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Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

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Page 1: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Stars

Page 2: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Stars

I. Introduction

A. Some ‘observations’

Page 3: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

During the 20th Century

1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Page 4: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

During the 20th Century

1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars.

Page 5: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

During the 20th Century

1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars.

3. Our galaxy is not the only one. There are billions of other galaxies.

Page 6: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

During the 20th Century

1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars.

3. Our galaxy is not the only one. There are billions of other galaxies.

4. Our existence on Earth depends upon the Sun’sstability . Both the Sun and the Earth are

quite mortal, and will not exist forever.

Page 7: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

During the 20th Century

1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars.

3. Our galaxy is not the only one. There are billions of other galaxies.

4. Our existence on Earth depends upon the Sun’sstability . Both the Sun and the Earth are

quite mortal, and will not exist forever.

5. The Universe is expanding.

Page 8: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Stars

I. Introduction

A. Some ‘observations’

B. The expanding Universe

‘how do we know?’

Page 9: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

The Doppler EffectDoppler Effect

Page 10: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

The “RED SHIFT”

Page 11: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

THE BIG BANG THEORYTHE BIG BANG THEORY

The Universe is Expanding Everywhere - Everything is moving away from everything else.

The “RED SHIFT”

The Doppler EffectDoppler Effect

Page 12: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

THE BIG BANG THEORYTHE BIG BANG THEORY

The Universe is Expanding Everywhere - Everything is moving away from everything else.

The “RED SHIFT”

The Doppler EffectDoppler Effect

Edwin Hubble: HUBBLE’ LAWHUBBLE’ LAW - Galaxies are receding in every direction. Those furthest away are moving at the fastest rate: v = H d

[H = 50 km/sec per megaparsec]

Megaparsec = 3.26 x 106 Light Years

Page 13: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Stars

I. Introduction

A. Some ‘observations’

B. The expanding Universe

C. Classifying Stars

Page 14: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

HERTZPRUNG - RUSSEL DIAGRAMHERTZPRUNG - RUSSEL DIAGRAM

A Classification of Stars

And

The Evolution of Stars

Page 15: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

HERTZPRUNG - RUSSEL DIAGRAMHERTZPRUNG - RUSSEL DIAGRAM

A Classification of Stars

And

The Evolution of StarsLuminosity (Brightness) vs. Surface Temperature

See Fig. 14-6 in Text

Page 16: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Main Sequence

Red Giants

Super Giants

White Dwarfs

Black Dwarfs

Page 17: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

A. The Birth of Stars

Page 18: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Planetary Nebula

Page 19: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy
Page 20: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

A. The Birth of StarsB. The Main Sequence and the Death of

Stars

Page 21: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

A. The Birth of StarsB. The Main Sequence and the Death of

Stars1. Our Sun Hydrogen burning (fusion)

H + H He

Page 22: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

A. The Birth of StarsB. The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars

1. Our Sun Hydrogen burning (fusion)

H + H He

1H2 + 1H2 = 2He3 + neutron + Energy

Page 23: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core.

Page 24: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core.

No Fusion in the core: results in less pressure pushing outward

Page 25: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy
Page 26: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core.

No Fusion in the core: results in less pressure pushing outward

Greater mass concentration: Gravitational collapse inward which causes increased (100x) Hydrogen fusion of sun

Page 27: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core.

No Fusion in the core: results in less pressure pushing outward

Greater mass concentration: Gravitational collapse inward which causes increased (100x) Hydrogen fusion of sun

This event causes rapid expansion of the outer layers into a Red Giant .This causes a cooling of the outer portion of sun.

Page 28: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy
Page 29: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Helium [He] continues to accumulate at rapid rate in core until 100 million degrees is reached.

Additional burning………

Page 30: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Helium [He] continues to accumulate at rapid rate in core until 100 million degrees is reached.

Additional burning……… Helium burning (fusion)

He + He + He C

Page 31: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Helium [He] continues to accumulate at rapid rate in core until 100 million degrees is reached.

Additional burning……… Helium burning (fusion)

He + He + He C

2He4 + 2He4 +

2He4 = 6C12 + Energy

Page 32: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Carbon accumulates in core continually……

……. raising pressure, temperature and mass.

Page 33: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Carbon accumulates in core continually raising pressure, temperature and mass.

Gravitational Forces Take over and Red Giant collapses to size of planet earth. Most H and He has been consumed and converted to Carbon

Page 34: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Carbon accumulates in core continually raising pressure, temperature and mass.

