Stars

StarsStarsStarsStars

What is a star?What is a star?

• The objects that heat and light the planets in a system

• A star is a ball of plasma held together by its own gravity– Nuclear reactions (remember Fusion?)

occur in stars (H He)– Energy from the nuclear reactions is

released as electromagnetic radiation – these are measured in wavelengths too.

Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves

• Spectra: Visible light arranged according to wavelengths.• Electromagnetic Waves can travel in a vacuum (like space).• Observe: Which color has the shortest wavelengths? Which

has the longest? What does that mean. . .

Using the EMS – Doppler Using the EMS – Doppler ShiftsShifts

• Doppler Effect occurs with light waves and sound waves.

• Defined: Doppler Effect is a change in the wave frequency that occurs due to the relative motion of the wave as it moves toward or away from an observer.

• APPLY: Would a star moving closer to us move toward the blue or red end of the spectrum?

Doppler Effect - LightDoppler Effect - Light

• Blueshift: toward you – to shorter wavelengths which is blue.

• Redshift: away from you – to longer wavelengths which is red.

Basic Properties of StarsBasic Properties of Stars

• Mass

• Diameter

• Luminosity – brightness, or energy output of a star per second

• Temperature- in stars, the temperature determines the luminosity and the rate of nuclear reactions (fusion)

Characteristics of StarsCharacteristics of Stars

• DISTANCE– Measured in light-years (ly)

• The distance which a ray of light would travel in one year

• About 6,000,000,000,000 (6 trillion) miles• 186,000 miles per second

Also measured in parsecs (pc)• 3.26 ly


• Magnitude (brightness)– A measure of brightness of celestial

objects• Smaller values represent brighter objects

than larger values

– Apparent magnitude• How bright a star appears to be from Earth

– Absolute magnitude (luminosity)• How bright a star actually is (as if at 10pc)


• Temperature & Color– The color of a star indicates the

Temperature of the star

– Stars are classified by Temperature• Decreasing Temperature (bright/hottest to

dim/coolest)• O, B, A, F, G, K, M

http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/sky7a01.html

Classification of Stars usingClassification of Stars usingHertzsprung-Russell DiagramHertzsprung-Russell Diagram

http://www.dustbunny.com/afk/stars/lifecycle/hrdiagram.gif

Main Sequence StarsMain Sequence Stars

• Defined: A major grouping of stars that forms a narrow band from the upper left to the lower right when plotted according to luminosity and surface temperature on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

• This is where our closest star, the Sun resides.

Types of StarsTypes of StarsClassificationClassification

Class Temperature Color

O 20,000- 60,000 K Blue

B 10,000 – 30,000 K Blue-white

A 7,500 – 10,000 K White

F 6,000 – 7,500 K Yellow-white

G 5,000 – 6,000 K Yellow

K 3,500 – 5,000 K Orange

M 2,000 – 3,500 K Red

http://www.answers.com/topic/stellar-classification

Day 1: The End

Life Cycle of StarsLife Cycle of Stars

http://hea-www.cfa.harvard.edu/CHAMP/EDUCATION/PUBLIC/ICONS/life_cycles.jpg


• Begin their lives as clouds of dust and gas called nebulae

• Gravity may cause the nebula to contract• Matter in the gas cloud will begin to condense

into a dense region called a protostar• The protostar continues to condense, it heats

up. Eventually, it reaches a critical mass and nuclear fusion begins.

• Begins the main sequence phase of the star• Most of its life is n this phase


Life span of a star depends on its size.– Very large, massive stars burn their fuel much

faster than smaller stars– Their main sequence may last only a few

hundred thousand years– Smaller stars will live on for billions of years

because they burn their fuel much more slowly

• Eventually, the star's fuel will begin to run out.


• It will expand into what is known as a red giant

• Massive stars will become red supergiants

• This phase will last until the star exhausts its remaining fuel

• At this point the star will collapse


• Most average stars will blow away their outer atmospheres to form a planetary nebula

• Their cores will remain behind and burn as a white dwarf until they cool down

• What will be left is a dark ball of matter known as a black dwarf


• If the star is massive enough, the collapse will trigger a violent explosion known as a supernova

• If the remaining mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of our Sun, the core is unable to support itself and it will collapse further to become a neutron star


• The matter inside the star will be compressed so tightly that its atoms are compacted into a dense shell of neutrons. If the remaining mass of the star is more than about three times that of the Sun, it will collapse so completely that it will literally disappear from the universe. What is left behind is an intense region of gravity called a black hole


http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/sky7a01.html

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