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Starter Question #9 (Pick one of the 3) (1) Read “Chicago Strike…” What is collective bargaining? To what extent
should teachers have the legal right to strike?
(2) Read “Romney faces…” To what extent is Romney’s response to the press coverage of this video effective? Your answer should either identify effective statements he has already made or actions you feel would benefit his campaign.
(3) Read “Syria Conflict” The Middle East is a rather complicated aspect of US foreign policy right now. What (if anything) can we do about the conflict in Syria? Identify two countries that would be affected by US action or inaction in Syria
The Media By Mr. Miguel
Academy of Our Lady of Guam
Essential Questions How strong of an effect does media have on us?
Are media a mirror of reality? What is news? What stories should take up space/time? What sources are credible? What should be emphasized?
Primary functions of media Inform the public
Entertain the public
Watchdog
Who gets what news from where
Who gets what news from where
Newspapers and Magazines
Radio
Television
The Internet
Who Gets what news from whereTraditionalists
Stick to network news as primary source
Older, less well-educated
Integrators ¼ of public, news from TV but also
go online for news daily
Well to do, middle aged
Net-Newsers Disengaged More online news
Less educated, well off, younger
18%, younger, less educated, least informed
Newspapers and MagazinesNewspapers
Sales at a historic low
Only a dozen cities have more than 1 daily paper
USA Today, NYT, LA Times, Washington Post, Christian Science monitor – national circulation
Politics in newspaper?
Magazines More comprehensive
Tend to be middle of the road
Liberal: American prospect
National Review, American Spectator: Conservative
Radio and TelevisionRadio
Decline in newspapers 1900 = emergence of radio
More up to the minute, personal
99% of American household own at least 1 radio
Non-commercial: National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Radio International
Television Like the radio, allowed them to reach an
even broader audience w/o need for print reporters
Entertainment medium
Narrowcasting Specifically Liberal: Michael
Moore, Mother Jones Specifically conservatives:
weekly standard, rush Limbaugh
The Internet 2007 – 62% of American household – access to internet
2008 – 37% went online for regular news
More than ¼ of Americans have a customized web page
More than 1/3 watch news shows and video clips online
All major news sources have websites
Slate, Salon, Politico, Huffington Post, Drudge Report – solely internet sources
Problem
How is it that information has become overwhelmingly easier to access but we as a nation are becoming even less politically informed?
Who Owns the Media, and How does that affect our news?
The Early American Press: Dependence on Government
Growing Media Independence
The Media Today: Concentrated corporate power
Regulation of Media
The Early American Press
Colonial Times
Early Republic
Antebellum/Civil War years
Media Today
Dependence on government Colonial times
Printers needed government approval
Avoided controversial political reporting
Radical patriot movement – become more aggressive at securing a supportive press
1st Amendment -> Federalist papers
Early Republic Anything but free and independent
Newspapers still risky business financially
Jackson -> offered friendly papers the opportunity to print government documents
Mass democracy, less elitist style
Growing Media Independence Antebellum/Civil War
Effort to be objective: driven by economic imperatives of selling newspapers to large numbers of people who do not share the same political views
Prior to 1833 – newspapers = expensive
New York Sun: penny a copy; superficial reporting
Civil War Yellow Journalism
Helped them achieve independence from parties and politicians, but lowered standards of journalism
The Media Today: Concentrated Corporate Power Media Monopoly
5 companies own a majority of media outlets
Implications Commercial Bias Reduced emphasis on political news Content lightened and dramatized Conflict in interests prevents certain news stories from being translated
Alternatives to Corporate Media Public radio and television
Britain and other European countries
Alternative Press – intended to offer a radial alternative to mainstream media
Internet Allows any motivated ind. To get around the biases of mainstream media
Regulation of Media Media = mostly privately owned
Freedom of the press: keeps print media almost free of restriction; broadcast media is treated differently
1934 Federal Communications Act: Creates Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – independent regulatory agency
FCCThe Equal Time Rule: if a station allows a candidate for office to buy or use airtime
outside of regular news broadcasts, it must allow candidates that opportunity
The Fairness Doctrine: requires stations that give free airtime to issues that concerned the public and to opposing sides when controversial issues were covered
The Right of Rebuttal: Individuals whose reputations are damaged on air have a right to respond
1996 Telecommunications Act – permits ownership of multiple stations/can’t reach more than 35% of market
Internet Net neutrality – NO restrictions!
