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Supplementary information
Modeling farm nutrient flows in the North China
Plain to reduce nutrient losses
Journal: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
Zhanqing Zhao1,2, Zhaohai Bai1, Sha Wei3, Wenqi Ma4, Mengru Wang5, Carolien
Kroeze5, Lin Ma1*
1 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources
Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
3 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University,
Beijing 100193, China
4 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of
Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
5 Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University,
Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
*Corresponding authors: [email protected]
Fig. S1 Locations of eleven sampling counties in the North China Plain.
Fig. S2 Representative farm types in the North China Plain.
NH3 emission
N2O emission
N2 emission
Surface runoff
Erosion
Leaching
Seed
Mineral fertilizer
Organic fertilizer
Irrigation
N deposition
N fixation
Products export
Feed
….
Field 1
Crops
resid
ue
Crops
resid
ue
Field n
Crops
resid
ue
Crops
resid
ue
Soil accumulation Soil accumulation
Fig. S3 Nutrient flows of the crop production sector in a farm system.
Concentrate
Forage
Animal
Live animal
Meat, milk, and egg
Dead animal losses
Swine herd
Sows
Lactating sows
Finishing pigs
Nurseries
Piglets
Dairy herd
Lactating cows
Dry cows
Heifers
Calves
Poultry
Growing chickens
Hens
Layers
Beef herd
Mature cows
Beef
Calves
Manure
Fig. S4 Nutrient flows of the livestock production sector in a farm system.
Fig. S5 Nutrient flows in the manure management chain in a farm system.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 2 4 6
Cer
eal y
ield
(k
g ha
-1yr
-1)
Arable area (ha)
g
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
0 1000 2000 3000
Milk
yie
ld
(kg
head
-1yr
-1)
Herd size (LU)
a
y = 1.5ln(x) + 8.2R² = 0.80 (P<0.05)
0
10
20
30
0 5000 10000
Egg
yiel
d(k
g he
ad-1
yr-1
)
Herd size (LU)
e
y = 1E-05x + 0.6R² = 0.21 (P<0.05)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 2000 4000 6000
Wei
ght g
ain
(kg
head
-1da
y-1 )
Herd size (LU)
c
y = 7.3x + 5871.1R² = 0.35 (P<0.05)
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
0 100 200 300
Milk
yie
ld
(kg
head
-1yr
-1)
Herd size (LU)
b
0
10
20
30
0 20 40 60
Egg
yiel
d(k
g he
ad-1
yr-1
)
Herd size (LU)
f
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 100 200W
eigh
t gai
n(k
g he
ad-1
day-
1 )Herd size (LU)
d
Fig. S6 Relationships between LU/arable land area and livestock/crop production for landless dairy (a), mixed dairy (b), landless swine (c), mixed swine (d), landless poultry (e), mixed poultry (f) and cereal (g) farm types.
Fig. S7 Relationships between herd size and NUEa and PUEa for mixed dairy (a, b), landless swine (c, d), and landless poultry (e, f) farm types.
Fig. S8 Relationships between herd size and N and P losses from livestock manure management chain for mixed dairy(a, b), landless swine (c, d), and landless poultry (e, f) farm types.
Box S1. Calculation of nutrient losses
OcNH 3emission=IcChemical fertilizer × EFNH 3 ,fertilizer+ Icmanure× EFNH 3 ,applied manure
OcN 2 Oemission=IcChemical fertilizer × EFN 2 O, fertilizer+ Icmanure × EF N 2 O, applied manure
Ocdenitrification=IcChemical fertilizer × EFdenitrification ,fertilizer + Icmanure × EFdenitrification , applied manure
Ocerosion=Surpluscrop × EF erosion
Oc surfacerunoff=(Surpluscrop−Ocerosion)× EF surfacerunoff
Ocleaching=(Surpluscrop−Ocerosion−Oc surfacerunoff )× EFleaching
Surpluscrop=Ic fixation+ Icdeposition+ Icchemical fertilizer+ Icmanure+ Icirrigation+ Icresidues−Oc crop products−Ocresidues−OcNH 3emission−OcN 2 Oemission−Oc denitrification
OaNH 3 emission=Oamanure × EFNH 3 , manure
OaN 2O emission=Oamanure × EFN 2 O,manure
Oadenitrification=Oamanure × EFdenitrification ,manure
Oaleaching=Oamanure × EF leacing, manure
Oadischarge=Surplusmanure × EFdischarge , manure
Surplusmanure=Oamanure−OaNH 3 emission−OaN 2O emission−Oadenitrification−Oaleaching
Oc Output of N or P from crop productionOa Output of N or P from livestock productionOcNH 3 emission N loss via NH3 volatilization from applied synthetic
fertilizers and animal manuresOcN 2 Oemission N loss via N2O emission from applied synthetic
fertilizers and animal manuresOcdenitrifica tion N loss via denitrification from applied synthetic
fertilizers and animal manuresOcerosion N or P loss via erosion from crop production systemOc surfacerunoff N or P loss via surface runoff from crop production
systemOcleaching N or P loss via leaching from crop production
systemSurpluscrop N or P surplus in crop production systemIcChemical fertilizer Input of N or P via synthetic fertilizers including
single and compound fertilizersIcmanure Input of N or P via animal manuresIcfixation Input of N via nitrogen fixation
Box S1. (Continued)
