States of Consciousness

What does it mean to be conscious?

• Consciousness– Awareness of ourselves & our environment

– States of consciousness• Awake• Daydreaming • Sleep• Dreaming• Hypnosis• Drug Induced• Meditation

Who Dunnit?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

Simmons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubNF9QNEQLA

1:54

Selective Attention

• Selective Attention–Ability to attend well

to only one thing at a time

• Change blindness– failing to notice changes

in the environment

Sleep and Dreams

Biological Rhythms and SleepCircadian Rhythm

• Circadian rhythm–24 hour cycle

–Temperature changes– melatonin

Night=Body Temp drops

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbQ0RxQu2gM

4:00

Sleep hormone

released by pineal

gland

Objective 2What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?

• Stages of sleep–Awake

• Alpha waves–Awake but relaxed

–Stage 1• Transition• 1-7 minutes• Light sleep• Hypnagogic sensations• Easy to awaken• Aroused from stage 1 report they were awake

Biological Rhythms and SleepSleep Stages

Stage 2– Onset of true sleep

– Sleep spindles• High frequency bursts of brain

activity

– Muscles relax, heart rate , respiration ,temp

• Stage 3– Transition to deeper sleep

– Continue to show more delta waves

Stage 4– Delta sleep– Deepest stage of sleep;

most difficult to wake– Sleepwalking & talking

present– Night terrors in

children– If awaken, don’t

remember

REM• 20% of sleep time• Eyes move rapidly back & forth• Fast frequency low amplitude • Paradoxical sleep• Heart rate & blood pressure increase• Lose muscle tension & movement• Dreams• REM rebound – if deprived of REM; REM increase

next night.

Biological Rhythms and SleepREM Sleep

• REM sleep vs NREM sleep–Paradoxical sleep

• Typical nights sleep–90 minute cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNdRoeVthVM

Baby in REM

Biological Rhythms and SleepTypical Nights Sleep

Biological Rhythms and SleepTypical Nights Sleep

Biological Rhythms and SleepTypical Nights Sleep

Biological Rhythms and SleepTypical Nights Sleep

Biological Rhythms and SleepTypical Nights Sleep

Sleep TheoriesObjective 4: What is sleep’s function?

• Sleep theories–Sleep protects

–Sleep helps recuperation

–Memory storage

–Sleep and creative thinking

–Sleep and growth

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwNMvUXTgDY8 min.

Objective 5: What are the major sleep disorders?

• Sleep disorders–Insomnia–Narcolepsyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0h2nleWTwI

–Sleep apnea–Night terrors– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdwYgGXQ5mo

–Sleepwalking/ sleeptalking

Objective 6: What Do We Dream?• Manifest Content

– Storyline• Daily life works way into

dreams• External stimuli works way

into dreams

Latent Content

-symbolic meaning“Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar.”

Objective 7:

• To satisfy our own wishes– Freud; psychic safety valve;– Manifest Content / Latent Content

• To file away memories– Information processing– Fix the day’s experiences in our minds

• To develop/preserve neural pathways– Babies = Lots of REM

• To make sense of neural static– Limbic system active during REM (i.e. amygdala) while

frontal lobe less active

A Lifetime of Sleep

Attitudes Towards Hypnosis• A total score is obtained by 1st reversing the

numbers given in response to statements 6,7,9,10,11,13, & 14 (1=7, 2=6, 3=5, 4=4, 5=3, 6=2, 7=1)

• Now…add up all numbers in front of all 14 items

• Scores range from 14-98• Higher scores reflect a more positive attitude

toward hypnosis

Hypnosis

Objective • Hypnosis

– a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

–Hypnotic induction

–Hypnosis as an altered state?

Facts and Falsehoods

• Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?– Yes…if willing– Postural sway

• people who respond w/o hypnosis are the same people who respond with

– Susceptibility• imaginative activities; focus on task

• Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?– no age regression / hypnotically refreshed memories

Facts and Falsehoods• Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against

Their Will?– No…the person in authority can usually induce

unlikely behavior whether hypnotized or not

• Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?– Hypnotherapists

• harness one’s own healing powers– Posthypnotic suggestion

• Drug, alcohol & smoking addictions don’t respond well

• Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?– Yes…hypnosis inhibits pain-related brain activity

Explaining the Hypnotic StateHypnosis as a Social Phenomenon

• Social influence theory– Trust hypnotist, let them direct their attention &

fantasies– Normal consciousness NOT AN ALTERED

STATE

not

“faking it”

Divided Consciousness Theory

• Carry out suggestion even when think no one watching

• Distinct brain activity – areas of brain lit up when imagining color

Dissociation• Mind split / levels of consciousness• Hypnosis dissociates the sensation of

the pain stimulus from the emotional suffering = feels cold but not painful