Starter Questions 10a and 10b Read "Why it's time..." and "Why they won't..." Do you feel that Romney's
comments constitute a genuine "shift" to the middle? If so, do you feel it is for show or that is his true colors? Identify changes topics or slogans that you anticipate from President Obama. To what extent will those issues be determined by the battleground states.
Next get a laptop and follow the link to the second article. Scroll through the 17 photographs that chronicle recent tension between the Muslim and non-Muslim world. What should the non-Muslim world "learn" from this article?
Who Are Journalists?
What roles do journalists play?
Who chooses Journalism?
What Journalists Believe: Is there an ideological bias in the Media
The Growth of the Washington Press Corps
What role do Journalists Pay?Gatekeepers
Decide what news gets covered (or not) and how
Disseminators Role confined to getting facts of the
story straight and moving the news out to the public quickly
Criticism: simple dissemination does nothing to help citizens understand the news
What role do journalists play?Interpretive/investigators
Combines functions of investigating government's claims, analyzing and interpreting complex problems, and discussing public politics in a timely way
Muckrakers
Public Mobilizes Develop the cultural and intellectual
interests of the public , set the political agenda, and let the people express their views
Civic Journalism: movement among journalists to be responsive to citizen input in determining what news stories to cover
Media = takes a democratic turn
Who chooses Journalism?Some numbers for you..
2/3 of journalist work in print media, 1/3 are in broadcast journalism
67% Male, 33% women 15-34 = 30% of journalist 85.4% white (non Hispanic) 46% (protestant)
Do demographics make a difference?
Ex. Most mainstream media focus on issues concerning white middle class America and reflect the values of that population
Is there Bias in Media? The more educated people are, the more liberal their views end to be – and
journalists are well-educated lot on the whole
the media is slightly more liberal than the rest of America
Studies suggest it has little effect…no discernable overall ideological bias in media
Growth in perception that the media = bias coincides with the growth of a more partisan tone in media
Growth in the Washington Press Corps America = organized into beats (identifiable areas of reporting)
Ex: police, politics, business, education, sports More specialized =White House, Congress, Supreme Court
The Revolving Door: practice of journalists taking positions in government and then returning to journalism again, or vice versa, perhaps several times over
Rise of the Pundit Observer/commentator on politics Meant to check power of the politicians
The Media and Politics
The Shaping of Public Opinions
The Portrayal of Politics as Conflict and Image
Politics as Public Relations
The Shaping of Public Opinion Agenda Setting: Deciding what is news and what we should pay attention to
Priming: ways media influence how people and events should be evaluated by things that they emphasize as important
Framing: A political event could look diff. depending on how the media frames it
Persuasion by Professional Communication
The Portrayal of Politics as Conflict and Image Horse-Race Journalism
Emphasis on Image
Scandal Watching
Growing Negativism, Increased Cynicism
Consequences of Emphasis on Conflict and Image
Politics as Public Relations Permanent Campaign: effort to control media, emphasis on short-term gain
over long-term priorities and the making of policy decisions with an eye to political impact
News Management: Describes chief mechanism of this campaign: efforts to control the news about the politicians
News Management Techniques Tight Control of information
Staffers pick a “line of the day”
Tight control of access to the politician
Press conferences, guest appearances
Elaborate communications bureaucracy
A concerted efforts to bypass the White House
Press secretaries
Speech writers
Public liasions
Go to TV talks hows or late night TV or other forums that go directly to the public
News Management Strategies Prepackaging the news in sound bites
Let the staffers decide what sound bites to use
Work on catchy and memorable phrasing
Leaks
Secretly revealing confidential information to the press
Trial balloon: which an official leaks a policy or plan in order to gauge public reaction
If positive, go ahead with out risk, if negative, deny it was ever mentioned
News Management in the Bush Administration and Beyond
Click icon to add pictureBush = good job at news management
-Private events
-Paid journalists
-Covert propaganda
-- Use reporters to ask supportive questions during Press Conferences
Reduction in Political Accountability
Who do we hold accountable?
The Citizens and Media
The New Media
Civic Journalism
Essential Question Directions: Keep the following question in mind. You will be asked to
comment prior to leaving the class.
Evaluate whether American mass media has become too powerful.
In particular, is the impact of mass media on public opinion and public outcomes consistent with the concepts of limited gov’t and balanced power. Is there any democratic way to hold mass media organizations accountable for their behavior?