State Standard

4F. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful

environmental conditions.

Animal Adaptations(31.1 & 31.2)

BEHAVIOR Behavior is anything an animal does in

response to a stimulus. A stimulus can be external or internal.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

Behavior results from the interaction of genetically based behaviors and behaviors based on experience.

AKA Inherited Behavior Genetically Based Behavior commonly observed among a

large number of individuals within a population, even if the environments are different.

Includes automatic responses as well as instinctive behaviors

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR

A reflex is a simple, automatic response that requires no thinking.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Automatic

A human baby demonstrating the Moro Reflex

More complex than reflex but still does not have to be learned.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Instinctive

A peacock fanning his feathers to attract a mate

Attempt to adopt & control a physical area against others of the same species.

Territories are usually defended by males in order to increase their chance of obtaining adequate food, mates, & places to rear their offspring.

Reduces conflict, controls population, & decreases competition.

Animals sometimes use aggression, verbal, & chemical signals to defend territory.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Territorial

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Migratory

Seasonal movement of a species.

Animals that engage in migratory behaviors increase their chances of survival by searching out new food sources.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Foraging

Foraging successfully means obtaining needed nutrients, while avoiding predators and poisonous foods.

Animal Behavior

Natural selection favors individuals whose foraging behaviors use the least amount of energy to obtain the maximum amount of energy possible.

Chapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Hibernation

Physiological changes during winter to reduce the need for energy.

Body temp. drops. Oxygen

consumption decreases.

Breathing rate decreases.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

A hibernating dormouse

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Estivation

Reduced metabolism rate due to extreme heat, long periods of drought, or lack of food.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

During estivation, anearthworm rolls itself into

a ball.

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Nurturing

When parents provide care to their offspring in the early stages of development, they are engaging in nurturing behaviors.

Animal Behavior

This includes providing food, protection, and skills needed for survival.

Animal species that spend time nurturing young often produce fewer offspring than animals that do not nurture.

Chapter 31

LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Learned behaviors result from an interaction between innate behaviors and past experiences within a particular environment.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

Habituation is the decrease in an animal’s response after repeatedly being exposed to a stimulus that has no positive or negative effects.

LEARNED BEHAVIOR - Habituation Sometimes, animals learn

over time that a potentially important stimulus deserves little or no attention.

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

LEARNED BEHAVIOR - Imprinting Can only occur w/in a specific time period in the

animal’s life & is permanent. Some animals form a social attachment to the

first object they see after birth.

Animal Behavior

Other animals imprint on the chemical composition of the water in which they are hatched.

Chapter 31

ADAPTATIONS FOR DEFENSE - Mechanical incorporated into the physical structure of the

organism. Ex: claws, sharp teeth, stingers, protective or

warning coloring

Chapter 31

A poisonous frog

ADAPTATIONS FOR DEFENSE - Chemical Mainly for avoiding predators. Neurotoxins, venoms, & poisons

Chapter 31

The Indian Red Scorpion is rated the most lethal in the world.