasiaTebleb-Si cota wvlili Tu Seitana. cota inovaciam Tu gauZlo dros, xolo saklaso garemos Secvlis rito-rika yovelTvis sjabnida realo-bas.4 avtonomias, inovaciasa da sa-ganmanaTleblo zrdas swavlebisa da swavlis tradiciuli meTode-bi amarcxebda da maswavleblebis umetesoba mraval Taobas erTi da igive meTodebiT aswavlida: le-qciebis, samagido muSaobisa da kiTxva-pasuxis meTodebiT. garda amisa, bavSvebic standartuli me-TodebiT fasdebodnen.5

naklebad ganviTarebulma qvey-nebma gansxvavebuli ekonomiku-ri da kulturuli memkvidreoba miiRes da, ganaTlebis probleme-bis mogvarebisTvis, msoflio si-mdidris araproporciulad mci-re nawili ergoT. saerTaSoriso daxmareba, ZiriTadad, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis damkvidrebisa da ga-farToebisken, wignierebis funda-menturi donis amaRlebisken iyo mimarTuli, rac ekonomikuri wins-vlisa da damoukideblobis auci-lebel pirobad iTvleboda. Tumca resursebi mainc SezRuduli rao-denobiT iyo xelmisawvdomi. klas-Si moswavleebis Zalian didi ra-odenoba iyo (rac, principSi, arc

axla Secvlila), teqnologiebi Ti-Tqmis ar arsebobda, skamebad qve-bi da dafad _ qviSa gamoiyenebo-da; maswavleblebis kvalifikacia, codnis done da xelfasebi Zalian dabali iyo.6 saSualo skolebSi mxolod elitaruli fenebis Svi-lebi swavlobdnen, kolonistebis mier dawesebuli saswavlo gegmiT. swavla didaqtikuri meTodebiT mimdinareobda, riTac moswavleebs sakuTar gamocdilebasa da saku-Tar xalxs aSorebdnen.7 aRniSnul situaciaSi swavleba winaprofesionalur xanaSi iyo, sadac cudad momzadebul da dabali anazRaure-bis mqone maswavleblebs swavle-bis meTodebis mxolod SezRudu-li speqtris gamoyenebis ufleba hqondaT.8 aRniSnuli strategiebi, iseve rogorc arsebul situacias-Tan Tavis gasarTmevad SemuSavebu-li meTodebi, albaT Seesabameboda kidec naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis SezRudul finansur re-sursebs9, Tumca, sabolood, isini maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis warmosaxvaSi ise CaibeWda, rom swavlebis sxva SesaZlo meTodebi aRarc moiazreboda.

1973 wlis navTobis krizisi-sa da keinsiseuli ekonomikis ko-lafsis Sedegad, dasavleTis bevr ganviTarebul ekonomikaSi opti-mistur saganmanaTleblo gegmebs wertili daesva. problemebis ga-daWris gzis nacvlad, ganaTleba uceb problemad iqca. valebiT datvirTulma ekonomikam da so-cialurma saxelmwifoebma ngreva daiwyo, rasac saganmanaTleblo resursebis ganadgurebac mohyva.

endi hargrivsi

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dasavleTis qveynebma ukan daixies, bevrma ki, `aziuri vefxvis~* tipis ekonomikis gamoCenis fonze, Ta-vdajerebuloba dakarga. amasoba-Si, demografiulma mdgomareobam gauareseba daiwyo, moswavleTa ra-odenoba Semcirda, maswavleblebma dakarges sabazro fasi da Zala, darCenili kadrebis umetesoba ki, moZvelda.

akademiur wreebSi arsebul ganwyobas ganaTlebis, rogorc so-cialuri cvlilebebis kataliza-toris, rolis mimarT pesimisturi ganwyoba ganapirobebda. qristo-fer jenqsi, statistikuri monace-mebis safuZvelze, amtkicebs, rom ganaTlebam ver SeZlo socialuri uTanasworobis problemis daZle-va.10 basil bernStainis winaswarme-tyveluri argumenti _ `ganaTleba sazogadoebis problemebis kom-pensacia ver iqneba~ _ bevrs ukve realobad eCvena,11 tom popkevicma ganacxada, rom istoriulad sko-lebis mimarT araswori molodini yalibdeboda da maT socialuri problemebis mosagvarebel dawese-bulebad sruliad aramarTebulad miiCnevdnen.12

ganaTleba, erT dros socialu-ri optimizmis wyaro, axla wmendis, sasowarkveTisa da panikis samizne gaxda. amerikis SeerTebul Sta-tebSi, radikalur angariSSi _ eri riskis winaSe _ gacxadebulia, rom amerikelebis ukidures ganrisxe-bas gamoiwvevda, sxva qveynebs ara ganaTlebisa da ekonomikuri efe-qturobis, aramed samxedro Zalis momzadebis doniT rom gaeswroT.13

amasobaSi, britaneTSi, me-20 sauku-nis 80-iani wlebis momavalma kon-servatulma mTavrobam, saarCevno kampaniis farglebSi, mizanmimar-Tulad SecdomiT formulirebuli slogani gamoiyena _ `ganaTlebis sistema ar muSaobs~. mTavrobebi ukve ganaTlebas ukavSireben biz-ness, samsaxurs, mecnierebasa da teqnologias.14 ganxorcielda sis-temis reorganizacia, resursebis ukan mozidva, skolebs Soris sa-bazro arCevanisa da konkurenciis politika gavrcelda. saswavlo gegmebis kontroli gamkacrda, rac, zogadad, eris siamayis aRdge-nas isaxavda miznad.15 cvlilebebi yovlismomcveli da drouli aR-moCnda. ufro metic, cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas sagangebo xasia-Ti mieca. mTavrobebi yvelaferSi maswavleblebs adanaSaulebdnen, me dia da skolis muSaobis xaris-xis zedamxedveli, axlad dafuZne-buli kavSirebi, romlebic moswav-leebis CaWris gamo skolebs `cud~ iarliys akravdnen (rogorc wesi, Rarib TemSi),16 aseve, maswavleble-bis braleulobazec miuTiTebdnen. zogierTi kritikosis Tanaxmad, aR-niSnuli movlenebi mizanmimarTul zomebs warmoadgenda, romlebic swavlebasa da saxelmwifo skolebs arapopularuls xdida, mSoblebs urCevda, sakuTari Svilebis ga-naTleba damoukideblad daefi-nansebinaT, xolo ufrosi Taobis ZviradRirebul maswavleblebs, rom lebic axal reformas ewinaaR-mdegebodnen, pensiaze gasvlisken mouwodebda.17

* moiazreba maRalganviTarebuli da swrafad mzardi ekonomikis mqone qveynebi: singapu-ri, hon kongi, samxreT korea da taivani (red. SeniSvna).

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90 _ iani wlebisTvis, maswavle-blis saSualo asaki ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-bis organizaciis wevr qveynebSi 40 wels aRemateboda.18 refor-mebis zewolis fonze, gaizarda moraluri problemebi, stresis done da maswavleblebis gadaRlis maCveneblebi,19 iseT qveyanaSic ki, rogoric iaponiaa, sadac saganma-naTleblo reformebis talRa mo-gvianebiT daiwyo.20 bevri maswavle-beli, reformebisa da restruqtu-rizaciis fonze, sakuTar profe-sionalizmSi darwmunebuli aRar iyo.21 maswavleblebs meti samuSao hqondaT, maTi muSaoba ufro me-tad kontroldeboda da, amasTana-ve, administraciuli decentrali-zaciis Sedegad, biurokratiuli dokumentebis warmoebas isini maTi ZiriTadi samuSaodan mocdenad aRiqvamdnen.22 saxelmwifo gana-Tlebis arsebobas nel-nela wer-tili esmeboda.

dasavleTis qveynebSi, sasko-lo reformebis yvelaze Zlieri winapiroba saerTaSoriso testi-rebis danergva iyo. hon kongis, singapuris, koreisa da taivanis aziuri `vefxvebis~ ekonomikurma saswaulma, iseve rogorc iaponiis amomavalma mzem, dasavlel kanon-SemoqmedTa mier ekonomikur wins-vlaSi saganmanaTleblo sistemebis rolis gamartiveba da pirdapiri kavSiris gavleba ganapiroba. ma-Tematikasa da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi saerTaSoriso testirebis Sedegebma sazogadoebrivi mRelva-reba gamoiwvia da bevri dasavlu-ri qveynis mTavrobisTvis sagan-

manaTleblo sistemebis reformis safuZveli Seqmna. aRniSnulma mo-vlenebma swavlebisa da swavlis procesis kidev ufro meti stan-dartizacia da mikromenejmen-ti gamoiwvia; Sefasebis sistemebi gamkacrda, anazRaureba samuSaos xarisxis mixedviT ganisazRvra, saswavlo gegmebis zustad dacva aucilebel moTxovnad dawesda, rac maswavleblebis pedagogiur gadawyvetilebebs zRudavda. ase-Ti programebis TvalsaCino maga-liTebia: programa warmateba wignierebaSi, romelic amerikis Se-erTebul StatebSi ganxorcielda da erovnuli wignierebis strategia dawyebiT skolebSi, romelic britaneTSi gatarda. ironiulia is faqti, rom codnis ekonomika, realurad, gacilebiT ufro met moqnilobas moiTxovs swavlisa da swavlebis procesSi, vidre mimdi-nare reformebis farglebSi iyo daSvebuli _ aRniSnulis gaazreba mxolod mogvianebiT moxda, roca 90-ian wlebSi valutis kursic da-eca da moulodneli ekonomikuri daRmasvla daiwyo.23

ganaTlebis sferoSi mimdina-re Semcirebebi da restruqturi-zacia TiTqos efeqturi aRar iyo saganmanaTleblo da socialuri uTanasworobis problemis dasaZ-levad an gamosasworeblad iseve, rogorc baqanze mdgomi skamebis gadaadgileba veRar Sveloda titaniks. britaneTSi, amerikis Seer-Tebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi bavSvebis siRaribis done sagrZ-noblad gaizarda da bolos pro-blemamac ifeTqa.24 restruqturi-

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zaciis procesSi miRebuli zomebi ar uzrunvelyofda gansxvavebebis daZlevas mdidar da Rarib TemebSi arsebul skolebs Soris.25 afri-kasa da, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT amerikaSi, Seiqmna absoluturi siRaribis meoTxe msoflio.26 aq SimSiloba, daavadebebi da ekolo-giuri ubedurebebi, iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva toms Soris genocidis precedentebi, saubedurod, post-kolonialistur eras axasiaTebda, sadac politikurma diqtaturam da korumpirebulma reJimma (xSi-rad dasavleTis mTavrobis mier daSvebuli) eri dayo, Raribebis marginalizacia moaxdina da is saganmanaTleblo resursebi Sea-mcira, romlebic saerTaSoriso organizaciebisgan miiRo. Tu gan-viTarebul qveynebSi maswavleble-bis imedi, gaxdnen profesionale-bi, ganuxorcielebelia, maSin sxva qveynebSi am sakiTxze ocnebasac ki ara aqvs azri.

codnis sazogadoebis sargeblianoba

zemoT ukve visaubreT meo-ce saukunis bolo meoTxedSi mo-makvdavi industriuli da moder-nizaciis imperiuli epoqis meryevi saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobis Se saxeb. magram, saukunis bolos, industrializmis ferflidan for-mireba daiwyo axalma ekonomikam da sazogadoebam.