Icdeposition Input of N or P via dry and wet depositionIcirrigation Input of N or P via irrigationIcstraw Input of N or P via crop residuesOccrop products Output of N or P via crop productsOc straw N or P output via crop residues from crop production systemEFNH 3 , fertilizer NH3 emission factors for applied synthetic fertilizersEFNH 3 , applied manure NH3 emission factors for applied animal manuresEF N 2 O, fertilizer N2O emission factors for applied synthetic fertilizersEFN 2 O, applied manure N2O emission factors for applied animal manuresEF denitrification ,fertilizer Denitrification factors for applied synthetic fertilizersEF denitrification ,applied manure Denitrification factors for applied animal manuresEF erosion Factors controlling erosion in crop production
system EF surfacerunoff Factors controlling surface runoff in crop production
systemEFleaching Factors controlling N or P leaching in crop
production systemOamanure Amount of manures N or P in housing, storage
and treatment sectors, respectively OaNH 3 emission N loss via NH3 volatilization from animal manures in
housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelyOaN 2O emission N loss via N2O emission from animal manures in
housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelyOadenitrification N loss via denitrification from animal manures in
housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelyOaleaching N or P loss via leaching from animal manures in
housing, storage and treatment sector, respectively Oadischarge N or P loss via discharge from animal manures in
housing, storage and treatment sector, respectivelySurplusmanure Manures N or P surplus of in housing, storage and
treatment sector, respectivelyEFNH 3 , manure NH3 emission factors for manures in housing,
storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEFN 2 O, manure N2O emission factors for manures in housing,
storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEF denitrification Denitrification factors for manures in housing,
storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEFleaching ,manure Factors controlling leaching for manures in housing,
storage and treatment sector, respectivelyEF discharge, manure Factors controlling discharge for manures in
housing, storage and treatment sector, respectively
Table S1 Summary of model items
Compartment
Input/Output
Item Remark
Crop production
Input Field information: soil type, field area InterviewCrop type InterviewSeed amount InterviewFertilization: fertilizer type; amount, source; fertilization pattern; N and P content
Interview
Irrigation pattern; irrigation numbers InterviewPercentage of crop residues recycled in field InterviewNitrogen fixation (Ma et al., 2010)Deposition (Ma et al., 2010)
Output Crop yield InterviewCrop products fate: sold; used as feed; Crop residues fates: used as feed; sold; burned; discarded
Interview
NH3, N2O emission, Denitrification, runoff, leaching, erosion and accumulation in the soil
Calculated
Animal production
Input Animal type InterviewAnimal maturity InterviewNumber of animals InterviewMortality rate InterviewFeeding: feed type, feed intake per head per day; days
Interview
Output Weight: initial and finished InterviewMilk yields; egg yields InterviewEliminated number of animals Interview
Manure management
Input Housing floor type InterviewManure cleaning frequency InterviewManure cleaning pattern InterviewStorage: percentage; methods InterviewProcessing: percentage; methods Interview
Output NH3, N2O emission, Denitrification, runoff, discharge, leaching
Calculated
Fates of manure: land-applied, sold InterviewParameters N and P content of animal manure,
Grain and residues of each crop type,Table S3
ratio between grain and residues Table S4N and P content of each feed type InterviewAnimal carcass fractions and nutrient contentNH3, N2O and N2 emission factors from
Table S5Table S6-S7
crop fieldsFactors controlling N and P leaching, runoff and erosion from crop fields
(Ma et al., 2010)
Emission factors of N and P from manure management chain
Table S8
Table S2 Characteristics of manure management systems (%)Characteristics Landless dairy Landless swine Landless poultry Mixed dairy Mixed swine Mixed poultry
Type of floor Concrete 100 75 100 100 100 100 Slatted floor 25Manure collection methods Separation for urine and faeces 95 Mixtures of urine and faeces 100 5 100 100 100 100Manure storage Covered and underground 21 8 22 12 Covered and aboveground 59 14 48 18 Uncovered and underground 78 50 100 Uncovered and aboveground 20 30 82 38Manure treatment Anaerobic fermentation Household biogas 2 9 12 Industrial biogas 49 22 23 Composting 21 8 77 Oxidation pond 43 81
Table S3 Manure and waste nitrogen and phosphorus content (%)*Material N (%) P (%)Poultry 1.032 0.413Sheep 1.014 0.216
Pig 0.547 0.245Cow 0.383 0.095
Biogas slurry 13.60 0.019Biogas residue 2.00 1.200
*Reference: NATESC (1999).
