STANDARDS FOR BIODIESEL ASTM D 6751-02

Property Limits Units

Flash point, closed cup 130 min ° C

Kinematic viscosity, 40 ° C 1.9 – 6.0 mm2/s

Sulfated ash 0.020 max wt. %

Total Sulfur 0.05 max wt. %

Cetane number 47 min

Carbon residue 0.050 max wt. %

Total glycerin 0.240 wt. %

What are fuels??...• Fuel - material that is burned or altered to

obtain energy.

• Fuel releases its energy through a

chemical reaction means, such as

combustion .

Types of fuel....1. Non-renewable .

Cannot be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused . e.g... petrol, diesel, gasoline etc..

2. Renewable. Can be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused . e.g... Bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas etc…

What is Biodiesel?• Alternative fuel for diesel engines• Made from vegetable oil or animal fat.• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters

produced usually from triglyceride esters by transesterification.

Fatty AcidAlcoholGlycerin

Vegetable Oil

BiodieselFA

FAFA

FA

Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel Engines

• Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (B20, BXX).

• Little or no engine modifications • Use existing fuel distribution network.• Available now

Environmental Issues…..• Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of carbon

dioxide.• Biodiesel – maintain the present CO2 level. Biodiesel’s Closed

Carbon Cycle

30% Increase

Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total Unburned HCs

CO

Particulate Matter

**NOx

Sulfates

PAHs

n-PAHs

Mutagenicity

CO2

Percent

B100 **B20Diesel

Manufacturing of Bio Diesel….

1. Collection of J. seeds.

2. Crushing & grinding of seeds.

3. Tranesterification of oil.

4. Purification.

Methanol

Catalyst Raw material (seed)

Oil press Raw oil Transesterification reactor

By product meal

Phase separator

Esters layer Wash and separate

( biodiesel)

(Glycerin layer )

By product

Manufacturing flow chart….

Explorer or oil press.

Transesterification of oil…..

• Transesterification is the general term used to describethe important class of organic reactions where an ester is transformed into another through interchange of the alkoxy moiety.

Simple transesterification reaction

CCH3 + ROH

CH3 CH2O

O

C

RO

O

CH3 + CH3CH2OH

Ester + alcohol Different Ester + Different alcohol

Needs of transesterification

• High viscosity .• Poor volatility .• Polymerization in combustion chamber

leading to deposit. • Fuel line and filter clogging .

Jatrpha curcas oil has:

The easiest way to make it fuel grade is the transesterification process.

Advantages from transesterification

• Bio-diesel is non toxic and biodegradable • It reduces the emission of harmful pollutants from diesel

engine (80% less CO2 and 100% less sulpher dioxide) • It has a high cetane number than diesel. Cetane number

is a measure of fuels ignition quality. The high cetane number of bio-diesel contributes to easy cold starting and low idle noise.

• It increases the life of diesel engine as it is more lubricating

• Bio-diesel replaces the exhaust order of engine with a more pleasant smell.

Chemistry of Triglycerides• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride(oil)

with a alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). • What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol

and three fatty acids:

TransesterificationWhile actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction

looks like this:

CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH| |CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OORx + CHOH| |CH2OOR3 CH2OHTriglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin

R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)

Transesterification Reactor

Settling Tank

Production method…..1. First dissolve the Catalyst(KOH) into the methanol.

Shake or swirl until all has dissolved.

2. This may take 10 minutes. This mixture is called sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide.

3. Take the Jatropha Oil in a large vessel and heat it to about 60 °C.

4. The alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a closed reaction vessel and the biolipid (vegetable oil) is added. The system from here on is totally closed to the atmosphere to prevent the loss of alcohol.

5. Leave the vessel and let the different constituents separate by Sedimentation.

6. After 8 to 24 hours the sedimentation is complete and the glycerine can be drained off at the bottom; what remains is biodiesel.

Biodiesel Samples

JATROPHA The wonder oil bearing tree!

• Jatropha curcas belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae.

• Can grow almost anywhere even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils.

J. seeds

J. fruits

Uses of Jatropha curcas

• Jatropha oil as an alternative to diesel • Jatropha: As a fence• Jatropha oil: As raw material for

industrial use.• Jatropha: Potential as medicinal plant .• Jatropha- For enrichment of soil .