1976 wels, amerikelma socio-logma, daniel belma, iwinaswarme-tyvela am socialuri xanis dadgo-ma da mis aRsawerad axali fraza

gamoigona: codnis sazogadoeba. belis wigni _ postindustriuli sazogadoebis formireba – im ekonomikur gardasaxvas aRwerda, romelic ukve moxda: industriuli ekonomikidan, sadac samuSao Zala metwilad produqciis warmoebiT iyo dakavebuli, postindustriu-li ekonomikisken _ sadac samu-Sao Zalis umetesoba momsaxurebis sferoze, ideebsa da komunikacia-ze iqneba koncentrirebuli.27 beli amtkicebda, rom am axali aqcen-tebis bedi im adamianebsa da ins-titutebze iqneba damokidebuli, romlebic qmnian codnas mecniere-baSi, teqnologiebSi, kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi. `postindustriuli sazogadoeba~, _ ambobs is _

`igive codnis sazogadoebaa, ormagi gagebiT: pirvel rig-Si, inovaciis wyaroa kvleva da ganviTareba. meore ki- sa-zogadoebis birTvi, romelic saerTo erovnuli produqtis ufro didi nawilis mixedviT izomeba da, ZiriTadad, cod-nis sferoSia Tavmoyrili~.28

is amtkicebs, rom zemoaRniS-nuli mimarTulebis safuZvelze mxolod saganmanaTleblo sfero ganviTardeba. `ise, rom 2000 wlis-Tvis amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-tebi. ... masobrivi codnis sazo-gadoeba gaxdeba, sadac umaRlesi ganaTlebis safexurze Caricxul-Ta yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dafiqsirdeba~.29

belis winaswarmetyveleba na-wilobriv gamarTlda. ufro da ufro ar wydeba mravalwliani sa-xelmwifo ganaTlebis, umaRlesi

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ganaTlebisa da uwyveti ganaTle-bis zrdis tendencia. axalgazrde-bi ganaTlebis sistemaSi ufro met dros atareben, ufro meti rao-denobiT abareben umaRles saswav-leblebSi da srulganakveTian sa-msaxursa da karieras mogvianebiT iwyeben.30 Tumca is, Tu ramdenad ganapirobebs aRniSnuli tendencia ufro didi masStabisa da ukeTe-si xarisxis codnis sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, kvlav Ria sakiTxad rCeba. xangrZlivi studentoba zo-gjer sulac ar niSnavs ukeTesad swavlas.

dResdReobiT, politikosebs, biurokratebs, ganaTlebis spe-cialistebsa da mewarmeebs Soris codnis sazogadoebaze farTod ga-vrcelebuli saubrebi am terminis mniSvnelobas afarToebs da belis gansazRvrebis miRma aviTarebs. codna aRar warmoadgens mxolod muSaobisa da produqciisTvis saWi-ro resurss, is ekonomikuri cxo-vrebis yvela sferoSi vrceldeba da korporaciebisa Tu sxvadasxva organizaciebis funqcionirebis ganmsazRvreli xdeba.

ekonomisti da as wels miRweuli futuristi, peter drakeri, sauke-Tesod aRwers da popularizacias uwevs codnis sazogadoebis axal, ufro Zlier da yovlismomcvel ideas. is ambobs, rom sazogadoe-bis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri resursi aRar aris arc kapitali da arc samuSao Zala. maT nacvlad,

dRes umTavresi resursi codna gaxda... axla yvelaze Rirebuli `produqtuloba~ da `inovaciaa”; orive maTga-

ni codnis praqtikul gamoye-nebas gulisxmobs. codnis sazogadoebis wamyvani Zala `codnis sferoSi dasaqmebu-li specialistebi~ iqnebian... ekonomikis gamowveva ki... am-denad, codnis samuSaosa da codnis muSakis produqtu-loba iqneba.31

qseluri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Seqmnil brwyinvale trilogia-Si, manuel kastelsi, aRmosavleT evropaSi socialuri reformis Te-maze momuSave maRali donis kvle-viTi organizaciebis mrCeveli, am axali socialuri da ekonomikuri wyobis aRsaniSnavad, iyenebs ter-mins sainformacio sazogadoeba.32 kastelsisTvis, es sazogadoeba efuZneba eleqtronuli, kompiute-ruli da cifruli sainformacio Tu gasarTobi saSualebebis ganvi-Tarebas, gavrcelebasa da cirku-lacias globalur doneze.

ganviTarebis industriul formatSi, produqtulobis mTavari wyaros axali energo-resursebi warmoadgens, aseve am energoresursebis decen-tralizacia. ganviTarebis axal, sainformacio format-Si, produqtuloba codnis generirebis teqnologiebs, informaciis damuSavebasa da simbolur komunikacias efuZ-neba... ganviTarebis sainfor-macio formatisTvis damaxa-siaTebelia codnis zegavle-na TviTon codnaze, rogorc produqtulobis mTavar wya-roze ... interaqciis virtua-lur wreSi.33

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mudivad cvalebad, TviTSemoq-med sainformacio sazogadoebaSi, codna moqnili, mudmivad ganvrco-badi da cvalebadi resursia. cod-nis ekonomikaSi, adamianebi gare, `eqspertebis~ codnas universite-tebidan an sxva dawesebulebebidan ara mxolod iyeneben, aramed cod-na, SemoqmedebiToba da gamomgone-bloba yoveldRiuri saqmianobis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. codna ara mxolod samuSaosa da produ-qciis safuZvelia, rogorc Tavda-pirvelad beli amtkicebda, aramed Tavad samuSaosa da produqciis mTavar formad iqceva, radgan ko-munikaciis, gayidvebis, marketin-gis, sakonsultacio, turizmis, RonisZiebebis organizebis da a.S. sferoebSi ufro da ufro gana-Tlebuli adamianebi saqmdebian. ian rankinis erT-erT popularul deteqtiur romanSi, misi asakovani protagonisti, inspeqtori rebusi, eWvmitanilis dakiTxvamde edin-burgis erT-erTi sacxovrebeli binis mobinadreTa avangardul sa-qmianobas ecnoba da sarkastulad svams kiTxvas: `kidev SerCenia Tu ara vinmes namdvili samuSao!”34

codnis sazogadoebaSi produ-qciis formebi moxmarebis for-mebs ukavSirdeba. jeremi rifkinis wignSi, xelmisawvdomobis saukune, naCvenebia, rom miuxedavad manqane-bis, kompiuterebis, telefonebis an sxva nivTebis Sesyidvisas sawyi-si Senatanis moTxovnis Semsubuqe-bis an gauqmebisa, is servisebi, ro-melTa gamoyenebis aucileblobis winaSec vdgebiT _ manqanis ijara, internetis momsaxureba, satele-

fono momsaxureba _ ufro mZimed awveba Cvens pirad biujets.35 mom-saxurebis sfero ekonomikuri war-matebis ganmsazRvreli xdeba.

robert raixi, prezident klintonis administraciis Sromis departamentis mdivani saubrobs imaze, rom axal ekonomikaSi mogeba aRaraa damokidebuli Zveli indus-triuli ekonomikis masobrivi war-moebisa da marketingis meTodebis masStabebze. mzardi da pretenziu-li samomxmareblo arCevnis eraSi, ekonomikuri mogeba damokidebu-lia kompaniebis mier konkurentul garemoSi axali produqtebisa da momsaxurebis gamogonebaze.36 me-toqe kompaniebi, amdenad, `mudmivi inovaciis”37 kulturisa da sistemis damkvidrebas unda cdilobdnen, sadac `siswrafe da Wkua ... bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad produqcia~.38 dRevandel kultu-raSi `vunderkindebi~, romelTac SeuZliaT gamogoneba, Seqmna, sia-xliTa da axali SesaZleblobebiT srulyofili tkbobis miReba, mom-gebian mdgomareobaSi arian. imave beds iziareben TanamSromlebi da eqspertebi, romlebic klientis saWiroebebs grZnoben, visac maTi momavali survilebis winaswarme-tyveleba da imis winaswar garkve-va SeuZlia, Tu ra daakmayofilebs yvelaze metad maT samomxmareblo gemovnebas!

yvela zemoaRwerili inovacia da sabazro gaTvla codnas moi-Txovs _ da yvelaze didi mewarme-geniosebi, rogorebic iyvnen Tomas edisoni, xolo TanamedroveTagan, stiven spilbergi, an ofra uinfri,

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floben orive unar-Cvevas, ambo-bs raixi.39 Tumca mainc, individi geniosi iSviaTi movlenaa, xolo warmatebuli korporaciebi erTad kreben inovatorebsa da marketin-gis specialistebs, ugulebelyo-fen Zvelebur dayofas, erTi mxriv, marketingsa da, meore mxriv, kvle-vasa da ganviTarebas Soris, rac industriul periodSi korpora-ciebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

codnis ekonomikaSi saukeTeso korporaciebi muSaoben, rogorc saswavlo organizaciebi, sadac inovatorebi da marketingis spe-cialistebi erT gundad muSao-ben, erTmaneTTan komunikaciisas araviTari sirTule ara aqvT, re-gularulad iyeneben eqspertul codnas da erToblivad qmnian da amowmeben axal ideebs.40 aseTi or-ganizaciebi zrdian TavianT SesaZ-leblobebs _ mudmivad Seqmnan da gamoiyenon axali codna. rogorc raixi aRniSnavs, `ormxrivi swavla, rasac mudmiv inovaciamde mivya-varT, aris araformaluri, spon-tanuri da daugegmavi~.41 organi-zaciul sirTules is warmoadgens, rom aucilebelia, Sedges iseTi gundi da Seiqmnas iseTi kultura, romelSic damkvidrdeba ormxri-vi da spontanuri swavla da war-matebulic iqneba. silikon velis warmateba, swored, am princips efuZneboda _ es iyo garemo, sadac stenfordis univeristetis mkvle-varebi, teqnikuri inovatorebi da erToblivi sawarmos mqone kapita-listebi erToblivad muSaobdnen. aRniSnulma TanamSromlobam mso-flio masStabis zegavlena iqonia

ekonomikur da teqnologiur pro-cesebze.42 axlaxan, santa fes ins-titutma motorolas tipis Zlie-ri korporaciuli dafinansebis sistema gamoiyena, raTa Seekriba Teoretikosi fizikosebi, ekono-mistebi da sxvebi, qselebisa da qa-osuri Tu kompleqsuri sistemebis modelebis saidumloebaTa aRmosa-Cenad. momavlis ekonomikuri wins-vla, ekonomikuri da socialuri qselebis uaxlesi modelebis gaa-zreba momavali ekonomikuri war-matebis ganmsazRvreli iqneba.43

amdenad, codnis sazogadoebas sami ganzomileba aqvs. pirvel rig-Si, is moicavs gavrcobil samecnie-ro, teqnikur da saganmanaTleblo sferoebs, daniel belis aRwerilo-bis msgavsad. meore, momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi codnisa da informaciis damuSavebisa da cirkulaciis meTodebi kompleq-suria. mesame, is moicavs Zireul cvlilebebs korporaciuli orga-nizaciebis funqcionirebaSi, rac, ormxrivi da spontanuri swavlebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdis mizniT, erTi mxriv, sistemebis, gundebi-sa da kulturis Seqmnas da, meore mxriv, produqtisa da servisis mu-dmiv inovacias gulisxmobs.

codnis sazogadoebis meore da mesame aspeqti sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis daxvewili infrastruqturis qo-nazea damokidebuli, rac swavlis process ufro swrafsa da iols xdis. sainformacio infrastru-qturas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod wamyvani eko-nomikis mqone qveynebSi. kastelsi

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gvaCvenebs, rom codnisa da sain-formacio sazogadoebasTan ele-qtronulad dakavSireba ganviTa-rebadi qveynebisTvisac identurad mniSvnelovani prioritetia.44 igi amtkicebs, rom qveynebi, romlebic izolirebuli arian sainformacio ekonomikisgan, an romelTac gvian danerges sainformacio teqnolo-giebi, yvelaze dabal ekonomikur Sedegebs aRweven. marTlac, sain-formacio teqnologiebSi investi-ciebis nakleboba da misi samxedro da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis miRma xelmisawvdomobis gauvrceleblo-ba (rasac informaciis Tavisufali dineba mosdevs) sabWoTa komuniz-mis dangrevis mTavari mizezi ga-xldaT. erebi da jgufebi, romle-bic sainformacio sazogadoebaSi ar an ver monawileoben, ufro da ufro marginalizebuli xdebian.