Table S4 Crop growing days, nutrient content and N fixation*
Crop TypeGrowing
period (day)Grain/residue
Dry matter of grain (%)
N content of grain (%)
P content of grain (%)
N content of residue (%)
P content of residue (%)
N fixation (kg/ha/yr)
Winter wheat 240 0.91 100.00 2.25 0.41 0.65 0.08 18.75 Summer maize 125 0.83 100.00 1.90 0.27 0.92 0.15 18.75 Celery 120 0.00 7.00 2.74 0.54 18.75 Cucumber 180 2.33 4.20 3.05 0.57 2.16 0.39 18.75 Apple 365 38.50 100.00 0.03 0.01 0.38 0.04 18.75 Pear 365 38.50 100.00 0.06 0.02 0.35 0.04 18.75 Greenhouse 180 0.83 5.60 2.57 0.41 2.42 0.43 18.75
Tomato
*References: Lu et al. (1996); NATESC (1999); He et al. (2007); Ma et al. (2010).
Table S5 Animal carcass fractions and nutrient content (%)*
AnimalFraction of different parts (%) N content (%) P content (%) N content of
product (%)P content of product (%)Edible Bone By-product Edible Bone By-product Edible Bone By-product
Pig 50 13 37 1.52 0.18 1.90 3.30 2.20 0.07 1.52 0.18 Dairy 40 10 50 2.4 0.17 6.29 4.20 6.29 0.01 0.50 0.09
Broiler 65 20 15 2.7 0.16 2.60 2.00 1.50 0.01 2.13 0.17 Sheep and
goat 55 24 21 2.13 0.17 1.90 5.60 2.20 0.15 0.47 0.09 Hens 75 15 10 2.5 0.16 9.28 2.00 9.28 0.01 2.06 0.21
*Reference: Ma et al. (2010).
Table S6 Ammonia N emission factors in crop production (%)*Crop type Fertilizer type Fertilization pattern NH3 emissions (%)Cucumber NPK Compound Basal dressing 10.0Cucumber NPK Compound Top dressing 20.0Cucumber Biogas slurry Top dressing 22.9Fruit Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.2Fruit Sheep manure Basal dressing 2.0Fruit Cow manure Basal dressing 2.0Fruit NPK Compound Basal dressing 2.2Fruit Bio-organic fertilizer Basal dressing 2.8Fruit Urea Basal dressing 3.5
Fruit Sheep manure Top dressing 4.0Fruit Poultry manure Top dressing 5.5Fruit Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Fruit NPK Compound Top dressing 20.0Fruit Bio-organic-fertilizer Top dressing 20.0Fruit Urea Top dressing 25.4Greenhouse vegetable Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.4Greenhouse vegetable Coated urea Top dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Coated urea Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Controlled release fertilizer Top dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Controlled release fertilizer Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Urea Basal dressing 1.0Greenhouse vegetable Calcium ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.5Greenhouse vegetable Urea Top dressing 1.6Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 2.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Basal dressing 2.0Greenhouse vegetable Sheep manure Basal dressing 2.0Greenhouse vegetable Poultry manure Top dressing 2.4Greenhouse vegetable Bio-organic fertilizer Basal dressing 2.8Greenhouse vegetable Bio-organic fertilizer Top dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet poultry manure Basal dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Pig manure Basal dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Cow manure Basal dressing 3.0Greenhouse vegetable Pig manure Top dressing 3.5Greenhouse vegetable Monoammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6
Greenhouse vegetable Diammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6Greenhouse vegetable Sheep manure Top dressing 4.0Greenhouse vegetable NPK Compound Basal dressing 8.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium carbonate Basal dressing 10.0Greenhouse vegetable Monoammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Greenhouse vegetable Diammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Greenhouse vegetable Biogas residue Top dressing 10.3Greenhouse vegetable Biogas slurry Top dressing 11.7Greenhouse vegetable Calcium ammonium nitrate Top dressing 12.0Greenhouse vegetable Cow manure Top dressing 14.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet pig manure Top dressing 15.0Greenhouse vegetable NPK Compound Top dressing 15.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Top dressing 17.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Greenhouse vegetable Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 20.0Greenhouse vegetable Wet poultry manure Top dressing 20.0Summer maize Ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.0Summer maize Poultry manure Basal dressing 1.0Summer maize Calcium ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.5Summer maize Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 2.0Summer maize Monoammonium phosphate Basal dressing 2.0Summer maize Wet cow manure Basal dressing 2.0Summer maize Coated urea Basal dressing 3.0Summer maize Diammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.0Summer maize Controlled release fertilizer Basal dressing 3.0Summer maize Wet poultry manure Basal dressing 3.3
