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Valence electrons: are the electrons in the last level of energy. WE ALREADY KNOW THIS? Do we?
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STATES OF AN ATOMGround state: when an atom is at its lowest
energy levelExcited state when at atom gains energy
Orbitals An orbital is a three dimensional region
around the nucleus where probably an e- is found
There are four type of orbitals : s, p, d, and fEvery single orbital can fit 2 electrons max.
Orbital Shape Number of orbitals
s Sphere 1
p dumbbells 3
d “flower” 5
f “weird” 7
Valence electrons: are the electrons in the last level of energy.
WE ALREADY KNOW THIS? Do we?
Principles and Rules For e config.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle: States that it is impossible to know both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time
Afbau Principle: States that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available.
Hund’s rule: states that single electrons with the same spins must occupy each equal-energy orbital before they pair.
Pauli exclusion principle: States that every single e must have different set of quantum numbers.
Orbitals s
Orbitals p
Orbitals d
Orbitals f
ORBITAL DIAGRAMUse He = ↑↓ 1sBe = ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s 2s N = ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s 2s 2px2py2pz
Fe ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑_
1s 2s 2px2py2pz 3s 3px3py3pz 4s 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
DOT NOTATIONPlace dots around the element symbol
indicating the number of electrons in the last level of energy.
11
1s2 2s2 2p6
Last level of energy
This particular atoms has2 levels of energy 10 electron total 2 + 2 +68 electrons in the last level of energy 2 +6What atom is this?How many dots are place around its symbol
Orbitals f
atom “image”
atom “images”
orbital s
2 orbitals p
2 orbitals p
orbital d
orbital f
Orbital s
Orbital p
Orbitlas d
Orbital d
Orbital f
Orbital f
An atom