Tumca Zlieri codnis ekonomi-kis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli xal-xisTvis informaciis xelmisawvdo-moba ki ara, aramed xalxis unaria _ miRebuli informacia efeqtu-rad daamuSaos. evropis TanamS-romlobisa da ganviTarebis orga-nizacia axali codnis ekonomikis iniciativebis ZiriTadi mxardamWe-ria. martin karnoi da manuel kas-telsi, evropis TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciisTvis momzadebul mniSvnelovan angariS-Si aRniSnaven, rom sainformacio era arsebiTad dainteresebulia codniTa da swavlis procesiT:

sainformacio xanaSi, samuSa-os mTavari ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba codnis mniSvnelo-baa. gansakuTrebiT, `mobilu-

ri~ zogadi codna, romelic ara mxolod erT, konkretul samuSaos an firmas sWirdeba. dRes is samuSaoa saukeTeso, romelic maRali donis ga-naTlebas moiTxovs (maRali donis zogad ganaTlebas) da meti codnis dagrovebis Se-saZleblobebs iZleva; is or-ganizaciebia saukeTeso, sa-dac swavlebis, swavlisa da informaciis gacvla-gamo-cvlisTvis saukeTeso gare-moa Seqmnili. swored codna da informacia xdis samuSa-os moqnils, SesaZleblobas aZlevs kompaniebs, gaaumjo-beson produqciis xazebi, procesebi da marketinguli strategiebi arsebuli per-sonalis daxmarebiT; codna da informacia, cvlilebe-bis fonze, TanamSromlebsac axali procesebis swavlis, samuSao adgilisa Tu geogra-fiuli mdebareobis Secvlisa da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, absoluturad gansxvavebuli saqmianobis Seswavlis saSua-lebas aZlevs.45

codnis sazogadoebis ganviTareba

codnis sazogadoeba igive swa-vlis sazogadoebaa. ekonomikuri warmateba da mudmivi inovaciebis kultura dasaqmebuli adamiane-bis swavlisa da swavlebis unarzea damokidebuli. codnis ekonomika ara meqanizacias, aramed gonebis

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_ azrovnebis, swavlisa da inova-ciis Zalas efuZneba. industriul ekonomikaSi saWiro iyo manqana-danadgarebze momuSave personali; codnis sazogadoebaSi ki codnis muSakebia saWiro.46 drakeri am kon-cefcias Semdegnairad aRwers:

codnis muSakebi codnis sa-zogadoebis xasiaTs, pro-fils da wamyvan funqciebs gansazRvraven. isini, Sesa-Zloa, codnis sazogadoebis mmarTveli klasi ar iyvnen, Tumca sazogadoebis wamyvan Zalad aucileblad mogve-vlinebian.47

evropis TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis gavle-niani angariSi, codnis marTva swavlis sazogadoebaSi, codnis mar-Tvas cvlilebebis mzardi tempebis mier Seqmnil sirTuleebs ukavSi-rebs:

Cven gadavdivarT `swavlis ekonomikaSi~, sadac indivi-debis, firmebis, regionebisa da qveynebis warmateba maTi swavlis unaris indikatori iqneba. cvlilebebis tempebis zrda sainformacio teqno-logiebis swraf gavrcelebas, globaluri bazris gafarTo-ebas, bazrebis deregulacia-sa da nakleb stabilurobas ganasaxierebs.48

evropis TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia aRniS-navs, rom amgvari tendenciebi `ba-debs SekiTxvebs skolebSi moswav-leebis mier SeZenili da SesaZeni codnis Sesaxeb~.49

saerTaSoriso ganaTlebis eqs-perti maikl fulani ambobs, rom `codnis Seqmna swavlis Sesaxeb ideebis mravalferovnebis gamo-yenebiT~, maT Soris, kognituri mecnierebis Sedegebisa da tvinis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis daskvnebis CaTvliT, swavlebisa da saswavlo procesis ZiriTad na-wils unda warmoadgendes.50

mowinave socialuri Teore-tikosebi da mrCevlebi politi-kis dargSi aRiareben, rom maRali xarisxis saxelmwifo ganaTlebas msoflios nebismier wertilSi ar-sebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs codnis muSakebisa da codnis sazogadoe-bisTvis. kastelsi Tvlis, rom:

ganaTleba Sromis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia; sainforma-cio kapitalizmis axali pro-cedurebi codnis Seqmnisa da informaciis damuSavebis meqanizmebs warmoadgens, ro-melTa wvlilic arsebiTad mniSvnelovania firmis, re-gionisa Tu qveynis ekonomi-kis ganviTarebisTvis.51

entoni gidensi, britaneTis premier ministris, toni bleris wa-myvani ̀ guru~, aseve amtkicebs, rom `gaumjobesebuli treningebi zo-gadi ganaTlebisa da unar-Cvevebis sakiTxebSi~ Zalze mniSvnelovania, `gansakuTrebiT Raribi socialuri jgufebisTvis~, Tuki maTac surT, miiRon ekonomikuri sargebeli da CaerTon axal ekonomikaSi. `in-vestireba ganaTlebaSi dRes mTa-vrobis upiratesi valdebulebaa, rac SesaZleblobebis ganawilebis ZiriTad safuZvels iZleva~.52 avs-

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tralieli konsultantebi refor-mis sakiTxebSi, braian kaldveli da jim sprinksi amtkiceben, rom sko-lebis TviTmenejmentis gaumjobe-sebisken mimarTuli mravalwliani reformis, skolebis efeqturobis samizne maCveneblebis miRwevisa da swavlis standartebis gaumjobese-bis Semdeg, saxelmwifo politikis aqcentebi, mTeli msoflios masS-tabiT, axla iseTi skolebis Seqm-naze gadadis, romlebic codnis sazogadoebis moTxovnebis Sesaba-misi iqneba.53

am wignis dasrulebisTanave, singapurSi, ganaTlebis erovnul institutSi gamovdivar sityviT. singapuri mcire zomis, 3 milioni macxovreblisgan Semdgari axali eria; rukaze wertiliviT Zlivs moCans. eleqtosaqonlis farTo-masStabiani warmoebis Sedegad mo-povebuli warmatebis Semdeg, sin-gapuri advilad umklavdeba 1997 wlis aziis ekonomikisa da savalu-to kolafsis sastik Sedegebs, ra-mac eleqtrosaqonlis warmoebis seqtori yvelaze metad daazara-la. singapuris mezobeli qveyne-bi gacilebiT ufro iaf muSaxels sTavazoben saerTaSoriso ekono-mikas, xolo CineTis SemTxvevaSi, Sida bazarsac.

singapuris mTavroba acnobie-rebs, rom misi samomavlo keTil-dReoba sakuTari moqalaqeebis ara konkretuli tipis ekonomikisTvis saWiro codniTa da unar-CvevebiT aRWurvazea damokidebuli, aramed swavlis SesaZleblobebisa da cvli-lebebTan gamklavebis unaris gazr-daze, raTa qveyanam SeZlos swrafi

da moqnili reagireba, adaptacia da arsebuli statusis SenarCune-ba momavali ekonomikuri SesaZle-blobebisa da recesiebis fonze.54 amdenad, singapuris xedva ganaTle-bis sferoSi gulisxmobs iseTi sa-zogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic war-moadgens `swavlaze orientirebul qveyanas analitikuri saswavlo da-wesebulebebiT~. aRniSnuli xedvis Sesabamisad, singapurSi Seamcires erovnuli saswavlo gegma, maqsima-lurad waxalisebulia moqniloba da SemoqmedebiToba, bevri skola dafuZnda an gadakeTda saswavlo organizaciad. saganmanaTleblo kvlevebisTvis gamoyofilia, daa-xloebiT, 50 milioni aSS dolari. universitetebSi, romlebic movi-naxule, sainJinro da sabunebisme-tyvelo mcenierebebis fakulte-tebis gaumjobesebuli Senobebi, mTavrobis im rwmenas ganasaxierebs, rom msoflios momavali teqnolo-giazea damokidebuli. singapuris ganaTlebis erovnuli institutis Seqmna, romelic 360-ze met fakul-tets da 7000-ze met students aer-Tianebs, mTavrobis im Sexedulebas ganasaxierebs, rom qveynis momavali xalxzea damokidebuli. bevri sxva aziuri qveyana, magaliTad iaponia, romlis standartizebuli konku-renciis modelis danergvasac Za-lian aqtiurad cdilobdnen dasa-vleTSi, amJamad, erovnuli saswa-vlo gegmis moculobis Semcirebis procesSia, riTac maswavleblis met Tavisuflebas uwyobs xels da saswavlo garemoSic meti Semoqme-debiToba Seaqvs.

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politika, romelic sabazro fun-damentalizmiTaa ganpirobebuli (uryevi rwmena faqtobrivi mtki-cebulebebis sawinaaRmdegodac ki, rom Tavisufali bazari keTil-dReobisken mimaval saukeTeso gzas gvTavazobs), zRudavs siste-mebs da arsebiTi, standartizebu-li miznebiT Semoifargleba, raTa Seamciros xarjebi da ekonomika ufro Tavisufali gaxados. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom cod-nis ekonomikis daxvewil formas iseTi ganaTlebis sistema esaWiro-eba, romelic saxelmwifos Seqmni-lia da romelic ara mxolod aTa-visuflebs, aramed asazrdoebs ki-dec ekonomikas. filip braunis da hiu lauderis Tanaxmad, `codnaze damyarebul ekonomikaSi, romelic swrafi cvlilebebiT xasiaTde-ba, samsaxureobrivi movaleobebis adekvaturad Sesruleba gare kon-trolis meqanizmebs ver daeyrd-noba, radgan TiToeul adamians iniciativa da aqtiuroba, proble-mebis gadaWra da gundurad muSa-oba moeTxoveba.”55 saswavlo pro-cesic, Sesabamisad, mxolod gare kontrols ver daeyrdnoba.

sruliad gansxvavebuli ideo-logiuri mrwamsis warmomadgeneli mwerlebi da saxelmwifo politi-kis Semqmnelni axla Tanxmdebian, rom Zlieri da gaumjobesebuli ganaTlebis sistema arsebiTad mniSvnelovania mdgradi codnis ekonomikis dasamkvidreblad, Se-darebiT Raribi adamianebisa da qveynebisTvis CarTulobis SesaZ-leblobebis Sesaqmnelad da maTi marginalizaciis dasaZlevad. wig-

nis momdevno Tavebidan Cven Sevi-tyobT, rom yvelaferi, rac cod-nis ekonomikaSi brwyinavs, oqro ar aris da sainformacio erac adamianur gamocdilebasa da Sesa-Zleblobebs sargebelsac aZlevs da realur safrTxeebsac uqmnis. magram aucilebelia, rom skolebi da maswavleblebi sakuTar valde-bulebebs pasuxismgeblobiT moeki-don, raTa axalgazrdebs codnis, informaciis, komunikaciisa da inovaciis samyaroSi CarTulobis SesaZleblobebi Seuqmnan. TiToeu-li bavSvi saTanadod unda momzad-des codnis sazogadoebisa da eko-nomikisTvis.

aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad, sakmarisi ver iqneba mxolod meti ganaTlebis miwodeba arsebuli formiT. saWiroa ufro efeqturi gakveTilebi, romlebic swavleba-sa da swavlaze amaxvilebs yura-dRebas, da ara qcevis marTvaze; meti dro unda daeTmos wignie-rebasa da sxva arsebiT sakiTxebs; aucilebelia meti sazafxulo da SabaTis skolebi im moswavleebis-Tvis, romelTac meti dro sWirde-baT saswavlo masalis dasaZlevad; meti saswavlo saaTebi, meti saswa-vlo dReebi wlis ganmavlobaSi _ yovelive es aucileblad moaxdens dadebiT zegavlenas moswavlis miRwevebze. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, miRwevebi arsebuli sistemis far-glebSi moxdeba, vinaidan Sedegis Sinaarsi ar icvleba, Tu moswavle-ebs imave kategoriis meti raode-nobis saswavlo masalas mivawvdiT.