Summer maize Wet pig manure Basal dressing 3.5Summer maize Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Basal dressing 4.0Summer maize Coated urea Top dressing 5.0Summer maize Controlled release fertilizer Top dressing 5.0Summer maize Cow manure Basal dressing 5.0Summer maize Sheep manure Basal dressing 6.0Summer maize Monoammonium phosphate Top dressing 8.0Summer maize Diammonium phosphate Top dressing 9.0Summer maize Poultry manure Top dressing 10.0Summer maize NPK Compound Basal dressing 10.0Summer maize Urea Basal dressing 12.0Summer maize Calcium ammonium nitrate Top dressing 12.0Summer maize Pig manure Top dressing 12.0Summer maize Ammonium carbonate Basal dressing 13.0Summer maize Pig manure Basal dressing 15.0Summer maize Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Top dressing 17.5Summer maize Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Summer maize Sheep manure Top dressing 20.0Summer maize NPK Compound Top dressing 20.0Summer maize Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 21.9Summer maize Wet cow manure Top dressing 25.0Summer maize Urea Top dressing 25.4Summer maize Wet poultry manure Top dressing 30.0Summer maize Wet pig manure Top dressing 30.0Winter wheat Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.2Winter wheat Coated urea Top dressing 0.6
Winter wheat Coated urea Basal dressing 0.6Winter wheat Controlled release fertilizer Top dressing 0.6Winter wheat Controlled release fertilizer Basal dressing 0.6Winter wheat Ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 1.0Winter wheat Sheep manure Basal dressing 2.0Winter wheat NPK Compound Basal dressing 2.0Winter wheat Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 2.5Winter wheat Urea Basal dressing 2.7Winter wheat Calcium ammonium nitrate Basal dressing 3.0Winter wheat Wet poultry manure Basal dressing 3.3Winter wheat Wet pig manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Pig manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Wet cow manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Cow manure Basal dressing 3.5Winter wheat Monoammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6Winter wheat Diammonium phosphate Basal dressing 3.6Winter wheat Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Basal dressing 4.0Winter wheat Sheep manure Top dressing 4.0Winter wheat Poultry manure Top dressing 5.5Winter wheat Monoammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Winter wheat Diammonium phosphate Top dressing 10.0Winter wheat Ammonium carbonate Basal dressing 10.4Winter wheat Pig manure Top dressing 12.0Winter wheat Calcium ammonium nitrate Top dressing 15.0Winter wheat Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 24.0Winter wheat NPK Compound Top dressing 15.0
Winter wheat Ammonium sulfate-nitrate Top dressing 18.0Winter wheat Cow manure Top dressing 18.0Winter wheat Wet poultry manure Top dressing 19.8Winter wheat Wet cow manure Top dressing 20.0Winter wheat Urea Top dressing 20.5Winter wheat Wet pig manure Top dressing 24.0
*References: Cai et al. (1998); Cai et al. (2002); Ding (2005); Dong et al. (2006); Dong (2007); Ge et al. (2010); Li et al. (2002); Li (2007); Li et al. (2009); Li et al. (2011); Li et al. (2012); Li (2014); Pang (2008); Su et al. (2007); Wu (2011); Xi et al. (2010); Zhang et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2008); Yang et al. (2010).
Table S7 The N emission factors in N2O from crop production (%)* Soil texture Crop type Fertilizer type Fertlization pattern N2O emission (%)
Loam Greenhouse vegetable Urea Basal dressing 0.46Loam Greenhouse vegetable Urea Top dressing 0.18Loam Winter wheat Urea Top dressing 0.02 Loam Winter wheat Urea Basal dressing 0.05Sand Winter wheat Urea Basal dressing 0.09 Sand Winter wheat Ammonium Carbonate Top dressing 0.47Sand Winter wheat Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 0.54Sand Winter wheat Calcium nitrate Top dressing 0.01Sand Summer maize Urea Top dressing 1.67 Sand Summer maize Urea Basal dressing 1.94Sand Summer maize Ammonium carbonate Top dressing 0.45Sand Summer maize Ammonium nitrate Top dressing 0.57Sand Summer maize Calcium nitrate Top dressing 0.03Loam Fruit Poultry manure Basal dressing 0.05Loam Fruit Sheep manure Basal dressing 0.05Loam Fruit NPK Compound Basal dressing 0.06Loam Fruit Cow manure Basal dressing 0.05
*References: Ding et al. (2001); Ding et al. (2004); Hao (2012); Li (2007); Pang et al. (2010); Wang et al. (1994); Wu et al. (2011); Zhang (2014).