Gravitational Forces Take over and Red Giant collapses to size of planet earth. Most H and He has been consumed and converted to Carbon

White Hot core of Carbon remains [White Dwarf] which will cool to a Black DwarfBlack Dwarf

Page 35: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Carbon accumulates in core continually raising pressure, temperature and mass.

Gravitational Forces Take over and Red Giant collapses to size of planet earth. Most H and He has been consumed and converted to Carbon

White Hot core of Carbon remains [White Dwarf] which will cool to a Black Dwarf

One Teaspoon weighs about 2000 pounds

Page 36: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy
Page 37: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

A. The Birth of StarsB. The Main Sequence and the Death of

Stars1. Our Sun2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun

Page 38: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapses

Page 39: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapsesb. Fusion continues

He + He + He C

Page 40: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapsesb. Fusion continues

He + He + He C

C O Si Fe

Page 41: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy
Page 42: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapsesb. Fusion continues

He + He + He C

C O Si Fe

c. IMPLOSION!!!!!!

Page 43: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapsesb. Fusion continues

He + He + He C

C O Si Fe

c. IMPLOSION!!!!!!

d. Supernova develops

Page 44: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Supernova

http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~mc/images/Digital/Supernova.jpg
Page 45: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapsesb. Fusion continues

He + He + He C

C O Si Fe

c. IMPLOSION!!!!!!

d. Supernova develops

e. New Elements are created

Page 46: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

2. Stars ~4x mass of our Suna. Red Giant collapsesb. Fusion continues

He + He + He C

C O Si Fe

c. IMPLOSION!!!!!!

d. Supernova develops

e. New Elements form

f. Neutron Stars and Pulsars

Page 47: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

NEUTRON STAR - NEUTRON STAR - Electrons Driven into Protons of the Nucleus by unstoppable gravity

Page 48: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

NEUTRON STAR - NEUTRON STAR - Electrons Driven into Protons of the Nucleus by unstoppable gravity

20 - 30 km -Very Rapid Rotation - 1 Trillion Times Denser Than Sun - Not an element - Magnetic Field

Page 49: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

NEUTRON STAR - NEUTRON STAR - Electrons Driven into Protons of the Nucleus by unstoppable gravity

20 - 30 km -Very Rapid Rotation - 1 Trillion Times Denser Than Sun - Not an element - Magnetic Field

PULSAR - PULSAR - Neutron Star with strong electromagnetic beam, Neutron Star with strong electromagnetic beam, and rapid rotation.and rapid rotation.

Page 50: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

PULSARS

Page 51: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy
Page 52: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

A. The Birth of StarsB. The Main Sequence and the Death of

Stars1. Our Sun2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun3. Mega Stars (~6x mass of our Sun)

Page 53: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

II. The Life Cycles of Stars

3. Mega Stars (~6x mass of our Sun)

a. Same progression as before, but….

Page 54: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

BLACK HOLE

Page 55: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

BLACK HOLE

http://www.qsl.net/kc5sdy/photoshop/black%20hole%20lores.jpg
Page 56: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

BLACK HOLE BLACK HOLE - The Extreme- Only from Super Giants – - The Extreme- Only from Super Giants –

Similar to Neutron Star but collapse continues to infinite LargeSimilar to Neutron Star but collapse continues to infinite Large

Mass and Small Size. Mass and Small Size.

- Escape Velocity of Light Exceeded.- Escape Velocity of Light Exceeded.

Page 57: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

IN SUMMARY…..

Page 58: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

Stars

III. In the beginning……

Page 59: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

Page 60: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

BIG BANGBIG BANG: 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago

Page 61: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

BIG BANGBIG BANG: 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago

10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang

TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K

Page 62: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

BIG BANGBIG BANG: 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago

10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang

TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K

0.1 Sec: 100 billion K

Page 63: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

BIG BANGBIG BANG: 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago

10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang

TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K

0.1 Sec: 100 billion K

1.0 Sec: 10 billion K [ Protons & Neutrons can begin to form]

Page 64: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

BIG BANGBIG BANG: 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago

10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang

TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K

0.1 Sec: 100 billion K

1.0 Sec: 10 billion K [ Protons & Neutrons can begin to form]

1 Million Years: Temperatures drop where Electrons and Nuclei form atoms

Page 65: Stars. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF TIME

?Matter, Time, Space, Energy

A “COSMIC EGG” ?

Beyond Scope of Science


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