erT-erT adrindel wignSi aR-vwere, rogor iyvnen Caketili Ta-

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namedrove, zogjer Tanamedro-veobamdel, industriul da kle-rikalur principebSi skolebi, romlebic axalgazrdebs postmo-dernizmisa da postindustriuli msofliosTvis damaxasiaTebeli swrafi cvlilebebisa da sirTu-leebisTvis amzadebdnen.56 skole-bis marTva isev saaTiTa da zariT, SesvenebebiTa da gakveTilebiT xdeboda; klasebSi bavSvebi asakis mixedviT iyvnen dajgufebuli, izepirebdnen erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul masalas da abarebdnen tradiciul tes-tebs. Cveni saskolo sistemis tra-diciuli `modernizmi~ didwilad isev SenarCunebulia dRevandeli profesionalebisa da biurokrate-bis mier, romlebic moswavleebis, mSoblebisa da Temis saWiroebebis nacvlad, tradiciebiT, sakuTari gamocdilebiTa da codniT xel-mZRvaneloben.

dRevandeli skolebi da sasko-lo sistemebi kanadeli politi-kuri mecnierebebis specialistis, Tomas homer-diqsonis mier aRwe-rili `gonierebis naklebobis~ tragikuli magaliTia.57 homer di-qsoni, Tanamedrove geografiis, ekologiis, politikuri mecniere-bebisa da tvinis fsiqologiis ten-denciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, amtki-cebs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio kompleqsuri, urTierTdamokide-buli da swrafia, rac sagangebo da araprognozirebadi probleme-bis winaSe gvayenebs, romelTa daZ-levas dauyovneblivi da efeqturi reagireba sWirdeba.58 moklevadia-ni Tu mudmivi vaWroba saaqcio ba-

zrebze mTeli msoflios masStabiT imas niSnavs, rom savaluto krizi-si tailandSi an argentinaSi maSin-ve uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens msoflios nebismieri sxva qveynis ekonomikaze. globaluri daTbo-ba, romelic dedamiwis erT mxares naxSirbadis orJangiTaa gamowveu-li, xolo meore mxares tropiku-li maradmwvane tyeebis gaqrobiT, mesame mxareSi wyaldidobebisa da qariSxlebis saSiSroebas qmnis. bayayebis raodenoba TiTqmis yvel-gan iklebs, Cven ki warmodgena ar gvaqvs, ratom. msoflio sistemebi gacilebiT ufro urTierTdamoki-debuli gaxda, vidre odesme; igive bedi ewia problemebsac. kompiu-teris xanaSi ufro da ufro meti informacia da monacemebia xelmi-sawvdomi, romelTa daxmarebiTac advili SesaZlebelia aRniSnul problemebze reagireba da maTTan Tavis garTmeva, Tumca informa-ciis Warbi raodenoba an `monace-mTa siuxve~,59 SesaZloa, Tavad ga-xdes problemebis wyaro, radgan Cvengan meti da meti informaciis ufro metad daCqarebul droSi damuSavebas moiTxovs. saaqcio ba-zris movaWreni, sareklamo aRmas-ruleblebis CaTvliT, ufro da ufro axalgazrdebi arian, radgan mxolod axalgazrda Tu SeZlebs mravali wyarodan miRebul infor-maciasTan, ideebTan da komunika-ciasTan Tavis garTmevas, rac sa-muSao garemos yoveldRiuri rea-lobaa dRes. organizaciebSi, rom-lebic sazogadoebis keTildRe-obis uzrunvelyofaSi kritikul rols asruleben, ZiriTadi perso-

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nali ufro gonierebi da swrafebi arian, Tumca sibrZne da gamocdi-leba iseve akliaT, rogorc insti-tucionaluri mexsiereba.

codnis sazogadoebas serio-zuli goniereba sWirdeba, _ aRniS-navs homer-diqsoni. igi gonierebas Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:

ideebi, romelTa meSveobi-Tac SesaZlebelia praqtiku-li, teqnikuri da socialuri problemebis gadaWra, ro-goricaa, magaliTad, wylis dabinZurebasTan, sameurneo miwebis eroziasTan dakav-Sirebuli da sxva msgavsi problemebi. goniereba ara mxolod WeSmaritad axal ideebs moicavs, romelTac xSirad `inovacia~ ewodeba, aramed iseT ideebsac, rom-lebic fundamentur siaxles ar warmoadgens, magram mainc mocemuli problemis adekva-turia.60

`ideebi, _ aRniSnavs homer-diqsoni, ekonomikuri produqciis faqtorebia, iseve rogorc Sroma da kapitali~.61 yvelaze mniSvnelo-vania, viRebdeT `adekvaturi rao-denobis saTanado xarisxis ideebs~ da gvesmodes is faqtorebi, rom-lebic ideebis dinebas ganapirobe-bs.62 goniereba, SesaZloa, teqniku-ri aspeqti iyos fizikuri garemos an socialuri organizaciebis, in-situtis an Temis mimarT. funda-menturi problemaa is, rom, _ aR-niSnavs homer-niqsoni, dRevandel msoflioSi socialuri gonierebis meti maragi gvWirdeba. xolo go-nierebis is forma, romlis Seqmnac

Cven SegviZlia, maRali moTxovnis dakmayofilebas jer ver axerxe-bs. gonierebaze mzardi moTxov-nis gamo, danaklisi mis adekvatur mowodebaze, homer-diqsonis mier, moixsenieba, rogorc gonierebis nakleboba.63 martin karnoi da ma-nuel kastelsi imave azrs aJRe-reben evropuli TanamSromlobi-sa da ganviTarebis organizaciis moxsenebaSi. isini aRniSnaven, rom mamakacisa da qalis saqme, axali teqnologiebis gamoCeniT, mniSvne-lovnad Seicvala, Tumca aRniSnu-li cvlilebis xelSemwyobi insti-tutebi mimdinare procesebs jer kidev CamorCebian.64

saSualo skolebSi sainforma-cio da kompiuteruli teqnolo-giebis integrireba (integrire-bis ararseboba) saganmanaTleblo cvlilebebSi gonierebis kraxis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia. erTi mxriv, kompiuteruli teqno-logiebis zrdam saSualo skole-bSi fenomenalur dones miaRwia. 1980-ian wlebSic ki, roca Cemi Svilebi inglisSi, sakmaod inova-ciur dawyebiT skolaSi swavlo-bdnen, kviraSi erTxel an orjer, skolis Senobis meore fligelidan patara urikiT skolis erTaderTi kompiuteris motanas avalebdnen da Semdeg, TanatolebTan erTad, 5-6 wlis asakSi, axali kompoziciis Seqmnaze an Sedgenaze muSaobdnen. inglissa da dasavleTis bevr sxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, TiTqmis yvela skolaSi aris interneti. teqnikuri gonierebis problema isaa, rom skolebi sainformacio teqnologiebis resurss mizanmi-

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marTulad aRar iyeneben. ZiriTadi problemebi gonierebis socialur da organizaciul aspeqtebSi gvxv-deba.

kompiuterebs gansakuTrebiT mizanmimarTulad iyeneben dawye-biT skolebSi da swavlebisa da swavlis procesSi aqtiurad mimar-Taven. saSualo skolebSi, rogorc wesi, kompiuterebi ara saklaso oTaxSi, aramed damoukidebel ka-binetSia damontaJebuli. ra aris am gadawyvetilebis safuZveli? am gziT, skolis tradiciuli sistema (erTi sagani _ erTi maswavlebeli _ erTi saklaso oTaxi) xeluxle-beli rCeba. amitomac, moswavlee-bis mier kompiuteris gamoyeneba mxolod specialuri sesiebiT Se-moifargleba; gakveTilebi tarde-ba kompiuterul kabinetSi, xolo davalebebs moswavleebi skolis Semdeg individualurad asrule-ben. danarCen dros, swavleba da swavla mimdinareobs ise, rogorc es aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi xde-boda. kompiuterebis usafrTxod gamoketva kompiuterul kabinetSi skolas sulac ar uqmnis sirTule-ebs.

qarxnebis, monastrebisa da biurokratiebis regulaciebi da rutina axalgazrdebs inovaciuri, moqnili da gundur muSaobaze da-myarebuli codnis ekonomikisTvis sust safuZvels uqmnis; aq rutina riskis mteria. gasakviri araa, rom codnis sazogadoebis momxreebs skolebis dRevandel sistemaze mi-kerZoebuli warmodgena aqvT. `Se-sabralisi mdgomareoba~ _ ase afa-sebs ingliseli futuristi Carlz

lidbiTeri skolebSi arsebul vi-Tarebas.65 Tumca, lidbiTeris ide-ebi saxelmwifo sistemis refor-masTan dakavSirebiT, garda saswa-vlo procesis skolisa da saklaso oTaxis gareT gamotanisa da swa-vlaSi individualuri investire-bis tendenciis gazrdisa,66 aras-rulyofilia. igi mxolod qvemoT moyvanili rCeviT Semoifargleba:

ganaTlebis arsi codnis Ca-nergva ki ar unda iyos, ara-med SesaZleblobebis ganvi-Tareba: es moicavs wignie-rebis ZiriTad unars, iseve rogorc sxvebis mimarT pasu-xismgeblobiT moqcevis, ini-ciativis aRebis, Semoqmedebi-Tad da erToblivad muSaobis unarebs. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania .... swavlis gagrZelebis unari. 67

TavisTavad, aseTi zepiri reko-mendaciebi naklebad Sedegiania da saxelmwifo ganaTlebis realobas, faqtobrivad, ar cvlis. meore mxriv, msmenels arc am ideis Ta-vidan acilebis saSualebas aZlevs. amdenad, saswrafod gvesaWiroeba ufro konkretuli da STambeWdavi ideebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi swa-vlebisa da swavlis sistemis re-formirebasTan dakavSirebiT.

swavleba codnis sazogadoebaSi

ras SeiZleba niSnavdes maswav-leblebisTvis, praqtikul doneze Seasrulon codnis sazogadoebis katalizatoris, codnis sazoga-

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doebis damkvidrebis sakiTxSi Zi-riTadi subieqtebis roli? ra ga-vlenas moaxdens es axali pasuxis-mgebloba maT tradiciul rolsa da, zogadad, profesionalis cne-bis aRqmaze Tavad maswavleblebisa da sxva adamianebis mier?

zogadad, codnis sazogadoe-bis katalizatoris rolSi, maswa-vleblebma gansakuTrebuli tipis profesionalizmis ganviTareba unda SeZlon. axali profesiona-lizmi gansxvavebuli iqneba imis-gan, rasac warsulSi maswavleblis profesionalizmi gulisxmobda; profesionalizmis Zveli stan-dartebiT, maswavleblebs hqondaT avtonomia da aswavlidnen ise, ro-gorc surdaT, an im meTodebiT, romlebsac kargad flobdnen. vfiqrob, saWiro araa juli en-driusis saswavlo gegmis gaxseneba _ `CemTvis cotaa iseTi sayvareli sfero~, sadac maswavlebels misi survilis mixedviT SeuZlia swav-leba. droa, maswavleblebma gani-viTaron axali profesionalizmi, romlis mTavari komponentebi 1.1. cxrilSia CamoTvlili.

msoflioSi ufro da ufro meti mTavroba, biznesi da ganaTlebis specialisti urCevs maswavleblebs codnis sazogadoebaSi standarte-bze dafuZnebuli swavleba daner-gon, sadac yvela moswavle (da ara mxolod ramdenime) miaRwevs kogni-turi swavlis maRal standartebs, sadac isini SeiZenen codnas, ga-moiyeneben mas ucnobi probleme-bis gadaWraSi da efeqturad SeZ-leben codnis sxvebisTvis gadace-mas; codna aRar aRiqmeba zepirad

dasamaxsovrebel da sityvasityviT gasameorebel masalad.68 swavlis mimarT axali midgoma swavlebis axal midgomebs saWiroebs.

cxrili 1.1. maswavleblebi codnis sa-

zogadoebis katalizatorebis rolSi

kognituri swavlis waxaliseba;•axleburi meTodebiT swavleba;•uwyveti profesiuli ganvi-•TarebisTvis mzadyofna;kolegialur gundSi muSaoba •da swavla;swavlebis procesSi mSobleb-•Tan partniorobis mniSvnelo-bis gaazreba; koleqtiuri inteleqtis gan-•viTareba; cvlilebebis danergvisa da •riskis gawevisTvis saWiro unarebis ganviTareba;procesebis mimarT ndobis •Camoyalibeba.

axali midgoma swavlebis mi-marT maRali donis azrovnebis unar-Cvevebs, metakognicias (azro-vnebas azrovnebis procesis Sesa-xeb), swavlisa da gagebis mimarT konstruqtivistul midgomas, go-nebaze dafuZnebul swavlas, Ta-namSromlobiTi swavlis strate-giebs, mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teorias, `gonebis mravalferovani Tvisebebis~ gaTvaliswinebas, Sefa-sebis strategiebis mravalferov-nebas, kompiuterebisa da sainfor-macio teqnologiebis gamoyenebas moicavs, rac moswavleebs infor-maciis damoukideblad mopovebis saSualebas aZlevs.