Table S8 Emission factors during manure management chain (%)*
Livestock type stage Floor typeAnti-
Seepage NH3 N2ODenitrificatio
n LeachingDairy
Housing
Floor with mats No 12.5 0.5 5 1Cement floor Yes 23 0.5 5 0Floor with mats Yes 12.5 0.5 5 0Slatted floor Yes 18.5 0.5 5 0Cement floor No 23 0.5 5 1Slatted floor No 18.5 0.5 5 1
Storage
Underground without cover No 17 0.5 5 1Underground with cover No 14 3 15 1Aboveground without cover No 17 0.5 5 1Aboveground with cover No 15 2 10 1Underground without cover Yes 17 0.5 5 0Underground with cover Yes 14 3 15 0Aboveground without cover Yes 17 0.5 5 0Aboveground with cover Yes 15 2 10 0
Treatment Household biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1Composting No 41.8 0.87 5 1Household biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up Yes 17 0.5 5 0Industrial biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1
Composting Yes 41.8 0.87 5 0Oxidation pond No 41.7 0.5 5 1Oxidation pond Yes 41.7 0.5 5 0Industrial biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up No 17 0.5 5 1
Poultry
Housing
Cage floor No 19.7 0.5 5 1Slatted floor No 35.9 0.5 5 1Cage floor Yes 19.7 0.5 5 0Slatted floor Yes 35.9 0.5 5 0
Storage
Underground with cover Yes 8.3 2 10 0Aboveground without cover Yes 29 0.5 5 0Underground without cover Yes 29 0.5 5 0Aboveground with cover Yes 20 2 10 0Underground without cover No 29 0.5 5 1Underground with cover No 8.3 2 10 1Aboveground without cover No 29 0.5 5 1Aboveground with cover No 20 2 10 1
Treatment Industrial biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up No 38 0.5 5 0.6Composting No 38 0.5 5 0.6Composting Yes 38 0.5 5 0Oxidation pond No 8.3 0.5 5 1Household biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1Household biogas Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Oxidation pond Yes 8.3 0.5 5 0Pile up Yes 38 0.5 5 0
Industrial biogas No 8.3 0.5 5 1
Pig
Housing
Slatted floor No 15 0.5 5 1
Cement floor Yes 18 0.5 5 0Cement floor No 18 0.5 5 1Slatted floor Yes 15 0.5 5 0
Storage
Underground with cover Yes 10 2 10 0Underground without cover Yes 20 0.5 5 0Aboveground with cover No 10 2 10 1Aboveground without cover No 30 0.4 5 1Aboveground with cover Yes 10 2 10 0Underground without cover No 20 0.5 5 1Aboveground without cover Yes 30 0.4 5 0Underground with cover No 10 2 10 1
Treatment
Industrial biogas Yes 2.7 0.5 5 0
Household biogas Yes 10 0.5 5 0Composting No 30 3.5 15 1Composting Yes 30 3.5 15 0Industrial biogas No 2.7 0.5 5 1Household biogas No 10 0.5 5 1Oxidation pond Yes 19.5 0.5 5 0Oxidation pond No 19.5 0.5 5 1
*Reference: Ma et al. (2010).