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bevri maswavleblisTvis swa-vlis mecnierebaSi ganviTarebis axali mimarTulebebi maTi moswa-vleobis dros gamoyenebuli me-Todebisgan gasxvavebuli meTode-biT swavlebas niSnavs.69 warsulSi, swavlebis safuZvlebs axalbeda maswavleblebi TavianTi maswavle-blebis gakveTilebis magaliTze swavlobdnen. codnis sazogadoeba-Si swavleba ufro kompleqsuri da farTomasStabiania, vidre odesme. codnis sazogadoebaSi swavleba kvlevasa da efeqturi swavlebis gamocdilebas efuZneba, romelic mudmivad icvleba da farTovdeba. dRevandelma maswavleblebma, am-denad, mudmivad unda daxvewon, ga-daxedon da Seamowmon profesiuli ganviTarebis procesi. es ki moica-vs fizikur Tu virtualur pro-fesiul qselebSi CarTulobas,70 uwyveti profesiuli ganviTare-bis portfolioebis SemuSavebas (romlis farglebSi, maswavleble-bi profesiul codnas agroveben da afaseben),71 saganmanaTleblo kvlevebis Sedegebis gacnobas, kri-tikulad Sefasebasa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebas,72 damoukidebel Zieba-sa da kvlevas, profesiuli momza-debis pirdapir kavSirs maswavle-blis xelfasis odenobasTan.73

maswavleblebi preprofesiona-luri xanis fardas veRar amoefa-rebian, TiTqos swavleba martivia, xolo swavlebis procesis marTva _ rTuli; TiTqos Tuki erTxel mii-Reb maswavleblis kvalifikacias, yovelTvis gecodineba swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi da mxolod damoukideblad muSaoba da praqti-

ka, eqsperimentebisa da Secdomebis CaTvliT, sakmarisi iqneba swavle-bis procesis gaumjobesebisTvis. me albaT warmoudgenlad SevSinde-bodi, Cems kbilis eqimsac amgvari midgoma rom hqondes profesiuli ganviTarebis procesisadmi. dro-dadro Cems stomatologs vekiTxe-bi, Tu ras akeTebs imisaTvis, rom profesiuli codna gaiumjobesos. Svebas vgrZnob, roca ambobs, rom mxolod praqtikiT ar kmayofil-deba da rom misi inovaciebis efe-qturobas pacientSi mtkivneulo-bis xarisxis mixedviT ar amowmebs. miziarebs xolme, roca kiTxulobs kvlevebs stomatologiaSi, eswre-ba treningebs axal teqnologieb-sa da tkivilis marTvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, uyurebs eqsperti stomatologebis muSaobas an ko-legebTan saubrobs Tavis profe-siaze.

Cemi stomatologi sakuTar swavlaze rom ar zrunavdes, misi sadazRvevo premia mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeboda, xolo pacientebis winaSe misi pasuxismgeblobis saki-Txi dadgeboda. maswavleblebic, romlebic praqtikis garda, pro-fesiuli ganviTarebis sxva gzas ar eZeben, pasuxismgebeli arian moswa-vleebis winaSe. amdenad, maswavle-blisTvis profesiuli ganviTareba individualuri uflebac aris da profesiuli movaleobac.

sakuTari profesiuli ganvi-Tarebisken mimarTuli swavlis procesi maswavleblisTvis sto-matologis mier aRweril swavlis process unda daemsgavsos, ufro metic: gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

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maswavleblebi ara mxolod mci-remasStabian jgufebTan, aramed, zogadad, TemSi muSaoben. gari ho-banis azriT, skolebi, iseve, ro-gorc sxva samuSao dawesebulebe-bi, daxvewil saswavlo sistemebad unda iqcnen, romlebic ise iqneba organizebuli da awyobili, rom maswavleblis profesiul ganviTa-rebas Seuwyobs xels, raTa uwyve-ti swavla maswavleblis muSaobis ganuyofeli da spontanuri nawi-li gaxdes.74 swrafad cvalebad da kompleqsur codnis sazogadoeba-Si maswavleblebi an sxva muSake-bi, sruliad damoukideblad an calkeuli treningebis daswrebiT, verc imuSaveben da verc iswavlian. arc erT maswavlebels ar aqvs im-deni codna, rom yvelanair gare-mos gaarTvas Tavi da sakuTari saqmianoba gaaumjobesos. aucile-belia, maswavleblebma aqtiurad imoqmedon, CaerTon kvleva-Ziebisa da problemebis gadaWris proce-sebSi, kolegebTan da profesiu-li saqmianobis qveS gaerTianebul gundebTan erTad.75 maswavleblebi erToblivi saswavlo gegmebis Sed-genas, reformebis talRaze efe-qturad da SemoqmedebiTad reagi-rebas, kolaboraciul kvlevebSi monawileobas, moswavleTa miRwe-vebis monacemebis analizs ise SeZ-leben, rom moswavleebis swavlaze dadebiTi zegavlena iqonion.76

codnis ekonomika da codnis ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli orga-nizaciebi ara mxolod teqnikuri codnis, miznebisa da Sinaarsis da-safinanseblad muSaoben, aramed profesionali kadrebis informi-

rebulobis xelSewyobazec zruna-ven. informirebulobis ganviTa-reba sxvebisgan Ria Tu dafaruli codnis miRebis meTodebis Seswa-vlas moicavs.

informirebuloba gulisx-mobs, vflobdeT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin ra icis da vin icis Tavisi saqmis kar-gad keTeba. Tumca es aspeqti sxvadasxva tipis adamianeb-Tan da eqspertebTan TanamS-romlobisa da komunikaciis socialur unarsac gulisx-mobs.77

wina aTwleulis ganmavloba-Si, bevr qveyanaSi maswavleble-bi TavianT kolegebTan muSaobaSi namdvilad daxelovnebuli da ga-mocdilebi gaxdnen. tradiciad damkvidrda is, rom ufrosebTan gakveTilis gareT muSaoba iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc bavSveb-Tan efeqturad muSaoba. aRsaniS-navia, rom kolegebTan urTierTo-bebis gasaumjobeseblad, maswavle-blebi mcdelobas ar iSurebdnen maSin, roca mSoblebTan urTier-Toba arc Tu ise efeqturi iyo. codnis sazogadoebaSi rac ufro maRal standartebsa da codnis siRrmiseul dones vuaxlovde-biT, miT ufro aucilebeli xdeba mSoblebis iseT resursad aRqma, romelic bavSvs xels uwyobs swa-vlis procesSi.78 aseTi Sedegisken mimarTuli zogierTi praqtikuli nabiji did gavlenas axdens saswa-vlo procesis efeqturobaze: in-teraqtiuli angariSis baraTebis danergva, moswavlisa da skolis muSaobis Sedegebis kompiuteru-

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li versiis gaziareba mSoblebTan, iseTi saqmeebis Sedgena, romelic bavSvebis wignierebis donis amaR-lebaSi mSoblebis CarTulobas moiTxovs, erToblivi davalebebis momzadeba, romelic bavSvebisa da mSoblebis mier unda Sesruldes, mSoblebisTvis samuSao Sexvedre-bis mowyoba, sadac isini saswavlo gegmaSi, swavlebisa da swavlis procesebSi Setanil siaxleebs ga-ecnobian.79 konkretuli zomebi, Se-saZloa, gansxvavebuli iyos, magram codnis sazogadoebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom mSoblebi skolis gafarToebuli qselis na-wili gaxdnen, xolo maswavleble-bma TavianTi profesionalizmi ise gazardon, rom farTo saswavlo partnioroba moicvan.

efeqturi gunduri muSaobis, problemebis gadaWrisa da kola-boraciuli swavlebis ganviTare-ba da marTva, danier goulmanis sityvebiT, maRali xarisxis emociur inteleqts moiTxovs.80 mis saukeTeso namuSevrebSi goulmani amtkicebs, rom emociuri kompe-tenciis SeZena muSaobis xarisxsa da pirad urTierTobebs mniSvne-lovnad aumjobesebs. emociuri inteleqti, amtkicebs goulmani, SemecnebiT unars damatebiT Rire-bulebas sZens. did liderebs saSu-alo donis liderebisgan swored emociuri inteleqti ganasxvavebs. emociuri inteleqtis Semadgeneli xuTi ZiriTadi kompetenciaa:

icode da SegeZlos sakuTari •emociebis gamoxatva;

sxvisi emociebis mimarT Tana-•grZnobis gamoCena;

emociebis gakontroleba da •regulireba;

sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis mo-•tivirebis unari;

socialuri unar-Cvevebis flo-•ba, romelTa meSveobiTac pir-veli oTxi kompetenciis qmede-baSi moyvana SeiZleba.

emociuri inteleqti, yvela as-peqtiT, muSakebsa da menejerebs kolegebTan urTierTobebis sti-mulirebasa da gaumjobesebaSi, wi-naaRmdegobebis, sirTuleebisa da imedgacruebis daZlevaSi, efeqtu-ri gundebis CamoyalibebaSi, pro-blemebis efeqturad gadaWraSi, swavlis gansxvavebuli stilisa da gansxvavebuli kulturuli war-sulis dafasebasa da konfliqte-bis gadaWraSi exmareba. emociuri inteleqti iseve mniSvnelovania gakveTilsa Tu samaswavlebloSi, rogorc romelime organizacia-Si. emociuri kompetenciebi, wers goulmani, Cvens organizaciebsa da urTierTobebs aumjobesebs. cod-nis sazogadoebaSi ara mxolod konteqsti da klimati, urTierTo-bebic saswavlo procesis arsebiTi nawilia. emociuri inteleqti pro-fesiuli ganviTarebisa da maswav-leblebis gunduri muSaobis emo-ciur safuZvlebs qmnis.81 amito-mac, maikl fulani da me aqtiurad movuwodebT maswavleblebsa da liderebs, ganaviTaron TavianTi da sxvebis emociuri inteleqti.82

filip brauni da hiu lauderi aRniSnul arguments kidev ufro ganavrcoben da amtkiceben, rom warmatebuli da efeqturi codnis

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ekonomika damokidebulia sazoga-doebis unarze, Seqmnas da daagro-vos koleqtiuri inteleqti:

koleqtiuri inteleqtis cne-ba adamianur SesaZleblobebs gansxvavebul WrilSi war-mogvidgens. igi gulisxmobs, rom inteleqti mravalgvaria da problemis gadaWris mxo-lod erTi gziT ar Semoifar-gleba; yvelas, da aramxolod erTeulebs aqvT problemebis gadaWris unarebi da SesaZle-blobebi; da rom warmosaxvi-sa da emociuri CarTulobis adamianuri Tvisebebi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc te-qnikur eqspertad Camoyali-beba.83

filip brauni da hiu lauderi amtkiceben, rom koleqtiuri inte-leqti `globalur ekonomikaSi eko-nomikuri usafrTxoebis erTaderTi wyaro gaxdeba~.84 efeqturi ekonomi-kisa da misi saganmanaTleblo sis-temis mTavari gasaRebi imis rwmena-Sia, rom inteleqti iSviaTi, erTa-derTi, fiqsirebuli da individua-luri araa. koleqtiuri inteleqti aris universaluri, mravalmxrivi, usasrulo da Tanaziari. skolebi, romlebic saswavlo dawesebulebe-bis saxes atareben, koleqtiuri in-teleqtis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro SesaZleblobebs qmnian.

codnis sazogadoeba cvaleba-di sazogadoebaa, sadac informa-cia swrafad vrceldeba da mudmi-vad ganagrZobs trials dedamiwis garSemo; fuli da kapitali axali sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis mi-

marTulebiT miedineba; organiza-ciebi mudmiv restruqturizacias ganicdian; samTavrobo politika icvleba eleqtoratis cvalebadi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad; multi-kulturuli migracia mudmivad cvlis im sociums, romelSic vcxo-vrobT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebisgan skolebic ar arian daculi; mud-mivad cvalebad samyaroSi, sadac codnac mudmivad izrdeba, so-ciumi icvleba da ganaTlebis po-litika meryeobs, maswavleblebma Tavad unda ganiviTaron, an sxvebi unda daexmaron maT riskis gawevis, cvlilebebTan Tavis garTmevis, axali moTxovnebis dakmayofilebi-sa da problemebis mogvarebisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba-Si.85 SemoqmedebiToba riskis gareSe ar arsebobs da mas Tan sdevs axali ideis gamocda, ucnobi praqtikis gamoyeneba, warumateblobisTvis mzadyofna, warumateblobis gul-Tan axlos armitana, kritikul Se-fasebaze adekvaturi reagireba, da ara pirovnul Seuracxyofad miRe-ba; rogorc gansxvavebuli azris mqone, ise Tanamoazre kolegebTan erTad muSaoba da maTgan rCevebis miReba. Tu Cven moswavleebs vurCe-vT, iswavlon riskze wasvla, maswav-leblebsac aucileblad unda hqon-deT aRniSnuli unar-Cveva. maswav-leblis profesia morcxvi da zed-metad mgrZnobiare adamianebisTvis Sesaferisi araa. arc maT Seefe-reba, visac damoukidebel, zrdas-rul adamianebTan muSaobas, maTze damokidebul bavSvebTan urTier-Toba ufro komfortulad miaCnia. maswavleblis profesia zrdasru-

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swavlebaSi riski gansakuTre-bul ndobas moiTxovs xalxisa da procesebis mimarT.86 profesiuli ndoba sxvebis mimarT pasiur, brma rwmenas ar niSnavs; profesiuli ndoba erToblivad muSaobas, gaxs-nilobasa da erTmaneTisgan swavlas efuZneba.87 es ki imas niSnavs, rom maswavlebeli SeiZleba endobodes adamianebs, romlebsac Tavad kar-gad ar icnobs, romlebic misi mego-brebi ar arian, romelTa sandooba bevrjer ar Seumowmebia. did, kom-pleqsur da swrafad mzard organi-zaciebSi sakmarisi araa, endobode da TanamSromlobde mxolod mego-brebis viwro wresTan.88

erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac maswavleblebis kolegialur ur-TierTobebs vswavlobdi, dadebiTi emociis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlie-ri safuZveli aRmoCnda kolegebis mxridan Tanxmobis miReba, miznebis gaziareba, erTmaneTis mier wamo-wyebuli winadadebis dasruleba ise, TiTqos yvela erTi ojaxi yo-filiyos. maswavleblebs yvelaze metad kolegebTan konfliqti ar uyvardaT. amdenad, isini iseTi situaciebis Semqnas eridebodnen, sadac gansxvavebebi gamoaSkarav-deboda da maT Soris uTanxmoebas gamoiwvevda.89

amas winaT, afrikaSi erT-erT nakrZalSi wamiyvanes. Cveni reinje-Cveni reinje-ri antilopebis jogTan SeCerda. iqve axlos, turis ganmgmiravi xma gaisma. `ratom ymuis?” vikiTxeT Cven. ̀ tura jiqs eZaxis~, _ gvipasu-

xa reinjerma, raTa aCvenos, Tu sad aris misTvis sanadiro msxverpli~. jiqs tura msxverplis sapovnelad, xolo turas jiqi msxveplis mosa-nadireblad sWirdeba. maT gadar-CenisTvis sWirdebaT erTmaneTi. cxovelebis TanamSromlobiTi qce-va profesiuli ndobis safuZvlebs martivi formiT warmogvidgens.

Tu maswavleblebs surT, pro-fesiul winsvlas miaRwion da sko-lebis kompleqsur samyaroSi gav-leniani roli iTamaSon, maT unda daafason da ndoba gamoiCinon ro-gorc maTgan gansxvavebuli, ise maTi msgavsi kolegebis mimarT. profesiul ndobas adamiani mis-Tvis ucnob da gaurkvevel gare-moSi Sehyavs, rac, garkveulwilad, `riskis gawevisTvis mzadyofnasa da sakuTari Tavis safrTxeSi Caye-nebas gulisxmobs~.90 gunduri muSa-oba, gansxvavebuli adamianebisgan swavla, informaciis Riad gacvla _ codnis sazogadoebis yvela es mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli elemen-ti safrTxes, risksa da imis rwmenas moicavs, rom, sabolood, gunduri muSaoba da partnioroba karg Se-degs gamoiRebs yvelasTvis.

profesiuli ganviTareba, Sesa-Zloa, sxvadasxva formiT moxdes _ araformalur garemoSi swavla kolegebisgan an SedarebiT for-maluri swavla monacemebisa da faqtebis analiziT. deivid har-grivsi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams, rom swavleba, eqimis profesiisgan gansxvavebiT, naklebad efuZneba kvlevebidan miRebul faqtebs.91 es ki, nawilobriv, swavlebis kultu-ris problemaa, romelic kvlevis

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Sedegebs kiTxvis niSnis qveS aye-nebs, xolo maswavleblis gamo-cdilebaze dafuZnebul gansjas ki prioritets aniWebs; Tumca aq saganmanaTleblo sferos mkvle-varTa braleulobasac vxedav, romelTa namuSevrebsac mciredi Rirebuleba Tu aqvT, an naklebad xelmisawvdomia praqtikosi maswa-vleblebisTvis. kvlevidan gamo-midnare, mtkicebulebebze ufro metad dafuZnebuli swavlebis praqtika namdvilad ar gamoiwvevs kvlevaze damokidebulebas. har-grivsi am bobs, rom Tavad maswav-leblebs SeuZliaT, ufro metad CaerTon swavlebasTan dakavSire-bul kvlevebSi. maswavleblebs kv-levebSi kritikuli monawileobis kompetenciac aqvT da Tavdajere-bulobac. codnis sazogadoebaSi faqtebma da gamocdilebam xeli unda Seuwyos skolebis mcdelo-bebs, gaaumjobeson TavianTi fun-qcionireba.

maswavleblebi codnis sazoga-doebis katalizatorebi arian da, amdenad, maTi valia, skolebi saswa-vlo organizaciebad aqcion, sadac swavlis SesaZleblobebi da swa-vlis xelSemwyobi sistema xelmisa-wvdomia rogorc ufrosebisTvis, aseve bavSvebisTvisac.92 TiToeuli skola, romelic efeqtur saswa-vlo organizacias warmoadgens bavSvebisTvis, maswavleblebisa da liderebisTvisac efeqturi unda iyos.93 saerTo jamSi, swavleba, codnis sazogadoebaSi da codnis sazogadoebisTvis, yuradRebas amaxvilebs SemecnebiT swavlaze, kvlevaze dafuZnebuli swavlebis

mzard da cvalebad repertuarze, uwyvet profesiul ganviTarebaze, monitoringze, gundur muSaobaze, mSoblebTan saswavlo partnioro-baze, koleqtiuri inteleqtis Ca-moyalibebasa da gamoyenebaze. da bolos, iseT profesionalad da-xvewaze, romelic afasebs proble-mis gadaWris, riskis gawevis unars, profesiul ndobas, cvlilebebTan Tavis garTmevis unarsa da uwyveti gaumjobesebis mimarT Tavdadebas. mokled rom vTqvaT, codnis eko-nomikisTvis swavleba xels uwyobs da aviTarebs:

SemoqmedebiTobas;•

moqnilobas;•

problemebis gadaWris unars;•

gonierebas;•

koleqtiur inteleqts;•

profesiul ndobas;•

riskis gawevis unars;•

mudmivi gaumjobesebisken •swrafvas.

marTalia, maTi praqtikaSi gan-xorcieleba, SesaZloa, rTuli iyos, magram es Tvisebebi profesiuli Rirsebis elementebia da maT sarge-blianobas dasabuTebac ki ar sWir-deba. SeiZleba vinmes ar undodes aseTi swavlisa da swavlebis pro-cesi? problema, erTi SexedviT, am komponentebis dadebiTi mxareebis dacvaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, aramed maTi ganxorcielebis gzebSi. es ki, rogorc Semdgom aRmoaCenT, saSiSi da araswori Sexedulebaa.

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winamdebare statiis Temaa progresivizmi, skolebi da ganaTlebis fakultetebi me-20 saukunis amerikaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu ganaTlebis romel konkretul sferoSi moRvaweobT, es statia SeiZleba tragediad, romantikul Txzulebad an komediadac ki mogeCvenoT. ufro konkretulad, naSromi exeba progresuli ganaTlebis or ganStoebas, romelic me-20 saukunis dasawyisis amerikul ganaTlebaSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis gziT cdilobda upiratesobis mopovebas. am brZolaSi administraciulma progresivistebma gaimarjves, rasac mohyva cvlilebebi amerikuli skolebis organizaciul mowyobasa da saswavlo procesSi. xsenebuli reformis Sedegad gatarebuli cvlilebebi dRemde ZalaSia. samagierod, meore jgufma, damarcxebulma pedagogiurma progresivistebma, Secvales skolebis Sesaxeb Cveni diskusiis forma. progresivizmis or ganStoebas Soris WidilSi CarTulni iyvnen ganaTlebis fakultetebis profesorebic, romlebic, gamarjvebulis dadgenis Semdeg, uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. isini amzadebdnen maswavleblebs, romelTac unda emuSavaT administraciuli progresiviste

devid f. labare

progresivizmi, skolebi da ganaTlebis fakultetebi: amerikuli romantika*

bis mier reformirebul sistemaSi da, amavdroulad, atarebdnen kvlevebs am sistemis ufro efeqturi muSaobis uzrunvelsayofad. suliTa da guliT, es profesorebi pedagogiuri progresivistebis mxareze rCebodnen, ramac ganaTlebis fakultetebze pedagogiuri progresivizmis principebis SenarCunebasa da ganaTlebis specialistTa momavali TaobebisaTvis maT gadacemas Seuwyo xeli. ra ganapirobebs imas, rom amerikaSi ganaTlebis fakultetebze dasaqmebul profesorebs ase Sesisxlxorcebuli aqvT progresivizmis idealebi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi ganaTlebis fakultetebisa da progresivizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, moswavleze orientirebuli midgomis daaxloebaSi unda veZioT. istoriulma garemoebebma isini me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi imdenad daaaxlova, rom erTmaneTis ganuyofel nawilebad iqcnen. Sedegad, progresivizmi ganaTlebis fakultetis profesorTa ide ologia gaxda. ganaTlebis fakultetebis warmomadgenlebi am procesis sakuTar, legendad qceul aRweras gvTavazoben: es iyo idealis zeciuri dakavSireba ZalasTan, romelic daamarcxebda tradicionalizms da ideals realobad aqcevda. amboben, rom si

* Pedagogica Historica, Vol. 41, Nos. 1&2, February 2005, pp. 275-288.