Table S9 Average N and P budgets for mixed farms (mean values for each mixed farm type with standard deviation in parentheses)
N (kg N per ha) P (kg P per ha)Farm system Dairy (n=11) Swine (n=8) Poultry (n=5) Dairy Swine PoultryInput
Seed 4.35 4.84 5.61 0.98 1.07 1.24Synthetic fertilizer 323 416 270 62.6 97.5 56.7N fixation 18.8 17.2 18.8 0 0 0Deposition 83.3 76.5 83.3 0.34 0.31 0.34Irrigation 12.8 10.1 13.0 0 0 0Residues to fields 58.9 166 159 7.60 25.0 23.7Feeds 8784 (12941) 7960 (7327) 3237 (2348) 1558 (2166) 1800 (1605) 496 (360)Live weight 129 216 5.46 13.4 64.5 0.61Total 9414 (13067) 8867 (7735) 3792 (2261) 1643 (2166) 1988 (1730) 579 (358)
OutputCrop products 172 165 278 30.8 30.0 46.3Crop residues 58.9 166 159 7.60 25.0 23.7Animal products 1269 2300 863 228 686 87.9Manure sold 3224 2863 885 990 1038 352
Balance
Balance in stable* 4541 2994 1380 382 125 33.8Balance in field** 149 379 228 6.02 83.9 34.9Total 4690 (5805) 3373 (2852) 1608 (788) 388 (436) 209 (148) 68.7 (18)
Internal flow Crops used as feed 216 196 71.2 37.5 27.8 10.1Manure applied to fields 94.7 215 186 10.4 42.9 33.0
*Including NH3, N2O, N2, N (P) discharge and N (P) leaching from the manure management chain, and N (P) accumulation in the livestock systems.**Including NH3, N2O, N2, N (P) runoff, N (P) leaching, N (P) erosion and N (P) accumulation in the soil.
Table S10 Nutrient use efficiencies of cereal production (wheat-maize rotation) (%) Farm type NUEc* N recovery** PUEc* P recovery** ReferenceCereal farms 44 63 47 67 This studyVegetable farms 51 74 45 64 This studyFruit farms 50 72 48 67 This studyMixed dairy farms 67 81 68 89 This studyMixed swine farms 41 60 39 58 This studyMixed poultry farms 50 73 49 70 This study2004 China averages 36 31 (Ma et al., 2008; Ma et al., 2011)2008-2010 Beijing averages 34 (Hou et al., 2012)
* N(P)UEc=N (P) in main products / total N (P) inputs * 100;** N(P) recovery=N (P) in main products and residues / total N (P) inputs * 100.
Table S11 Contrast of cereal production between the current study and the literature
Type Location and year
N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)Chemical fertilizer inputs
Other inputs* Yield
Chemical fertilizer inputs
Others inputs* Yield
Wheat, on-farm This study 219-365 57-99China, 2004 (Ma et al., 2008; 2011) 198 72 96** 40 11 17**
Maize, on-farm This study 132-276 169 18-52 24China, 2004 (Ma et al., 2008; 2011) 216 58 97** 35 9 14**
Wheat-maize rotation This study 509 268 484***2008-2010 Beijing averages(Hou et al., 2012)
600 210 279***
*Including N and P inputs via crop residues returns, animal manure, N fixation, deposition, irrigation and seeds; **Calculated from references; ***Recovery rate in crop products and residues.
Table S12 NUEa and PUEa for landless and mixed farms (mean values with ranges in parentheses) (%)Herd level Animal level
Farm type NUEa PUEa Animal stage Share of animal stage NUEa PUEaLandless dairy 15 (10-22) 15 (9-23) Lactating cow 55 (30-78) 32 (24-51) 22 (14-39)Mixed dairy 13 (9-18) 13 (8-20) Lactating cow 42 (28-58) 34 (20-41) 30 (17-36)Landless pig 21 (15-27) 27 (18-37) Finishing pig 92 (84-98) 25 (13-31) 32 (16-40)Mixed pig 26 (22-45) 36 (28-63) Finishing pig 97 (90-100) 29 (19-53) 38 (25-66)Landless poultry 24 (18-29) 17 (14-21) Layer - 32 (28-34) 24 (19-27)Mixed poultry 27 (20-31) 17 (13-21) Layer - 32 (26-36) 21 (17-24)
Table S13 Interview questionnaire for field information
Field ID Field area Is it rented? Crop type* Crop area productivity
Code ha 0 : No ; 1: Yes Code ha kg ha-1
*Crop types: 11=winter wheat; 12=summer maize; 13=rice; 14=apple; 15=pear; 16=cotton; 17=greenhouse tomato; 21=cucumber; 22=tomato; 23=celery; 24=eggplant; 25=green bean; 26=cabbage; 27=others (please specify).
Table S14 Interview questionnaire for the fates of main crop products and by-products
Crop type
*
Main products (Home used%+sale%=100%) By-products (for the family + discard + sale=100%)For the family sale For the family Others Sale
Food (Alternative)
Feed (Alternative)
(Alternative)Residues
returned to fieldFeed
Padding
Compost Burning Discard (Alternative)
Code % kg % kg % kg % % % % % % % kg
*Crop types: 11=winter wheat; 12=summer maize; 13=rice; 14=apple; 15=pear; 16=cotton; 17=greenhouse tomato; 21=cucumber; 22=tomato; 23=celery; 24=eggplant; 25=green bean; 26 =cabbage; 27=others (please specify).