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marTlis marcvali yvela legendaSi moipoveba. winamdebare statiaSi gansxvavebul xedvas gTavazobT: pedagogiur progresivizmsa da ganaTlebis fakultetebs Soris damyarebuli ganuyofeli kavSiri ara ubralod urTierTmizidulobis Sedegia, aramed raRac gacilebiT ufro Zlieris _ urTierTsaWiroebis. pedagogiuri progresivizmi da ganaTlebis fakultetebi or sust, damarcxebul mxares warmoadgendnen. pedagogiuri progresivizmi administraciul progresivizmTan Wi dilSi damarcxda, xolo ganaTlebis fakultetebi _ amerikis umaRles ganaTlebaSi pativiscemis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi. ase rom, maT erTmaneTi sWirdebodaT. erTi eZebda usafrTxo navsayudels, xolo meore _ swor suliskveTebas. Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis fakultetebma upirobod aRiares progresivizmi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom progresivistuli xedva arasodes dominirebda skolebSi, swavlisa da swavlebis praqtikaSi. ufro metic, progresivizmma Tavad ganaTlebis fakultetebze warmarTul swavlebis praqtikazec ki ver moaxdina seriozuli zegavlena.

Sesavali

winamdebare statia me-20 sa-ukunis amerikaSi progresiviz-mis, skolebisa da ganaTlebis fa kultetebis istorias mog-iTxrobT.1 es aris warmatebisa da

1 statia warmoadgens im moxsenebis

warumateblobis, siyvarulisa da siZulvilis istoria. imisda mixed-viT, Tu ganaTlebis romel konkre-tul sferoSi moRvaweobT, es sta-tia SeiZleba tragediad, romanti-kul Txzulebad an komediadac ki mogeCvenoT. ufro konkretulad, naSromi exeba progresivistuli ganaTlebis or ganStoebas, romel-ic me-20 saukunis dasawyisis ameri-kul ganaTlebaSi erTmaneTTan da-pirispirebis gziT cdilobda upi-ratesobis mopovebas. am brZolaSi administraciulma progresivis-teb ma gaimarjves, rasac mohyva cv-lilebebi amerikuli skolebis or-ganizaciul mowyobasa da saswavlo procesSi. xsenebuli reformis Sedegad gatarebuli cvlilebebi dRemde ZalaSia. samagierod, meore jgufma, damarcxebulma pedagogi-urma progresivistebma, Secvales skolebis Sesaxeb Cveni diskusiis forma. progresivizmis or gan-Stoebas Soris WidilSi CarTulni iyvnen ganaTlebis fakultetebis profesorebic, romlebic, gama-

gadamuSavebul variants, romelic ganaTlebis istoriis saerTaSori-so konferenciis 25-e yovelwliur Sexvedraze wavikiTxe. es Sexvedra san-paoloSi, braziliaSi, 2003 wlis 18 ivliss Sedga. am moxsen-ebaSi gamoyenebulia masalebi Cemi amaswinandeli wignidan (d. f. la-bare, ganaTlebis fakultetebze arsebuli sirTuleebi, niu heveni: koneqtikuti, 2004, Tavi 7) da am wignamde dawerili statiidan (d. f. labare, `ganaTlebis skolebis urTierToba progresivizmTan“, brukingsis masalebi ganaTlebis politikze, 2004, redaqtori daian reviCi, vaSingtoni, 2004: 89_129).

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rjvebulis dadgenis Semdeg, ux-erxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: isini amzadebdnen maswavleblebs, romelTac unda emuSavaT adminis-traciuli progresivistebis mier reformirebul sistemaSi da, ama-vdroulad, atarebdnen kvlevebs am sistemis ufro efeqturi muSaobis uzrunvelsayofad. suliTa da gu-liT, es profesorebi pedagogiuri progresivistebis mxareze rCebod-nen, ramac ganaTlebis fakultete-bze pedagogiuri progresivizmis principebis SenarCunebasa da ganaTlebis specialistTa moma-vali TaobebisaTvis maT gadacemas Seuwyo xeli.

me, am statiis avtori, var, erTi mxriv, amerikuli ganaTlebis istoriis specialisti da, meore mxriv, profesori amerikis erT-erT ganaTlebis fakultetze. san-paoloSi SekrebilT, gagacnobT statiis Sinaarss, radgan mimaCnia, rom is ukavSirdeba ganaTlebis is-toriis saerTaSoriso konferenci-is 25-e yovelwliuri Sexvedris or ZiriTad Temas: ̀ Tanamedroveoba da skolebis institucionalizaciis procesebi“ da `pedagogiuri cod-nisa da modelebis saerTaSoriso cirkulacia“. swored progresi-vizmma Camoayaliba amerikuli ganaTlebis Tanamedrove sistema da safuZveli Cauyara mis institu-cionalizacias im formiT, ra for-miTac is dRes arsebobs. amavdrou-lad, progresivistuli ideebi swavlebasa da saskolo ganaTleba-ze, ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso enis nawilad iqca. mimaCnia, rom winamde-bare statia msoflios sxvadasx-

va qveyanaSi ganaTlebis sistemis modernizaciis gamocdilebas ex-mianeba. mkiTxvelisaTvis mimind-via mtkicebulebebis moZieba imis dasadastureblad, Tu ramdenad aRwers es statia Tqvens qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs. Cemi eqsper-tiza amerikis ganaTlebis sistemiT Semoifargleba da, Sesabamisad, am statiaSi mxolod pirvel Temaze (`Tanamedroveoba da skolebis in-stitucionalizaciis procesebi“) gavamaxvileb yuradRebas.

daviwyoT ramdenime ganma r-tebiT. amerikelTa gagebiT, ga-naTlebis fakulteti umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis nawils warmoadgens. ganaTleb-is fakultets Cven vuwodebT ganaTlebis skolas, kolejs an de-partaments. am fakultetze mzad-debian maswavleblebi, mkvlevarebi da tardeba kvlevebi ganaTlebis sferoSi. axla ki, rac Seexeba pro-gresivizmis mniSvnelobas. am uka-nasknelis ganmarteba ufro rTu-lia. ufro metic, am statiaSi minda progresivizmis sxvadasxva mniS-vnelobas Sevexo, raTa ukeT avxsna misi zegavlena saskolo praqtikaze amerikaSi.

dRevandel dRes progresiv-izmis zogadi mniSvneloba, rogorc wesi, pedagogiuri progresivizmis mniSvnelobasTan aris gaigivebuli: swavlebis procesis orientireba bavSvis saWiroebebsa da inter-esebze, misi ganviTarebis stadiis gaTvaliswinebiT. progresivizmi gulisxmobs moswavleebisaTvis ara konkretuli sagnis, aramed im unarebis swavlebas, rac maT ne-

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bismieri sagnis aTvisebaSi daex-marebaT. is xels uwyobs Ziebas da moswavlis mier warmarTul swav-lebas, rac swavlis procesSi mo-swavlis aqtiuri CarTulobiT gamoixateba. progresivizmi iseT proeqtebze muSaobas gvirCevs, romlebic moswavlis miznebs exmi-aneba da saskolo disciplinebis socialurad relevanturi sakiTx-ebis garSemo integrirebas uwyobs xels; moswavleebSi sazogadoebriv Rirebu lebebs, TanamSromlobis, to le rantobis, samarTlianobisa da demokratiuli Tanasworobis principebs aviTarebs. ganaTlebis sferoSi damkvidrebuli Jargoni rom vixmaroT, es aris `moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba“, `aRmo-Cenaze mimarTuli swavla“, ̀ swavlis swavleba“. amerikuli ganaTlebis Tanamedrove enaze am midgomas kon-struqtivizmi hqvia.

rogorc lorens kreminma aRniSna, 1950-iani wlebisaTvis progresivizmis es konkretuli mi-marTuleba amerikuli ganaTlebis dominantur enad iqca.2 ganaTleb-is sferos profesionalTaTvis (vgulisxmob maswavleblebs, iseve, rogorc profesorebs, romlebmac isini moamzades) pedagogiuri poz-itivizmi iZleva enobriv SesaZle-blobebs, romlebic skolaSi swav-lisa da swavlebis procesis aRw-erisaTvis aris saWiro. ganaTlebis fakultetebze progresivizmi Zir-iTadi ideologiaa. Zalian rTulia, amerikis ganaTlebis fakultetze aRmoaCino adamiani, romelic pozi-

2 lorens a. kremini. `skolis transfor-macia: progresivizmi amerikul ganaT-lebaSi“, 1976_1957. niu-iorki, 1961: 328.

tivizmis principebs ar iziarebs. es situacia ganaTlebis bevr

reformators aRelvebs. pro-gresivizmi xom arsebiTad ewinaaRm-degeba im suliskveTebas, romelic XXI saukunis dasawyisis amerikis ganaTlebis reformas udevs safuZ-vlad. amJamindeli reforma adgens akademiur CarCoebs saswavlo geg-mis, standartebis damkvidrebisa da testirebis aqtiuri gamoyenebisaT-vis. testireba, reformis mixedviT, moswavleebSi _ swavlis, xolo mas-wavleblebSi swavlebis motivacias gazrdis. ganaTlebis fakultetebi da pedagogiuri progresivizmis idealebi ewinaaRmdegeba reformis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. Sesabam-isad, dRevandeli reformator-ebisaTvis ganaTlebis nebismieri fakulteti problemebis Semqm-nelad ufro aRiqmeba, vidre part-niorad gamosavlis ZiebaSi.3

arsebobs ori mizezi, romelTa gaazrebac daarwmunebs dRevandel reformatorebs, rom maT aRelve-bis realuri safuZveli ar aqvT. pirveli, progresivizmis am for-mas Zalian didi gavlena hqonda ganaTlebis ritorikaze, magram Zalian mcire _ ganaTlebis praq-tikaze. am daskvnamde mividnen ped-agogikis istorikosebi, magaliTad, leri kubani da artur zilversmi-ti, aseve, swavlebis Tanamedrove

3 i. d. hirS umcrosi, rogori skolebi gvWirdeba da ratom ar gvaqvs aseTi skolebi. niu iorki, 1996; sajaro dRis wesrigi. gansxvavebuli modele-bi: rogor uyureben sajaro ganaTle-bas maswavlebelTa maswavleblebi. niu iorki, 1997; daian reviCi. warumate-beli saskolo reformebis saukune. niu iorki, 2000.