Table S15 Interview questionnaire for crop production managementField ID_______
Item UnitCrop types
1 2 3 4 5
Crop type* Code
Topography 1=Plain (0-7°); 2= Gentle slope field (8-15°); 3=Sloping field (16-25°); 4=Steep slope field (>25°)
Code
Soil texture 1=Clay soil; 2=Loam soil; 3=Sandy soil
Code
1. CultivationMethod 1=Rotary tillage;
2=Deep placement; 3= Deep scarification
Code
Using Machine 0=No; 1=Yes Code
Crop type on last season Code
Crop yield on last season kg
Percentage of residues on last season returned to field
%
2. Sowing
Date Day / Month
Seed amount kg ha-1
Source of the seed 1=Home; 2=Market;
Code
Using machine 0=No; 1=Yes
Code
4. Irrigation
Method 1= Flood irrigation; 2=Drip irrigation; 3=Sprinkler irrigation; 4=Furrow irrigation; 5=Rain fed
Code
Frequency
5. Spraying processing
Using machine 0=No; 1=Yes Code
Frequency
6. Weeds processing
Using machine 0=No; 1=Yes Code
Frequency
7. Harvest
Date Day / Month
32
Using machine 0=No; 1=Yes Code
*Crop types: 11=winter wheat; 12=summer maize; 13=rice; 14=apple; 15=pear; 16=cotton; 17=greenhouse tomato; 21=cucumber; 22=tomato; 23=celery; 24=eggplant; 25=green bean; 26=cabbage; 27=others (please specify).
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Table S16 Interview questionnaire for fertilization managementField ID__________ Crop type* __________
Order Method DateUsing
machine**
Fertilizer type 1 Fertilizer type 2
manufacturers Type***Applicatio
n rateNutrient
contents (%)manufacturers Type***
Application rate
Nutrient contents
(%)Code kg ha-1 N P K Code kg ha-1 N P K
Fertilizer type 3 Fertilizer type 4
manufacturers Type***Applicatio
n rateNutrient
contents (%)manufacturers Type***
Application rate
Nutrient contents
(%)
Code kg ha-1 N P K Code kg ha-1 N P K
*Crop types: 11=winter wheat; 12=summer maize; 13=rice; 14=apple; 15=pear; 16=cotton; 17=greenhouse tomato; 21=cucumber; 22=tomato; 23=celery; 24=eggplant; 25=green bean; 26=cabbage; 27=others (please specify).
**Using machine:0=No; 1=Yes. Method:1=Top dressing; 2=Basal dressing; 3=Other (Please specify); ***Fertilizer type:101=Urea; 102= Ammonium bicarbonate; 103= Monoammonium phosphate; 104=Diammonium phosphate; 105=Formula fertilizer; 106=NPK
compound fertilizer; 107=Slow release fertilizer; 108=Controlled release fertilizer; 109=other (Please specify); 201=Poultry manure; 202= Cow manure; 203=Pig manure; 204=sheep/goat manure; 205=Commercial organic fertilizer; 206=Bio-organic fertilizer; 207=Other (Please specify)
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Table S17 Interview questionnaire for milk production
StageBreeding
stock
Number of purchased
animals
Mortality rate
Fallout rate
periodWeight at
the beginning
Weight at the end
Feed conversion
ratio
Daily gain
Marketing weight
Milk yield
Unit head head % % day kg kg kg kg kg head-1 day-1
CalveHeifer
Dry milk cowsLactating cow
Table S18 Interview questionnaire for swine production
StageBreeding
stock
Number of purchased
animals
Mortality rate
Fallout rate
period
Weight at the
beginning
Weight at the end
Feed conversion
ratio
Daily gain
Marketing weight
Batch
head head % % day kg kg kg kg Number
PigletNursery
Finishing pigLactating sow
Sow
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Table S19 Interview questionnaire for egg production
StageBreeding
stock
Number of purchased
animals
Mortality rate
Fallout rate
periodWeight at
the beginning
Weight at the end
Feed conversion
ratio
Daily gain
Marketing weight
Batch Egg yield
Unit head head % % day kg kg kg kgnumb
erkg head-1
day-1
Growing chickenHenLayer
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Table S20 Interview questionnaire for livestock feeding management
Stag
e
Feed intake
Feedstuffs
Feed 1 Feed 2 Feed 3 Feed 4 Feed 5 Feed 6 Feed 7 Other
Source Amount Source AmountSourc
eAmount
Sourc
eAmount Source Amount Source Amount Source Amount
Sourc
eAmount
kg head-1 day-1 Code Code Code Code Code Code Code Code