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mkvlevarebi, magaliTad, jon gu-dledi da devid koheni.4 amerikul skolebSi swavleba zedmetadaa mas-wavlebelze orientirebuli; kla-sis marTva aris maswavleblis um-Tavresi prioriteti; saswavlo geg-maSi ZiriTadi adgili tradiciul saskolo sagnebs ukavia; saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli masalis moswavleebamde mitanis ZiriTadi saSualebebia wignebi da maswav-leblis saubari; swavla aRiqmeba, rogorc maswavleblisa da wignebi-dan gagebulis gaxseneba; testebis saSualebiT xdeba gazomva imisa, Tu ra iswavla moswavlem. moswav-leze da aRmoCenaze orientirebu-li swavlebis niSnebi, umeteswilad, zedapirulia da fexs iSviaTad ikidebs. saubrisas xSirad vaxsen-ebT progresivistul midgomebs, magram realur cxovrebaSi nakle-bad viyenebT maT. mokled, amJamad amerikul ganaTlebaSi swavlisa da swavlebis tradiciuli meTodebia fexmokidebuli. pedagogiuri pro-gresivistebi damarcxdnen.

meore mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar unda wuxdnen reformatorebi Tana-medrove progresivizmis gamo, aris is, rom am mimdinareobis mimdevre-bi gamoketilni arian ganaTlebis fakultetebze. am dawesebulebebs

4 leri kubani. rogor aswavlidnen maswavleblebi: ucvleli da cvale-badi amerikul klasebSi, 1890_1980. niu iorki, 1993; artur zilversmiti. skolebi cvlilebis procesSi: pro-gresivistuli ganaTlebis Teoria da praqtika, 1930_1960. Cikago, 1993; jon gudledi. adgili, romelsac skola hqvia. niu iorki, 1984; devid koheni. `revolucia klasSi: qalbatoni ou-blieris SemTxveva“. ganaTlebis Se-faseba da analizi, 12 (1990): 311_329.

ki seriozulad aravin aRiqvams. Cveni kolegebi, romlebic uni-versitetis sxva fakultetebze moRvaweoben, miiCneven, rom Cven viwro Wkuisani varT. isini Tavis tolebad da sworebad ki ar aRgviq-vamen, aramed samarcxvino adami-anebad, romlebic universitetis nawils ar unda warmoadgendnen. Sedareba rom gamoviyenoT, maT-Tvis kosmetologiis fakulteti ufro varT, vidre medicinis. yve-laze prestiJuli universitetebi cdiloben, ganaTlebis sferoSi akademiuri xarisxebi aRar gascen da rogorme mTlianad gaauqmon es fakultetebi. sakmaod xangrZlivi axsna-ganmarteba damWirdeba, raTa davasabuTo, Tu ratom sargeblobs amerikaSi ganaTlebis fakulteti dabali prestiJiT. amjerad erTi daskvniT Semovifarglebi: Cven, rogorc wesi, siis boloSi varT.5 Sesabamisad, ar dagvejereba, roca ganaTlebis Temaze azrebs gam-ovxatavT. Cven progresivistuli ideologiis sruli gamziareblebi varT, magram ar SegviZlia pro-gresivistuli praqtika skolaSi davamkvidroT. ufro metic, Cven sakuTari saqmianobisas ar viyenebT progresivistul midgomebs, rasac adasturebs is, Tu rogor warvmar-TavT kvlevebs da vamzadebT moma-val maswavleblebs.6

5 jeraldin j. klifordi da jeims u. guTri. ganaTlebis fakulteti: mokle mimoxilva profesiuli ganaTlebisaT-vis. Cikago, 1988; labare, ganaTlebis fakultetebze arsebuli sirTuleebi.

6 elen q. lagermani, mouxelTebeli mec-niereba: saganmanaTleblo kvlevis Se-maSfoTebeli istoria. Cikago, 2000; meri m. kenedi, `miznis arCeva profe-

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ra ganapirobebs imas, rom amer-ikaSi ganaTlebis fakultetebze dasaqmebul profesorebs pro-gresivizmis idealebi ase aqvT Se-sisxlxorcebuli? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi ganaTlebis fakultetebisa da progresivizmisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli moswavleze orientire-buli midgomis daaxloebaSi unda veZioT. istoriulma garemoebebma isini XX saukunis dasawyisSi im-denad daaaxlova, rom erTmaneTis ganuyofel nawilebad iqcnen. Sed-egad, progresivizmi ganaTlebis fakultetis profesorTa ideolo-gia gaxda. ganaTlebis fakultete-bis warmomadgenlebi am procesis sakuTar, legendad qceul aRw-eras gvTavazoben: es iyo idealis zeciuri dakavSireba ZalasTan, romelic tradicionalizms daa-marcxebda da ideals realobad aqcevda. amboben, rom yvela legen-daSi moipoveba simarTlis marcva-li. winamdebare statiaSi gansx-vavebul xedvas gTavazobT. es xedva Semdegia: pedagogiur progresiv-izmsa da ganaTlebis fakultetebs Soris damyarebuli ganuyofeli kavSiri ara ubralod urTierT-mizidulobis Sedegia, aramed ra-Rac gacilebiT ufro Zlieris _ urTierTsaWiroebis. pedagogiu-ri progresivizmi da ganaTlebis

siuli ganaTlebisaTvis“, wignidan `mas-wavlebelTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kvlevis saxelmZRvanelo“, redaqtori u. rob-ert hiustoni. niu iorki, 1990; robert i. flodeni. `swavlebis Sedegebis kvl-eva: gangrZobiTi modeli swavlebis kv-levisaTvis“, wignidan `swavlebis kvle-vebis saxelmZRvanelo“, redaqtori virjinia riCardsoni. vaSingtoni, 2001: 3_16.

fakultetebi warmoadgendnen or sust, damarcxebul mxares. peda-gogiuri progresivizmi damarcx-da administraciul progresiv-izmTan WidilSi, xolo ganaTlebis fakultetebi _ amerikis umaRles ganaTlebaSi pativiscemis mopove-bisaTvis brZolaSi. ase rom, maT erTmaneTi sWirdebodaT. erTi eZeb-da usafrTxo navsayudels, xolo mere _ swor suliskveTebas. Sesa-bamisad, ganaTlebis fakultetebma upirobod aRiares progresivizmi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom pro-gresivistuli xedva arasodes do-minirebda skolebSi, swavlisa da swavlebis praqtikaSi. ufro metic, progresivizmma Tavad ganaTlebis fakultetebze warmarTul swav-lebis praqtikazec ki ver moaxdina seriozuli zegavlena.

progresivizmis mokle istoria amerikul ganaTlebaSi

mokled unda mimovixiloT pro-gresivistuli ganaTlebis istoria XX saukunis pirveli naxevris amer-ikaSi, raTa gamovikvlioT, Tu ratom airCies progresivizmis konkretu-li forma ganaTlebis fakulteteb-ma. mxolod aseTi analizi mogvcems saSualebas, gavarkvioT instituci-isa da ideologiis ganuyreli urT-ierTdakavSirebis mizezebi.

pirvel yovlisa, unda gaviaz-roT, rom progresivizmi ar yofi-la erTiani mimdinareoba. is Sedge-boda sxvadasxva mimarTulebisagan. progresivizmis yvela mkvlevari,

43

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, erTsu-lovania. sxvadasxva mkvlevari gan-sxvavebul sqemas iyenebs am moZrao-bis mimarTulebebis klasifikaci-isaTvis. devid tiaki ganasxvavebs administraciul da pedagogiur progresivizms.7 robert CarCi da maikl sedlaki iyeneben terminebs: konservatiuli da liberaluri progresivizmi.8 klibardi ki, mi-marTulebebis mixedviT, gamoyofs sam dajgufebas: socialuri qmedi-Toba, bavSvis ganviTareba da so-cialuri rekonstruqcia.9 me gam-oviyeneb klasifikacias, romelic progresivizmis administraciul da pedagogiur mimarTulebebs ga-nasxvavebs.10 Cemi gagebiT, adminis-traciuli mimarTuleba aerTianebs konservatuli da socialuri qmed-iTobis cnebebs, xolo pedagogi-uri mimarTuleba _ liberalur da socialur rekonstruqciaze mi-marTul xedvebs. rac Seexeba bavS-vis ganviTarebis xazs, is orive mi-marTulebaSi unda Sediodes.

am moZraobis istoriis Seswav-lisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Sem-degi: pedagogiuri progresivizmis mimdevrebi ganicdidnen devnas administraciuli progresiviste-bis mxridan. elen lagemani dasZens:

7 d. tiaki, erTi saukeTeso sistema. kem-briji, 1974.

8 r. CarCi, m. sedlaki, ganaTleba ameri-kis SeerTebul StatebSi. niu iorki, 1976.

9 h. klibardi, brZola amerikuli sas-wavlo gegmisaTvis 1893_1958. bosto-ni, 1986.

10 ix. l. jon rudi, ganaTleba da so-cialuri cvlileba: Temebi amerikuli ganaTlebis istoriaSi, niu jersi, 2002.

`xSirad miTqvams studentebisaT-vis, rom SeuZlebelia, gaiazro ganaTlebis ganviTarebis istoria XX saukunis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, Tu ar gaacnobiereb, rom edvard l. Torndaikma gaimarjva da jon diui damarcxda“.11

pedagogiurma progresivistebma gavlena moaxdines ganaTlebis rito-rikaze, xolo administraciulma progresivistebma _ ganaTlebis struqturasa da praqtikaze sko-lebSi. pedagogiuri mimarTulebis inteleqtualuri zegavlenis dama-dasturebelia is, rom progresiv-izmis ganmartebisas dRes Cven maT enas viyenebT. saklaso praqtikis aRwerisas, am enas iyeneben maswav-leblebic da profesorebic, miuxe-davad imisa, rom mxolod adminis-traciulma progresivistebma Se-Zles skolebSi sakuTari reforme-bis warmatebiT danergva.

qvemoT Sevecdebi, ganvsazRvro es ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego xe-dva da avxsna, Tu rogor gaimar-jva Torndaikma da rogor arCies ganaTlebis fakultetebma, ar eR-alataT diuisaTvis.

urTierTsawinaaRmdego xedvebi: pedagogiuri da administraciuli progresivizmi

pedagogiur progresivistebs ramdenime gamorCeuli lideri hyavdaT, romelTa Soris iyvnen: 11 elen q. lagemani, `ganaTlebis kvle-

vis pluralistuli samyaroebi“. ga-naTlebis istoriis yovelkvarta lu-ri gamocema, 29 (1989): 185.

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fransis parkeri, j. stenli holi, uiliam kilpatriki, jorj qaunTsi, harold ragi da boid boudi. jon diui ki gaxldaT am moZraobis su-lisCamdgmeli, Tumca am poziciaSi yofna mas did bednierebas ar ani-Webda.

diui xSirad gamoxatavda mwux-arebas, rom pedagogiuri pro-gresivistebi xSirad mis ideebs arasworad iyenebdnen. darwmunebu-li var, mas bevri SeniSvna eqneboda Cveni profesorebisadmi dResac, roca gaigebda, Tu ra Sexedulebebs miaweren xolme mis saxels. sabedni-erod Tu saubedurod, unda aRiniS-nos, rom diuis ideaTa umravleso-bis amokiTxva pirvelwyaroSi, mis nawerebSi aris SesaZlebeli.

e. d. hirSs davesesxebodi da vityodi, rom pedagogiuri pro-gresivizmis ganmsazRvreli maxa-siaTebeli iyo romantizmi. hirSi gamoyofs or romantikul Sexed-ulebas, romelic, misi azriT, pedagogiuri progresivizmis sa-fuZvels warmoadgens: `pirveli, romantizmi aviTarebs rwmenas, rom adamianuri buneba aris keTili. Se-sabamisad, adamians xeli unda Sevu-wyoT, raTa bunebriv gzas daadges, moiSoros is, rac xelovnurad, so-cialuri crurwmenebisa da konven-ciebis gamoisobiT aqvs Tavsmox-veuli. meore, romantizmi bavSvs aRiqvams ara rogorc zrdasruli adamianis ganaTlebul versias, an uformo Tixas, romelsac formis micema sWirdeba, aramed rogorc gansakuTrebul arsebas, romel-sac sakuTari uflebebi, TiTqmis wmidaTawmida impulsebi aqvs, rom-

lebsac ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba unda mivceT“.12

zemoT aRweril mosazrebasTan axlosaa ̀ idea imis Sesaxeb, rom civ-ilizacia, imis nacvlad, rom dadeb-iTi, keTili Tvisebebis ganviTare-baSi Seuwyos xeli, bavSvs ryvnis“.13 am kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT trad-iciul ganaTlebas, is ara mxolod araefeqturia, aramed mimarTule-ba ar gaaCnia da ziani moaqvs bavS-visaTvis, radgan cdilobs, bavSvs ukve arsebuli c