Con
cent
rate
sFo
rage
Whether change the feedstuffs 0=No;1=Yes Code
Feed types:101=Leymus chinensis; 102=Ryegrass; 103=Alfalfa; 104=Yellow corn silage; 105 =Whole corn silage; 106=Corn residue; 107=Rice residue; 108=Millet residue; 109=Sweet potato; 110=Potato;
111=Distillers' grains; 201=Corn flour; 202=Sorghum flour; 203=Barly flour; 204=Oat; 205=Soybean meal; 206=Peanut meal; 207=Rapeseed meal; 208=Cottonseed meal; 209=Bran; 31=Fish meal; 32=Meat and
bone meal; 33=Blood meal; 41=Additive premix; 42=Concentrated feed; 43=Complete formula feed; 5=Other (Please specify); Source:1=On-farm; 2=Market
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Table S21 Interview questionnaire for fates of livestock productsProduct type: 31=Live weight; 32=Meat; 33=Milk; 34=Egg; 34=Other (Please specify)
Product TypeFor the family (Alternative) Sale (Alternative)
Amount Percentage Amount Percentage
kg % kg %
31
32
33
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Table S22 Interview questionnaire for feed Information
FeedAmount of purchased feed
(Alternative)Origin
Type*Dry matter content
(%)Crude protein content (%)
P content(%) K content (%) kg %
*Feed types:101=Leymus chinensis; 102=Ryegrass; 103=Alfalfa; 104=Yellow corn silage; 105 =Whole corn silage; 106=Corn residue; 107=Rice residue; 108=Millet
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residue; 109=Sweet potato; 110=Potato; 111=Distillers' grains; 201=Corn flour; 202=Sorghum flour; 203=Barly flour; 204=Oat; 205=Soybean meal; 206=Peanut meal; 207=Rapeseed meal; 208=Cottonseed meal; 209=Bran; 31=Fish meal; 32=Meat and bone meal; 33=Blood meal; 41=Additive premix; 42=Concentrated feed; 43=Complete formula feed; 5=Other (Please specify)
Table S23 Interview questionnaire for manure managementItem Unit IdHousing (P9 + P10 + P11 + P12 + P13 + P14 + P15 = 100%)Area m2 P1
Structure 1=Closeness; 2=Semi-closed; 3=Open Code P2
Temperature control facilities 0=No; 1=Yes Code P3
Floor type 1= Concrete floor; 2= slatted floor; 3=Padded floor Code P4
Floor material 1=Muddy; 2=Brick; 3=Cement; 21= Plastic Code P5
Padding material 1=Crop residues; 2=Sawdust; 3=Sand Code P6
Manure collecting methods 1=Mixtures of urine and faeces; 2= Separation for urine and faeces Code P7
Cleaning frequency P8
Proportion of export % P9
Proportion of application to field % P10
Proportion of storage % P11
Proportion of biogas % P12
Proportion of compost % P13
Proportion of oxidation pond % P14
Proportion of direct discharge to surface water % P15
Storage (P19 + P20 + P21 + P22 = 100%)
(1)faecesStorage type 1= Underground; 2=Aboveground; Code P16
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Covered 0=No; 1=Yes Code P17
Anti-seepage 0=No; 1=Yes Code P18
Proportion of export % P19
Proportion of application to field % P20
Proportion of biogas % P21
Proportion of compost % P22
(2)Urine (P26 + P27 + P28 + P29 + P30 = 100%)
Storage type 1= Underground; 2=Aboveground; Code P23
Covered 0=No; 1=Yes Code P24
Anti-seepage 0=No; 1=Yes Code P25
Proportion of export % P26
Proportion of application to field % P27
Proportion of biogas % P28
Proportion of oxidation pond % P29
Proportion of direct discharge to surface water % P30
Composting (P34 + P35 = 100%)
Method 1= Aerobic composting; 2= Anaerobic composting; Code P31
Covered 0=No; 1=Yes Code P32
Anti-seepage 0=No; 1=Yes Code P33
Proportion of export % P34
Proportion of application to field % P35
Biogas (P37 + P38 + P39 + P40 = 100%)
Type 0=Household; 1=Industrial Code P36
Proportion of export % P37
Proportion of application to field % P38
40
Proportion of oxidation pond % P39
Proportion of direct discharge to surface water % P40
Oxidation pond (P42 + P43 + P44 = 100%)
Anti-seepage 0=No; 1=Yes Code P41
Proportion of export % P42
Proportion of application to field % P43
Proportion of direct discharge to surface water % P44
41
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